HBO Midterm Exam

Job performance is a given

requirement in any organization. It is - This flowchart shows that in the
possible, however, if the following workplace, motivation is specifically
conditions are met: defined as the set of internal and
1. the capacity to perform external forces that cause a worker or
employee to choose a course of
2. the opportunity to perform action and engage in a certain
3. the willingness to perform behavior.
- The behavior or action directs it
The capacity to perform relates to towards the organizational goal.
the degree to which the employee - Moreover, these forces and
possesses skills, abilities, knowledge, and motivation moves people to act and
experiences relevant to his job. If high accomplish something.
performance is expected, the employee
must be fully trained and physically
capable of doing his job.
The opportunity to perform will
depend on the work environment
provided to the employee. One who
works in an office that is hot, humid, and
noisy cannot be expected to perform
well. The opportunity to perform is also
diminished by lack of equipment, lack of
funds, and insufficient authority. - Expectancy Theory by Victor Vroom
- Vroom's expectancy theory assumes
The willingness to perform relates
that behavior results from conscious
to the degree in which an employee
choices among alternatives whose
desires and is willing to exert effort to
purpose it is to maximize pleasure and
achieve the goals assigned to him.
to minimize pain.
The willingness to perform is also
Vroom elaborated by explaining that
alternately called motivation.
motivation is a product of the following
factors:
1. Valence - this refers to how much a
person gives importance to a certain
reward or expected outcome.
2. Expectancy - This is one's estimate of
the probability that effort will result in
successful performance.
3. Instrumentality - This refers to one's
estimate that performance will result in
receiving the reward.
 A group may be defined as two or
more persons, interdependent,
This is the communication process which interacting who have and come
explains that: together to achieve certain objectives.
- A person (sender/communication Groups may be classified as:
source) will make an attempt to send
a message which could be spoken, 1. Formal Group
written, in sign language, or - This one is defined by the organization
nonverbal to another person or group structure, with designated work
of persons. assignments and established tasks.
- The message is a purpose or an idea
to be conveyed in a communication 2. Informal Group
event from the sender. - This group type is neither formally
- It will then go through a channel structured nor organizationally
which is the medium through which
determined.
the message travels. The channel
can be composed of various types. - It is formed by individuals and
- In the channel, there can be noises. It developed around common interests
refers to anything that disrupts and friendship.
communication, including the
Types of Formal Groups
attitude and emotions of the
receiver. Formal groups may be further classified
- After the travel, it arrives to the as:
receiver. The person receiving a
1. Command Group
message is the receiver. He must
interpret and understand the - A group composed of individuals who
message. report directly to a certain manager
- The receiver will give feedback that
2. Task Group
refers to the process of
communicating how one feels about - It is that kind of group consisting of
something another person has done persons working together to complete a
or said. job task.
- There could be noises again before
Types of Informal Groups:
arriving to the sender.
- This communication process happens Informal groups may be classified as
in an environment. The environment follows:
refers to the circumstances in which
1. Interest Group
messages are transmitted and
received. - An interest group is one that is formed
- The process continues until the because of some special topic interest.
communication is ended.
2. Friendship Groups 3. The Norming Stage
- A friendship group is one where - Also known as the initial integration
members are brought together because stage
they share one or more common - When the group really begins to
characteristics such as age, political come together as a coordinated
beliefs, or ethnic background. unit.
- Cooperation and collaboration are
its main characteristics.
- In this stage, members feel a
preliminary sense of closeness, and
would want to protect the group from
disintegration.
- When the group structure solidifies
and the group has, assimilated a
common set of expectations of what
destines correct member behavior,
the norming stage is complete.
4. The Performing Stage
Groups are like people; they learn
- The group emerges as a mature,
and they develop. How they evolve may
organized, and a well-functioning
be seen through a presentation of a
group, and it is ready to focus an
standardized sequence in the
accomplishing its key tasks.
development of groups.
- This stage is also referred to as the
The sequence consists of different stages integration stage.
as follows:
5. The Adjourning Stage
1. The Forming Stage
- Involves the termination of activities.
- There are various ways of forming - Applicable to temporary groups such
groups. as committees, project groups, task
- In the forming stage, the initial entry forces, and similar entities.
of members to group is a primary
concern.
- This stage is characterized by
uncertainty about the group's
purpose, structure, and leadership.
- However, when members begin to
think of themselves as part of a group,
the forming stage is complete.
2. The Storming Stage
- When conflict within the group
happens.
- Members may get involved in
competition for desired assignments
and disagreements over appropriate
behaviors and responsibilities related
to task performance.
- Under this stage, coalitions or cliques
may form. When there is a relatively
clear hierarchy of leadership within
the group. the storming stage is
completed.
 2. Personal power
- Results from his personal characteristics.
It may be any or both of the following:
a. Expert power
- An expert who possess and can
dispense valued information generally
exercise expert power over those in
need of such information.
b. Referent power
- Refers to the ability of leaders to
develop followers from the strength of
their own personalities
- Leaders who possess this power have a
personal magnetism, an air of
confidence, and a passionate belief in
The basis of power that a leader may use
objectives that attract and hold
to convince subordinates may be
followers.
classified as either Position or Personal.
TYPES OF POWER
1. Position power
- Power derived as a consequence of
the leader's position
It consists of the following types:
a. Legitimate power
- Authority, this power emanates from a
person's position in the organization.
b. Reward power
- Emanates from one's ability to grant
rewards to those who comply with a
command or request.
- The leader's capacity to provide
promotions, money, praise, and other
rewards influences the behavior of
subordinates.
c. Coercive power
- Arises from the expectation of
subordinates that they will be punished if
they do not conform to the wishes of the
leader.
- The use of this power, however, has
overall negative impact individual
affected.