Part-B Micro-Project Report

1) Rationale

In the above project 'Estimate and compare luminous efficiency of incandescent and
compact fluorescent lamp.’ The comparison between the two lamp on their lux level , the size
and wattage of incandescent lamp is more as compared to fluorescent lamp . So the current
required to the incandescent lamp is more and the lux level of the lamp is more .

2) Aims/Benefits of the micro-project :

a) For getting knowledge about lamps. `

b) For determining the information about manufacturing
companies of fluorescent lamp and incandescent lamp
c) To determine the lux level of lams.

3) Course outcomes Addressed :

a) Select the relevant Illumination levels for various applicants.

b) Select relevant lamps for various applications

c) Determine the wattage required for the given situation for the given data.

d) Select the type and number of luminaires required for the given area in sq.m.

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 4) Literature review :

INCANDESCENT LAMP..

An incandescent lamp is defined as an electrical light source that works by

heating a filament until it glows due to the flow of electric current through it.

How do Incandescent Lamps Work?

When an object is made hot, the atoms inside the object become thermally
excited. If the object does not melt, the outer orbit electrons of the atoms jump
to higher energy level due to the supplied energy. The electrons on these higher
energy levels are not stable, they again fall back to lower energy levels. While
falling from higher to lower energy levels, the electrons release their extra
energy in a form of photons. These photons are then emitted from the surface of
the object in the form of electromagnetic radiation.

This radiation includes different wavelengths. Some of these wavelengths fall

within the visible range, producing light, while others fall in the infrared range,
producing heat energy.

Incandescent means producing visible light by heating an object. An

incandescent lamp works in the same principle. The simplest form of the
artificial source of light using electricity is an incandescent lamp. Here we use
electric current to flow through a thin and fine filament to produce visible light.
The current rises the temperature of the filament to such extent that it becomes
luminous.

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History of Incandescent Lamp
It is normally considered that Thomas Edison was the inventor of the
incandescent lamp, but the actual history was not like that. There were numbers
of scientists who worked and designed prototype for the incandescent lamp
before Edison did. One of them was British physicist Joseph Wilson Swan.
From the record, it is found that he got the first patent for the incandescent
lamp. Later Edison and Swan merged to produce incandescent lamps in
commercial scale.

Construction of Incandescent Lamp

The filament is attached across two lead wires. One lead wire is connected
to the foot contact and other is terminated on the metallic base of the bulb.
Both of the lead wires pass through glass support mounted at the lower
middle of the bulb. Two support wires also attached to glass support, are
used to support filament at its middle portion. The foot contact is isolated
from metallic base by insulating materials. The entire system is
encapsulated by a colored or phasphare coated or transparent glass bulb.
The glass bulb may be filled with inert gases or it is kept vacuum
depending upon rating of the incandescent lamp.

The filament of incandescent lamps is sealed inside a glass bulb to prevent

oxidation and minimize convection currents, which helps maintain the
filament’s high temperature.

The glass bulb can either be vacuum-sealed or filled with inert gases like
argon and nitrogen. These gases help reduce filament evaporation but can
also cause heat loss due to convection inside the bulb.

Again vacuum is a great insulation of heat, but it accelerates the

evaporation of filament during operation. In the case of gas-filled
incandescent lamps, 85% of argon mixed with 15% of nitrogen is used.

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Occasionally krypton can be used to reduce filament evaporation because the
molecular weight of krypton gas is quite higher.

But it costs greater. At about 80% of atmospheric pressure, the gasses are filled
into the bulb. Gas is filled in the bulb with the rating more than 40 W. But for
less than 40 W bulb; there is no gas used.

The various parts of an incandescent lamp are shown below.

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Minimized but can not be avoided completely.

Due to filament evaporation, the glass bulb darkens over a period. Due to
filament evaporation the filament becomes thinner which makes the
filament less luminous efficient and at last, the filament is broken. As the
filament lamps are directly connected to the power supply line, the voltage
fluctuations in the line, affect the performance of the bulb.

It is found that luminous efficacy of an incandescent lamp is directly

proportional to the square of supply voltage but at the same time, the life
span of the lamp is inversely proportional to 13th to 14th power of supply
voltage. The main advantages of incandescent lamps are that these are
cheap enough and very suitable for lighting at small areas. But these lamps
are not energy efficient and about 90% of input electrical energy is lost as
heat.

Availability of the Incandescent Bulbs in the Market

There are various attractive shapes and sizes of the bulbs available in the
market. PS30 lamps have a pear shape, T12 bulb is tubular with diameter
1.5 inch, R40 bulb is with reflector bulb envelope with a diameter of 5
inches. Based on availability of wattage the bulbs are common in the
market with 25, 40, 60, 75, 100, 150 and 200W etc.

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FLUORESCENT LAMP

What is Fluorescent Lamp?

A fluorescent lamp is defined as a low-weight mercury vapour lamp that

uses fluorescence to produce visible light. An electric current energizes the
mercury vapor, creating ultraviolet radiation, which then makes the
phosphor coating on the lamp’s inner wall emit visible light.

A fluorescent lamp has changed over electrical energy into useful light
energy to a great deal more proficiently than incandescent lamps. The
normal luminous viability of fluorescent lighting frameworks is 50 to100
lumens per watt, which is a few times the adequacy of incandescent lamps
with equivalent light yield.

How does a Fluorescent Lamp work?

Before going through the working principle of a fluorescent lamp, we will

first show the circuit of a fluorescent lamp in other words circuit of tube
light.

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Electrons to establish an arc discharge. Many electrons collided elastically
with gas atoms, preventing the creation of useful spectral lines. Little
progress was made on fluorescent lamps during this period.
But in 1920s, a major breakthrough happened. The fact has been discovered that the mixture
of the mercury vapor and inert gas at low pressure is 60% efficient to convert the electrical
input power into a single spectral line at 253.7 nm.

Ultra violate ray gets converted into the visible light rays by using appropriate fluorescent
material inside the lamp. From this time fluorescent lamp got paved to be introduced in the
people’s daily life.

Later, Dr. W. L. Enfield in 1934 had received a report from Dr. A. H. Crompton about the use
of fluorescent coated lamp. Immediately a research team had been created by Enfield and
started to create commercial fluorescent Lamp. In 1935 their team had produced a prototype
green fluorescent lamp that had efficiency about 60%.

After two and half years later, fluorescent lamps have been introduced in white and six other
colors in the market. Various mixture of phosphor powder is used to produce various colors
from the fluorescent lamps. The first lamp had been introduced with 15, 20 and 30 W in 18
inch, 25 inch and 36 inch lengths.

Sooner after 40 W T12, 4-ft lamp had been introduced and used widely in office, school,
industry lighting. The early lamps gave the light somewhat yellowish to a 3500K. Later on,
6500K daylight lamps are developed in such a way that it produces a light to simulate an
average north sky light on an overcast sky.
Generally the 4 ft lamps, with 1.5 inch in diameter, 40 W were available in the market in
1940. But gradually design has been changed to its better utilization. In the arc, discharge
portion of the lamps has been changed. But argon is still used though the pressure that is
somewhat less than the previous pressure. The mercury vapor is maintained at that same
pressure like previous. This lamp requires 425 mA with 100 to 105 V voltage drop.

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DIGITAL VOLUNTEER AMMETER

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 5) Actual methodology followed

First selection of the topic of micro Project with the help of subject teacher and Collection of information about
the fluorescent lamp and incandescent lamp its Specifications etc. with the help of various books and internet.we
have taken reference of book named as ‘APPLIED ILLUMINATION ENGINEERING ‘and ‘HANDBOOK OF
INDUSTRIAL LIGHTNING 'After that we have collect various material related to micro project like plywood,
fluorescent lamp and Incandescent lamp, connecting wires, holders, digital voltmeter and ammeter , female
connectors Etc. In our group all have performed their work .and after Discussion about out topic we will make the
model of compare Luminous efficiency of incandescent and compact fluorescent lamp. From the model we
compared two lamps their lux level etc .and finally we ha performed our micro project with guidance of Subject
teacher.

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 6) Actual resources used

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7) Outputs of the micro-project :

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 7) Observation table :

Sr.no Voltage(V) Current(C) Wattage(W) lux

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

8) skill developed/learning outcome of this micro project :

preparing micro project many skills are developed like

1. Acquiring practice knowledge

2. Making connections

3. Using soldering gum.

4. Using hammer , screw driver

5. Doing painting.

6. Time management.

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9) Application of this micro project :

1) Using for practical

2) In Diploma Labs

3) In ITI laboratories

4) In Engineering laboratory.

9) Conclusion:

From above micro project we are conclude that the compact fluorescent
lamp is more efficient lamp as compared to incandescent lamp.

…..Thank You…!

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