csspdf

CSS is the language we use to style a Web page.
What is CSS?
• CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets

• CSS describes how HTML elements are to be displayed on screen, paper, or in other
media
• CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple web pages all at once
• External stylesheets are stored in CSS files
Why Use CSS?
CSS is used to define styles for your web pages, including the design, layout and variations in
display for different devices and screen sizes.
CSS Example
body {
background-color: lightblue;
}
h1 {
color: white;
text-align: center;
}
p{
font-family: verdana;
font-size: 20px;
}
CSS Solved a Big Problem
HTML was NEVER intended to contain tags for formatting a web page!
HTML was created to describe the content of a web page, like:
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
When tags like <font>, and color attributes were added to the HTML 3.2 specification, it
started a nightmare for web developers. Development of large websites, where fonts and
color information were added to every single page, became a long and expensive process.
CSS Saves a Lot of Work!

The style definitions are normally saved in external .css files.
With an external stylesheet file, you can change the look of an entire website by changing
just one file!
CSS Syntax
The selector points to the HTML element you want to style.
The declaration block contains one or more declarations separated by semicolons.
Each declaration includes a CSS property name and a value, separated by a colon.
Multiple CSS declarations are separated with semicolons, and declaration blocks are
surrounded by curly braces.
<html>
<head>
<style>
p{
color: red;
text-align: center;
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello World!</p>
<p>These paragraphs are styled with CSS.</p>

</body>
</html>
Example Explained
• p is a selector in CSS (it points to the HTML element you want to style: <p>).
• color is a property, and red is the property value
• text-align is a property, and center is the property value
CSS Selectors
CSS selectors are used to "find" (or select) the HTML elements you want to style.
We can divide CSS selectors into five categories:
• Simple selectors (select elements based on name, id, class)

• Combinator selectors (select elements based on a specific relationship between them)
• Pseudo-class selectors (select elements based on a certain state)
• Pseudo-elements selectors (select and style a part of an element)
• Attribute selectors (select elements based on an attribute or attribute value)
This page will explain the most basic CSS selectors.
The CSS element Selector
The element selector selects HTML elements based on the element name.
<html>
<head>
<style>
p{
text-align: center;
color: red;
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>Every paragraph will be affected by the style.</p>
<p id="para1">Me too!</p>
<p>And me!</p>
</body>
</html>
The CSS id Selector
The id selector uses the id attribute of an HTML element to select a specific element.
The id of an element is unique within a page, so the id selector is used to select one unique
element!
To select an element with a specific id, write a hash (#) character, followed by the id of the
element.
Example
<html>
<head>
<style>
#para1 {
text-align: center;
color: red;
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p id="para1">Hello World!</p>
<p>This paragraph is not affected by the style.</p>
</body>
</html>
Note: An id name cannot start with a number!.
The CSS class Selector
The class selector selects HTML elements with a specific class attribute.
To select elements with a specific class, write a period (.) character, followed by the class
name.
<html>
<head>
<style>
.center {
text-align: center;
color: red;
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1 class="center">Red and center-aligned heading</h1>
<p class="center">Red and center-aligned paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
You can also specify that only specific HTML elements should be affected by a class.
Example
In this example only <p> elements with class="center" will be red and center-aligned:
<html>
<head>
<style>
p.center {
text-align: center;
color: red;
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1 class="center">This heading will not be affected</h1>
<p class="center">This paragraph will be red and center-aligned.</p>
</body>
</html>
HTML elements can also refer to more than one class.

Example
In this example the <p> element will be styled according to class="center" and to
class="large":
<html>
<head>
<style>
p.center {
text-align: center;
color: red;
p.large {
font-size: 300%;
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1 class="center">This heading will not be affected</h1>
<p class="center">This paragraph will be red and center-aligned.</p>
<p class="center large">This paragraph will be red, center-aligned, and in a large font-
size.</p>
</body>
</html>
Note: A class name cannot start with a number!
The CSS Universal Selector
The universal selector (*) selects all HTML elements on the page.
Example
The CSS rule below will affect every HTML element on the page:
<html>
<head>
<style>
*{
text-align: center;
color: blue;
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello world!</h1>
<p>Every element on the page will be affected by the style.</p>
<p id="para1">Me too!</p>
<p>And me!</p>
</body>
</html>
The CSS Grouping Selector
The grouping selector selects all the HTML elements with the same style definitions.
Look at the following CSS code (the h1, h2, and p elements have the same style definitions):
h1 {
text-align: center;
color: red;
}
h2 {
text-align: center;
color: red;
}
p{
text-align: center;
color: red;
}
It will be better to group the selectors, to minimize the code.
To group selectors, separate each selector with a comma.
Example
In this example we have grouped the selectors from the code above:
<html>
<head>
<style>
h1, h2, p {
text-align: center;
color: red;
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello World!</h1>
<h2>Smaller heading!</h2>
</body>
</html>
How To Add CSS
When a browser reads a style sheet, it will format the HTML document according to the
information in the style sheet.
Three Ways to Insert CSS
There are three ways of inserting a style sheet:

• External CSS
• Internal CSS
• Inline CSS
External CSS
With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire website by changing just
one file!
Each HTML page must include a reference to the external style sheet file inside the <link>
element, inside the head section.
Example
External styles are defined within the <link> element, inside the <head> section of an HTML
page:
<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="mystyle.css">
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
An external style sheet can be written in any text editor, and must be saved with a .css
extension.
The external .css file should not contain any HTML tags.
Here is how the "mystyle.css" file looks:
"mystyle.css"
body {
}
h1 {
color: navy;
margin-left: 20px;
}
Note: Do not add a space between the property value (20) and the unit (px):
Incorrect (space): margin-left: 20 px;
Correct (no space): margin-left: 20px;
Internal CSS
An internal style sheet may be used if one single HTML page has a unique style.
The internal style is defined inside the <style> element, inside the head section.
Example
Internal styles are defined within the <style> element, inside the <head> section of an HTML
page:
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {
background-color: linen;
h1 {
color: maroon;
margin-left: 40px;
</style>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
Inline CSS
An inline style may be used to apply a unique style for a single element.
To use inline styles, add the style attribute to the relevant element. The style attribute can
contain any CSS property.
Example
Inline styles are defined within the "style" attribute of the relevant element:
<html>
<body>
<h1 style="color:blue;text-align:center;">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="color:red;">This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>
Tip: An inline style loses many of the advantages of a style sheet (by mixing content with
presentation). Use this method sparingly.
Multiple Style Sheets
If some properties have been defined for the same selector (element) in different style sheets,
the value from the last read style sheet will be used.
Assume that an external style sheet has the following style for the <h1> element:
Multiple Style Sheets
If some properties have been defined for the same selector (element) in different style sheets,
the value from the last read style sheet will be used.
Assume that an external style sheet has the following style for the <h1> element:
h1 {
color: navy;
}
Then, assume that an internal style sheet also has the following style for the <h1> element:
h1 {
color: orange;
}
Example
If the internal style is defined after the link to the external style sheet, the <h1> elements will
be "orange":
<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css">
<style>
h1 {
color: orange;
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>The style of this document is a combination of an external stylesheet, and internal

style</p>
</body>
</html>
Example
However, if the internal style is defined before the link to the external style sheet, the <h1>
elements will be "navy":
<html>
<head>
<style>
h1 {
color: orange;
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>The style of this document is a combination of an external stylesheet, and internal

style</p>
Cascading Order
What style will be used when there is more than one style specified for an HTML element?
All the styles in a page will "cascade" into a new "virtual" style sheet by the following rules,
where number one has the highest priority:
1. Inline style (inside an HTML element)

2. External and internal style sheets (in the head section)
3. Browser default
So, an inline style has the highest priority, and will override external and internal styles and
browser defaults.
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {background-color: linen;}
</style>
</head>
<body style="background-color: lavender">
<h1>Multiple Styles Will Cascade into One</h1>
<p>Here, the background color of the page is set with inline CSS, and also with an internal
CSS, and also with an external CSS.</p>
<p>Try experimenting by removing styles to see how the cascading stylesheets work (try
removing the inline CSS first, then the internal, then the external).</p>
</body>
</html>
CSS comments are not displayed in the browser, but they can help document your source
code.
CSS Comments
Comments are used to explain the code, and may help when you edit the source code at a
later date.
Comments are ignored by browsers.
A CSS comment is placed inside the <style> element, and starts with /* and ends with */:
<html>
<head>
<style>
/* This is a single-line comment */
p{
color: red;
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello World!</p>
<p>This paragraph is styled with CSS.</p>
<p>CSS comments are not shown in the output.</p>
</body>
</html>
You can add comments wherever you want in the code:
HTML and CSS Comments
In the following example, we use a combination of HTML and CSS comments:
<html>
<head>
<style>
p{
color: red; /* Set text color to red */
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h2>My Heading</h2>

<p>Hello World!</p>
<p>This paragraph is styled with CSS.</p>
<p>HTML and CSS comments are not shown in the output.</p>

</body>
</html>
CSS Colors
CSS Color Names
In CSS, a color can be specified by using a predefined color name:
Tomato
Orange
DodgerBlue
MediumSeaGreen
Gray
SlateBlue
Violet
LightGray
CSS Background Color
You can set the background color for HTML elements:
Hello World
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod
tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis
nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
<html>
<body>
<h1 style="background-color:DodgerBlue;">Hello World</h1>
<p style="background-color:Tomato;">
tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat.
Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut
aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
</p>
</body>
</html>
CSS Text Color
You can set the color of text:
Hello World
tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat.
<html>
<body>
<h3 style="color:Tomato;">Hello World</h3>
<p style="color:DodgerBlue;">hello 2 cs.</p>
<p style="color:MediumSeaGreen;">hai 2 cs.</p>
</body>
</html>
CSS Border Color
You can set the color of borders:
<html>
<body>
<h1 style="border: 2px solid Tomato;">Hello cs</h1>
<h1 style="border: 2px solid DodgerBlue;">welcome to css</h1>
<h1 style="border: 2px solid Violet;">style sheet</h1>
</body>
</html>
CSS RGB Colors
An RGB color value represents RED, GREEN, and BLUE light sources.
RGB Value
In CSS, a color can be specified as an RGB value, using this formula:
rgb(red, green, blue)
Each parameter (red, green, and blue) defines the intensity of the color between 0 and 255.
For example, rgb(255, 0, 0) is displayed as red, because red is set to its highest value (255)
and the others are set to 0.
To display black, set all color parameters to 0, like this: rgb(0, 0, 0).
To display white, set all color parameters to 255, like this: rgb(255, 255, 255).
Experiment by mixing the RGB values below:
<html>
<body>
<h1>Specify colors using RGB values</h1>
<h2 style="background-color:rgb(255, 0, 0);">rgb(255, 0, 0)</h2>

</body>
</html>
RGBA Value
RGBA color values are an extension of RGB color values with an alpha channel - which
specifies the opacity for a color.
An RGBA color value is specified with:
rgba(red, green, blue, alpha)
The alpha parameter is a number between 0.0 (fully transparent) and 1.0 (not transparent at
all):
Experiment by mixing the RGBA values below:
<html>
<body>
<h1>Make transparent colors with RGBA</h1>
<h2 style="background-color:rgba(255, 99, 71, 0);">rgba(255, 99, 71, 0)</h2>

<h2 style="background-color:rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.2);">rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.2)</h2>
<h2 style="background-color:rgba(255, 99, 71, 1);">rgba(255, 99, 71, 1)</h2>
</body>
</html>
CSS Backgrounds
The CSS background properties are used to add background effects for elements.
In these chapters, you will learn about the following CSS background properties:
• background-color
• background-image
• background-repeat
• background-attachment
• background-position
• background (shorthand property)
CSS background-color
The background-color property specifies the background color of an element.
Example
The background color of a page is set like this:
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>This page has a light blue background color!</p>
</body>
</html>
With CSS, a color is most often specified by:
• a valid color name - like "red"

• a HEX value - like "#ff0000"
• an RGB value - like "rgb(255,0,0)"
Other Elements
You can set the background color for any HTML elements:
Example
Here, the <h1>, <p>, and <div> elements will have different background colors:
<html>
<head>
<style>
h1 {
background-color: green;
div {
}
p{
background-color: yellow;
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>CSS hello 2 cs</h1>
<div>
This is a text inside a div element.
<p>This paragraph has its own background color.</p>
We are still in the div element.
</div>
</body>
</html>
CSS Background Image
CSS background-image
The background-image property specifies an image to use as the background of an element.
By default, the image is repeated so it covers the entire element.
Example
Set the background image for a page:
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {
background-image: url("paper.gif");
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>This page has an image as the background!</p>
</body>
</html>
Example
This example shows a bad combination of text and background image. The text is hardly
readable:
body {
background-image: url("bgdesert.jpg");
}
Note: When using a background image, use an image that does not disturb the text.
CSS background-repeat
By default, the background-image property repeats an image both horizontally and vertically.
Some images should be repeated only horizontally or vertically, or they will look strange, like
this:
Example
body {
background-image: url("gradient_bg.png");
}

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CSS is the language we use to style a Web page.

• CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets

Why Use CSS?

HTML was created to describe the content of a web page, like:

CSS Saves a Lot of Work!

The selector points to the HTML element you want to style.

The declaration block contains one or more declarations separated by semicolons.

<p>These paragraphs are styled with CSS.</p>

We can divide CSS selectors into five categories:

• Simple selectors (select elements based on name, id, class)

This page will explain the most basic CSS selectors.

The CSS element Selector

<p>Every paragraph will be affected by the style.</p>

<p id="para1">Me too!</p>

<p>This paragraph is not affected by the style.</p>

Note: An id name cannot start with a number!.

The CSS class Selector

<h1 class="center">Red and center-aligned heading</h1>

<p class="center">Red and center-aligned paragraph.</p>

<h1 class="center">This heading will not be affected</h1>

<p class="center">This paragraph will be red and center-aligned.</p>

HTML elements can also refer to more than one class.

<h1 class="center">This heading will not be affected</h1>

<p class="center">This paragraph will be red and center-aligned.</p>

The CSS Universal Selector

<p>Every element on the page will be affected by the style.</p>

<p id="para1">Me too!</p>

The CSS Grouping Selector

It will be better to group the selectors, to minimize the code.

To group selectors, separate each selector with a comma.

How To Add CSS

Three Ways to Insert CSS

There are three ways of inserting a style sheet:

<link rel="stylesheet" href="mystyle.css">

Here is how the "mystyle.css" file looks:

<h1 style="color:blue;text-align:center;">This is a heading</h1>

<p style="color:red;">This is a paragraph.</p>

Multiple Style Sheets

Multiple Style Sheets

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css">

<p>The style of this document is a combination of an external stylesheet, and internal

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css">

<p>The style of this document is a combination of an external stylesheet, and internal

1. Inline style (inside an HTML element)

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css">

body {background-color: linen;}

<body style="background-color: lavender">

<h1>Multiple Styles Will Cascade into One</h1>

Comments are ignored by browsers.

/* This is a single-line comment */

<p>This paragraph is styled with CSS.</p>

<p>CSS comments are not shown in the output.</p>

HTML and CSS Comments

In the following example, we use a combination of HTML and CSS comments:

color: red; /* Set text color to red */

<p>This paragraph is styled with CSS.</p>

<p>HTML and CSS comments are not shown in the output.</p>

In CSS, a color can be specified by using a predefined color name:

You can set the background color for HTML elements: