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    微積分講義

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    hong66700629

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    微積分講義

    Uploaded by

    hong66700629
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    Copyright:

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    微積分講義

    Uploaded by

    hong66700629

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    微積分講義

    徐振華 編

    1 ϵ − δ limit
    The following holds

    lim f (x) = L
    x→a

    if for every number ϵ > 0 there is a number δ > 0 such that

    if 0 < |x − a| < δ then |f (x) − L| < ϵ

    √
    ex: prove that limx→4 x=2

    2 Continuity
    Every time we want to prove something is continuous, we just prove that

    lim f (x) = lim+ f (x) = f (a)


    x→a− x→a

    ex:
    Suppose that f (x) is twice differentiable. Let L(x) be the linearization of f (x)
    at x = a.
    Define
    (
    f (x)−L(x)
    x−a , others
    g(x) =
    0 for x = a

    prove that g(x) is continuous at x=a.

    1
    3 differentiability
    Every time we need to prove something is differentiable, we just prove that

    f (x) − f (a)
    f ′ (a) = lim = exist
    x→a x−a
    ex:
    Define ( 1
    (1 + x) x , others
    h(x) =
    a , for x=a

    find number ”a” such that h(x) is differentiable and prove that it is.

    *If a function is differentiable then it must be continuous. Why?

    4 Asymptotes
    We can classify asymptotes into three categories, and we have different method
    to find each of them.

    • vertical asymptotes
    • horizontal asymptotes
    • slant asymptotes

    Vertical :
    lim f (x) = ±∞
    x→a

    then x=a is a vertical asymptote.

    Horizontal :
    lim f (x) = a
    x→±∞

    then y=a is a horizontal asymptote.

    Slant :
    f (x)
    lim =m
    x→±∞ x
    lim (f (x) − mx) = b
    x→±∞

    then y=mx+b is a slant asymptote.

    2
    ex:
    x2 −x+4
    If f (x) = x+1 , find its asymptotes.

    5 Derivative
    definition:

    f (x + h) − f (x)
    f ′ (x) = lim
    h→0 h

    some rules of derivative:


    • d
    dx c=0

    • d
    dx xn = nxn−1

    • d
    dx [cf (x)]
    d
    = c dx f (x)

    • [f (x) ± g(x)]′ = f ′ (x) ± g ′ (x)


    • (f g)′ = f g ′ + gf ′
    gf ′ −f g ′
    • ( fg )′ = g2

    Derivative of Trigonometric Functions


    • (sin x)′ = cos x
    • (cos x)′ = − sin x
    • (tan x)′ = (sec x)2

    • (cot x)′ = −(csc x)2


    • (sec x)′ = sec x tan x
    • (csc x)′ = − csc x cot x

    Exponential
    1 n
    e ≡ lim (1 + )
    n→∞ n
    a n
    lim (1 + ) = ea change of variable
    n→∞ n

    3
    Useful tool

    sin x
    lim =1
    x→0 x

    6 Chain Rule
    If x,y,z,w are all differentiable functions,

    dy dy dz dy dw dz
    = =
    dx dz dx dw dz dx
    That’s all.

    ex:
    if f (x) = sin(cos(tan x)), find f ′ (x)

    d x
    how do we do dx (b )

    7 Implicit Derivative
    Actually, this is the same concept of chain rule.

    ex:

    x2 + y 2 = 25
    Find y ′
    ex:

    x4 + y 4 = 25
    Find y ′′

    8 Inverse Function
    definition:
    In mathematics, the inverse function of a function f is a function that undoes
    the operation of f. The inverse of f exists if and only if f is bijective, and if it
    exists, is denoted by f −1 .
    Simply saying, we change x to y, y to x.

    ex:
    if f=ex , find f −1

    4
    Derivative of inverse function
    Concept:

    y = f (x) → x = f (y)
    differentiate both side
    1
    1 = f ′ (y) ∗ y ′ → f ′ (y) =
    y′
    ex:
    find (ln x)′
    find (sin−1 x)′

    • (sin−1 x)′ = √ 1
    1−x2

    • (cos−1 x)′ = √ −1
    1−x2

    • (tan−1 x)′ = 1
    1+x2

    • (cot−1 x)′ = −1
    1+x2

    • (sec−1 x)′ = √1
    x x2 −1

    • (csc−1 x)′ = √−1


    x x2 −1

    9 Linear Approximation

    L(x) = f (a) + f ′ (a)(x − a) ≈ f (x)

    ex: √
    Use linear approximation to estimate 3 8.03

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