Designation: A990/A990M − 14a

Standard Specification for

Castings, Iron-Nickel-Chromium and Nickel Alloys, Specially
Controlled for Pressure Retaining Parts for Corrosive
Service1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A990/A990M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 This specification covers iron-nickel-chromium and 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
nickel alloy castings specially processed with restricted melt A351/A351M Specification for Castings, Austenitic, for
practices, weldability testing, and nondestructive examination Pressure-Containing Parts
(NDE) requirements. A488/A488M Practice for Steel Castings, Welding, Qualifi-
1.2 A number of grades of iron-nickel-chromium and nickel cations of Procedures and Personnel
alloy castings are included in this specification. Since these A494/A494M Specification for Castings, Nickel and Nickel
grades possess varying degrees of suitability for service in Alloy
corrosive environments, it is the responsibility of the purchaser A703/A703M Specification for Steel Castings, General
to determine which grade shall be furnished. Selection will Requirements, for Pressure-Containing Parts
depend on design and service conditions, mechanical A743/A743M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium,
properties, and corrosion-resistant characteristics. Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for General
Application
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units A744/A744M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for Severe Service
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each A802/A802M Practice for Steel Castings, Surface Accep-
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining tance Standards, Visual Examination
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance A903/A903M Specification for Steel Castings, Surface Ac-
with the standard. ceptance Standards, Magnetic Particle and Liquid Pen-
1.3.1 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound etrant Inspection
units and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or A985/A985M Specification for Steel Investment Castings
contract specifies the applicable M specification designation General Requirements, for Pressure-Containing Parts
(SI units), the inch-pound units shall apply. Within the text, the E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
SI units are shown in brackets or parentheses. E165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the Industry
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the E186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 41⁄2-in.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- (50.8 to 114-mm)) Steel Castings
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- E272 Reference Radiographs for High-Strength Copper-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Base and Nickel-Copper Alloy Castings
E280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (41⁄2 to 12-
in. (114 to 305-mm)) Steel Castings
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
2
A01.18 on Castings. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published November 2014. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as A990/A990M – 14. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/A0990_A0990M-14A. the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

1
 A990/A990M − 14a
E446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. 4.2 Investment Castings – Material furnished to this speci-
(50.8 mm) in Thickness fication shall conform to the requirements of Specification
2.2 AWS Standards:3 A985/A985M, including any supplementary requirements that
AWS A5.4, Specification for Stainless Steel Electrodes for are indicated in the purchase order. Failure to comply with the
Shielded Metal Arc Welding general requirements of Specification A985/A985M consti-
AWS A5.9, Specification for Bare Stainless Steel Welding tutes nonconformance with this specification. In case of con-
Electrodes and Rods flict between the requirements of this specification and Speci-
AWS A5.11/A5.11M, Specification for Nickel and Nickel fication A985/A985M, Specification A985/A985M shall
Alloy Welding Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding prevail.
AWS A5.14/A5.14M, Specification for Nickel and Nickel-
Alloy Bare Welding Electrodes and Rods 5. Ordering Information
2.3 ASME/ANSI Standard:4 5.1 It is the responsibility of the purchaser to specify all
ASME/ANSI B16.34, Valves-Flanged, Threaded, and Weld- requirements that are necessary for material ordered to this
ing End specification. Such requirements may include, but are not
limited to, the following:
3. Terminology
5.1.1 Quantity.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 5.1.2 Grade designation (Table 1).
3.1.1 accessible surface, n—surface that can be welded on
5.1.3 Description of the casting by pattern number or
without cutting access holes in the casting.
drawing. Dimensional tolerances should be included on the
3.1.2 refined ingot, n—metal processed by argon-oxygen- casting drawing.
decarburization (AOD) or vacuum-oxygen-decarburization 5.1.4 Nondestructive inspection class required (Table 2).
(VOD) and cast to a size and shape suitable for remelting. Class D will be supplied unless otherwise specified.
3.1.3 revert, n—gates, risers, and castings. Also includes 5.1.5 Wetted surfaces (Table 2).
scrapped machinery and fabricated items, chips, and turnings.
5.2 The purchaser shall specify any supplementary require-
4. General Conditions for Delivery ments desired, including standards of acceptance, required to
4.1 Other than investment castings, material furnished to describe adequately the desired material.
this specification shall conform to the requirements of Speci-
fication A703/A703M, including any supplementary require- 6. Process and Manufacture
ments that are indicated in the purchase order. Failure to 6.1 Alloys, except for nickel base, 25 to 35 % Cu alloys,
comply with the general requirements of Specification A703/ shall be made by one of the two following processes:
A703M constitutes nonconformance with this specification. In 6.1.1 Electric arc or induction furnace melting followed by
case of conflict between the requirements of this specification AOD or VOD refining, or
and Specification A703/A703M, this specification shall pre- 6.1.2 Electric induction furnace melting of refined ingot.
vail.
6.2 Nickel base alloys with 25 to 35 % Cu shall be made by
6.1.1 or 6.1.2 or by electric furnace.
3
Available from American Welding Society (AWS), 8669 NW 36 Street, #130, 6.3 Additions of up to 5 % are permitted for compositional
Miami, FL 33166-6672, http://www.aws.org. adjustments and deoxidation.
4
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
International Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:// 6.4 Revert shall not be used.
www.asme.org.

TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements

Element, %
Grade
(max, except where range is given)
CK3MCuN CW-2M CN3MCu M35-1 CW2MC N2M
C 0.025 0.020 0.030 0.35 0.020 0.020
Mn 1.20 1.00 1.50 1.50 1.00 1.00
Si 0.75 0.80 1.00 1.25 0.45 0.80
P 0.020 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.015 0.030
S 0.010 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015
Mo 6.0-7.0 15.0-17.5 2.0-3.0 ... 8.0-10.0 30.0-33.0
Fe balance 2.00 balance 3.5 5.0 3.00
Ni 17.5-19.5 balance 27.5-30.5 Balance Balance Balance
Cr 19.5-20.5 15.0-17.5 19.0-22.0 ... 20.0-23.0 1.00
N 0.18-0.24
Cu 0.50-1.00 ... 3.0-3.5 26.0-33.0 0.50 0.20
W 1.00 ... ... 0.50 0.20
V ... ... ... 0.20 0.20
Cb ... ... ... 3.1-4.5 ...

2
 A990/A990M − 14a
TABLE 2 Nondestructive Examination Requirements
Maximum Casting Thickness Class Visual Examination, Practice Radiographic Examination, Liquid Penetrant Examination, Test Method E165
A802/A802M Minimum Ac- Guide E94 Coverage Minimum Acceptance Level
ceptance Level Number of Castings per Specification
Severity Level per Table 6 A903/A903M
less than 5⁄8 in. (15.9 mm) A Level I 100 % All accessible surfaces Level II
B Level II 100 % All accessible wetted sur- Level II
faces
C Level II Initial casting off pattern Weld repairs Level II
D Level II Initial casting off pattern NA NA

⁄ to 1 in. (15.9 to 25.4 mm)

58 A Level I 100 % All accessible surfaces Level III
B Level II 100 % All accessible wetted sur- Level III
faces
C Level II Initial casting off pattern Weld repairs Level III
D Level II Initial casting off pattern NA NA

Over 1 to 2 in. (25.4 to 50.8 mm) A Level I 100 % All accessible surfaces Level IV
B Level II 100 % All accessible wetted sur- Level IV
faces
C Level II Initial casting off pattern Weld repairs Level IV
D Level II Initial casting off pattern NA NA

Over 2 to 4 1⁄2 in. (50.8 to 114 mm) A Level II 100 % All accessible surfaces Level IV
B Level II 100 % All accessible wetted sur- Level IV
faces
C Level III Initial casting off pattern Weld repairs Level V
D Level III Initial casting off pattern NA NA

Over 4 1⁄2 in. (114 mm) A Level III 100 % All accessible surfaces Level V
B Level III 100 % All accessible wetted sur- Level V
faces
C Level IV Initial casting off pattern Weld repairs Level V
D Level IV Initial casting off pattern NA NA

7. Chemical Composition TABLE 4 Heat Treat Requirements

Grade Heat Treatment
7.1 These alloys shall conform to the chemical composition CK3MCuN Heat to 2200 to 2265°F (1205 to 1240°C) for one hour at
requirements prescribed in Table 1. An analysis of every heat temperature/1 in. (25 mm) of thickness with a minimum of 4
is required. hours. Quench in water.A
CW-2M Heat to 2225 to 2300°F [1220 to 1260°C] for a minimum of 1 h at
temperature/1 in. [25 mm] of thickness. Quench in water.A
8. Tensile Properties CN3MCu Heat to 2050°F [1120°C] min for a min of 1 h at temperature/1 in.
[25 mm] of thickness. Quench in water.A
8.1 One tension test shall be made from each heat. Test M35-1 As-cast
results shall conform to the tensile requirements specified in CW2MC Heat to 2175°F [1190°C] min for a min of 2 h at temperature or a
Table 3. The bar shall be solution heat treated per the min of 1 h/1 in. [25 mm] of thickness whichever is greater.
Quench in water.A
requirements of Table 4 in production furnaces to the same N2M Heat to 2080°F [1140°C] min for a min of 2 h at temperature + 1
procedure as the castings it represents. If the casting grade does h/ 1 in. [25 mm] of thickness. Quench in water.A
not require heat treatment, the bar used for the test specimen A
Quench in water or rapid cool by other means as agreed upon by the
shall not be heat treated. manufacturer and purchaser.

9. Weldability Qualification
9.1 Each heat shall be qualified by weldability testing. 9.2.2 For heats produced under 6.1.1, at least one weldabil-
9.2 Sampling: ity test plate shall be cast from each heat.
9.2.1 The weldability test plate shall be cast in accordance 9.2.3 For heats produced under 6.1.2, at least one weldabil-
with Fig. 1. ity test plate shall be cast from the first heat in an uninterrupted

TABLE 3 Tensile Requirements

Grade
CK3MCuN CW-2M CN3MCu M35-1 CW2MC N2M
Tensile strength, min, 80 72 62 65 70 76
ksi [MPa] [550] [495] [425] [450] [485] [525]
0.2 % offset yield 38 40 25 25 40 40
strength, min, ksi [260] [275] [170] [170] [275] [275]
[MPa]
Elongation in 2 in. [50 35 20 35 25 25 20
mm], min, %A
A
When ICI test bars are used in tensile testing as provided for in Specification A985/A985M, the gage length to reduced section diameter ratio shall be 4 to 1.

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 A990/A990M − 14a
series of heats, made in the same furnace from the same heat of
refined ingot using the same melting procedure, and shall
qualify all of the subsequent heats in that series made in the
same shift.
9.3 Procedure:
9.3.1 The test plates required under 9.2 shall be processed
and tested as follows:
9.3.1.1 Prior to welding, the test plate shall be solution heat
treated according to the requirements of Table 4 in production
furnaces to the same procedure as the castings it represents.
9.3.1.2 All forms of cold working, mechanical deformation,
hammering, or peening, in excess of that required for normal
cleaning is prohibited.
9.3.1.3 Fill the groove in the plate with weld deposit
according to the procedure used in Section 11 and the filler
material grade specified in Table 5.
9.3.1.4 For the purposes of the weldability test only, post
weld heat treatment of the test plate is prohibited even if part
of the procedure. Remove one 3⁄8-in. (10-mm) min thick bend
coupon longitudinally from the center of the welded plate by
(a) machining, sawing, or abrasive cutting. Make a transverse side
Metric Equivalents bend test of the welded joint in accordance with Practice
in. ⁄
14 38⁄ 3 ⁄4 1 1 ⁄8 2 3⁄ 4 3 1⁄ 4 6 A488/A488M.
[mm] [5] [10] [20] [30] [70] [85] [155]
9.4 Acceptance:
9.4.1 On the bent specimen, cracks or other open defects
exceeding 1⁄8 in. (3.2 mm), measured in any direction on the
convex surface shall be cause for rejection, except that cracks
occurring on and limited to the corners while testing shall not
be considered.
10. Nondestructive Examination
10.1 One of four different classes of nondestructive exami-
nation shall be imposed on castings ordered to this specifica-
tion. Classes A, B, C, and D are defined in Table 2. Each class
imposes specific requirements for three different NDE meth-
ods. Class D will be supplied unless otherwise specified.
10.2 Visual Examination—Each casting shall be examined
visually in accordance with Practice A802/A802M. Fusion
discontinuities, expansion discontinuities, and inserts are un-
acceptable. All other surface features must meet the acceptance
criteria class in Table 2.
10.3 Radiographic Examination:
10.3.1 The number of castings to be examined radiographi-
NOTE—May be used with the purchaser’s approval when the molding process
makes it impractical to cast the cavity into the test plate. cally and the acceptance criteria shall be in accordance with the
specified class in Table 2 and Table 6.
(b) 10.3.2 The extent of coverage shall be agreed upon between
Metric Equivalents the manufacturer and purchaser. Where applicable, the mini-
in. ⁄ 14 ⁄
38 3 ⁄4 1 1⁄ 8 3 1⁄ 4 6 mum coverage shall comply with ASME/ANSI B 16.34.
[mm] [5] [10] [20] [30] [85] [155]

FIG. 1 (a) Weldability Test Plate (b) Optional Weldability Test TABLE 5 Weld Filler Materials
Plate With a Machined Groove Cast Grade AWS A5.11/A5.11M and AWS A5.14/A5.14M
Weld Filler Material
CK3MCuN AWS A5.4 and AWS A5.9 NiCrMo-3
CW-2M NiCrMo-7 or NiCrMo-10
CN3MCu AWS A5.4 and AWS A5.9 320LR
M35-1 NiCu-7
CW2MC NiCrMo-3
N2M NiMo-7 or NiMo-10

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 A990/A990M − 14a
TABLE 6 Radiographic Severity Level Requirements
Nickel Copper Severity Level, Min Acceptance Level
Reference Radiographs E272 Reference Radiographs
E186
Shrinkage Dross Porosity Inclusions Chaplets
Casting Thick- Class Type Reference Source Reference Source Reference Source Reference Source Reference Source
ness in Area of Radiograph Radiograph Radiograph Radiograph Radiograph
interest

1 in. (25 mm) Class A Feathery Cd 2 X-ray Bb 1 X-ray A3 X-ray Ba 3 X-ray None Accept-
and less Spongy Cd 2 Gamma able
Linear Ca 2 Gamma
Class B, C Feathery Cd 3 X-ray Bb 2 X-ray A4 X-ray Ba 4 X-ray None Accept-
and D Spongy Cd 3 Gamma able
Linear Ca 3 Gamma

Over 1 in. (25 Class A Feathery Cd 3 X-ray Bb 2 Gamma A3 Gamma Ba 3 Gamma None Accept-
mm) Spongy Cd 3 Gamma able
Linear Ca 3 Gamma
Class B, C Feathery Cd 4 X-ray Bb 3 Gamma A4 Gamma Ba 4 Gamma None Accept-
and D Spongy Cd 4 Gamma able
Linear Ca 4 Gamma
Iron-Nickel-Chromium and Nickel-Chromium
Casting Thick- Class ASTM Stan- Shrinkage Porosity Inclusion Hot Tear, Insert,
ness dard Crack Chaplet

Less than 1 in. Class A E446 CA 2, CB 2, A2 B2 None None

(25 mm) CC 2, CD 2
Class B, E446 CA 3, CB 3, A3 B3 None None
C and D CC 3, CD 3

1 to 2 in. (25 to Class A E446 CA 2, CB 2, A2 B2 None None

51 mm) CC 2, CD 2
Class B, E446 CA 3, CB 3, A3 B3 None None
C and D CC 3, CD 3

Over 2 to 41⁄2 in. Class A E186 CA 3, CB 3, A3 B3 None None

(251 to 114 mm) CC 3
Class B, E186 CA 4, CB 4, A4 B4 None None
C and D CC 4

Over 41⁄2 in. Class A E280 CA 3, CB 3, A3 B3 None None

(114 mm) CC 3
Class B, E280 CA 4, CB 4, A4 B4 None None
C and D CC 4

10.3.3 Personnel performing the examination shall be quali- 10.4.3 When welding is performed after the liquid penetrant
fied in accordance with an acceptable written practice. examination, the repair weld and at least 1⁄4 in. (6 mm) of the
10.3.4 All castings that are radiographed and found accept- surrounding material shall be LP tested in accordance with
able shall be marked permanently RT. Table 2.
10.3.5 For Classes C and D, if a rejectable indication is
found, that first casting shall be scrapped or repaired and the 11. Repair by Welding
second casting radiographed. If the second casting passes, then
11.1 All weld repairs shall be made with welders and
no additional radiography beyond the normal amount is re-
procedures qualified in accordance with Practice A488/
quired. If that second casting fails, all remaining castings shall
A488M. Only the filler material grades specified in Table 5
be radiographed in only the rejectable areas found on the first
shall be used.
and second castings. After changes are made to the gating or
risering of a pattern, and the subsequent castings produce no 11.2 Major weld repairs are repairs required when a casting
rejectable radiographic indications, then no additional radiog- has leaked on hydrostatic test or when the depth of the cavity
raphy beyond the sampling rate agreed upon by the purchaser after preparation for repair exceeds 20 % of the actual wall
and the producer shall be required. thickness or 1 in. (25 mm), whichever is smaller, or when the
extent of the welding exceeds approximately 10 in.2 (65 cm2)
10.4 Liquid Penetrant Examination :
or 5 % of the total surface area, whichever is smaller.
10.4.1 All Class A, B, and C castings shall be liquid
penetrant (LP) tested in accordance with Table 2 after the final 11.3 All weld repairs shall be subject to the same quality
specified heat treatment. standards as are used to inspect the castings. Initial excavation
10.4.2 Personnel performing the examination shall be quali- of defects may be accomplished by any method including
fied in accordance with an acceptable written practice. air-arc gouging, grinding, or machining; however, all visible

5
 A990/A990M − 14a
traces of the air-arc process shall be removed by grinding or 13. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
machining. All surfaces to be welded and at least 1 in. (25 mm) 13.1 All surfaces shall be cleaned and free of scale. Final
beyond shall be smooth and free of sand, scale, paint, oil, or cleaning shall be accomplished by blasting with clean nonme-
other foreign matter. The cleaning may be accomplished by tallic media not previously used on steel or iron parts, pickling,
grinding or by machining followed by solvent washing. machining, or other approved methods approved by the pur-
11.4 All forms of cold working, mechanical deformation, chaser.
hammering, or peening in excess of that required for normal 13.2 The castings shall not be peened, plugged, or impreg-
cleaning is prohibited. nated.
14. Product Marking
12. Heat Treatment
14.1 Castings shall be marked with the ASTM specification
12.1 All castings shall be solution heat treated as specified designation and grade symbol, for example, CW-2M. The
in Table 4. manufacturer’s name or identification mark, the pattern num-
12.2 Post-weld solution heat treatment is required for all ber or part number, and the heat number shall be cast or
stamped on all castings except those of such small size as to
major weld repairs, except on M35-1, which is used in the
make such marking impractical.
as-cast condition. Post-weld solution heat treatment of other
weld repairs is not required provided an interpass temperature 14.2 When the castings are too small to mark individually,
of 250°F (121°C) is not exceeded. a symbol traceable to the heat shall be placed on the castings
and the required identification then placed on a tag affixed to
12.3 For grade CK3MCuN post weld heat treatment shall be the container in which these castings are shipped.
performed at a minimum of 2100°F (1150°C) for a minimum
of 1 hour per inch (25 mm) of thickness and water quenched or 15. Keywords
rapidly cooled by other means as agreed upon by the manu- 15.1 casting; iron-nickel-chromium; nickel alloy; pressure
facturer and purchaser. retaining

ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR INCLUSION OF NEW IRON-NICKEL-CHROMIUM AND NICKEL ALLOYS IN THIS
SPECIFICATION

A1.1 Specifications A351/A351M, A494/A494M, A743/ A1.1.4 Levels of NDE with combinations of visual, LP, and
A743M, and A744/A744M contain alloys similar to those radiography with acceptance criteria.
listed in this specification. The distinguishing requirements of A1.1.5 Restricted heat treat requirements for improved
this specification are as follows. corrosion resistance, solution heat treat after all major weld
A1.1.1 One of four classes of alloys all with 0.015 % S max. repairs. With 250°F (121°C) max interpass temperature, solu-
A1.1.1.1 Nickel base with 15 % Cr min, 8 % Mo min, and tion heat treat is not required for minor repairs.
0.020 % C max. A1.1.6 Specified weld filler material.
A1.1.1.2 Nickel base with 25–35 % Cu and 0.020 % C min.
A1.1.1.3 Nickel base with 25–35 % Mo and 0.020 % C A1.2 To be considered for inclusion in this specification, the
max. following data must be presented to Subcommittee A01.18.
A1.1.1.4 Iron base, fully-austenitic, with 18 % Cr min, A1.2.1 Demonstrate that all heats in the data package passed
17 % Ni min, 2–8 % Mo, and 0.030 % C max. the weld bend test in the as-welded condition as directed in
A1.1.2 AOD or VOD refined material, no revert except Section 9.
nickel base with 25 to 35 % Cu and 0.020 % C min. A1.2.2 The alloy shall fall within one of the four classes of
A1.1.3 Weld bend test every heat in the as-welded condi- materials listed in A1.1.1.1 – A1.1.1.4 and meet the restricted
tion. compositional limits.

6
 A990/A990M − 14a
SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (A990 – 14)
that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Oct. 1, 2014.)

(1) Changed the elongation significant digit values from 0.1 %

to 1 % in Table 3.

Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (A990 – 11)
that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved May 1, 2014.)

(1) Removed A370 and A941 from Paragraph 2, Referenced (3) Changed the tensile strength units in Table 3 from psi to ksi.
Documents.
(2) Deleted Paragraph 3.1 and renumbered the following Para-
graphs.

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