AMRITA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & MEDICAL SCIENCES (AIMMS)

SUB: FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER

UNIT –I INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

History of Computer

1. ABACUSS SCIENTIST – ABACUSS DEVICES - 1200

➢ It is used for calculating in college and schools.
➢ No data storage and No display/No screen.

2. PAASCAL – CALCULATOR DEVICE – 1942

➢ It is used for calculating and screen display but
limits display numbers.
➢ No pictures, No movies, NO videos.

3. CHARLESS BABBAGE – COMPUTER - 1822

➢ High cost, big size, No shift, No carry, low speed.

Introduction:

The term Computer is derived from ‘compute’ which means ‘to calculate’

We are all familiar with calculations in our day-to-day life. We apply mathematical operations like
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc. and many other formulae for calculations.
Simple calculations take less time. But complex calculations take much longer time. Another factor
is accuracy in calculations. So man explored with the idea to develop a machine, which can
perform this type of arithmetic calculation faster, and with full accuracy. This gave birth to a
machine called ‘computer’.

In 1822, Charles Babbage created the first mechanical computer

What is a Computer?

Computer: It is an electronic device which processes given data to derive the required and useful
information. During the processing the computer has to perform various functions like receives
data (input) processes data (process) produces output (information) stores results (storage)
 Computer Generations:

Generation is nothing but a step of technology. It provides the framework for computer industry
growth. It has been used to distinguish between different hardware and software technologies in
development. Various changes have taken place in the computer system due to technological
advance.

1. First Generation (1940 – 1956) – Vacuum Tubes

I. This generation of computer used Vacuum Tubes as the major electronic computer
responsible for processing data.
II. Those computers are physically large in size and require amount of installation space.
III. For memory, magnetic drums were used.
IV. They are unreliable because they can sometimes give inaccurate result.
V. Input was based on the paper tap and punched cards.
VI. Input and output operations are performed slowly.
VII. Due to the large power consumption, they generate large amount of heat. Therefore, these
computers require continuous maintenance and proper cooling with the help of large air
conditioners.
VIII. Only machine and assembly languages were used.
IX. UNIVAC and ENIAC computer are examples.
 2. Second Generation ( 1956–1963)- Transistors
I. In place of vacuum tubes this generation computer used Transistors.
II. Smaller in size and for installation it requires less space.
III. Magnetic tapes were used as secondary storage.
IV. Compared to first generation computers they were highly reliable and less prone to
hardware failures.
V. They consume less power and therefore produce less heat compared to first generation
computers. But it still needs air conditioning.
VI. High-level languages were used.
VII. More versatile than first generation computers.
VIII. Speed of input output operations higher than first generation computers.
IX. Computers were limited and costly.
X. 10 mins faster than first generation computers.
3. Third Generation (1964 – 1971) – Integrated Circuits:
I. Here in place of Vacuum Tubers and Transistors, Integrated Circuits were used.
II. The size of this generation of computers in small compared to the first- and second-
generation computer.
III. Magnetic disk used for external storage and storage space.
IV. They consumed less power than second generation computer, but still, it needs air
conditioning
V. High processing speed then previous computers.
VI. More reliable and less prone to error then earlier computer.
VII. For input and output monitors and keyboard were used.
VIII. Maintains cost of these computers was very less as compared to earlier computers.
IX. They were general purpose machines suitable for both scientific and commercial
application.
4. Fourth Generation (1971 – 1985 – VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integration) (Microprocessor)
I. Millions of electronic components were integrated on a single microprocessor chip. High
speed microprocessors were used.
II. Much smaller and chipper then previous generation of computer.
III. Consumed less power.
IV. More reliable and less prone to hardware failure therefore maintains cost is negligible.
V. They had faster and larger primary and secondary storage.
VI. The GUI allows new user to quickly learn how to use computer.
VII. Supports more inputs and outputs devices or other terminals.
VIII. The computer network allows multiple computers and used to share resources such as
disks and printers.
IX. They are general purpose machines used in application.

5. Fifth Generation (1989-Prasent) ULSI (Ultra Large-Scale Integration) (Artificial Intelligence):

I. It is based on AI still in development. Here computes behave like humans.

II. Computers are portable, smaller, and handy.
III. More powerful than other generation computers.
IV. Consume less power.
V. More reliable.
VI. Less prone to hardware failure.
VII. Faster and larger primary and secondary storage as compared to the previous generation
computers.
VIII. Including children these systems are much easier to learn Graphical User Interface (GUI).
Characteristics of Computer:
Characteristics of the computer system are as follows:

• Speed: A computer works with much higher speed and accuracy compared to humans while
performing mathematical calculations. Computers can process millions (1,000,000) of
instructions per second. The time taken by computers for their operations is microseconds and
nanoseconds.
• Accuracy: Computers perform calculations with 100% accuracy. Errors may occur due to data
inconsistency or inaccuracy.
• Memory: A computer can store billions of data and these records are easily accessible with
high accuracy. We measure computer storage in terms of Bytes, like Kilobytes (KB),
Megabytes (MB), Gigabytes (GB), etc.
• Versatility: The simple meaning of Versatility is performing more than one task, and as
everyone knows, Computers are capable of performing more than one task at a time, hence
it is highly versatile.
• Automation: Today’s World is full of automation as we rapidly move towards Artificial
Intelligence (AI). This feature of the computer replaces thousands of workers by performing
tasks automatically.

Reliability
A computer is reliable as it gives consistent result for similar set of data i.e., if we give same set
of input any number of times, we will get the same result.
Automation
Computer performs all the tasks automatically i.e. it performs tasks without manual
intervention.
Diligence
A computer can perform millions of tasks or calculations with the same consistency and
accuracy. It doesn’t feel any fatigue or lack of concentration. Its memory also makes it superior
to that of human beings.

Advantages of Computer
• Multitasking:
Multitasking is one of the main advantages of computers. A person can do multiple tasks,
and multiple operations at the same time, and calculate numerical problems within a few
seconds. The computer can perform millions or trillions of works in one second.
• Speed:
Now the computer isn’t just a calculating device. Now a day’s computer has a vital role in
human life. One of the most advantages of computers is their incredible speed, which helps
human to finish their task in a few seconds.
• Cost/ Stores huge:
Amount of knowledge it’s a coffee cost solution. A person can save huge data within a coffee
budget. A centralized database for storing information is a major advantage that will reduce
costs.
• Accuracy:
One of the essential advantages of computers is they will perform not only calculations but
also with accuracy.
• Data Security:
• Protecting digital data is understood as data security.
• Task completer:
Completes tasks that might be impossible for humans to complete.
• Communication:
• The computer helps the user better understand and communicate with other devices.
• Productivity:
• The level of productivity gets automatically doubled as the computer can do the work very
fast.
• Reduces workload:
Information is often accessed by more than one person with the necessity for work to be
duplicated.
• Reliability:
Computers can perform the same sort of work repeatedly without throwing up errors thanks
to tiredness or boredom, which are quite common among humans.
• Storage:
He pc has an in-built memory where it can store an outsized amount of knowledge. You can
also store data in auxiliary storage devices.
Disadvantages of computer
• Virus and hacking attacks:
A virus may be a worm and hacking is just unauthorized access over a computer for a few
illicit purposes. Viruses can go to another system from email attachments, viewing an
infected website advertisement, through removable devices like USBs, etc.
• Online Cyber Crimes:
• Online cyber-crime means computers and networks may have been utilized in order to
commit a crime. Cyber stalking and fraud are the points that come under online cybercrimes.
• Reduction in employed opportunity:
Mainly past generation hasn’t used the pc or they need the knowledge of computers they
faced an enormous problem when computers came into the field.
• High Cost:
• Computers are expensive. Even the foremost affordable computers are still very expensive
for the typical person in South Africa. Since computers empower people.
• Distractions/disruptions:
• If you’ve got ever spent hours browsing the web or watching videos on YouTube, then you
recognize how distracting computers can be! Because of their high entertainment value.
• Increases waste and impacts the environment:
With the speed at that computer and other electronics get replaced, all of the old devices
that get thrown away have a big impact on the environment.
• Health Problems:
Prolonged use of computers can lead to various health Hazards. Too much
Sitting near the screen results in eye strain and drying up of the eyes. Also, prolonged sitting
leads to neck and back problems.
Classification of the computers;

. Based on Size
A. Micro computer

Microcomputers – are the least powerful, yet the most widely used and fastest growing type of
computers and are also called portable computers, Microcomputer consists of three basic
categories of physical equipment, i.e. system unit, input/output unit and memory unit.

Some Types Of Microcomputer Are As follows-:

(a) Desktop Computer- or Personal Computer (PCs) These are small, relatively inexpensive
computers. These are based on the microprocessor technology (Integrated Circuit IC).

(b) Laptop- These computers are also known as ultra-book or notebook. These are portable,
Lightweight and fit into most briefcases. They include rechargeable battery, so these can work
anywhere. Laptop consumes less power than desktops.
(c) Handheld Computer or Palmtops- These are the smallest and are designed to fit

into the palm. So, these are also known as Palmtop. They are practical for certain functions such
as phone books and calendars. They use the pen for input instead of keyboard.

(d) Tablet Computer They have key features of the notebook computer, but these can accept
input from a pen instead of the keyboard or mouse.

(e) Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) It is also known as a handheld PC, or personal data assistant, is
a mobile device that functions as a personal information manager.

B. Mini computer:

Minicomputer– are smaller in size, faster, cost lower than mainframe computers. Initially, the
minicomputer Was designed to carry out some specific tasks, like engineering and Computer
Aided design (cad) calculation. they are used as central computer, which is called as server.
C. Mainframe computer –
These are the computers having large internal memory storage and comprehensive range of
software. These computers are bigger in size comparatively to mini computers but smaller than
supercomputers. Mainframe computer serves as a backbone for the entire business world.
D. Supercomputers– are the fastest and most expensive machines. They have high processing
speed compared to other computers. The speed of supercomputers is measured in FLOPS
(Floating Point Operations Per Second) Supercomputers are used for highly calculation intensive
tasks, such as weather forecasting, nuclear research, military agencies and scientific research
laboratories. Supercomputers are most powerful, large in size and memory, compared to all other
computers.

Based on work:

Analogous Computers:
Analog computers process analog data. Temperature, pressure, weight, depth, and voltage are a
few examples of this type of data. These have an infinite range of values and are continuous
quantities.
The first computers were analog, and they laid the groundwork for today's digital computers.
Digital Computers:
In digital computers, letters, numbers, and other special symbols are represented by digits. On-off
(ON-OFF) inputs are used by digital computers, and ON-OFF signals are also generated by them.
An ON is often represented by a 1 and an OFF by a 0, respectively. A digital computer is capable of
processing both numerical and non-numerical data. In addition to doing fundamental arithmetic
operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, it can also perform logical
operations.
Hybrid Computers:
A computer that processes both analog and digital data, Hybrid computer is a digital computer
that accepts analog signals, converts them to digital and processes them in digital form.

Based on purpose:

There are two types of computers based on purpose – general and special.

General-purpose computers:
perform basic input/output functions like calculations, smaller-scale data storage, and very basic
activities. Calculators, laptops. Desktops and mobile phones fall under the general-purpose
category.
Special-purpose computers:
Special purpose computer are particularly to perform a specific function. Thermometers for
temperature, generators for electricity, engineering computers for IT firms, and it goes on.

Functional Components of a Computer

The basic functional components or elements of a digital computer system basically has the hardware
and software. The hardware is the physical component/part such as a keyboard, mouse, monitor, etc.
The software is the set of programs and instructions which perform several specific operations.
Both hardware and software together act as functional components. They help to complete the
functional cycle which consists of input, processing, and output. Let us learn about the different
functional components of a digital computer and their working and interconnections. Let us study the
basic components of a computer.

1. Input Unit
The input unit basically includes the input devices and its operation is to take the input from the user.
It converts the input data into binary code. As the computer understands only machine language
(binary code).
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
This is a really important part of a computer as it performs all the processing parts of the computer. It
processes the data and instructions which the user gives. Moreover, it carries out the calculations and
other such tasks. As it is present on a single small chip, it is also called a microprocessor. Other names
of CPU are Central Processor or Main Processor. It has two subparts:
2. Arithmetic and Logical Unit
As the name suggests, this unit is responsible for performing arithmetic tasks like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division moreover, it also makes logical decisions like greater than less
than, etc. And hence the name, the ‘brain’ of the computer.
3. Control Unit
This unit is responsible for looking after all the processing. It organizes and manages the execution of
tasks of the CPU.
4. Output: Any type of result visibility on output
5. Registers
These are memory areas which the CPU directly uses for processing. So, its function is to store data
from input or store data between calculations. In addition, it also stores the output results.
6. Memory
The parts of memory are:
Primary Memory
This is the internal memory that stores the data and instructions of the CPU. It is volatile in nature
(data is lost when the power is disconnected).
The Input-Process-Output Concept
A computer is an electronic device that accepts data, processes data, generates output, and stores
data. The concept of generating output information from the input 4 data is also referred to as
input-process-output-concept.

The input-process-output concept of the computer is explained as follows—

Input
The computer accepts input data from the user via an input device like keyboard. The input data
can be characters, word, text, sound, images, document, etc.

Process
The computer processes the input data. For this, it performs some actions on the data by using the
instructions or program given by the user of the data. The action could be an arithmetic or logic
calculation, editing, modifying a document, etc. During processing, the data, instructions and the
output are stored temporarily in the computer’s main memory.

Output
The output is the result generated after the processing of data. The output may be in the form of
text, sound, image, document, etc. The computer may display the output on a monitor, send
output to the printer for printing, play the output, etc.

Storage
The input data, instructions and output are stored permanently in the secondary storage devices
like disk or tape. The stored data can be retrieved later, whenever needed.
 The Input-Process-Output Concept

Input Devices:

• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Joy Stick
• Light pen
• Track Ball
• Scanner
• Graphic Tablet
• Microphone
• Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR)
• Optical Character Reader(OCR)
• Bar Code Reader
• Optical Mark Reader(OMR)

Keyboard

Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps to input data to the
computer.

Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now keyboards with 104 keys or 108 keys
are also available for Windows and Internet.

The keys on the keyboard are as follows –

S.No Keys & Description

Typing Keys
1
These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digit keys (09) which generally give the same layout as that of
typewriters.

Numeric Keypad
2
It is used to enter the numeric data or cursor movement. Generally, it consists of a set of 17 keys that are
laid out in the same configuration used by most adding machines and calculators.
 Function Keys
3
The twelve function keys are present on the keyboard which are arranged in a row at the top of the
keyboard. Each function key has a unique meaning and is used for some specific purpose.

Control keys
4
These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes four directional arrow keys. Control keys also
include Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Control (Ctrl), Alternate (Alt), Escape (Esc).

Special Purpose Keys

5
Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab,
and Print Screen.

Mouse

Mouse is the most popular pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device having a small
palm size box with a ground ball at its base, mouse buttons are pressed.
Generally, it has two buttons called the left and the right button and a wheel is present between
the buttons. A mouse can be used to control the position of the cursor on the screen, but it cannot
be used to enter text into the computer.

Advantages
• Easy to use
• Not very expensive
• Moves the cursor faster than the arrow keys of the keyboard.
Joystick
Joystick is also a pointing device, which is used to move the cursor position on a monitor screen. It
is a stick having a spherical ball at its both lower and upper ends. The lower spherical ball moves in
a socket. The joystick can be moved in all four directions.

The function of the joystick is similar to that of a mouse. It is mainly used in Computer Aided
Designing (CAD) and playing computer games.

Light Pen

Light pen is a pointing device similar to a pen. It is used to select a displayed menu item or draw
pictures on the monitor screen. It consists of a photocell and an optical system placed in a small
tube.
When the tip of a light pen is moved over the monitor screen and the pen button is pressed, its
photocell sensing element detects the screen location and sends the corresponding signal to the
CPU.

Track Ball

Track ball is an input device that is mostly used in notebook or laptop computer, instead of a
mouse. This is a ball which is half inserted and by moving fingers on the ball, the pointer can be
moved.

Scanner
Scanner is an input device, which works more like a photocopy machine. It is used when some
information is available on paper and it is to be transferred to the hard disk of the computer for
further manipulation.

Scanner captures images from the source which are then converted into a digital form that can be
stored on the disk. These images can be edited before they are printed.

Digitizer

Digitizer is an input device which converts analog information into digital form. Digitizer can
convert a signal from the television or camera into a series of numbers that could be stored in a
computer. They can be used by the computer to create a picture of whatever the camera had
been pointed at.

Digitizer is also known as Tablet or Graphics Tablet as it converts graphics and pictorial data into
binary inputs. A graphic tablet as digitizer is used for fine works of drawing and image
manipulation applications.
Microphone

Microphone is an input device to input sound that is then stored in a digital form.

The microphone is used for various applications such as adding sound to a multimedia
presentation or for mixing music.

Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR)

MICR input device is generally used in banks as there are large number of cheques to be processed
every day. The bank's code number and cheque number are printed on the cheques with a special
type of ink that contains particles of magnetic material that are machine readable.

This reading process is called Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR). The main advantages of
MICR are that it is fast and less error prone.

Optical Character Reader (OCR)

OCR is an input device used to read a printed text.

OCR scans the text optically, character by character, converts them into a machine-readable code,
and stores the text on the system memory.

Bar Code Readers

Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading bar coded data (data in the form of light and dark
lines). Bar coded data is generally used in labelling goods, numbering the books, etc. It may be a
handheld scanner or may be embedded in a stationary scanner.
Bar Code Reader scans a bar code image, converts it into an alphanumeric value, which is then fed
to the computer that the bar code reader is connected to.

Optical Mark Reader (OMR)

OMR is a special type of optical scanner used to recognize the type of mark made by pen or pencil.
It is used where one out of a few alternatives is to be selected and marked.

It is specially used for checking the answer sheets of examinations having multiple choice
questions.

Concept of hardware and software

Hardware:

Computer hardware includes the physical parts of a computer, such as the case, central processing
unit (CPU), monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, graphics card, sound card, speakers
and motherboard. ... Hardware is typically directed by the software to execute any command or
instruction.

Software:

The Software refers to the set of instructions fed in form of programs to govern the computer
system and process the hardware components. ... For example: The antivirus that we use to
protect our computer system is a type of Software.

Data and Information

What is Data?
Data is a collection of information. Data is a raw and unorganized fact that required to be
processed to make it meaningful. Data can be simple at the same time unorganized unless it is
organized. Generally, data comprises facts, observations, perceptions numbers, characters,
symbols, image, etc.

What is Information?
The information is a set of data which is processed in a meaningful way according to the given
requirement. Information is processed, structured, or presented in a given context to make it
meaningful and useful.

It is processed data which includes data that possess context, relevance, and purpose. It also
involves manipulation of raw data.
Concept of data storage

What is Data Storage?

Data storage essentially means that files and documents are recorded digitally and

Saved in a storage system for future use. Storage systems may rely on

Electromagnetic, optical or other media to preserve and restore the data if needed. Data storage
makes it easy to back up files for safekeeping and quick recovery in the event of unexpected
computing crash Data storage can occur on physical hard drives, disk drives, USB drives

Direct Attached Storage (DAS)

As the name might suggest, direct attached storage (DAS) includes types of data storage that are
physically connected to your computer. This storage is generally accessible to only a single
machine. Some common devices in this category include:

• Hard Drives
• Solid-State Drives (SSD)
• CD/DVD Drives
• Flash Drives
• And More
 Number System:

The data representation of computer consists alphabets, numerals, a special symbols. here we
discuss a bout the numerals (numbers). In our daily life we use decimal system, whereas computer
use only binary system.

The Number System:

Basically Number system is divided in to four types
1. Binary Number System:
2. Octal Number System:
3. Decimal Number System:
4. Hexa-decimal Number System:

1. Binary Number System:

It is base (radix) of 2 and it has only two digits i.e. 0 and 1. The value of the numbers is
represented as power of 2 i.e. the radix of the system. These power increases with the position
of the digits a follow

Position
5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st
6th
Weights
24 23 23 22 20
25
Decimal
32 16 8 8 2 1
Equivalent

Ex :( 1011)2 (11010)2

2. Octal Number System: It is base of 8 and it has only eight digits i.e. 0, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7. The value of the numbers is represented as power of
8 i.e. the radix of the system. These power increases with the position of the digits as

Position
5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st
6th
Weights
84 83 83 82 80
85
Decimal
32768 4096 512 64 8 1
Equivalent

Ex :( 25)8 (1545)8

3. Decimal Number system: It is base of 10 and it has only ten digits i.e. 0, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9. The value of the numbers is represented as power
of 10 i.e. the radix of the system. These power increases with the position of the digits as follow.

Position
5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st
6th
Weights
104 103 103 102 100
105
Decimal
100000 10000 1000 100 10 1
Equivalent

Ex :( 259)10 (184)10
 4. Hexa Decimal Number System: It is base of 16 and it has only sixteen digits i.e 0, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, A(10), B(11), C(12), D(13), E(14), and
F(15). The value of the numbers is represented as power of 16 i.e. the radix of the system. These power increases with the position of the
digits as follows

Position
5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st
6th
Weights
164 163 163 162 160
165
Decimal
1048576 65536 4096 256 16 1
Equivalent

Ex :( 5D)16 (1A5)16

1. Decimal to Binary
Divide the decimal number by 2 repeatedly and note the remainders from bottom to top.

Convert (13)10 to ()2

2. Binary to Decimal
Convert (1101)2 to ()10

Step by step solution:

1. Step 1: Write down the binary number: 1101.
2. Step 2: Multiply each digit of the binary number by the corresponding power of two: 1x23 + 1x22 +
0x21 + 1x20
3. Step 3: Solve the powers: 1x8 + 1x4 + 0x2 + 1x1 = 8 + 4 + 0 + 1.
4. Step 4: Add up the numbers written above: 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 13. So, (1101)2 = (13)10
 3. Decimal to Binary Calculator

Convert (37)10 to ( )2

4. Binary to Decimal

Convert (1101)2 to ( )10

(100101)2 = (37)10
Step by step solution
Step 1: Write down the binary number:
100101
Step 2: Multiply each digit of the binary number by the corresponding power of two:
1x25 + 0x24 + 0x23 + 1x22 + 0x21 + 1x20

Step 3: Solve the powers:

1x32 + 0x16 + 0x8 + 1x4 + 0x2 + 1x1 = 32 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1
Step 4: Add up the numbers written above:
32 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 37.
So, 37 is the decimal equivalent of the binary number 100101.

5. Decimal to octal

Convert (50)10 to ( )8

(50)10 = (62)8
Step by step solution
Step 1: Divide (50)10 successively by 8 until the quotient is 0:
50/8 = 6, remainder is 2
6/8 = 0, remainder is 6
Step 2: Read from the bottom (MSB) to top (LSB) as 62.
So, 62 is the octal equivalent to the decimal number 50 (Answer).
 6. Octal to Decimal

Convert ( 50) 8 to ( )10

(50)8 = (40)10
Step by step solution
Step 1: Write down the octal number:

50
Step 2: Multiply each digit of the octal number by the corresponding power of eight:

5x81 + 0x80
Step 3: Solve the powers:

5x8 + 0x1
Step 4: Add up the numbers written above:

40 + 0 = 40
So, 40 is the decimal equivalent of the octal number 50.

7. Decimal to hexadecimal
Convert in to (50)10 = (32)16
Step by step solution
Step 1: Divide (50)10 successively by 16 until the quotient is 0:
50/16 = 3, remainder is 2
3/16 = 0, remainder is 3
Step 2: Read from the bottom (MSB) to top (LSB) as 32. This is the hexadecimal equivalent of
decimal number 50 (Answer).

8. Decimal to hexadecimal

Convert in to (380)10 = (17C)16

Step by step solution
Step 1: Divide (380)10 successively by 16 until the quotient is 0:
380/16 = 23, remainder is 12
23/16 = 1, remainder is 7
1/16 = 0, remainder is 1

10. Binary to decimal

Convert into (11010)2 to ( )10

(11010)2 = (26)10
Step by step solution
Step 1: Write down the binary number:
11010
Step 2: Multiply each digit of the binary number by the corresponding power of two:
1x24 + 1x23 + 0x22 + 1x21 + 0x20
Step 3: Solve the powers:
1x16 + 1x8 + 0x4 + 1x2 + 0x1 = 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 0
Step 4: Add up the numbers written above:
16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 0 = 26.
So, 26 is the decimal equivalent of the binary number 11010.