Class 12 - Physics

Home Test - 04 (2022-23)

Maximum Marks: 70
Time Allowed: : 3 hours

General Instructions:

1. There are 35 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.

2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E. All the sections are
compulsory.
3. Section A contains eighteen MCQ of 1 mark each, Section B contains seven questions of two marks each, Section C
contains five questions of three marks each, section D contains three long questions of five marks each and Section E
contains two case study based questions of 4 marks each.
4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in section B, C, D and E. You have to attempt
only one of the choices in such questions.
5. Use of calculators is not allowed.

Section A
1. If the forward bias on p-n junction is increased from zero to 0.045 V, then no current flows in the circuit. The contact
potential of junction i.e. VB is:
a) more than 0.045 V
b) less than 0.045 V
c) zero
d) 0.045 V
2. The three resistances of equal value are arranged in the different combinations shown below. Arrange them in increasing
order of power dissipation

a) III < II < IV < I

b) II < III < IV < I
c) I < IV < III < II
d) I < III < II < IV
3. A man cannot see clearly the objects beyond a distance of 20 cm from his eye. To see distant objects clearly he must use
which kind of lenses and of what focal length?
a) 100 cm concave
b) 100 cm convex
c) 20 cm convex
d) 20 cm concave
4. The energy required to break one bond approximately:
a) 2.1 eV

1 / 17
 b) 0.01 eV
c) 0.1 eV
d) 1 eV
5. Figure shows a network of capacitors where the numbers indicates capacitances in micro Farad. The value of capacitance
C if the equivalent capacitance between point A and B is to be 1 μ F is:

a) 34

23
μF

b) 32

23
μF

c)
33
μF
23

d)
31
μF
23

6. Choose the correct statement:

i. The current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer is inversely proportional to the magnetic induction.
ii. To convert a galvanometer into an ammeter, a high resistance is connected in series.
iii. To convert a galvanometer into a voltmeter, low resistance is connected in parallel.
iv. The voltage sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer is directly proportional to the magnetic induction.
a) Voltage sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer is directly proportional to the magnetic induction.
b) To convert a galvanometer into a voltmeter, a low resistance is connected in parallel.
c) To convert a galvanometer into an ammeter, a high resistance is connected in series.
d) Current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer is inversely proportional to the magnetic induction.

7. A current of 1 amp flows through an inductor of inductance 0.1 H. What is the maximum magnetic energy stored in the
inductor?
a) 0.01 J
b) 0.5 J
c) 0.1 J
d) 0.05 J
8. What is the energy (approximate) of a photon emitted when an electron in a doubly charged lithium-ion Li++ (with
nuclear charge 3e) undergoes a transition between n = 3 and n = 1 states (n being the principle quantum number?
a) 13.6 eV
b) 10.9 eV
c) 122.4 eV
d) 108.8 eV
9. In the phenomenon of interference, the energy:
a) conservation does not hold good as energy is redistributed from destructive interference regions to constructive
interference regions
b) conservation is not valid but intensity addition holds good
c) conservation is valid, only redistribution of energy takes place
d) conservation is not valid but amplitude addition holds good
10. Gauss's law is valid for
a) any open surface
b) only irregular open surfaces

2 / 17
 c) only regular closed surfaces
d) any closed surface
11. An n-type semiconductor is:
a) negatively charged
b) neutral
c) negatively or positively charged depending upon the amount of impurity
d) positively charged
12. A beam of light is incident at 60o to a plane surface. The reflected and refracted rays are perpendicular to each other,
then refractive index of the surface is:
a) 1

2√3

b) 1

√3

c) None of these
–
d) √3
13. Photoelectric effect is possible
a) with both visible and UV light depending on the metal
b) with only ultraviolet light
c) with only white light
d) with only visible light
14. Choose the correct relation regarding potential. Here A, B, C and D all are at equal distance from point O. Then:

a) |VC| = |VD| > |VA| = |VB|

b) |VA| > |VC| = |VD| > |VB|
c) |VA| = |VB| > |VC| = |VD|
d) |VB| > |VC| = |VD| > |VA|
15. A parallel beam of light of wavelength 600 nm is incident normally on a slit of width d. If the distance between the slits
and the screen is 0.8 m and the distance of 2nd order maximum from the centre of the screen is 15 mm. The width of the
slit is:
a) 80 μ m
b) 18 μ m
c) 180 μ m
d) 800 μ m
16. Assertion (A): The heavier nuclei tend to have larger N/Z ratio because neutron does not exert electric force.
Reason (R): Coulomb forces have longer range compared to the nuclear force.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
17. Assertion (A): The electromagnetic wave is transverse in nature.
Reason (R): Electromagnetic wave propagates parallel to the direction of electric and magnetic fields.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.

3 / 17
18. Assertion (A): A disc-shaped magnet deviates above a superconducting material that has been
cooled by liquid nitrogen.
Reason (R): Superconductors repel a magnet.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
Section B
19. A square wave (-1V to 1V) is applied to the p-n junction diode as shown below. Draw the output waveform.

20. Using the relevant Bohr's postulates, derive the expression for the radius of the electron in the nth orbit of the electron in
hydrogen atom.
21. In an electromagnetic wave propagating along the x-direction, the magnetic field oscillates at a frequency of 3 × 1010
Hz and has an amplitude of 10-7 tesla, acting along the y-direction.
i. What is the wavelength of the wave?
ii. Write the expression representing the corresponding oscillating electric field.

OR

i. Why are infrared waves often called heatwaves? Explain.

ii. What do you understand by the statement, "Electromagnetic waves transport momentum"?
22. Sn, C, and Si, Ge are all group XIV elements. Yet, Sn is a conductor, C is an insulator while Si and Ge are
semiconductors. Why?
23. In a conductor, a point P is at a higher potential than another point Q. In which direction do the electrons move?

OR

Two charges 5 × 10-8 C and -3 × 10-8 C are located 16 cm apart. At what point (s) on the line joining the two charges is
the electrical potential zero? Take the potential at infinity to be zero.
24. ​Find the ratio of de-Broglie wavelengths associated with protons, accelerated through a potential of 128 V and
α-particles, accelerated through a potential of 64 V.

25. Define atomic mass unit and electron volt. Derive the relation between them.
Section C
26. Using the postulates of Bohr's model of hydrogen atom, obtain an expression for the frequency of radiation emitted when
the atom makes a transition from the higher energy state with quantum number ni to the lower energy state with quantum
number nf(nf <ni).
27. Compare the interference pattern observed in Young's double slit experiment with single slit diffraction pattern, pointing
out two distinguishing features.
28. A small flat search coil of area 5 cm2 with 140 closely wound turns is placed between the poles of a powerful magnet
producing magnetic field 0·09 T and then quickly removed out of the field region. Calculate:
i. change of magnetic flux through the coil, and
ii. emf induced in the coil.

OR

4 / 17
 Name the SI unit of magnetic flux and show that it equals volt-sec. Give three possible ways of producing an induced
emf in a coil giving an example in each case.
29. When an ideal capacitor is charged by a DC battery, no current flows. However, when an AC source is used, the current
flows continuously. How does one explain this, based on the concept of displacement current?

OR

Answer the following questions:

i. Name the EM waves which are suitable for RADAR systems used in aircraft navigation. Write the range of
frequency of these waves.
ii. If the earth did not have atmosphere, would its average surface temperature be higher or lower than what it is now?
Explain.
iii. An EM wave exerts pressure on the surface on which it is incident. Justify.
30. A bar magnet of the magnetic moment m⃗ and moment of inertia I (about centre, perpendicular to length) is cut into two
equal pieces, perpendicular to the length. Let T be the period of oscillations of the original magnet about an axis through
the midpoint, perpendicular to the length, in a magnetic field B. What would be the similar period T′ for each piece?
Section D
31. Define surface charge density. Obtain expression for force on a charge q due to a continuous distribution of charges over
a surface.

OR

An electric field is a uniform, and in the positive x-direction for positive x, and uniform with the same magnitude but in
the negative x-direction for negative x. It is given that E⃗ = 200 ^i N/C for x > 0 and E⃗ = –200 ^i N/C for x < 0. A right
circular cylinder of length 20 cm and radius 5 cm has its centre at the origin and its axis along the x-axis so that one face
is at x = +10 cm and the other is at x = -10 cm (Fig).

a. What is the net outward flux through each flat face?

b. What is the flux through the side of the cylinder?
c. What is the net outward flux through the cylinder?
d. What is the net charge inside the cylinder?

32. How is the working of a telescope different from that of a microscope?

The focal lengths of the objective and eyepiece of a microscope are 1.25 cm and 5 cm respectively. Find the position of
the object relative to the objective in order to obtain an angular magnification of 30 in normal adjustment.

OR

Two convex lenses A and B of focal lengths 20 cm and 10 cm are placed coaxially 10 cm apart. An object is placed on
the common axis at a distance of 10 cm from lens A. Find the position and magnification of the final image.

5 / 17
33. A cell of emf ε and internal resistance r is connected to two external resistances R1 and R2 (R2 > R1) and a perfect
ammeter. The current in the circuit is measured in four different situations:
i. Without any external resistance in the circuit
ii. With resistance R1 only
iii. With resistance R2 only
iv. With both R1 and R2 used in series combination, and
v. With R1 and R2, used in parallel combination.
The currents measured in the four cases are 0.42 A, 0.6 A, 1.05 A, 1.4 A, and 4.2 A but not necessarily in that order.
Identify the currents corresponding to the four cases mentioned above.
Section E
34. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
When a rectangular loop PQRS of sides a and b carrying current I is placed in uniform magnetic field B⃗ , such that area
vector A⃗ makes an angle θ with the direction of the magnetic field, then forces on the arms QR and SP of loop are equal,
opposite and collinear, thereby perfectly cancel each other, whereas forces on the arms PQ and RS of loop are equal and
opposite but not collinear, so they give rise to torque on the loop.

Force on side PQ or RS of loop is F = IbB sin 90o = IbB and perpendicular distance between two non-collinear forces
is r1 = a sin θ

So, torque on the loop, τ = I AB sin θ

In vector form torque, τ ⃗ = ⃗

M × B
⃗

where M⃗ = N I A⃗ is called magnetic dipole moment of current loop and is directed in direction of area vector A⃗ i.e.,
normal to the plane of loop.
i. A circular loop of area 1 cm2, carrying a current of 10 A is placed in a magnetic field of 0.1 T perpendicular to
the plane of the loop. Calculate the torque acting on the loop due to the magnetic field.

ii. Write the relation between magnetic moment and angular velocity of the coil.

iii. A current loop is lying in a magnetic field, what are conditions for it to be in stable and unstable equilibrium?

OR

How does the magnetic moment of a current I carrying circular coil of radius r and number of turns N varies
with radius of the coil?

6 / 17
35. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
When the frequency of ac supply is such that the inductive reactance and capacitive reactance become equal, the
impedance of the series LCR circuit is equal to the ohmic resistance in the circuit. Such a series LCR circuit is known as
resonant series LCR circuit and the frequency of the ac supply is known as resonant frequency. Resonance phenomenon
is exhibited by a circuit only if both L and C are present in the circuit. We cannot have resonance in a RL or RC circuit.
A series LCR circuit with L = 0.12H, C = 480 nF, R = 23 Ω is connected to a 230 V variable frequency supply.

i. Find the value of source frequency for which current amplitude is maximum.
ii. What will be the value of maximum current?
iii. Find the value of maximum power.

OR

What is the Q-factor of the given circuit?

7 / 17
 Class 12 - Physics
Home Test - 04 (2022-23)

Solution

Section A
1. (a) more than 0.045 V
Explanation: When no current flows at the junction plane, then the contact potential of the junction plane is equal to the
forward voltage applied = 0.045 V.
2. (a) III < II < IV < I
Explanation: P = i2R
Current is same, so P ∝ R
In the first case it is 3r, in second case it is r, in third case it is and in fourth case the net resistance is
2 r 3r

3 3 2

PIII < PII < PIV < PI

∴ RIII < RII < RIV < RI
3. (d) 20 cm concave
Explanation: = 1
−
1

20
+
1

∞
or f = -20 cm
f

As f is -ve, the lens is concave.

4. (d) 1 eV
Explanation: Energy required to break one bond in DNA = 1eV
5. (b) μF
32

23

Explanation: Capacitors 2μ F and 2μ F are parallel, their equivalent = 4 μ F, 6μ F and 12 μ F are in series, their
equivalent = 4 μ F
Now 4μ F (2 and 2 μ F) and 8μ F in series =
3
μF
8

And 4μ F (12 & 6 μ F) and 4μ F in parallel = 4 + 4 = 8μ F

8μ F in series with 1μ F = + 1 ⇒ μF 1

8
8

Now Ceq =
8 8 32
+ =
9 3 9

Ceq of circuit =
32

With C -
1 1 9 32
= + = 1 ⇒ C = μF
Ceq C 32 23

6. (a) Voltage sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer is directly proportional to the magnetic induction.
Explanation: Voltage Sensitivity
Vs =
NAB

KR
or Vs ∝ B

7. (d) 0.05 J
Explanation: Given,
self-inductance, L = 100mH
current, I = 1A
The energy stored in the magnetic field, K = 1

2
LI
2

K= 1

2
× 100 × 10
−3
× 1
2
= 0.05J
8. (d) 108.8 eV

Explanation: Energy (E) = 13.6 Z2 [ eV = 13.6 × 9 [ eV

1 1 1 1
− ] − ]
2 2 2
n n 1 3
1 2

8 / 17
 = eV = 108.8 eV
13.6×9×8

9. (c) conservation is valid, only redistribution of energy takes place

Explanation: The interference in light waves is just a re-distribution of energy, depending on exactly which parts of the
light wave overlap at each point in space. The pattern of light you see is then determined by the geometry.
10. (d) any closed surface
Explanation: Gauss's law is valid for any closed surface.
11. (b) neutral
Explanation: neutral
–
12. (d) √3
Explanation: According to Brewster’s law
= tan ip = tan 60o = √3
–
μ

13. (a) with both visible and UV light depending on the metal
Explanation: Emission of photo-electron takes place when energy of incident photon is greater than that of work
function of material. Work function is different for different material. Photoelectric effect takes place for both UV and
visible light depending on work function.
14. (c) |VA| = |VB| > |VC| = |VD|
Explanation: Along the equatorial line, field and potential will be half that along the axial line.
∴ |VA| = |VB| > |VC| = |VD|
15. (a) 80 μ m
Explanation: Distance of 2nd order maximum from the centre of the screen,
x= 5

2
Dλ

Given that,
D = 0.8 m, x = 15 mm, 15 × 10-3 m,
λ = 600 nm = 600 × 10-9 m
5 Dλ
∴ d = ⋅
2 x
−9

=
5 0.8 × 600 × 10
×
−3
2 15 × 10

= 80 μ m
16. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
17. (c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: This electromagnetic wave contains a sinusoidally time-varying electric and magnetic fields which act
perpendicular to each other as well as at right angle to the direction of propagation of waves, so electromagnetic waves
are transverse in nature. Electromagnetic waves propagate in the perpendicular direction to both fields.
18. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Section B
19. The p-side of the diode is earthed, it is at zero potential. So the diode conducts current when the input level is - 1V and
does not conduct when the input level is +1V. As the diode is ideal, the output across it will be either 0 or - 1V, as shown
in the figure.

20. A hydrogen like atom consists of a tiny positively charged nucleus and an electron revolving in a stable circular orbit
around the nucleus
As, the centripetal force is provided by the electrostatic force of attraction, we have

9 / 17
 2 (Ze)×e 2

............(i)
mv 1 2 Ze
= ⋅ or mv =
r 4πε0 r
2
4πε0 r

From the first postulate of Bohr's atomic model, the angular momentum of the electron is
.............(ii)
h
mvr = n
2π

where, n (= 1, 2, 3, ....) is principal quantum number.

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2
h ε0
r = n
2
2
...........(iii)
πmZe

This is the equation for the radii of the permitted orbits.

According to this equation, r ∝ n n
2

Since, n = 1, 2. 3, ... it follows that the radii of the permitted orbits increase in the ratio 1: 4: 9: 16:....
8 −1

21. i. λ =
c

v
=
3×10

10
ms

3×10 Hz

= 10-2 m = 100 cm.

ii. E0 = cB0 = 3 × 108 × 10-7 = 30 Vm-1
1
∴ Ez = E0 sin 2π (vt + x)
λ

= 30 sin 2π(3 × 1010t + 100x)Vm-1.

OR

i. Infrared rays are readily absorbed by the (water) molecules in most of the substances and hence increases their
thermal motion. Thus increases the internal energy and temperature of the molecules. This is the reason they are often
called as heat waves.
ii. Electromagnetic waves can set (and sustain) charges in motion. Hence, they are said to transport momentum.
22. A material will conduct current if there is no energy gap between conduction and valence band in energy band diagram
of atom. This energy gap decreases from insulator to semiconductor and form semiconductor and from semiconductor to
conductor.
The energy gaps in Sn, C, Si and Ge are 0 eV, 0.54 eV, 1.1 eV and 0.7 eV respectively related to their atomic size. So the
Sn is a conductor, C is an insulator while Si and Ge are semiconductors.
23. The electric current flows from a region of higher potential to a region of lower potential, i.e., in a direction opposite to
the direction of the flow of electrons. The work needed to move a charge Q from infinity to a point P where the electric
potential is V, will be W = QV

OR

Here qA = 5 × 10-8 C; qB = -3 × 10-8 C ; r = 16 cm = 0.16 m

Let O be the point, where the electric potential is zero due to the two charges as shown in figure given below.

Suppose that the distance AO = x. Then

BO = r - x = 0.16 - x
Electric potential at point O due to qA,
1 qA
VA =
4πε0 AO
−8
9 5×10 450
= 9 × 10 × =
x x

Electric potential at point O due to qB,

1 qB
VB =
4πε0 BO

10 / 17
 −8
(−3×10 )
9
= 9 × 10 ×
0⋅16−x

270
= −
0.16−x

Since the electric potential at point O is zero, we have

VA + VB = 0

or 450

x
+ (−
270

0⋅16−x
) = 0

or
450 270
=
x 0⋅16−x

or x = 0·1 m = 10 cm (from charge of 5 × 10-8 C)

24. de-Broglie wavelength is given by
−−−− −−−−−
λ = h/√2mK = h/√2mqV
−−−−
⇒ λ ∝ 1/√mqV
mα q
Here, mp
= 4,
α

qp
= 2 ,
Va 64 1
= =
Vp 128 2
−−−−−−−−
λp
1
∴ = √4 × 2 × = 2 or λp : λα = 2 : 1
λα 2

Hence the ratio of their wavelength is 2:1

25. Electron volt: It is defined as the energy gained by an electron when accelerated through a potential difference of 1 volt.
Atomic mass unit: It is defined as one-twelfth the mass of one atom of carbon-12.
The relation between Electron volt and Atomic mass unit
Since,
1 amu = 1.67 × 10 −27
eV

We know that,
Energy, E = mc2
E = 1.67 × 10−27 × (3 × 108)2
E = 1.50 × 10−10J
2
−27 8
1.67×10 ×(3×10 )
or E = −19
1.6⋅10

E = 9.39 × 108eV
Section C
26. Let an electron revolves around the nucleus of hydrogen atom. The necessary centripetal force is provided by
electrostatic force of attraction.

2 2 2

.......(i)
mv ke ke
∴ = ⇒ r =
r r
2
mv
2

By Bohr's second postulates,

mvr = nh/2π where, n = 1, 2, 3....

r = nh/2πmv ...........(ii)
On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2 2
ke nh 2πke
= ⇒ v =
mv
2 2πmv nh

Substituting in Eq. (ii), we get

2 2

.........(iii)
n h
r =
2 2
4π mke

Now, kinetic energy of electron

2 2
KE = 1/2mv = k e /2r

11 / 17
 Also, potential energy, PE= - ke2 /2r
Energy of electron in nth orbit,
2 2 2 2
ke ke 4π mke
En = − = − ⋅
2
2r 2 n h
2

2 2 4

............(iv)
2π mk e
⇒ En = −
2 2
n h
2 2 4

where, R = 2π mk e

3
⇒ En = −
Rhc

2
.............(v)
ch n

where, n = 1, 2, 3....
For n = ni ⇒ En ∝
1
2
n
Rhc Rhc
Eni = − and En = −
2 f 2
n n
i f

By Bohr's postulates,
2 2
En − En = hν ⇒ Rhc [1/n − 1/n ] = hν
f t i f

2 2
ν = Rc [n/n − 1/n ]
i f

This is required expression for frequency associated with photon.

27. In case of single slit, the diffraction pattern obtained on the screen consists of a central bright band having alternate dark
and weak bright band of decreasing intensity on both sides.
The diffraction pattern can be graphically represented as

Points to compare the intensity distribution between interference and diffraction are:
a. In the interference,it is produced due to two different wave fronts, but in diffraction, it is produced due to different
parts of same wave fronts.
b. In the interference, fringe width is same size, but in diffraction, central fringe is twice as wide as other fringes.
c. In the interference, all bright fringes have same intensity, but in diffraction, all the bright fringes are not of the same
intensity.
d. In interference, the widths of all the fringes are same but in diffraction, fringes are of different widths. The point C
corresponds to the position of central maxima and the position−3λ, 2λ, −λ, λ, 2λ, 3λ. . . . . are secondary minima.
The above conditions for diffraction maxima and minima are exactly reverse of mathematical conditions for
interference maxima and minima.
28. i. Flux, ϕ = NBA cos θ
θ = 0o,
Thus ϕ = NBA = 140 × 0.09 × 5 × 10-4 = 6.3 × 10-3 Wb
1

When coil is quickly removed, flux becomes zero i.e. ϕ = 0 2

Thus,
Δϕ = ϕ - ϕ = 0 - 6.3 × 10-3 = - 6.3 × 10-3 Wb
2 1

ii. Let in time dt = 1s, the coil is quickly removed. So, induced emf,
−3

= 6.3 × 10-3 V
−dϕ (−6.3×10 )
e= dt
=− 1

OR

12 / 17
 Solution. SI unit of magnetic flux is weber (Wb). By Faraday's law
dϕ
|ε| =
dt

∴ 1 volt = 1 weber
or 1 weber = 1 volt -sec.
1 second

Magnetic flux linked with a closed coil is given by

ϕ = BA cos θ

Whenever changes, emf is induced. Hence emf may be produced by three methods:
i. By changing the magnetic field B, e.g., by changing the relative separation between a closed coil and magnet.
ii. By changing the area A of the closed coil, e.g., by moving a closed loop into and out of a region of magnetic field.
iii. By changing the relative orientation 0 between a closed coil and a magnetic field, e.g., by rotating a closed coil about
an axis perpendicular to the magnetic field.
29. In case of connection of the capacitor with DC, circuit charge flows momentarily till the capacitor gets fully charged.
The ideal capacitor offers infinite resistance for dc.
On the other hand, when the AC source is connected to a capacitor, a conduction current continuously flows through the
connecting wire to charge the capacitor. This leads to the accumulation of the charges at the two plates. Due to this, a
varying electric field of increasing nature is produced between the plates. This, in turn, produces a displacement current
in between the plates. To maintain this continuity, this conduction current will be equal to the displacement current
dϕ
flowing, i.e. Conduction current = Displacement current and displacement current, I D = ε0 (d ϕE /dt) , where E

dt
is
rate of change of electrostatic flux with respect to time.

OR

i. The EM waves suitable for radar systems is microwaves. These rays are produced by special vacuum tubes, namely
klystrons, magnetrons and Gunn diodes. The frequency range for this wave is from 300 MHz to 300 GHz.
ii. The temperature of the earth would be lower because the greenhouse effect of the atmosphere(which maintains the
average temperature of earth) would be absent.
iii. An EM wave has momentum, i.e. p = Energy(E) / Speed of light(c)
That's why when it is incident upon a surface it exerts pressure on it, known as radiation pressure.
30. The magnetic moment of each part of magnet M = ′ M

If m is the mass of the original magnet, then the mass of each two magnets m’ will be .
m

The length of the new magnet = l ′ l

=
2

Now, the moment of inertia,

2
ml
I =
12
−−−
and time period T = 2π√ I

MB

Thus,
I
2π√ −−−−−−
′ ′
−−−−−−
′
T
′
=
MB
= √
I
⋅
M
′
or T

T
= √
M
′
⋅
I

T I
′ M I M I
2π√
′
M B

2
′ ′2
m l m l
⋅( )
′

Now,
2 2
I 12
= =
2 2
I ml
ml
12
2
m l
′ ⋅
I 2 4 1
= =
2
I ml 8

and M
′
=
M

M
=
2

M 1
2

′
−−−−− −
−
T 2 1 1
∴ = √ × = √
T 1 8 4
′

or T
T 1 ′ T
= =
T 2 2

Section D

13 / 17
31. Surface charge density: When charge is distributed over a surface (plane or curved), the charge distribution is called
surface charge distribution.

Figure shows the uniform distribution of charge q over a plane surface of area A. Then, surface charge distribution is
defined as
q
σ =
A

Its unit is coulomb metre-2 (Cm-2)

Consider a surface S having a uniform continuous distribution of charge along its surface. Suppose that we have to find
force due to surface charge S on a point charge q0 placed at a point, whose position vector is r ⃗ as shown in Fig.

Let dS be an infinitesimally small area of the surface charge S. If σ is surface charge density of the surface charge, then
charge on the surface element dS is given by
dq = σ dS
→
Let r be the position vector of this elementary portion of the surface charge having charge dq.
′

Then, force on charge q0 due to charge dq (= σ dS) on the surface element dS is given by:
−→ → →
1 qo σdS
′
dF = ( r − r )
4πεo → 3
∣→ ∣
′
∣ r −r ∣
∣ ∣

The force on charge q0 due to whole surface charge distribution can be found by integrating the above over its total
→ →
→
surface area i.e. F
1 σdS
′
= . qo ∫ ( r − r )
4πεo S →∣
3
∣→
′
∣ r −r ∣
∣ ∣

OR

a. We can see from the figure that on the left face E and ΔS are parallel. l = 20 cm, r = 5 cm = 0.05m. Therefore, the
outward flux is
⃗ ^
ϕL = E ⋅ ΔS = −200 i ⋅ ΔS

= + 200 ΔS, since ^i ⋅ ΔS = -ΔS

= + 200 × π(0.05)2 = + 1.57 Nm2C-1
On the right face, E and ΔS are parallel and therefore
ϕR = E ⋅ ΔS = + 1.57 Nm2 C-1.
b. For any point on the side of the cylinder E is perpendicular to ΔS and hence E.ΔS = 0. This is because when dot
prdouct is solved they involve cos and the angle between E and ds is 90 degree and cos 90 = 0. Therefore, the flux
out of the side of the cylinder is zero.

14 / 17
 c. Net outward flux through the cylinder
ϕ = 1.57 + 1.57 + 0 = 3.14 Nm2 C-1
d. The net charge within the cylinder can be found by using Gauss’s law which gives
q=∈ o ϕ

= 3.14 × 8.854 × 10-12 C

= 2.78 × 10-11 C
32. Working Differences:
i. The objective of a telescope forms the image of a very far off object at, or within, the focus of its eyepiece. The
microscope does the same for a small object kept just beyond the focus of its objective.
ii. The final image formed by a telescope is magnified relative to its size as seen by the unaided eye, while the final
image formed by a microscope is magnified relative to its absolute size.
iii. The objective of a telescope has a large focal length and large aperture, while the corresponding for a microscope has
very small values.

Given: f0 = 1.25 cm, fe = 5 cm

M = -30 (Magnifying power is negative)
We know,
v0 D
M = (1 + )
u0 fe

Where, v0 = Distance of image from objective, u0 = Distance of object from objective, D = Distance of least distinct
vision
Thus,
v0
-30 =
25
(1 + )
u0 5

Thus, v0 = -5 u0
Using lens formula,
1 1 1
= − +
f0 u0 v0

1 1 1
= − −
1.25 u0 5u0

So, u0 = -1.5 cm
Thus the distance of object from objective is 1.5 cm.

OR

From figure, we have, for lens A,

f1 = +20cm and u1 = -10cm
The image distance v1 is given by
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + = + = −
v1 f1 u1 20 (−10) 20 10

15 / 17
 which gives v1 = -20 cm
Thus, a virtual image is formed at I1 at a distance of 20 cm from lens A, if the lens B were absent. This image acts as a
virtual object for lens B which forms the final image at I2 at a distance v2 from lens B.
For lens B we have,
x = 10 cm, u2 = -(20 + 10) = -30 cm, f2 = + 10 cm
The image distance v2 is given by
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + = − =
v2 f2 u2 10 30 15

which gives v2 = +15cm

Thus, a real image I2 is formed at a distance of 15 cm from lens B.
v1
Magnification due to A (m
−20
1
) = = = +2
u1 −10
v2
Magnification due to B (m 2
) =
u2
=
15

−30
= −
1

Magnification of the final image is

−1
m = m1 × m2 = 2 × ( ) = −1
2

This shows that the final image is inverted and is of the same size as the object.

33. Total resistances in the five cases are:

i. r,
ii. r + R1,
iii. r + R2,
iv. r + R1 + R2
R1 R2
v. r +
R1 + R2
R1 R2
As R2 > R1 these resistances in increasing order are r, r + R1 + R2
, r + R1, r + R2, r + R1 + R2
The currents in decreasing order are:
4.2 A, 1.4 A, 1.05 A, 0.6 A, 0.42 A
= 4.2 ...(i)
ε
∴
r

= 1.05 A ...(ii)
ε

r + R1

= 0.6 A ...(iii)
ε

r + R2

r + R1 + R2
= 0.42 A ...(iv)
= 1.4 A ...(v)
ε

R R
1 2
r +
R + R
1 2

On dividing (i) by (ii)

r + R1 R1
or 1 + = 4 or R1 = 3r
4.2
=
r 1.05 r

On dividing (i) by (iii),

r + R2 4.2
=
r 0.6
R2
or 1 + =7 r

or R2 = 6r
From (i), ε = 4.2 r
Putting the above values in (iv), we get
= 0.42
4.2r

r + 3r + 6r

16 / 17
 or r = 1 Ω
Hence ε = 4.2 V, r = 1 Ω , R1 = 3 Ω and R2 = 6 Ω
Section E
34. i. zero
Torque on a current carrying loop in magnetic field, τ = I BA sin θ

Here, I = 10A, B = 0.1 T, A = 1 cm2 = 10-4 m2, θ = 0o

∴ τ = 10 × 0.1 × 10
−4
sin 0
∘
=0
ii. M ∝ ω
q
Magnetic moment, M = IA = I (πr 2
) =
T
× πr
2

2
qωr
As ω = 2π

T
∴ M =
2
or M ∝ ω

iii. It can be in equilibrium in two orientations, one stable while the other is unstable
When a current loop is placed in a magnetic field it experiences a torque. It is given by
⃗ ⃗
τ⃗ = M × B

where M⃗ is the magnetic moment of the loop and B⃗ is the magnetic field.
or τ = M B sin θ where θ is angle between M and B
When M
⃗
and B
⃗
are parallel (i.e. θ = 0o) the equilibrium is stable and when they are antiparallel (i.e. θ = π) the
equilibrium is unstable.

OR

Magnetic moment, M = NIA = NI πr

2
i.e., M ∝ r2
35. i. Here, L = 0.12 H, C = 480 nF = 480 × 10-9 F, R = 23Ω , V = 230 V
–
V0 = √2 × 230 = 325.22 V
V0
I0 = 2
2 1
√R +(ωL− )
ωC

At resonance, ωL − ωC
1
=0
= 4166.67 rad s-1
1 1
ω = =
9
√LC √0.12×480×10

vR =
4166.67
= 663.48 Hz
2×3.14
V0
ii. Current, I0 = =
325.22

23
= 14.14 A
R

iii. Maximum power, Pmax = 1 2

( I0 ) R
2

= 1
× (14.14)
2
× 23 = 2299.3 W
2

OR

XL ωr L
Quality factor Q = = = 21.74
4166.67×0.12
=
R R 23

17 / 17