Pollution Due To Urbanization

Key words: Transport, Air Pollution, Cost- benefit analysis and Shadow prices.
Abstract: The growing

demand for public transport in mega cities has serious effects on urban ecosystems, especially due to
the increased atmospheric pollution and changes in land use patterns. An ecologically sustainable urban
transport system could be obtained by an appropriate mix of alternative modes of transport resulting in
the use of environmentally friendly fuels and land use patterns.
There is cheap and ready means of transport in urban areas as opposed to rural areas. Availabilities of
reputable health facilities. In rural areas, one has to travel miles away to access health facilities, market,
higher institution of learning etc. Contrary to that, some of the weaknesses associated with urban life
include congestion due to over population, concurrent crime activities, pollution to water, air and
environment at large, due to wreck less dumping of refuses, polythene bags and tins.
The loss of trees in our urban areas not only intensifies the urban “heat-island” effect from loss of shade
and evaporation, but we lose a principal absorber of carbon dioxide and trapper of other air pollutants
as well. Some of the major air pollutants and their primary sources are: • Carbon dioxide: Burning oil,
coal, natural gas for energy. Decay and burning of tropical forests.
* Traffic * It is the biggest source of noise pollution in today’s times, especially in urban areas. In the past
few years, the rate of automobile manufacturing has increased manifold. Traffic problems created by
these vehicles is an important source of noise pollution. Sound produced by the exhaust systems of
trucks, autos, buses, motorcycles, etc.
Accounting for benefits from the reduction of urban air pollution due to the Metro has increased the
economic rate of return by 1.4 percent. This paper forms part of the work done for a project `Economic
Evaluation of Investment Projects in India’ funded by the Planning Commission, Government of India.
We express our thanks to the officials of Rail India Technical and Economic Services (RITES) for providing
us access to the detailed technical reports prepared by them for the Delhi Metro project.
The effects of these changes in small scale climate change can be seen at the urban level, wherein
broader environmental changes are being felt in greater magnitude (Grimmond 83). Urban climates
have changed. Among the effects of urbanization on climate are the alteration of energy and water
exchanges and airflow due to surface and atmospheric changes and urban warming due to direct
anthropogenic emissions of heat, pollutants and carbon dioxide (Grimmond 83).
China has played a huge part in the matter because of its massive industrialization and urbanization that
attributes to their fast economic growth. Although there are many Chinese officials and leaders out
there who fail to see the correlation between air pollution and long-term health and social effects, the
growth of air pollution is not going away. Although there are very few studies attributing the socio-
economic class, population size, and demographics to the growth of air pollution, the presence of air
pollution affects everybody.
Natural pollution occurs naturally and does not cause excessive harm to our lives due to its regeneration
ability. While the man-made pollution is caused by human activities, and is hard to get rid of. The
backbones of man-made pollution are human population and technology. By the increase of human
population, the contact with natural resources is getting more intensive, because needs are increasing.
Results revealed the fact that there is both water and air pollution in Rawalpindi. Pure drinking water is
seldom available. People are widely suffering from pollution borne diseases. Due to incidence of
pollution borne diseases like malaria, hepatitis and asthma; household’s expenditure increases
significantly.
Thus, the drastic rise in the number of vehicles and rapid development of industries in cities has led to
worsening air quality, particularly higher concentrations of nitrogen oxides. The burning of poor quality
fuel only adds to urban air pollution. Considering the amounts of traffic that the more urban, centralized
cities deal with on a constant basis, the amount of fuel being burned into the atmosphere is reaching
tremendous heights.

Pollution Due To Urbanization

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Key words: Transport, Air Pollution, Cost- benefit analysis and Shadow prices.

Abstract: The growing

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