SAMPLE PAPER TEST FOR BOARD EXAM 2024

SUBJECT: PHYSICS MAX. MARKS : 70

CLASS : XII DURATION: 3 HRS
General Instructions:
1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
All the sections are compulsory.
3. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion-Reasoning based questions
of 1 mark each, Section B contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven
questions of three marks each, section D contains three long questions of five marks each and
Section E contains two case study based questions of 4 marks each.
4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in section B, C, D and
E. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
5. Use of calculators is not allowed.

SECTION – A
Questions 1 to 16 carry 1 mark each.

1. A resistance R is to be measured using a meter bridge. Student chooses the standard resistance S
to be 100 Ω. He finds the null point at l1 = 2.9 cm. He is told to attempt to improve the accuracy.
Which of the following is a useful way?
(a) He should measure l1 more accurately.
(b) He should change S to 1000 Ω and repeat the experiment.
(c) He should change S to 3 Ω and repeat the experiment.
(d) He should give up hope of a more accurate measurement with a meter bridge.
2. The variation potential V with r and electric field E with r for a point charge is correctly shown
in the graphs.

3. A proton, a neutron, an electron and an α-particle have the same energy. Then their de Broglie
wavelengths compare as
(a) λp = λn > λe > λα (b) λα < λp = λn < λe
(c) λe < λp = λn > λα (d) λe = λp = λn = λα
4. There are two coils A and B as shown in figure. A current starts flowing in B as shown, when A
is moved towards B and stops when A stops moving. The current in A is counter clockwise. B is
kept stationary when A moves. We can infer that:

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 (a) there is a constant current in the clockwise direction in A.
(b) there is a varying current in A.
(c) there is no current in A.
(d) there is a constant current in the counter clockwise direction in A.

5. The direction of ray of light incident on a concave mirror is shown by PQ while directions in
which the ray would travel after reflection is shown by four rays marked 1, 2, 3 and 4 (figure).
Which of the four rays correctly shows the direction of reflected ray:

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

6. The spatial distribution of the electric field due to two charges (A, B) is shown in figure. Which
one of the following statements is correct?

(a) A is + ve and B is – ve and |A|>|B|

(b) A is – ve and B is + ve, |A|=|B|
(c) Both are + ve but A>B
(d) Both are – ve but A>B

7. In a Young’s double-slit experiment the source is white light. One of the holes is covered by a
red filter and another by a blue filter. In this case,
(a) there shall be alternate interference patterns of red and blue.
(b) there shall be an interference pattern for red distinct from that for blue.
(c) there shall be no interference fringes.
(d) there shall be an interference pattern for red mixing with one for blue.

8. A metal rod of length 10 cm and a rectangular cross-section of 1 cm × 1/2 cm is connected to

battery across opposite faces. The resistance will be
(a) maximum when the battery is connected across 1 cm × 1/2 cm faces
(b) maximum when the battery is connected across 10 cm × 1 cm faces
(c) maximum when the battery is connected across 10 cm × 1/2 cm faces
(d) same irrespective of the three faces

9. Consider sunlight incident on a slit of width 104 Å. The image seen through the slit shall:
(a) be a fine sharp slit white in colour at the centre.
(b) a bright slit white at the centre diffusing to zero intensities at the edges.
(c) a bright slit white at the centre diffusing to regions of different colours.
(d) only be a diffused slit white in colour. 1

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10. The electrostatic potential on the surface of a charged conducting sphere is 100 V. Two
statements are made in this regard:
S1 : At any point inside the sphere, electric intensity is zero.
S2 : At any point inside the sphere, the electrostatic potential is 100 V.
Which of the following is a correct statement?
(a) S1 is true but S2 is false.
(b) Both S1 and S2 are false.
(c) S1 is true, S2 is also true and S1 is the cause of S2.
(d) S1 is true, S2 is also true but the statements are independent.

11. A square of side L metres lies in the x–y plane in a region where the magnetic field is given by

B  B0 (2i  3 j  4k ) Tesla, where, B0 is constant.
The magnitude of flux passing through the square is:
(a) 2B0 L2Wb (b) 3B0 L2Wb (c) 4B0 L2Wb (d) 29B0 L2Wb

12. A silver wire has a resistance of 2.1 Ω at 27.5 °C, and a resistance of 2.7 Ω at 100 °C. What is
the temperature coefficient of resistivity of silver?
(a) 0.0059 (b) 0.0039 (c) 0.0129 (d) 0.0159

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS

In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

13. Assertion (A): The drift velocity of electrons in a metallic conductor decreases with rise of
temperature of conductor.
Reason (R): On increasing temperature, the collision of electrons with lattice ions increases; this
hinders the drift of electrons.

14. Assertion (A): In series LCR resonance circuit, the impedance is equal to the ohmic resistance.
Reason (R): At resonance, the inductive reactance exceeds the capacitive reactance.

15. Assertion (A): In an electromagnetic wave, electric field vector and magnetic field vector are
mutually perpendicular.
Reason (R): Electromagnetic waves are transverse.

16. Assertion (A): Magnetic field lines always form closed loops.
Reason (R): Moving charges or currents produce a magnetic field.

SECTION – B
Questions 17 to 21 carry 2 marks each.

17. Two monochromatic radiations of frequencies 1 and 2 (1 > 2) and having the same intensity
are, in turn, incident on a photosensitive surface to cause photoelectric emission. Explain, giving
reason, in which case (i) more number of electrons will be emitted and (ii) the maximum kinetic
energy of the emitted photoelectrons will be more.

18. Draw the energy band diagram when intrinsic semiconductor (Ge) is doped with impurity atoms
of Antimony (Sb). Name the extrinsic semiconductor so obtained and majority charge carriers in
it.
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19. A proton and a deuteron are accelerated through the same accelerating potential. Which one of
the two has:
(a) greater value of de-Broglie wavelength associated with it, and
(b) less momentum?
Give reasons to justify your answer.

20. (a) Which charge carriers in intrinsic semiconductor will have conduction?
(b) How does the resistance of a semiconductor change when heated?

21. State Bohr postulate of hydrogen atom that gives the relationship for the frequency of emitted
photon in a transition.
OR
Write the shortcomings of Rutherford atomic model. Explain how these were overcome by the
postulates of Bohr's atomic model.

SECTION – C
Questions 22 to 28 carry 3 marks each.
22. A device ‘X’ is connected to an a.c source. The variation of voltage, current and power in one
complete cycle is shown in the below figure.
(a) Which curve shows power consumption over a full cycle?
(b) What is the average power consumption over a cycle?
(c) Identify the device ‘X’.

OR
State the underlying principle of a transformer. How is the large scale transmission of electric
energy over long distances done with the use of transformers?
23. Name the type of EM waves having a wavelength range of 0.1 m to 1 mm. How are these waves
generated? Write their two uses.
OR
What should be the width of each slit to obtain 10 maxima of double slit pattern within the
central maxima of single slit pattern?

24. A coil of wire enclosing an area 100 cm2 is placed with its plane making an angle 60° with the
magnetic field of strength 10–1 T.
What is the flux through the coil? If magnetic field is reduced to zero in 10–3 s, then find the
induced emf.

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25. Explain the formation of potential barrier and depletion region in a p–n junction diode. What is
effect of applying forward bias on the width of depletion region?
OR
(a) In the following diagram, which bulb out of B1 and B2 will glow and why?

(b) Draw a diagram of an illuminated p-n junction solar cell.

(c) Explain briefly the three processes due to which generation of emf takes place in a solar cell.

26. A 200 F parallel plate capacitor having plate separation of 5 mm is charged by a 100 V dc
source. It remains connected to the source. Using an insulated handle, the distance between the
plates is doubled and a dielectric slab of thickness 5 mm and dielectric constant 10 is introduced
between the plates. Explain with reason, how the (i) capacitance, (ii) electric field between the
plates, (iii) energy density of the capacitor will change?

27. (a) Define mutual inductance and write its S.I. unit.
(b) A square loop of side 'a' carrying a current I2 is kept at distance x from an infinitely long
straight wire carrying a current I1 as shown in the figure. Obtain the expression for the resultant
force acting on the loop.

28. Draw the curve showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon with the mass number of
nuclei. Using it explain the fusion of nuclei lying on ascending part and fission of nuclei lying on
descending part of this curve.

SECTION – D
Questions 29 to 31 carry 5 marks each.

29. (a) In Rutherford scattering experiment, draw the trajectory traced by a-particles in the coulomb
field of target nucleus and explain how this led to estimate the size of the nucleus.
(b) Describe briefly how wavelength is related to kinetic energy?
(c) Estimate the ratio of de-Broglie wavelengths associated with deuterons and a-particles when
they are accelerated from rest through the same accelerating potential V.
OR
(a) Using Bohr’s postulates, derive the expression for the total energy of the electron in the
stationary states of the hydrogen atom.

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 (b) Using Rydberg formula, calculate the wavelengths of the spectral lines of the first member of
the Lyman series and of the Balmer series.

30. (a) Define the term wavefront.

(b) Use Huygens’ geometrical construction to show how a plane wave front at t = 0 propagates
and produces a wave front at a later time. Using Huygen's wave theory, verify the law of
reflection.
OR
Answer the following questions:
(a) In a single-slit diffraction experiment, the width of the slit is made double the original width.
How does this affect the size and intensity of the central diffraction band?
(b) In what way is diffraction from each slit related to the interference pattern in a double-slit
experiment?
(c) When a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light from a distant source, a bright spot
is seen at the centre of the shadow of the obstacle. Explain why?
(d) Two students are separated by a 7 m partition wall in a room 10 m high. If both light and
sound waves can bend around obstacles, how is it that the students are unable to see each other
even though they can converse easily.
(e) Ray optics is based on the assumption that light travels in a straight line. Diffraction effects
(observed when light propagates through small apertures/slits or around small obstacles)
disprove this assumption. Yet the ray optics assumption is so commonly used in understanding
location and several other properties of images in optical instruments. What is the justification?

31. (i) Describe briefly the process of transferring the charge between the two plates of a parallel
plate capacitor when connected to a battery. Derive an expression for the energy stored in a
capacitor.
(ii) A parallel plate capacitor is charged by a battery to a potential difference V. It is
disconnected from battery and then connected to another uncharged capacitor of the same
capacitance. Calculate the ratio of the energy stored in the combination to the initial energy on
the single capacitor.
OR
A capacitor of capacitance C1 is charged to a potential V1 while another capacitor of capacitance
C2 is charged to a potential difference V2. The capacitors are now disconnected from their
respective charging batteries and connected in parallel to each other.
(a) Find the total energy stored in the two capacitors before they are connected.
(b) Find the total energy stored in the parallel combination of the two capacitors.
(c) Explain the reason for the difference of energy in parallel combination in comparison to the
total energy before they are connected.

SECTION – E(Case Study Based Questions)

Questions 32 to 33 carry 4 marks each.

32. Case-Study 1:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions.
For an RLC circuit driven with voltage of amplitude vm and frequency , we found that the
v vm
current amplitude is given by i  m 
Z R 2  ( X C  X L )2
with XC = 1/C and XL = L. and the impedance is minimum (Z = R 2  O 2 = R). This
frequency is called the resonant frequency:
1 1
X C  X L or  0 L  0 
0C LC
At resonant frequency, the current amplitude is maximum; im = Vm/R.

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 Figure shows the variation of im with  in a RLC series circuit with L = 1.00 mH, C = 1.00 nF
for two values of
R: (i) R = 100  and (ii) R = 200 . For the source applied Vm = 100 V.
We see that the current amplitude is maximum at the resonant frequency.

(i) What is the value of resistance for graph (i) and graph (ii)?
(ii) What happens to the inductive and capacitive reactance at resonance?
(iii) Can we have resonance in RL and RC circuit?
OR
What is the phase difference between voltage and current at resonance?

33. Case-Study 2:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions
Galvanometer can sense/measure current. Improved mirror galvanometer was developed by
William Thomson, later to become Lord Kelvin, in 1858. Thomson intended the instrument to
read weak signal currents on very long submarine telegraph cables.
The fundamental problems of transmitting/ receiving a signal through a lengthy submarine cable
was that the electrical current tended to be very low (as little as 1/1,00,000th of a standard light
bulb). So, it was very difficult to detect it. To solve the problem it was thought that larger
amount of electric current would be sent through the line. But Thomson had a different approach.
He thought the best response was to devise a device that could read faint signals. The
galvanometer, first invented in 1802, was a means of detecting electric current. It consisted of a
needle that was deflected by the magnetic field created by the electric current. But the
galvanometers of the day couldn't detect the weak signals that came through a long underwater
cable. But the improved version of galvanometer was highly sensitive to detect the lowest
current.

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The mirror galvanometer consists of a long fine coil of silk-covered copper wire. In the heart of
that coil, within a little air-chamber, a small round mirror is hung by a single fibre of floss silk,
with four tiny magnets cemented to its back.
A beam of light is thrown from a lamp upon the mirror and reflected by it upon a white screen or
scale a few feet distant, where it forms a bright spot of light; when there is no current on the
instrument, the spot of light remains stationary at the zero position on the screen; but the instant a
current traverses the long wire of the coil, the suspended magnets twist themselves horizontally
out of their former position, the mirror is inclined with them, and the beam of light is deflected
along the screen to one side or the other, according to the nature of the current. If a positive
electric current gives a deflection to the right of zero, a negative current will give a deflection to
the left of zero and vice versa.
The air in the little chamber surrounding the mirror is compressed, so as to act like a cushion,
and deaden the movements of the mirror; the mirror is thus prevented from idly swinging about
at each deflections.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions
(i) The credit for improved galvanometer development goes to whom? And what is its primary
function? [1]
(ii) Define the basic principle of galvanometer. [1]
(iii) The mirror galvanometer consists of what components? [2]
OR
How the ideal swinging of the mirror of mirror galvanometer is prevented? [2]

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 (ANSWERS)

SUBJECT: PHYSICS MAX. MARKS : 70

CLASS : XII DURATION: 3 HRS
General Instructions:
1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
All the sections are compulsory.
3. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion-Reasoning based questions
of 1 mark each, Section B contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven
questions of three marks each, section D contains three long questions of five marks each and
Section E contains two case study based questions of 4 marks each.
4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in section B, C, D and
E. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
5. Use of calculators is not allowed.

SECTION – A
Questions 1 to 16 carry 1 mark each.

1. A resistance R is to be measured using a meter bridge. Student chooses the standard resistance S
to be 100 Ω. He finds the null point at l1 = 2.9 cm. He is told to attempt to improve the accuracy.
Which of the following is a useful way?
(a) He should measure l1 more accurately.
(b) He should change S to 1000 Ω and repeat the experiment.
(c) He should change S to 3 Ω and repeat the experiment.
(d) He should give up hope of a more accurate measurement with a meter bridge.
Ans: (c) He should change S to 3 Ω and repeat the experiment.

2. The variation potential V with r and electric field E with r for a point charge is correctly shown
in the graphs.

Ans: (b)

3. A proton, a neutron, an electron and an α-particle have the same energy. Then their de Broglie
wavelengths compare as
(a) λp = λn > λe > λα (b) λα < λp = λn < λe
(c) λe < λp = λn > λα (d) λe = λp = λn = λα
Ans: (b) λα < λp = λn < λe

4. There are two coils A and B as shown in figure. A current starts flowing in B as shown, when A
is moved towards B and stops when A stops moving. The current in A is counter clockwise. B is
kept stationary when A moves. We can infer that:

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 (a) there is a constant current in the clockwise direction in A.
(b) there is a varying current in A.
(c) there is no current in A.
(d) there is a constant current in the counter clockwise direction in A.
Ans: (d) there is a constant current in the counter clockwise direction in A.

5. The direction of ray of light incident on a concave mirror is shown by PQ while directions in
which the ray would travel after reflection is shown by four rays marked 1, 2, 3 and 4 (figure).
Which of the four rays correctly shows the direction of reflected ray:

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

Ans: (b) 2

6. The spatial distribution of the electric field due to two charges (A, B) is shown in figure. Which
one of the following statements is correct?

(a) A is + ve and B is – ve and |A|>|B|

(b) A is – ve and B is + ve, |A|=|B|
(c) Both are + ve but A>B
(d) Both are – ve but A>B
Ans: (a) A is + ve and B is – ve and |A|>|B|

7. In a Young’s double-slit experiment the source is white light. One of the holes is covered by a
red filter and another by a blue filter. In this case,
(a) there shall be alternate interference patterns of red and blue.
(b) there shall be an interference pattern for red distinct from that for blue.
(c) there shall be no interference fringes.
(d) there shall be an interference pattern for red mixing with one for blue.
Ans: (c) there shall be no interference fringes.

8. A metal rod of length 10 cm and a rectangular cross-section of 1 cm × 1/2 cm is connected to

battery across opposite faces. The resistance will be
(a) maximum when the battery is connected across 1 cm × 1/2 cm faces
(b) maximum when the battery is connected across 10 cm × 1 cm faces
(c) maximum when the battery is connected across 10 cm × 1/2 cm faces

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 (d) same irrespective of the three faces
Ans: (a) maximum when the battery is connected across 1 cm × 1/2 cm faces

9. Consider sunlight incident on a slit of width 104 Å. The image seen through the slit shall:
(a) be a fine sharp slit white in colour at the centre.
(b) a bright slit white at the centre diffusing to zero intensities at the edges.
(c) a bright slit white at the centre diffusing to regions of different colours.
(d) only be a diffused slit white in colour. 1
Ans: (a) be a fine sharp slit white in colour at the centre.

10. The electrostatic potential on the surface of a charged conducting sphere is 100 V. Two
statements are made in this regard:
S1 : At any point inside the sphere, electric intensity is zero.
S2 : At any point inside the sphere, the electrostatic potential is 100 V.
Which of the following is a correct statement?
(a) S1 is true but S2 is false.
(b) Both S1 and S2 are false.
(c) S1 is true, S2 is also true and S1 is the cause of S2.
(d) S1 is true, S2 is also true but the statements are independent.
Ans: (c) S1 is true, S2 is also true and S1 is the cause of S2.

11. A square of side L metres lies in the x–y plane in a region where the magnetic field is given by

B  B0 (2i  3 j  4k ) Tesla, where, B0 is constant.
The magnitude of flux passing through the square is:
(a) 2B0 L2Wb (b) 3B0 L2Wb (c) 4B0 L2Wb (d) 29B0 L2Wb
Ans: (c) 4B0 L2Wb

12. A silver wire has a resistance of 2.1 Ω at 27.5 °C, and a resistance of 2.7 Ω at 100 °C. What is
the temperature coefficient of resistivity of silver?
(a) 0.0059 (b) 0.0039 (c) 0.0129 (d) 0.0159
Ans: (b) 0.0039

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS

In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

13. Assertion (A): The drift velocity of electrons in a metallic conductor decreases with rise of
temperature of conductor.
Reason (R): On increasing temperature, the collision of electrons with lattice ions increases; this
hinders the drift of electrons.
Ans: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

14. Assertion (A): In series LCR resonance circuit, the impedance is equal to the ohmic resistance.
Reason (R): At resonance, the inductive reactance exceeds the capacitive reactance.
Ans: (c) A is true but R is false.

15. Assertion (A): In an electromagnetic wave, electric field vector and magnetic field vector are
mutually perpendicular.
Reason (R): Electromagnetic waves are transverse.

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 Ans: (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

16. Assertion (A): Magnetic field lines always form closed loops.
Reason (R): Moving charges or currents produce a magnetic field.
Ans: (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

SECTION – B
Questions 17 to 21 carry 2 marks each.

17. Two monochromatic radiations of frequencies 1 and 2 (1 > 2) and having the same intensity
are, in turn, incident on a photosensitive surface to cause photoelectric emission. Explain, giving
reason, in which case (i) more number of electrons will be emitted and (ii) the maximum kinetic
energy of the emitted photoelectrons will be more.
Ans: (i) Intensity of incident radiation I = nh, where, n is the number of photons incident per
unit time per unit area. For same intensity of two monochromatic radiations of frequency 1 and
2.
n1h1 = n2h2
As, 1 > 2 ⇒ n2 > n1
Therefore, the number of electrons emitted for monochromatic radiation of frequency 2, will be
more than that for radiation of frequency 1.
(ii) h = 0 + Kmax
∴ For given 0 (work function of metal),
Kmax increases with .
∴ The maximum kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons will be more for monochromatic light
of frequency 1 (as 1 > 2).

18. Draw the energy band diagram when intrinsic semiconductor (Ge) is doped with impurity atoms
of Antimony (Sb). Name the extrinsic semiconductor so obtained and majority charge carriers in
it.
Ans:

This is an n-type extrinsic semiconductor.

Majority carriers are electrons.

19. A proton and a deuteron are accelerated through the same accelerating potential. Which one of
the two has:
(a) greater value of de-Broglie wavelength associated with it, and
(b) less momentum?
Give reasons to justify your answer.
h
Ans: (a) de-Broglie wavelength is given by  
2mqV
As mass of proton < mass of deuteron
and qp = qd and V is same.
∴ λp > λd for same accelerating potential.

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 h
(b) Momentum =

∵ λp > λd
∴ Momentum of proton will be less than that of deuteron.

20. (a) Which charge carriers in intrinsic semiconductor will have conduction?
(b) How does the resistance of a semiconductor change when heated?
Ans: (a) Electrons and holes. These are the change carriers which are responsible for conduction.
In p type of semiconductor holes are majority charge carriers while in n-type, electrons are
majority charge carriers.
(b) Resistance decreases. As with rise in temperature, number of free charge carriers increases
due to breaking of more and more covalent bonds and hence its resistivity decreases.

21. State Bohr postulate of hydrogen atom that gives the relationship for the frequency of emitted
photon in a transition.
Ans: Bohr’s third postulate: It states that an electron might make a transition from one of its
specified non-radiating orbits to another of lower energy. When it does so, a photon is emitted
having energy equal to the energy difference between the initial and final states.
The frequency of the emitted photon is given by hν = Ei – Ef
where Ei and Ef are the energies of the initial and final states and Ei > Ef.
OR
Write the shortcomings of Rutherford atomic model. Explain how these were overcome by the
postulates of Bohr's atomic model.
Ans: Rutherford proposed planetary model of an atom in which electrons revolve around the
nucleus. An electron revolving around the nucleus has an acceleration directed towards the
nucleus. Such accelerated electron must radiate electromagnetic radiation. But, if a revolving
electron radiates energy, the total energy of the system must decrease. In such situation, the
electron must come closer to the nucleus and hit the nucleus. Also, the radiation spectrum of
emitted electromagnetic waves should be continuous.
However, this does not happen in an atom. Atom is not unstable and the spectrum is not
continuous. Rutherford atomic model cannot explain these two observations. These are the
shortcomings of Rutherford atomic model.
To overcome this discrepancy, Neils Bohr put forward three postulates combining classical
Physics and Planck’s quantum hypothesis. Bohr’s 1st postulate provides stability to the atomic
model. Bohr’s 2nd postulate provides justification that electrons may revolve in stationary orbit.
Bohr’s 3rd postulate provides the explanation of line spectrum.

SECTION – C
Questions 22 to 28 carry 3 marks each.
22. A device ‘X’ is connected to an a.c source. The variation of voltage, current and power in one
complete cycle is shown in the below figure.
(a) Which curve shows power consumption over a full cycle?
(b) What is the average power consumption over a cycle?
(c) Identify the device ‘X’.

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 Ans: (a) The curve of power will have maximum amplitude and the is equal to the product of
amplitudes of voltages and current. Therefore, curve A represents power.
(b) The average power consumption over a cycle is zero as the full cycle in the graph consists of
one positive and one negative symmetrical area.
(c) X might be an inductor or capacitor or a combination of both.
OR
State the underlying principle of a transformer. How is the large scale transmission of electric
energy over long distances done with the use of transformers?
Ans: A transformer is based on the principle of mutual induction which states that due to
continuous change in the current in the primary coil, an emf gets induced across the secondary
coil. Electric power generated at the power station, is stepped-up to very high voltages by means
of a step-up transformer and transmitted to a distant place. At receiving end, it is stepped down
by a step-down transformer.
23. Name the type of EM waves having a wavelength range of 0.1 m to 1 mm. How are these waves
generated? Write their two uses.
Ans: Type of electromagnetic waves having wavelength range 0.1 m to 1 mm is microwaves
and are produced by klystron valve or magnetron valve.
These are produced by vacuum tubes devices that operate on the ballistic motion of electron
controlled by magnetic or electric fields. They can also be produced by traveling wave
tube(TWT) and gyrotron.
These waves work in density modulated mode rather than current modulated mode.
Uses of microwaves electromagnetic waves are (any two)
1) Used for point to point telecommunications.
2) Used for high data transmission.
3) T.V. and telephone communications are transmitted long distances by microwaves.
4) Microwaves are also employed in microwave ovens and in radar technology.
5) They are also be used in navigation and radio signals
OR
What should be the width of each slit to obtain 10 maxima of double slit pattern within the
central maxima of single slit pattern?
Ans: Let the width of each slit is a.
D
Linear separation between 10 fringes is given by x  10   10
d
x 10
Corresponding angular separation is 1  
D d

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 Now the angular width of central maximum in the diffraction pattern of a single slit is given by
2
2 
a
Since  2  1 ,
2 10 2d d 1.00
  a a   0.2 mm
a d 10 5 5

24. A coil of wire enclosing an area 100 cm2 is placed with its plane making an angle 60° with the
magnetic field of strength 10–1 T.
What is the flux through the coil? If magnetic field is reduced to zero in 10–3 s, then find the
induced emf.
Ans:  = BA cos θ, B = 10–1 T, A = 100 cm2 = 10–2 m2
3
cos θ = cos (90° – 60°) = cos 300 =
2
3
∴  = 10–1 × 10–2 ×
2
3
∴= × 10–3 Wb
2
3
10 3 3
Induced emf = || = d/dt  2 3  V
10 2
25. Explain the formation of potential barrier and depletion region in a p–n junction diode. What is
effect of applying forward bias on the width of depletion region?
Ans: Formation of depletion region: In the p-type semiconductor, holes are the majority carrier
and in the n-type semiconductor, electrons are the majority carrier.

When a p–n junction is formed, some of the electrons from the n-region which have reached the
conduction band are free to diffuse across the junction and combine with holes.
Filling a hole, makes a negative ion in p-side and a positive ion in the n-side. Thus, free charges
get depleted and a depletion region is formed, which inhibits any further electron transfer.
OR
(a) In the following diagram, which bulb out of B1 and B2 will glow and why?

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 (b) Draw a diagram of an illuminated p-n junction solar cell.
(c) Explain briefly the three processes due to which generation of emf takes place in a solar cell.
Ans: (a) In the diagram, diode D1 is in forward bias and diode D2 is in reverse bias, So current
will flow through D1 and D2 will not allow flowing the current, So bulb B1 will glow and bulb B2
will not glow.
(a)

(c) When the photodiode is illuminated with light, with energy greater than the energy gap of the
semiconductor, then electron-hole pairs are generated due to the absorption of photons, in or near
the depletion region. Due to the electric field of the junction, electrons and holes are separated
before the recombine electrons reach n-side and holes reach p-side. Electrons are collected on n-
side and holes are collected on p-side giving rise to an emf. When connected to an external load
is current flows, whose magnitude depends on the intensity of incident light. The photodiode can
be used as a photodetector to detect optical signals.

26. A 200 F parallel plate capacitor having plate separation of 5 mm is charged by a 100 V dc
source. It remains connected to the source. Using an insulated handle, the distance between the
plates is doubled and a dielectric slab of thickness 5 mm and dielectric constant 10 is introduced
between the plates. Explain with reason, how the (i) capacitance, (ii) electric field between the
plates, (iii) energy density of the capacitor will change?
Ans: Given: Capacitance of the capacitor, C= 200 F
Potential of dc source, V = 100 V
Let 'A' be the area of the plate and 'd' be the separation between the plates,
The capacitance of the capacitor is given as,
 A
C  0   0 A  Cd ...(i)
d
When the capacitor remains connected with the dc source, then there will be no change in
potential difference.
(i) Now, according the problem
Separation between the plates = 2d
Thickness of dielectric slab, t = 5 mm = 5.0 × 10–3 m
Dielectric constant, K = 10
A 0
New capacitance of the capacitor, C ' 
t
( d ' t ) 
K
Here, d' = 2d and t = d

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 A 0 A 0 A 0
C'  
d d  1
(2d  d )  d d 1  
K K  K
KC 10  200  F
C'   182 F
K 1 (10  1)
Hence, new capacitance of the capacitor will decrease.
(ii) Since, there in no change in the potential difference.
Hence, there would not be any change in electric field.
100
It will be  18,182 V/m.
5.5  103
(iii) The energy will decrease because:
1
E  CV 2  E  C [∵ V is constant]
2
Hence, the energy density will also decrease.

27. (a) Define mutual inductance and write its S.I. unit.
(b) A square loop of side 'a' carrying a current I2 is kept at distance x from an infinitely long
straight wire carrying a current I1 as shown in the figure. Obtain the expression for the resultant
force acting on the loop.

Ans: (a) Mutual inductance equals the magnetic flux associated with a coil when unit current
flows in its neighbouring coil. Alternatively, mutual inductance equals the induced emf in ac coil
when the rate of change of current in its neighbouring coil is one ampere/second.
S.I unit: Henry (H) or weber/ampere (or any other correct SI unit)
 2I I
(b) Force per unit length between two parallel straight conductors, F  0 1 2
4 d
Force on the part of the loop which is parallel to infinite straight wire and at a distance x from it.
 II
F1  0 1 2 (away from the, infinite straight wire)
4 x
Force on the part of the loop which is at a distant (x + a) from it
 IIa
F2  0 1 2 (towards the infinite straight wire)
2 ( x  a )
 II  I I a  I I a 1 1 
Net force F = F1 – F2  F  0 1 2  0 1 2  0 1 2  
4 x 2 ( x  a) 4  x x  a 
 0 I1 I 2 a 2
F (away from the infinite straight wire)
2 x( x  a )

28. Draw the curve showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon with the mass number of
nuclei. Using it explain the fusion of nuclei lying on ascending part and fission of nuclei lying on
descending part of this curve.

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 Ans: From the graph, it is clear that it has a peak near A = 60. Nuclei around this are most stable.
(Example: Iron)

The shape of this curve suggests two possibilities for converting significant amounts of mass into
energy :
(i) Fission reactions: From the curve, the heaviest nuclei are less stable than the nuclei near A =
60. This suggests that energy can be released if heavy nuclei split apart into smaller nuclei. This
process is called fission.
(ii) Fusion reactions: The curve also suggests energy can be released from the lighter elements
(like hydrogen and helium) as they are less stable than heavier elements up to A~60. Thus,
sticking two light nuclei together to form a heavier nucleus can also release energy. This process
is called fusion. In both fission and fusion reactions, the total masses after the reaction are less
than those before. Thus “missing mass” appears as energy.

SECTION – D
Questions 29 to 31 carry 5 marks each.

29. (a) In Rutherford scattering experiment, draw the trajectory traced by a-particles in the coulomb
field of target nucleus and explain how this led to estimate the size of the nucleus.
(b) Describe briefly how wavelength is related to kinetic energy?
(c) Estimate the ratio of de-Broglie wavelengths associated with deuterons and a-particles when
they are accelerated from rest through the same accelerating potential V.
Ans: (a) The trajectory, traced by the a-particles in the Coulomb field of target nucleus, has the
form as shown below:

Page - 10
The size of the nucleus was estimated by observing the distance (d) of closest approach, of the -
1 2eZe
particles. This distance is given by d  .
4 0 K
where, K = kinetic energy of the a-particles when they are far away from the target nuclei.
(b) There is inverse relation between wavelength and kinetic energy. Mathematically,
h

2mK
h h h
(c)       
p mv 2mqV
h
 2md qdV m q
Hence, d   (accelerated potential is same for both particles)
 h md qd
2m q V
d 4 2
  2
 2 1

OR
(a) Using Bohr’s postulates, derive the expression for the total energy of the electron in the
stationary states of the hydrogen atom.
(b) Using Rydberg formula, calculate the wavelengths of the spectral lines of the first member of
the Lyman series and of the Balmer series.
nh nh
Ans: (a) mvr  v
2 2 mr
2 2
mv 1 e e2
  r 
r 4 0 r 2 4 0 mv 2
e2  0n2h2
r 2
r 
 nh   me 2
4 0  
 2 mr 
1 e2 me 4
Potential Energy, U  
4 0 r 4 0 2 n 2 h 2
2
1 1  nh  n 2 h2 2 m2 e4
Kinetic Energy, K .E .  mv 2  m   
2 2  2 mr  8 2 m 0 2 n 4 h 4
me 4
 K .E. 
8 0 2 n 2 h 2
me 4
Total Energy = K.E. + P.E.  
8 0 2 n 2 h 2
(b) Rydberg's formula: For first member of Lyman series,
1 1 1  1  1 3 4 4 o o
 R  2  2    R 1    R      912 A  1216 A
 1 2    4 4 3R 3
For first member of Balmer Series.
1  1 1 1 1 1 5
 R 2  2    R    R
 2 3   4 9 36
36 36 o o
    912 A  6566.4 A
5R 5

Page - 11
30. (a) Define the term wavefront.
(b) Use Huygens’ geometrical construction to show how a plane wave front at t = 0 propagates
and produces a wave front at a later time. Using Huygen's wave theory, verify the law of
reflection.
Ans: (a) Wave front is a surface of constant phase. Alternatively, it is the locus of all those points
which are in the same phase of disturbance.
(b) Let us consider a plane wavefront X1Y1 at t = 0. According to Huygen’s principle each point
on this wavefront may be considered as a point source. Points are considered for the convenience
of drawing. 3 circular arcs are drawn centring each point with radius ct where c is the velocity
of light and t is the time difference. A common tangent is drawn to these 3 arcs which gives the
new wavefront X2Y2 parallel to X1Y1 after time t.

Consider a plane wave AB incident at an angle ‘i’ on a reflecting surface MN

let t = time taken by the wave front to advance from B to C.
∴ BC = vt
Let CE represent the tangent plane drawn from the point E to the sphere of radius ‘vt’ having A
as its center.

then AE = BC = vt
it follows that ∆EAC ≅ ∆BAC
Hence, ∠i = ∠r (cpct)
∴ Angle of incidence = angle of reflection
OR
Answer the following questions:
(a) In a single-slit diffraction experiment, the width of the slit is made double the original width.
How does this affect the size and intensity of the central diffraction band?
(b) In what way is diffraction from each slit related to the interference pattern in a double-slit
experiment?
(c) When a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light from a distant source, a bright spot
is seen at the centre of the shadow of the obstacle. Explain why?
(d) Two students are separated by a 7 m partition wall in a room 10 m high. If both light and
sound waves can bend around obstacles, how is it that the students are unable to see each other
even though they can converse easily.
(e) Ray optics is based on the assumption that light travels in a straight line. Diffraction effects
(observed when light propagates through small apertures/slits or around small obstacles)

Page - 12
 disprove this assumption. Yet the ray optics assumption is so commonly used in understanding
location and several other properties of images in optical instruments. What is the justification?
Ans: (a) In a single-slit diffraction experiment, if the width of the slit is made double the original
width, then the size of the central diffraction band reduces to half and the intensity of the central
diffraction band increases up to four times.
(b) The interference pattern in a double-slit experiment is modulated by diffraction from each
slit. The pattern is the result of the interference of the diffracted wave from each slit.
(c) When a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light from a distant source, a bright spot
is seen at the centre of the shadow of the obstacle. This is because light waves are diffracted
from the edge of the circular obstacle, which interferes constructively at the centre of the
shadow. This constructive interference produces a bright spot.
(d) Bending of waves by obstacles by a large angle is possible when the size of the obstacle is
comparable to the wavelength of the waves. On the one hand, the wavelength of the light waves
is too small in comparison to the size of the obstacle. Thus, the diffraction angle will be very
small. Hence, the students are unable to see each other. On the other hand, the size of the wall is
comparable to the wavelength of the sound waves. Thus, the bending of the waves takes place at
a large angle. Hence, the students are able to hear each other.
(e) The justification is that in ordinary optical instruments, the size of the aperture involved is
much larger than the wavelength of the light used.

31. (i) Describe briefly the process of transferring the charge between the two plates of a parallel
plate capacitor when connected to a battery. Derive an expression for the energy stored in a
capacitor.
(ii) A parallel plate capacitor is charged by a battery to a potential difference V. It is
disconnected from battery and then connected to another uncharged capacitor of the same
capacitance. Calculate the ratio of the energy stored in the combination to the initial energy on
the single capacitor.
Ans: (a)Let us consider, an uncharged capacitor of capacitance which is connected with a
battery of e.m.f . Potential Difference across the capacitor will build up. Such that, the plate
with positive terminal of the battery will lose electrons and the other plate will gain the electron.
There is no transfer of charge in between the plates.

When the emf of the battery becomes equal to the potential difference across the capacitor, then
the capacitor would be fully charged and will act as an open switch.
Derivation : Let the charge on the capacitor is increased by dq amount then,
Then, the work done:-

On integrating it, we have

Page - 13
We know,

This is the work done is stored as energy on the capacitor

(b) We know, the energy stored by the capacitor when it is charged is given as :

, is the charge on the capacitor.

Now, when the capacitor is connected to the other Capacitor, they both get some charge in
equilibrium.
Hence, the total charge remains the same, the charge on each capacitor is :

Now, the energy stored is -

Hence, the Ratio is

OR
A capacitor of capacitance C1 is charged to a potential V1 while another capacitor of capacitance
C2 is charged to a potential difference V2. The capacitors are now disconnected from their
respective charging batteries and connected in parallel to each other.
(a) Find the total energy stored in the two capacitors before they are connected.
(b) Find the total energy stored in the parallel combination of the two capacitors.
(c) Explain the reason for the difference of energy in parallel combination in comparison to the
total energy before they are connected.
Ans:
(a) Total energy before they are connected.
1 1
E  C1V12  C2V2 2
2 2
(b) Let be the potential across the parallel combination
Applying conservation of charge, we can write
C V  C2V2
(C1  C2 )V  C1V1  C2V2  V  1 1
C1  C2
1
The total energy stored in parallel combination is E  CV 2
2
2
1  C V  C2V2  1 (C1V1  C2V2 ) 2
 E  (C1  C2 )  1 1   E 
2  C1  C2  2 C1  C2

Page - 14
 (c) The total energy of the parallel combination is different (less) from the total energy before the
capacitors are connected. This is because some energy gets used up due to the movement of
charges.

SECTION – E(Case Study Based Questions)

Questions 32 to 33 carry 4 marks each.

32. Case-Study 1:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions.
For an RLC circuit driven with voltage of amplitude vm and frequency , we found that the
v vm
current amplitude is given by i  m 
Z R  ( X C  X L )2
2

with XC = 1/C and XL = L. and the impedance is minimum (Z = R 2  O 2 = R). This
frequency is called the resonant frequency:
1 1
X C  X L or  0 L  0 
0C LC
At resonant frequency, the current amplitude is maximum; im = Vm/R.
Figure shows the variation of im with  in a RLC series circuit with L = 1.00 mH, C = 1.00 nF
for two values of
R: (i) R = 100  and (ii) R = 200 . For the source applied Vm = 100 V.
We see that the current amplitude is maximum at the resonant frequency.

(i) What is the value of resistance for graph (i) and graph (ii)?
(ii) What happens to the inductive and capacitive reactance at resonance?
(iii) Can we have resonance in RL and RC circuit?
OR
What is the phase difference between voltage and current at resonance?

Ans: (i) For graph (i), R = 200 

For graph (ii), R = 200 
(ii) At resonance XC = XL
(iii) No. The resonance phenomenon is exhibited by a circuit only if both L and C are present in
the circuit. Only then the voltages across L and C cancel each other and the current amplitude is
Vm /R, the total source voltage appears across R. But this cannot happen in RL and RC circuit.
So, resonance does not occur in RL and RC circuits.
OR
Since at resonance the circuit becomes completely resistive, there is no phase difference between
voltage and current at resonance.

Page - 15
33. Case-Study 2:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions
Galvanometer can sense/measure current. Improved mirror galvanometer was developed by
William Thomson, later to become Lord Kelvin, in 1858. Thomson intended the instrument to
read weak signal currents on very long submarine telegraph cables.
The fundamental problems of transmitting/ receiving a signal through a lengthy submarine cable
was that the electrical current tended to be very low (as little as 1/1,00,000th of a standard light
bulb). So, it was very difficult to detect it. To solve the problem it was thought that larger
amount of electric current would be sent through the line. But Thomson had a different approach.
He thought the best response was to devise a device that could read faint signals. The
galvanometer, first invented in 1802, was a means of detecting electric current. It consisted of a
needle that was deflected by the magnetic field created by the electric current. But the
galvanometers of the day couldn't detect the weak signals that came through a long underwater
cable. But the improved version of galvanometer was highly sensitive to detect the lowest
current.

The mirror galvanometer consists of a long fine coil of silk-covered copper wire. In the heart of
that coil, within a little air-chamber, a small round mirror is hung by a single fibre of floss silk,
with four tiny magnets cemented to its back.
A beam of light is thrown from a lamp upon the mirror and reflected by it upon a white screen or
scale a few feet distant, where it forms a bright spot of light; when there is no current on the
instrument, the spot of light remains stationary at the zero position on the screen; but the instant a
current traverses the long wire of the coil, the suspended magnets twist themselves horizontally
out of their former position, the mirror is inclined with them, and the beam of light is deflected
along the screen to one side or the other, according to the nature of the current. If a positive
electric current gives a deflection to the right of zero, a negative current will give a deflection to
the left of zero and vice versa.
The air in the little chamber surrounding the mirror is compressed, so as to act like a cushion,
and deaden the movements of the mirror; the mirror is thus prevented from idly swinging about
at each deflections.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions
(i) The credit for improved galvanometer development goes to whom? And what is its primary
function? [1]
(ii) Define the basic principle of galvanometer. [1]
(iii) The mirror galvanometer consists of what components? [2]
OR
How the ideal swinging of the mirror of mirror galvanometer is prevented? [2]
Ans: (i) Improved mirror galvanometer was developed by William Thomson, later to become
Lord Kelvin, in 1858. It is used to detect small currents in the circuit.

Page - 16
(ii) The galvanometer, was a means of detecting electric current. It consisted of a needle that was
deflected by the magnetic field created by the electric current.
(iii) The mirror galvanometer consists of a long fine coil of silk-covered copper wire. In the heart
of that coil, within a little air-chamber, a small round mirror is hung by a single fibre of floss
silk, with four tiny magnets cemented to its back.
OR
The air in the little chamber surrounding the mirror is compressed, so as to act like a cushion,
and deaden the movements of the mirror; the mirror is thus prevented from ideal swinging about
at each deflections.

Page - 17