UNIT 4: URBANIZATION

PRONUNCIATION
E1. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined
part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
Question 1: A. afford B. admire C. account D. average
Question 2: A. colonial B. concern C. control D. costume
Question 3: A. expand B. exhaust C. excuse D. extra
Question 4: A. leisure B. resident C. reusable D. cuisine
Question 5: A. rapid B. urban C. landfill D. apple
Question 6: A. proportion B. confusion C. convenience D. process
Question7: A. architecture B. achievement C. chopstick D. voucher
E2. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the
other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.
Question 1: A. afford B. expand C. maintain D. empty
Question 2: A. unemployment B. immigration C. reliable D. economic
Question 3: A. urban B. current C. equal D. remote
Question 4: A. stable B. private C. frequent D. unique
Question 5: A. policy B. statistics C. period D. vehicles
Question 6: A. gradual B. urbanised C. polluted D. negative
Question 7: A. region B. service C. complaint D. dweller
Question 8: A. product B. concern C. district D. suburn
Question 9: A. modernise B. concentrate C. introduce D. organize

VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR

E3. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.
leisure activities cost of living local residents urban are
rush hour shopping facilities traffic jams high-rise buildings
Question 1: Many people move to an in search of better job opportunities.
Question 2: In the city, there are plenty of to enjoy, such as parks, theaters, and
sports centers.
Question 3: often complain about the noise and pollution caused by construction.
Question 4: traffic in the city can be extremely frustrating for commuters.
Question 5: The skyline is dominated by that house offices and apartments.
Question 6: are a common problem in big cities, especially during peak hours.
Question 7: The in urban areas is usually higher than in rural areas.
Question 8: Modern offer a wide range of products and services to city dwellers.
E4. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.
date decrease modernize expand
afford remained seek
Question 1: Many city dwellers struggle to the high cost of living.
Question 2: The city plans to its public transportation network.
Question 3: People often better job opportunities in urban areas.
Question 4: Some historic buildings in the city back to the 19th century.
Question 5: The government aims to the infrastructure to improve living conditions.
Question 6: Efforts to reduce pollution have caused the levels of smog to .
Question 7: Despite economic changes, some prices have stable over the years.
E5. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.
reliable fascinating steady urban
frequent rapid affordable colonial
Question 1: The old buildings add a unique charm to the city's architecture.
Question 2: It is essential to have a public transportation system in a big city.
Question 3: The lifestyle offers many opportunities but also comes with challenges.
Question 4: Finding housing in the city can be quite difficult.
Question 5: The bus services make commuting easier for residents.
Question 6: The city’s history is with many museums and historic sites to explore.
Question 7: The growth of the city has led to many new developments.
Question 8: The population of the city has seen a increase over the past decade.
E6. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.
urbanization proportion concern housing
resident unemployment opportunity infrastructure
Question 1: Air pollution is a major for many cities around the world.
Question 2: The city is working on solving the crisis by building more
affordable homes.
Question 3: A significant of the population in urban areas works in the service
sector.
Question 4: Every in the city has access to public services and
facilities. Question 5: The high rate of in the city is a serious issue
that needs to be addressed.
Question 6: has led to both opportunities and challenges for city planners.
Question 7: The new project offers an excellent for local businesses to grow.
Question 8: The city's needs significant upgrades to support its growing
population.
E7. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of
the following questions.
Question 1: The rapid process of has significantly transformed many rural areas into
bustling cities.
A. renovation B. degradation C. urbanization D. isolation
Question 2: Due to the high of living, many residents find it difficult to live
comfortably in the city.
A. inflation B. cost C. availability D. quality
Question 3: During hour, the streets become heavily congested, making commuting
a stressful experience.
A. tall B. slow C. rush D. twin
Question 4: The city is heavily investing in transport to enhance the overall living
standards for its inhabitants.
A. private B. special C. public D. common
Question 5: Many people move to the city seeking better that they can't find in rural
areas.
A. opportunities B. tips C. traditions D. friendships
Question 6: The city's needs to be upgraded to handle the growing population.
A. heritage B. economy C. infrastructure D. rule
Question 7: There is a severe of affordable housing in the city.
A. abundance B. shortage C. production D. luxury
Question 8: Many people cannot the high prices of city living.
A. inform B. afford C. ignore D. deny
Question 9: To better serve its growing population, the city plans to its public
transportation network.
A. maintain B. expand C. produce D. minimize
Question 10: The government is working to the city's infrastructure to make it
more efficient.
A. control B. explore C. modernize D. simplify
Question 11: With a population over 10 million, the city faces numerous challenges
related to infrastructure and services.
A. for B. of C. on D. to
Question 12: High levels of in large cities can lead to various social
challenges, including increased crime rates.
A. employment B. unemployment C. transportation D. education
Question 13: The newly developed mall offers extensive activities for shopping,
dining, and entertainment.
A. infrastructure B. convenience C. leisure D. application
Question 14: With the of the urban population, there is an urgent need to expand
residential areas.
A. decrease B. ability C. increase D. migration
Question 15: Local have expressed concerns about the increase in traffic due to the
new shopping mall.
A. reside B. residential C. residents D. resided
Question 16: The rapid urbanization of rural areas can result a shortage of housing.
A. in B. from C. for D. with
Question 17: The city's historic buildings back to the 18th century, showcasing beautiful
architecture.
A. month B. date C. day D. century
Question 18: As the population grows, more individuals affordable housing options in
urban areas.
A. seek B. avoid C. balance D. adopt
Question 19: Many people choose to live in the suburbs because it is more than the
city center.
A. crowded B. noisy C. expensive D. affordable
Question 20: The old town is known for its beautiful French buildings, which attract
many tourists.
A. modern B. frequent C. colonial D. temporary
Question 21: As the area developed, the farmland was replaced by residential
neighborhoods.
A. gradually B. suddenly C. frequently D. rarely
Question 22: The rising crime rates in the city are a major for local residents.
A. benefit B. concern C. advantage D. belief
Question 23: The population of the city is growing, putting pressure on infrastructure
and services.
A. slowly B. rapidly C. randomly D. rarely
Question 24: Residents are demanding more electricity and water services from the
local government.
A. complex B. expensive C. reliable D. excessive
Question 25: Parks and green spaces are essential for city to relax and escape the
urban environment.
A. buildings B. dwellers C. vehicles D. businesses
Question 26: The local government is working to improve public services and
infrastructure.
A. steadily B. hardly C. rarely D. occasionally
Question 27: policies are being revised to accommodate the growing number of
people moving to the city.
A. Emigration B. Trade C. Immigration D. Export
Question 28: This historic neighborhood is home many beautiful old buildings and
landmarks.
A. to B. with C. for D. in
Question 29: This is the first time I such a busy city.
A. have seen B. see C. saw D. had seen
Question 30: She in this city for five years and loves it.
A. has lived B. lived C. lives D. had lived
Question 31: The city a lot since I last visited it.
A. changes B. changed C. has changed D. had changed
Question 32: The last time he visited his hometown was five years ago.
A. He has not visited his hometown for five years.
B. He has often visited his hometown in the last five years.
C. He will visit his hometown in five years.
D. He visited his hometown five years ago.
Question 33: She last saw her best friend two months ago.
A. She has seen her best friend for two months.
B. She hasn't seen her best friend for two months.
C. She will see her best friend in two months.
D. She saw her best friend two months ago.
Question 34: This is the first time I have tried sushi.
A. I tried sushi for the first time.
B. I have never tried sushi before.
C. I often try sushi.
D. I will try sushi for the first time.
Question 35: They started living in this city five years ago.
A. They no longer live in this city for five years.
B. They will live in this city in five years.
C. They have lived in this city for five years.
D. They lived in this city for five years.
Question 36: The traffic in the city is getting as more people buy cars.
A. more and more congested B. congested and more congested
C. more congested and congested D. congested and congested
Question 37: The more you practice speaking English, you become.
A. the more fluent B. more fluent
C. more and more fluent D. the more fluently
Question 38: As the city expands, it is becoming to find affordable housing.
A. harder and harder B. hard and harder
C. harder and hard D. hard and hard
Question 39: The more technology advances, our lives become.
A. the easier B. easier C. the more easy D. easy
Question 40: With the increase in population, the city is getting crowded.
A. more and more B. more and crowded
C. crowded and crowded D. more and crowded
Question 41: The more time you spend studying, your grades will be.
A. the better B. better C. the more better D. good
Question 42: The cost of living is getting every year.
A. higher and higher B. high and higher C. higher and high D. high and high
Question 43: The more you read, knowledge you gain.
A. the more B. more C. the most D. most

READING
E8. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet
to choose the word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.
Human populations have tended (1) over time. As more people were born, small
groups of individuals found reasons to come together to form groups and, with the advent
of agriculture, small sedentary communities. A small number of these settlements grew into what
we now call cities. This kind of growth often (2) with a shift from one way of
organizing labor to another.
The world population has grown significantly and our economies have become more
industrialized over the past few hundred years. As a result, (3) people have moved into
cities. This process is known as urbanization. Even after cities emerged, (4) , a large
majority of people lived and worked in rural areas. It was not until large
scale industrialization began in the eighteenth century that cities really began to boom. Nearly
half of all people now live in urban areas. They are attracted by jobs in manufacturing and the
professions, as well as by increased opportunities for (5) and entertainment.
Adapted from nationalgeographic
Question 1: A. increase B. to increase C. increasing D. increased
Question 2: A. corresponds B. devotes C. concentrates D. developed
Question 3: A. much B. many C. each D. another
Question 4: A. therefore B. moreover C. however D. because
Question 5: A. educate B. education C. educationally D. educational
E9. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to
choose the word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.
 Urbanization is often discussed in reference to countries that are currently in the (1)
of industrializing and urbanizing, but all industrialized nations have experienced urbanization at
some point in their history. (2) , urbanization is on the rise all over the globe.
One (3) of this huge increase in people living in urban areas is the rise of
the megacity, which is a city that has more than 10 million inhabitants. There are now cities with
even more than that. Tokyo, Japan, for example, has nearly 40 million residents. (4) effect
of urbanization is urban sprawl. Urban (5) is when the population of a city becomes
dispersed over an increasingly large geographical area. This movement from higher
density urban cores to lower density suburbs means that as cities expand, they often begin to take
up significant tracts of land formerly used for agriculture.
Adapted from nationalgeographic
Question 1: A. process B. peace C. idea D. stage
Question 2: A. However B. Moreover C. Therefore D. Although
Question 3: A. benefit B. factor C. result D. effect
Question 4: A. Other B. Another C. The other D. Others
Question 5: A. sprawl B. dweller C. area D. spread
E10. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to
indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Urban sprawl is a form of unplanned urban and suburban development that creates low-
density environments with high segregation between residential and commercial areas. This
phenomenon often leads to harmful impacts on the residents, including increased strain on
transport infrastructure, social segregation, and decreased political participation. Urban sprawl
started with the industrial revolution and has been facilitated by the popularity of private cars and
the expansion of road networks. The post-war era saw a rapid increase in suburban living,
contributing to the current extent of urban sprawl in many countries, especially in the United
States.
The effects of urban sprawl are far-reaching, impacting the environment, social life, and the
economy of cities. Environmentally, urban sprawl increases the need for transportation, leading to
higher pollution levels and reducing land available for agriculture. Socially, it limits public spaces,
which can lead to social segregation and disengagement from the community. Economically, it
causes traffic congestion and a high demand for parking in city centers, which strains urban
infrastructure and reduces the land available for other uses. Politically, it segregates communities,
making it difficult for them to participate effectively in democratic processes.
To mitigate the negative effects of urban sprawl, several solutions can be implemented.
Cities should improve public transportation and reduce the need for private cars, making urban
areas more walkable and accessible. Providing more public spaces, such as parks and community
centers, can foster a sense of community and reduce social segregation. Additionally, building
affordable housing close to city centers can decrease travel time and reduce traffic congestion.
These measures
can help create more sustainable and integrated urban environments, ensuring long-term social
harmony and security.
Reference: https://campuspress.yale.edu/
Question 1: Which can be the main idea for the passage?
A. The Positive Effects of Urban Sprawl
B. The History and Causes of Urban Sprawl
C. The Negative Effects and Solutions for Urban Sprawl
D. The Growth of Urban Areas in the United States
Question 2: The word "segregation" in paragraph 1 mostly means .
A. separation B. integration C. connection D. involvement
Question 3: Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A. Urban sprawl started with the industrial revolution.
B. Urban sprawl has positive effects on social life.
C. Urban sprawl increases the need for transportation.
D. Providing public spaces can help mitigate the effects of urban sprawl.
Question 4: What is one major negative impact of urban sprawl mentioned in the passage?
A. Increased political participation B. Reduced strain on transport infrastructure
C. Increased pollution levels D. Enhanced social integration
Question 5: What historical period saw a rapid increase in suburban living?
A. The pre-war era B. The post-war era
C. The industrial revolution D. The 1970s
E11. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to
indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Urbanization in Vietnam has been rapidly accelerating over the past few decades, driven by
economic growth and industrialization. Cities like Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi have seen
significant population increases as people migrate from rural areas in search of better job
opportunities and improved living standards. This mass movement has transformed these cities
into bustling economic hubs, contributing to the country's overall development. However, this
rapid urbanization also brings numerous challenges that need to be addressed to ensure sustainable
growth.
One of the primary challenges of urbanization in Vietnam is the strain on infrastructure and
public services. The influx of people into urban areas has led to overcrowded transportation
systems, insufficient housing, and overburdened healthcare and education facilities. Traffic
congestion, air pollution, and inadequate waste management are common issues in major cities.
These problems not only affect the quality of life of urban residents but also pose significant
environmental risks. Addressing these challenges requires comprehensive urban planning and
substantial investments in infrastructure development to accommodate the growing urban
population.
Despite these challenges, urbanization in Vietnam also presents significant opportunities.
The concentration of people in urban areas can lead to economic efficiencies, innovation, and
improved
access to services and amenities. The government has been focusing on developing smart cities
and promoting sustainable urban growth. Initiatives such as expanding public transportation
networks, enhancing green spaces, and implementing advanced technologies in city management
are steps towards creating more livable and resilient urban environments. By leveraging the
benefits of urbanization and addressing its challenges, Vietnam can achieve a balanced and
sustainable urban future.
Reference:https://vietnam.opendevelopmentmekong.net/
Question 1: Which can be the main idea for the passage?
A. The Positive Effects of Urbanization in Vietnam
B. The Challenges and Opportunities of Urbanization in Vietnam
C. The History of Urbanization in Vietnam
D. The Growth of Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi
Question 2: The word "overburdened" in paragraph 2 mostly means .
A. overwhelmed B. underutilized C. ignored D. improved
Question 3: Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A. Urbanization in Vietnam has transformed cities into economic hubs.
B. Traffic congestion is a common issue in major cities in Vietnam.
C. Urbanization has only negative effects on the environment.
D. The government is focusing on developing smart cities.
Question 4: What is one major challenge of urbanization in Vietnam mentioned in the passage?
A. Lack of economic growth B. Insufficient public services
C. Decrease in rural population D. Overdevelopment of green spaces
Question 5: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A. The Vietnamese government is not addressing urbanization challenges.
B. Urbanization in Vietnam has no impact on the environment.
C. Improving public transportation can help mitigate urbanization issues.
D. Urbanization has only negative effects on Vietnamese society.