Write a c program to print Hello world without using

any semicolon.

Explanation:
Solution: 1
void main(){
if(printf("Hello world")){
}
}

Solution: 2
void main(){
while(!printf("Hello world")){
}
}

Solution: 3
void main(){
switch(printf("Hello world")){
}
}

Swap two variables without using third variable.

Explanation:
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int a=5,b=10;
//process one
a=b+a;
b=a-b;
a=a-b;
printf("a= %d b= %d",a,b);

//process two
a=5;
 b=10;
a=a+b-(b=a);
printf("\na= %d b= %d",a,b);
//process three
a=5;
b=10;
a=a^b;
b=a^b;
a=b^a;
printf("\na= %d b= %d",a,b);

//process four
a=5;
b=10;
a=b-~a-1;
b=a+~b+1;
a=a+~b+1;
printf("\na= %d b= %d",a,b);

//process five
a=5,
b=10;
a=b+a,b=a-b,a=a-b;
printf("\na= %d b= %d",a,b);
return 0;
}

What is dangling pointer in c?

Dangling pointer:

If any pointer is pointing the memory address of any

variable but after some variable has deleted from
that memory location while pointer is still pointing
such memory location. Such pointer is known as
dangling pointer and this problem is known as
dangling pointer problem.

Initially:
Later:

For example:

What will be output of following c program?

#include<stdio.h>

int *call();
int main(){

int *ptr;
ptr=call();

fflush(stdin);
printf("%d",*ptr);
return 0;
}
int * call(){

int x=25;
++x;

return &x;
}
Output: Garbage value
Note: In some compiler you may get warning
message returning address of local variable or
temporary

Explanation: variable x is local variable. Its scope

and lifetime is within the function call hence after
returning address of x variable x became dead and
pointer is still pointing ptr is still pointing to
that location.

Solution of this problem:

Make the variable x is as static variable. In other
word we can say a pointer whose pointing object has
been deleted is called dangling pointer.

#include<stdio.h>

int *call();
int main(){
int *ptr;
ptr=call();

fflush(stdin);
printf("%d",*ptr);
return 0;
}
int * call(){

static int x=25;

++x;

return &x;
}

Output: 26

What is wild pointer in c?

Explanation:
A pointer in c which has not been initialized is
known as wild pointer.

Example:

What will be output of following c program?

int main(){
int *ptr;
printf("%u\n",ptr);
printf("%d",*ptr);
return 0;
}

Output: Any address

Garbage value

Here ptr is wild pointer because it has not been

initialized. There is difference between the NULL
pointer and wild pointer. Null pointer points the
base address of segment while wild pointer doesn’t
point any specific memory location.

What are merits and demerits of array in c?

Explanation:
Merits:

(a) We can easily access each element of array.

(b) Not necessity to declare too many variables.
(c) Array elements are stored in continuous memory
location.

Demerit:

(a) Wastage of memory space. We cannot change size of

array at the run time.
(b) It can store only similar type of data.

Do you know memory representation of int a = 7 ?

Explanation:
Memory representation of:

signed int a=7; (In Turbo c compiler)

signed short int a=7 (Both turbo c and Linux gcc
compiler)

Binary equivalent of data 7 in 16 bit: 00000000

00000111
Data bit: 0000000 00000111 (Take first 15 bit form
right side)

Sign bit: 0 (Take leftmost one bit)

First eight bit of data bit from right side i.e.

00000111 will store in the leftmost byte from right
to left side and rest seven bit of data bit i.e.
0000000 will store in rightmost byte from right to
left side as shown in the following figure:

What is and why array in c?

Explanation:
An array is derived data type in c programming
language which can store similar type of data in
continuous memory location. Data may be primitive
type (int, char, float, double…), address of union,
structure, pointer, function or another array.
Example of array declaration:

int arr[5];
char arr[5];
float arr[5];
long double arr[5];
char * arr[5];
int (arr[])();
double ** arr[5];

Array is useful when:

(a) We have to store large number of data of similar

type. If we have large number of similar kind of
variable then it is very difficult to remember name
of all variables and write the program. For example:

//PROCESS ONE
int main(){
int ax=1;
int b=2;
int cg=5;
int dff=7;
int am=8;
int raja=0;
int rani=11;
int xxx=5;
int yyy=90;
int p;
int q;
int r;
int avg;
avg=(ax+b+cg+dff+am+raja+rani+xxx+yyy+p+q+r)/12;
printf("%d",avg);
return 0;
}
If we will use array then above program can be
written as:

//PROCESS TWO
int main(){
int arr[]={1,2,5,7,8,0,11,5,50};
int i,avg;
for(int i=0;i<12;i++){
avg=avg+arr[i];
}
printf("%d",avg/12);
return 0;
}
Question: Write a C program to find out average of
200 integer number using process one and two.

(b) We want to store large number of data in

continuous memory location. Array always stores data
in continuous memory location.

What will be output when you will execute the

following program?

int main(){
int arr[]={0,10,20,30,40};
char *ptr=arr;
arr=arr+2;
printf("%d",*arr);
return 0;
}

Advantage of using array:

1. An array provides singe name .So it easy to

remember the name of all element of an array.
2. Array name gives base address of an array .So with
the help increment operator we can visit one by one
all the element of an array.
3. Array has many application data structure.

Array of pointers in c:

Array whose content is address of another variable is

known as array pointers. For example:

int main(){
float a=0.0f,b=1.0f,c=2.0f;
float * arr[]={&a,&b,&c};
b=a+c;
printf("%f",arr[1]);
return 0;
}

Why we use do-while loop in c? Also tell any

properties which you know?
Explanation:
It is also called as post tested loop. It is used
when it is necessary to execute the loop at least one
time. Syntax:

do {
Loop body
} while (Expression);

Example:

int main(){
int num,i=0;

do{
printf("To enter press 1\n");
printf("To exit press 2");
scanf("%d",&num);
++i;
switch(num){
case 1:printf("You are welcome\
n");break;
default : exit(0);
}
}
while(i<=10);
return 0;
}

Output: 3 3 4 4

If there is only one statement in the loop body then

braces is optional. For example:

(a)
int main(){
double i=5.5678;
do
printf("hi");
while(!i);
return 0;
}
Output: 3 3 4 4

(b)
int main(){
double i=5.63333;
do
printf("hi");
while(!i);
return 0;
}

Output: hi

(c)
int main(){
int x=25,y=1;
do
if(x>5)
printf(" ONE");
else if(x>10)
printf(" TWO");
else if(x==25)
printf(" THREE");
else
printf(" FOUR");
while(y--);
return 0;
}

Output: ONE ONE

What is the meaning of prototype of a function?

Explanation:
Prototype of a function

Declaration of function is known as prototype of a

function. Prototype of a function means

(1) What is return type of function?

(2) What parameters are we passing?
(3) For example prototype of printf function is:
 int printf(const char *, …);

I.e. its return type is int data type, its first

parameter constant character pointer and second
parameter is ellipsis i.e. variable number of
arguments.

Write a c program to modify the constant variable in

c?

You can modify constant variable with the help of

pointers. For example:

#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int i=10;
int *ptr=&i;
*ptr=(int *)20;
printf("%d",i);
return 0;
}

Output: 20

What is pointer to a function?

Explanation:
(1) What will be output if you will execute following
code?
int * function();
int main(){
auto int *x;
int *(*ptr)();
ptr=&function;
x=(*ptr)();
printf("%d",*x);
}
int *function(){
static int a=10;
 return &a;
}

Output: 10
Explanation: Here function is function whose
parameter is void data type and return type is
pointer to int data type.

x=(*ptr)()
=> x=(*&functyion)() //ptr=&function
=> x=function() //From rule *&p=p
=> x=&a
So, *x = *&a = a =10

(2) What will be output if you will execute following

code?

int find(char);
int(*function())(char);
int main(){
int x;
int(*ptr)(char);
ptr=function();
x=(*ptr)('A');
printf("%d",x);
return 0;
}
int find(char c){
return c;
}
int(*function())(char){
return find;
}

Output: 65
Explanation: Here function whose name is function
which passing void data type and returning another
function whose parameter is char data type and return
type is int data type.

x=(*ptr)(‘A’)
=> x= (*function ()) (‘A’) //ptr=function ()
//&find=function () i.e. return type of function ()
=> x= (* &find) (‘A’)
=> x= find (‘A’) //From rule*&p=p
=> x= 65

(3) What will be output if you will execute following

code?

char * call(int *,float *);

int main(){
char *string;
int a=2;
float b=2.0l;
char *(*ptr)(int*,float *);
ptr=&call;
string=(*ptr)(&a,&b);
printf("%s",string);
return 0;
}
char *call(int *i,float *j){
static char *str="c-pointer.blogspot.com";
str=str+*i+(int)(*j);
return str;
}

Output: inter.blogspot.com
Explanation: Here call is function whose return type
is pointer to character and one parameter is pointer
to int data type and second parameter is pointer to
float data type and ptr is pointer to such function.
str= str+*i+ (int) (*j)
=”c-pointer.blogspot.com” + *&a+ (int) (*&b)
//i=&a, j=&b
=”c-pointer.blogspot.com” + a+ (int) (b)
=”c-pointer.blogspot.com” +2 + (int) (2.0)
=”c-pointer.blogspot.com” +4
=”inter.blogspot.com”

(4) What will be output if you will execute following

code?

char far * display(char far*);

int main(){
char far* string="cquestionbank.blogspot.com";
char far *(*ptr)(char far *);
ptr=&display;
 string=(*ptr)(string);
printf("%s",string);
}
char far *display(char far * str){
char far * temp=str;
temp=temp+13;
*temp='\0';
return str;
}

Output: cquestionbak
Explanation: Here display is function whose parameter
is pointer to character and return type is also
pointer to character and ptr is its pointer.

temp is char pointer

temp=temp+13
temp=’\0’

Above two lines replaces first dot character by null

character of string of variable string i.e.
"cquestionbank\0blogspot.com"

As we know %s print the character of stream up to

null character.

Write a c program to find size of

structure without using sizeof operator?

Explanation:
struct ABC{
int a;
float b;
char c;
};
int main(){
struct ABC *ptr=(struct ABC *)0;
ptr++;
printf("Size of structure is: %d",*ptr);
return 0;
}
What is NULL pointer?

Explanation:
Literal meaning of NULL pointer is a pointer which is
pointing to nothing. NULL pointer points the base
address of segment.

Examples of NULL pointer:

1. int *ptr=(char *)0;

2. float *ptr=(float *)0;
3. char *ptr=(char *)0;
4. double *ptr=(double *)0;
5. char *ptr=’\0’;
6. int *ptr=NULL;

What is meaning of NULL?

Answer:

NULL is macro constant which has been defined in the

heard file stdio.h, alloc.h, mem.h, stddef.h and
stdlib.h as
#define NULL 0

Examples:

(1)What will be output of following c program?

#include "stdio.h"
int main(){
if(!NULL)
printf("I know preprocessor");
else
printf("I don't know preprocessor");
}

Output: I know preprocessor

Explanation:
!NULL = !0 = 1
In if condition any non zero number mean true.
(2)What will be output of following c program?

#include "stdio.h"
int main(){
int i;
static int count;
for(i=NULL;i<=5;){
count++;
i+=2;
}
printf("%d",count);
}

Output: 3

(3)What will be output of following c program?

#include "stdio.h"
int main(){
#ifndef NULL
#define NULL 5
#endif
printf("%d",NULL+sizeof(NULL));
}

Output: 2
Explanation:
NULL + sizeof(NULL)
=0 + sizeoof(0)
=0+2 //size of int data type is two byte.

We cannot copy anything in the NULL pointer.

Example:

(4)What will be output of following c program?

#include "string.h"
int main(){
char *str=NULL;
strcpy(str,"c-pointer.blogspot.com");
printf("%s",str);
return 0;
}
Output: (null)

What is difference between pass by value and pass by

reference?

Explanation:
In c we can pass the parameters in a function in two
different ways.

(a)Pass by value: In this approach we pass copy of

actual variables in function as a parameter. Hence
any modification on parameters inside the function
will not reflect in the actual variable. For example:

#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int a=5,b=10;
swap(a,b);
printf("%d %d",a,b);
return 0;
}
void swap(int a,int b){
int temp;
temp =a;
a=b;
b=temp;
}
Output: 5 10

(b)Pass by reference: In this approach we pass memory

address actual variables in function as a parameter.
Hence any modification on parameters inside the
function will reflect in the actual variable. For
example:

#incude<stdio.h>
int main(){
int a=5,b=10;
swap(&a,&b);
printf("%d %d",a,b);
 return 0;
}
void swap(int *a,int *b){
int *temp;
*temp =*a;
*a=*b;
*b=*temp;
}

Output: 10 5

What is size of void pointer?

Explanation:
Size of any type of pointer in c is independent of
data type which is pointer is pointing i.e. size of
all type of pointer (near) in c is two byte either it
is char pointer, double pointer, function pointer or
null pointer. Void pointer is not exception of this
rule and size of void pointer is also two byte.

What is difference between uninitialized pointer and

null pointer?

Explanation:
An uninitialized pointer is a pointer which points
unknown memory location while null pointer is pointer
which points a null value or base address of segment.
For example:

int *p; //Uninitialized pointer

int *q= (int *)0; //Null pointer
#include<stdio.h>
int *r=NULL; //Null pointer

What will be output of following c program?

#include<string.h>
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
char *p; //Uninitialized pointer
char *q=NULL; //Null pointer;
strcpy(p,"cquestionbank");
strcpy(q,"cquestionbank");

printf("%s %s",p,q);
return 0;
}

Output: cquestionbank (null)

Can you read complex pointer declaration?

Explanation:
Rule 1. Assign the priority to the pointer
declaration considering precedence and associative
according to following table.

(): This operator behaves as bracket operator or

function operator.

[]: This operator behaves as array subscription

operator.

*: This operator behaves as pointer operator not as

multiplication operator.
Identifier: It is not an operator but it is name of
pointer variable. You will always find the first
priority will be assigned to the name of pointer.

Data type: It is also not an operator. Data types

also includes modifier (like signed int, long double
etc.)

You will understand it better by examples:

(1) How to read following pointer?

char (* ptr)[3]

Answer:
Step 1: () and [] enjoys equal precedence. So rule of
associative will decide the priority. Its associative
is left to right so first priority goes to ().

Step 2: Inside the bracket * and ptr enjoy equal

precedence. From rule of associative (right to left)
first priority goes to ptr and second priority goes
to *.

Step3: Assign third priority to [].

Step4: Since data type enjoys least priority so
assign fourth priority to char.

Now read it following manner:

ptr is pointer to such one dimensional array of size

three which content char type data.

(2) How to read following pointer?

float (* ptr)(int)

Answer:
Assign the priority considering precedence and
associative.

Now read it following manner:

ptr is pointer to such function whose parameter is
int type data and return type is float type data.

Rule 2: Assign the priority of each function

parameter separately and read it also separately.
Understand it through following example.

(3) How to read following pointer?

void (*ptr)(int (*)[2],int (*) void))

Answer:

Assign the priority considering rule of precedence

and associative.

Now read it following manner:

ptr is pointer to such function which first parameter

is pointer to one dimensional array of size two which
contentint type data and second parameter
is pointer to such function which parameter is void
and return type is int data type and return type
is void.

(4) How to read following pointer?

int ( * ( * ptr ) [ 5 ] ) ( )

Answer:
Assign the priority considering rule of precedence
and associative.

Now read it following manner:

ptr is pointer to such array of size five which

content are pointer to such function which parameter
is void and return type is int type data.
(5) How to read following pointer?

double*(*(*ptr)(int))(double **,char c)

Answer:
Assign the priority considering rule of precedence
and associative.

Now read it following manner:

ptr is pointer to function which parameter is int

type data and return type
is pointer to function which first parameter is
pointer to pointer of double data type and second
parameter is char type data type and return type
ispointer to double data type.

(6) How to read following pointer?

unsigned **(*(*ptr)[8](char const *, ...)

Answer:
Assign the priority considering rule of precedence
and associative.

Now read it following manner:

ptr is pointer to array of size eight and content of

array is pointer to function which first parameter is
pointer to character constant and second parameter is
variable number of arguments and return type
is pointer to pointer of unsigned int data type.

What are the parameter passing conventions in c?

Explanation:
1. pascal: In this style function name should (not
necessary ) in the uppercase .First parameter of
function call is passed to the first parameter of
function definition and so on.

2. cdecl: In this style function name can be both in

the upper case or lower case. First parameter of
function call is passed to the last parameter of
function definition. It is default parameter passing
convention.
Examples:

1. What will be output of following program?

int main(){
static int a=25;
void cdecl conv1() ;
void pascal conv2();
conv1(a);
conv2(a);
return 0;;
}
void cdecl conv1(int a,int b)
{
printf("%d %d",a,b);
}
void pascal conv2(int a,int b)
{
printf("\n%d %d",a,b);
}

Output: 25 0
0 25
(2) What will be output of following program?

void cdecl fun1(int,int);

void pascal fun2(int,int);
int main(){
int a=5,b=5;

fun1(a,++a);
fun2(b,++b);
return 0;
}
void cdecl fun1(int p,int q){
printf("cdecl: %d %d \n",p,q);
}
void pascal fun2(int p,int q){
printf("pascal: %d %d",p,q);
}

Output:
cdecl: 6 6
pascal: 5 6

(3) What will be output of following program?

void cdecl fun1(int,int);

void pascal fun2(int,int);
int main(){
int a=5,b=5;

fun1(a,++a);
fun2(b,++b);
return 0;
}
void cdecl fun1(int p,int q){
printf("cdecl: %d %d \n",p,q);
}
void pascal fun2(int p,int q){
printf("pascal: %d %d",p,q);
}

Output:
cdecl: 6 6
pascal: 5 6

(4) What will be output of following program?

void convention(int,int,int);
int main(){
int a=5;

convention(a,++a,a++);
return 0;
}
void convention(int p,int q,int r){
printf("%d %d %d",p,q,r);
}

Output: 7 7 5
(5) What will be output of following program?

void pascal convention(int,int,int);

int main(){
int a=5;

convention(a,++a,a++);
return 0;}
void pascal convention(int p,int q,int r){
printf("%d %d %d",p,q,r);
}

Output: 5 6 6

(6) What will be output of following program?

void pascal convention(int,int);

int main(){
int a=1;

convention(a,++a);
return 0;
}
void pascal convention(int a,int b){
printf("%d %d",a,b);
}

Output: 1 2
(7) What will be output of following program?

void convention(int,int);
int main(){
int a=1;

convention(a,++a);
return 0;}
void convention(int a,int b){
printf("%d %d",a,b);
}

Output: 2 2

What is the far pointer in c?

Explanation:
The pointer which can point or access whole the
residence memory of RAM i.e. which can access all 16
segments is known as far pointer.

Size of far pointer is 4 byte or 32 bit. Examples:

(1) What will be output of following c program?

int main(){
int x=10;
int far *ptr;
ptr=&x;
printf("%d",sizeof ptr);
return 0;
}

Output: 4

(2)What will be output of following c program?

int main(){
int far *near*ptr;
printf("%d %d",sizeof(ptr) ,sizeof(*ptr));
return 0;
}

Output: 4 2
Explanation: ptr is far pointer while *ptr is near
pointer.

(3)What will be output of following c program?

int main(){
int far *p,far *q;
printf("%d %d",sizeof(p) ,sizeof(q));
}

Output: 4 4

First 16 bit stores: Segment number

Next 16 bit stores: Offset address

Example:

int main(){
int x=100;
int far *ptr;
ptr=&x;
printf("%Fp",ptr);
return 0;
}

Output: 8FD8:FFF4
Here 8FD8 is segment address and FFF4 is offset
address in hexadecimal number format.

Note: %Fp is used for print offset and segment

address of pointer in printf function in hexadecimal
number format.
In the header file dos.h there are three macro
functions to get the offset address and segment
address from far pointer and vice versa.

1. FP_OFF(): To get offset address from far address.

2. FP_SEG(): To get segment address from far address.
3. MK_FP(): To make far address from segment and
offset address.

Examples:
(1)What will be output of following c program?

#include "dos.h"
int main(){
int i=25;
int far*ptr=&i;
printf("%X %X",FP_SEG(ptr),FP_OFF(ptr));
}

Output: Any segment and offset address in hexadecimal

number format respectively.

(2)What will be output of following c program?

#include "dos.h"
int main(){
int i=25;
int far*ptr=&i;
unsigned int s,o;
s=FP_SEG(ptr);
o=FP_OFF(ptr);
printf("%Fp",MK_FP(s,o));
return 0;
}
Output: 8FD9:FFF4 (Assume)
Note: We cannot guess what will be offset address;
segment address and far address of any far
pointer .These address are decided by operating
system.

Limitation of far pointer:

We cannot change or modify the segment address of

given far address by applying any arithmetic
operation on it. That is by using arithmetic operator
we cannot jump from one segment to other segment. If
you will increment the far address beyond the maximum
value of its offset address instead of incrementing
segment address it will repeat its offset address in
cyclic order.

Example:

(q)What will be output of following c program?

int main(){
int i;
char far *ptr=(char *)0xB800FFFA;
for(i=0;i<=10;i++){
printf("%Fp \n",ptr);
ptr++;
}
return 0;
}

Output:

B800:FFFA
B800:FFFB
B800:FFFC
B800:FFFD
B800:FFFE
B800:FFFF
B800:0000
B800:0001
B800:0002
B800:0003
B800:0004
This property of far pointer is called cyclic nature
of far pointer within same segment.

Important points about far pointer:

1. Far pointer compares both offset address and

segment address with relational operators.

Examples:

(1)What will be output of following c program?

int main(){
int far *p=(int *)0X70230000;
int far *q=(int *)0XB0210000;
if(p==q)
printf("Both pointers are equal");
else
printf("Both pointers are not equal");
return 0;
}

Output: Both pointers are not equal

(2)What will be output of following c program?

int main(){
int far *p=(int *)0X70230000;
int far *q=(int *)0XB0210000;
int near *x,near*y;
x=(int near *)p;
y=(int near *)q;
if(x==y)
printf("Both pointer are equal");
else
printf("Both pointer are not equal");
return 0;
}

Output: Both pointers are equal

2. Far pointer doesn’t normalize.

What is a cyclic property of data type in c? Explain
with any example.
Explanation:
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
signed char c1=130;
signed char c2=-130;
printf("%d %d",c1,c2);
return 0;
}

Output: -126 126 (why?)

This situation is known as overflow of signed char.
Range of unsigned char is -128 to 127. If we will
assign a value greater than 127 then value of
variable will be changed to a value if we will move
clockwise direction as shown in the figure according
to number. If we will assign a number which is less
than -128 then we have to move in anti-clockwise
direction.