KOLEJ MATRIKULASI SELANGOR Example 20.

2:
CH20: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION The three loops
20.1 Magnetic Flux of wire are all in a
Define & use magnetic flux, region of space
 
  B  A  BA cos  with a uniform
magnetic field.
Magnetic flux,  Loop 1 swings
selector back and forth as
o is defined as the scalar product between the bob on a
the magnetic flux density, B and the simple pendulum. Loop 2 rotates about a vertical axis
vector of the surface area, A and loop 3 oscillates vertically on the end of a spring.
where, Which loop or loops have a magnetic flux that
 = 𝐵 𝐴 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 
changes with time? Explain your answer.
: magnetic flux, : angle between B and A, B:
SOLUTION:
magnetic flux density, A: area of the coil
Only loop 2 has a changing magnetic flux.
o Scalar quantity
Reason:
o Unit: T m2 or Wb
Loop 1 moves back and forth, and loop 3 moves up and
down, but since the magnetic field is uniform, the flux
always constant with time.
Loop 2 on the other hand changes its orientation
relative to the field as it rotates, hence its flux does
change with time.

 = 90o Exercise 20.1

 = 𝐵𝐴 cos  1. A long, straight wire carrying a current of 2.0
= 𝐵𝐴 cos 90𝑜 = 0 A is placed along the axis of a cylinder of
 = 𝐵𝐴 cos  radius 0.50 m and a length of 3.0 m. Determine
= 𝐵𝐴 cos 0𝑜 = 𝐵𝐴 the total magnetic flux through the cylinder.
[Zero]
Example 20.1: A flat 2. A solenoid 4.00 cm in diameter and 20.0 cm
surface with area long has 250 turns and carries a current of
3.0 cm2 is placed in 15.0 A. Calculate the magnetic flux through the
a uniform magnetic circular cross sectional area of the solenoid.
field. If [2.96×10–5 T m2]
the magnetic field strength is 6.0 T, making an angle 20.2 Induced emf
30° with the surface area, find the magnetic flux (a) Use Faraday’s experiment to explain induced
through this area. emf
[0.9 x 10-3 T m2]
SOLUTION:
 = 90O – 30O = 60O
 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 
 
= 6(3 × 10−4 )
o In this experiment, o This is Faraday’s
= 9 × 10−4 𝑇
Faraday hoped by apparatus for
using a strong demonstrating that
enough battery, a a magnetic field can
steady current in X produce a current
would produce a o A change in the field
current in a second produced by the top
coil Y but failed coil induces an EMF
and, hence, a current in the bottom coil
o When the switch is opened and closed, the
galvanometer registers currents in opposite
directions
o No current flows through the galvanometer
when the switch remains closed or open
Switch Steady
OBSERVATION Switch of
on current
1

GALVANOMETER
Page

YES YES NO
DEFLECTION
KMS/SF026 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC induction
 Electromagnetic Induction is the production of Example 20.4: The magnetic flux passing through a
induced e.m.f.s or induced currents whenever the single turn of a coil is increased quickly but steadily at
magnetic flux through a loop, coil or circuit is a rate of 5.0  102 Wb s1. If the coil have 500 turns,
changed calculate the magnitude of the induced emf in the
coil. [25 V]
meaning of changing in magnetic flux
SOLUTION:
𝑑
 = −𝑁 = 500(0.05) = 25 𝑉
a relative motion of number of magnetic field 𝑑𝑡
loop & magnet field lines passing through a coil
lines are ‘cut’ are increased or decreased Lenz’s law & principle of
conservation of energy
Push the The area of Initial condition: NO magnetic field in the
magnet faster
into the coil to the coil is loop
increase speed greater

Use a stronger The

magnet can number of
increase To turns
magnetic flux increased
increase
induced
e.m.f During: 3 magnetic field lines, downward

(b) State Faraday’s law & use Lenz’s law to

determine the direction of induced current
Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law

states that the

states that an induced
magnitude of the
electric current always
induced emf is
flows in such a direction
proportional to the rate
that it opposes the
of change of the
change producing it
magnetic flux

𝑑
=−
𝑑𝑡
For N coil turns: Reaction: To maintain initial condition (NO
𝑑 𝑓 − 𝑖 magnetic field in the loop), loop will produce
 = −𝑁 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 3 magnetic field lines upward by induced
The negative sign indicates that the direction of current in counter clock wise direction
induced emf always oppose the change of
magnetic flux producing it (Lenz’s law)

d
(c) Use induced emf,  
dt
Example 20.3: A coil of wire 8 cm in diameter has 50
turns and is placed in a B field of 1.8 T. If the B field is
reduced to 0.6 T in 0.002 s, calculate the induced
emf. [151 V]
SOLUTION:
𝑑 (𝑓 − 𝑖 )
 = −𝑁 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡 𝑡
𝐵𝑓 − 𝐵𝑖
= −𝑁𝐴 ( )
𝑡
2
𝑑 𝐵𝑓 − 𝐵𝑖
= −𝑁 [ ( ) ] ( )
2 𝑡
= 151 𝑉
2
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KMS/SF026 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC induction

 (d) Derive & use induced emf:
Lenz’s law & principle of How can we induce emf?
By changing magnetic flux/ field
conservation of energy
Straight
Initial (during): 3 magnetic field lines,
conductor
downward moving Rotating
In a plane coil through a Coil
magnetic
field

By
By
changing
changing
magnetic
area in
field
magnetic
strength,
field
B

(i) in straight conductor,   Bv sin 

Reaction: To maintain initial condition (3
magnetic field lines downward), loop will o Consider a
produce 3 magnetic field lines downward by straight
induced current in clock wise direction conductor
of length l
is moved at
a speed v to
the right on
on a U-shaped conductor in a uniform
magnetic field B that points out the
paper
o This conductor travels a distance dx =
vdt in a time dt
o The area of the loop increases by an
amount: dA = ldx
o From Faraday’s law:
𝑑 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑥
=− =𝐵 = 𝐵𝑙 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Example 20.10: the resistor

Consider the (b) what is the direction
arrangement shown of the induced
below. Assume that R = current?
6 Ω, L = 1.2m & a
uniform 2.50 T
magnetic field is
directed into the page.
(a) At what speed
should the bar be
moved to produced
a current of 0.5A in
SOLUTION:
(a)  = Blv sin ,  = IR
𝐼𝑅 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣 sin 
𝐼𝑅
𝑣=
𝐵𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛 
0.5(6)
=
2.5(1.2) sin 90𝑜
3

= 1 𝑚𝑠 −1
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(b) From Lenz’s Law

KMS/SF026 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC induction
 Example 20.11: A 20 Example 20.5: The flexible loop has a radius of 12 cm
cm long metal rod CD and is in a magnetic field of strength 0.15 T. The loop
is moved at speed of is grasped at point A and B and stretched until its
25 m s1 across a area is nearly zero. If it takes 0.20 s to close the loop,
uniform magnetic find the magnitude of the average induced emf in it
field of flux density during this time.
250 mT. The motion SOLUTION:
of the rod is Initial Final
perpendicular to the
magnetic field as shown.
(a) Calculate the motional induced emf in the rod.
(b) If the rod is connected in series to the resistor
of resistance 15 , determine
(i) the induced current and its direction
(ii) the total charge passing through the resistor in SOLUTION:
two minute 𝑑 𝑑𝐴 (𝐴𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝐴𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 )
 = −𝑁 = −𝑁𝐵 = −𝑁𝐵
SOLUTION: 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑡
(a) (0 − 𝑟 2 )
= −𝑁𝐵
 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣 = (250 × 10−3 )0.2(25) = 1.25 𝑉 𝑡
(b) [0 − (0.122 )]
= −1(0.15)
(i) 0.2
 = 𝐼𝑅 = 0.034 𝑉
 1.25
𝐼= = = 0.083 𝐴
𝑅 15 Example 20.7: A narrow coil of 10 turns and diameter
(ii) of 4.0 cm is placed perpendicular to a uniform
𝑄 = 𝐼𝑡 = 0.083(120) = 10 𝐶 magnetic field of 1.20 T. After 0.25 s, the diameter of
the coil is increased to 5.3 cm.
dB dA (a) Calculate the change in the area of the coil.
   NA    NB (b) If the coil has a resistance of 2.4 , determine
(ii) in coil, dt , dt
the induced current in the coil.
SOLUTION:
In a plane coil: By changing area in magnetic
field
o Stretching the
coil reduces
the area of
the coil 
magnetic flux Initial  = 0o Final
through coil 𝑑 𝑑𝐴
is decreased  = −𝑁 = −𝑁𝐵
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
and, current
is induced in
the coil In a plane coil: By changing magnetic field
𝑑 strength, B
 = −𝑁 ,  = 𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠  o As the
𝑑𝑡 magnetic field
𝑑(𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) 𝑑𝐴
 = −𝑁 = −𝑁𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠  ( ) strength, B is
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 increasing or
decreasing
with time, the
magnetic flux
through the
area changes, therefore induces an emf in
the coil
𝑑
 = −𝑁 ,  = 𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 
𝑑𝑡
𝑑(𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) 𝑑𝐵
 = −𝑁 = −𝑁𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠  ( )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
4
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KMS/SF026 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC induction

 Example 20.6: A circular coil has 200 turns and (iii) in rotating coil,   NAB sin t
diameter 36 cm. the resistance of the coil is 2.0 Ω. A
uniform magnetic field is applied perpendicularly to
the plane of the coil. If the field changes uniformly Rotating coil: An ac generator/ dynamo:
from 0.5 T to 0 T in 0.8s. transforms mechanical energy into electric
(a) Find the induced e.m.f. & current in the coil energy
while the field is changed. o Consider a
coil of N turns
(b) Determine the direction of the current induced.
each of area A
SOLUTION:
and is being
rotated about
a horizontal
axis in its own
plane at right
angle to a
uniform magnetic field of flux density B.
o Calculate area, A o As the coil rotates with the angular speed
o Determine emf,  ω, the orientation of the loop changes
𝑑 𝑑𝐵 with time.
 = −𝑁 = −𝑁𝐴  = 𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠  ,  = 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
o Determine I = 6.36 A  = 𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
o Applying Faraday’s law
𝑑
Example 20.8: A coil having an area of 8.0 cm2 and 50  = −𝑁
turns lies perpendicular to a magnetic field of 0.20 T. 𝑑𝑡
𝑑(𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) 𝑑
If the magnetic flux density is steadily reduced to  = −𝑁 = −𝑁𝐵𝐴 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 )
zero, taking 0.50 s, determine 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑁𝐵𝐴 sin 𝑡
(a) the initial magnetic flux linkage.
(b) the induced emf
SOLUTION:
initial = 8.0  10-3 Wb XTRA: The armature of a simple ac generator consists
 = 1.6  10-2 V of 100 turns of wire, each having an area of 0.2 m2.
𝑑 𝑑𝐵 The armature is turned with a frequency of 60 rev/s
 = −𝑁 = −𝑁𝐴 in a constant magnetic field of flux density 10-3 T.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Calculate the maximum emf generated.
SOLUTION:
𝑚𝑎𝑥 ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 sin  = 1
Example 20.9:  = 𝑁𝐴𝐵 = 100(0.2)103 [2(60)] = 7.53 × 106 𝑉
Calculate the XTRA:
current
through a 37 Ω
resistor
connected to a
single turn
circular loop
10 cm in
diameter, assuming that the magnetic field through The drawing shows a plot of the output emf of a
the loop is increasing at a rate of 0.050 T/s. State the generator as a function of time t. The coil of this
direction of the current. device has a cross-sectional area per turn of 0.020 m2
SOLUTION: and contains 150 turns. Calculate
𝑑 (a) The frequency of the generator in hertz.
=− 1 1
𝑑𝑡 𝑓= = = 2.38 𝐻𝑧
𝑑𝐵 𝑇 0.42
= −𝐴 ( ) (b) The angular speed in rad/s
𝑑𝑡
= 3.93  = 2𝑓 = 2(2.38) = 14.95 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠 −1
× 10−4 𝑉 (c) The magnitude of the magnetic field.
  = 𝑁𝐴𝐵
𝐼=
𝑅 28 = 150(0.02)𝐵(14.95)
= 1.06
5

𝐵 = 0.62 𝑇
× 10−5 𝐴
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KMS/SF026 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC induction

 20.3 Self Inductance (a) Define self-inductance

Self induction the ratio of the 𝐿 ∝ 𝐼

selector self induced 𝐿 = 𝐿𝐼
the production of e.m.f. to the
e.m.f. in a circuit rate of change 𝑑𝐿
=−

Equation
Self inductance, L
due to the change of current in 𝑑𝑡
the coil 𝑑
of current in the =− 𝐿𝐼
circuit itself 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐼
= −𝐿
𝑑𝑡
Lenz’s law & principle of conservation of 
energy 𝐿=−
𝑑𝐼
o Initial: No 𝑑𝑡
magnetic field
lines The value •the size and shape of the coil
of the self-
•the number of turn (N)
inductance
depends •the permeability of the medium in
on the coil ()

o When the switch S is closed, a current I

begins to flow in the solenoid
o The current produces a magnetic field
whose field lines through the solenoid
and generate the magnetic flux linkage
o If the resistance of the variable resistor
changes, thus the current flows in the o A current in o If the o The polarity
solenoid also changed, then so too does the coil current of the
magnetic flux linkage produces a increases, induced emf
Final: 3 magnetic magnetic the reverses if
field lines to the field increasing the current
right directed to magnetic decreases
For the current I Reaction: For an the left flux creates
increases: increasing current, an induced
the direction of the emf having
induced field and the polarity
emf are opposite to shown by
that of the current, the dashed
to try to decrease the current battery
For the current I Reaction: If the
decreases: current is For a solenoid
decreasing, the 𝑁
direction of the 𝐿 = 𝑁𝐿𝐼 𝐿 =
𝐼
induced field and 0 𝑁𝐼 0 𝑁𝐼𝐴
emf are in the 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑑 = 𝐵𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝐴 = ( )𝐴 =
𝑙 𝑙
same direction
𝑁 𝑁 0 𝑁𝐼𝐴  𝑁 𝐴 2

as the current, to try to increase the 𝐿= = ( )= 0 = 0 𝑛2 𝐴𝑙

𝐼 𝐼 𝑙 𝑙
current 𝑁
o This coil is said to have self-inductance 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 =
𝑙
(inductance)
o A coil that has inductance is called an
inductor use to store energy in the form
of magnetic field
6
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KMS/SF026 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC induction

 (b) Apply self-inductance,  for coil & 20.4 Energy Stored in an Inductor
L
 dI  Derive & use the energy stored in an inductor,
  1 2
 dt  U LI
solenoid 2
Example 20.12: Induced emf of 5.0 V is developed
Inductor
across a coil when the current flowing through it •An inductor is a circuit component (coil
changes at 25 A s-1. Determine the self inductance of or solenoid) which produced an self
the coil. induced emf
SOLUTION: •Function of an inductor:
𝑑𝐼 •to control current
 = −𝐿 •store energy in form of magnetic field
𝑑𝑡
5 = 𝐿(25)
𝐿 = 0.2 𝐻

Example 20.13: If the current in a 230 mH coil o Back emf produce in an 𝑑𝐼

 =𝐿
changes steadily from 20.0 mA to 28.0 mA in 140 ms, inductor is given by: 𝑑𝑡
o The electrical power 𝑑𝐼
what is the induced emf? 𝑃 = 𝐼 = 𝐼𝐿
SOLUTION: P in overcoming the 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐼 (0.028 − 0.02) back emf in the 𝑃𝑑𝑡 = 𝐼𝐿 𝑑𝐼
 = −𝐿 = 0.23 [ ] circuit is given by 𝑑𝑈 = 𝐼𝐿 𝑑𝐼
𝑑𝑡 0.14 o The total work 𝑈 𝐼
= 0.013 𝑉 done while the ∫ 𝑑𝑈 = 𝐿 ∫ 𝐼 𝑑𝐼
𝑜 𝑜
current is changed 1
Example 20.14: Suppose you wish to make a solenoid from zero to its 𝑈 = 𝐿𝐼 2
2
whose self-inductance is 1.4 mH. The inductor is to final value is given
have a cross-sectional area of 1.2 x 10 -3 m2 and a by
length of 0.052 m. How many turns of wire needed? o the energy stored in the solenoid is
SOLUTION: given by
 𝑁 2𝐴 1 1  𝑁 2 𝐴𝐼 2
𝐿= 0 𝑈𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑑 = 𝐿𝐼 2 = ( 0 )
𝑙 2 2 𝑙
(4  × 10 −7 )𝑁 2 (1.2
× 10−3 )
1.4 × 10−3 =
0.0052
𝑁 = 220 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 Example 20.16: How much energy is stored in a 0.085
H inductor that carries a current of 2.5 A?
Example 20.15: A 500 turns of solenoid is 8.0 cm SOLUTION:
long. When the current in the solenoid is increased 1 1
𝑈 = 𝐿𝐼 2 = (0.085)2.52 = 0.27 𝐽
from 0 to 2.5 A in 0.35 s, the magnitude of the 2 2
induced emf is 0.012 V. Calculate
(a) the inductance of the solenoid, Example 20.17: A steady current of 2.5 A in a coil of
(b) the cross-sectional area of the solenoid, 500 turns causes a flux of 1.4 x 10-4 Wb to link (pass
(c) the final magnetic flux linkage through the through) the loops of the coil. Calculate
solenoid. (a) the average back emf induced in the coil if the
SOLUTION: current is stopped in 0.08 s
(a) (b) the inductance of the coil and the energy stored
𝑑𝐼 in the coil (inductor).
 =𝐿 SOLUTION:
𝑑𝑡
(2.5 − 2) (a)
0.012 = 𝐿 [ ] 𝑑 1.4 × 10−4
0.35 =𝑁 = 500 ( ) = 0.0875 𝑉
𝐿 = 1.68 × 10−3 𝐻 𝑑𝑡 0.08
(b)
(b) Self-inductance for a solenoid 𝐿 = 𝑁𝐿𝐼
 𝑁 2𝐴 𝑁 500(1.4 × 10−4 )
𝐿= 0 𝐿= = = 0.028 𝐻
𝑙 𝐼 2.5
(4  × 10−7 )5002 𝐴 1 1
1.68 × 10−3 = 𝑈 = 𝐿𝐼 2 = (0.028)2.52 = 0.0875 𝐽
0.08 2 2
𝐴 = 4.28 × 10−3 𝑊𝑏
(c) Final magnetic flux linkage
(𝐿 )𝑓 = 𝐿𝐼𝑓 = (1.68 × 10−3 )2.5
7
Page

= 4.2 × 10−3 𝑊𝑏

KMS/SF026 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC induction

 Example 20.18: A 400 turns solenoid has a cross 20.5 Mutual Inductance
sectional area 1.81 × 10-3 m2 and length 20 cm (a) Define mutual inductance
carrying a current of 3.4 A.
(a) Calculate the inductance of the solenoid Mutual
(b) Calculate the energy stored in the solenoid. inductance, M
(c) Calculate the induced emf in the solenoid if the Mutual induction •the ratio of
current drops uniformly to zero in 55 ms. •emf induced in a induced emf in
[1.82 x 10-3 H, 1.05 x 10-2 J, 0.1125 V] circuit by a a coil to the rate
changing current of change of
SOLUTION: current in
(a) in another
nearby circuit another coil
 𝑁 2𝐴
𝐿= 0
𝑙
(4 × 10−7 )(4002 )(1.81 × 10−3 )
𝐿=
0.2
= 1.82 × 10−3 𝐻
(b)
1 1
𝑈 = 𝐿𝐼 2 = (1.82 × 10−3 )3.42 = 1.05 × 10−2 𝐽
2 2
(c)
𝑑𝐼 3.4
 = 𝐿 = 1.82 × 10−3 ( ) = 0.1125 𝑉
𝑑𝑡 0.055

Example 20.19: A solenoid of length 25 cm with an

air-core consists of 100 turns and diameter of 2.7 cm.
Calculate o If we assume that the current in coil 1
(a) the self-inductance of the solenoid, and changes at a rate of dI1/dt, the
(b) the energy stored in the solenoid, if the current magnetic flux will change by dΦ1/dt and
flows in it is 1.6 A. [2.88 x 10-5 H, 3.69 x 10-5 J] this changes is experienced by coil 2
SOLUTION: o The induced o Same for coil 1
(a) e.m.f. in coil 2 is 𝑑𝐼2
𝑑𝐼1 1 ∝ −
0.027 2 𝑑𝑡
2 ∝ −
0 𝑁 2 𝐴 (4 × 10 )(100 ) [ ( 2 ) ]
−7 2 𝑑𝐼2
𝑑𝑡 1 = −𝑀21
𝐿= = 𝑑𝐼1 𝑑𝑡
𝑙 0.25 2 = −𝑀12 where M12 = M21
= 2.88 × 10−5 𝐻 𝑑𝑡
=M
(b)
1 1 o So
𝑈 = 𝐿𝐼 2 = (2.88 × 10−5 )1.62 = 3.69 × 10−5 𝐽 𝑑𝐼1 𝑑𝐼1
2 2 2 = −𝑀12 = −𝑀
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐼2 𝑑𝐼2
1 = −𝑀21 = −𝑀
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
o Rearrange
2 1
𝑀=− =−
𝑑𝐼1 𝑑𝐼2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

o From Faraday’s law

𝑑 2
2 = −𝑁2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐼1 𝑑 2
−𝑀12 == −𝑁2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−𝑀12 ∫ 𝑑𝐼1 = 𝑁2 ∫ 𝑑 2
𝑀12 𝐼1 = 𝑁2 2
𝑁2 2
𝑀12 =
𝐼1
𝑁1 1
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀21 =
𝐼2
𝑁2 2 𝑁1 1
∴𝑀= =
𝐼1 𝐼2
8
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KMS/SF026 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC induction

 Example 20.20: Two coils, X & Y are magnetically Example 20.21: Primary coil of a cylindrical former
coupled. The emf induced in coil Y is 2.5 V when the with the length of 50 cm and diameter 3 cm has
current flowing through coil X changes at the rate of 1000 turns. If the secondary coil has 50 turns,
5 A s-1. Determine: calculate:
(a) the mutual inductance of the coils (a) its mutual inductance
(b) the emf induced in coil X if there is a current (b) the induced emf in the secondary coil if the
flowing through coil Y which changes at the rate current flowing in the primary coil is changing at
of 1.5 A s-1. [0.5 H, 0.75 V] the rate of 4.8 A s-1.
SOLUTION: [8.88 x 10-5 H, 4.26 x 10-4 V]
(a) Using SOLUTION: N1 = 1000, l =0,5 m, d1 = 0.03 m, N2 50
𝑌 2.5 (a) Using
𝑀=− = = 0.5 𝐻  𝑁1 𝑁2 𝐴
𝑑𝐼𝑋 5
𝑑𝑡 𝑀= 0
𝑙
(b) 0.03 2
𝑑𝐼𝑌 (4 × 10−7 )1000(50) [ ( ) ]
𝑋 = 𝑀 = 0.5(1.5) = 0.75 𝑉 2
𝑑𝑡 =
0.5
= 8.88 × 10−5 𝐻
μ o N1 N 2 A (b)
(b) Use mutual inductance, M  𝑑𝐼1
 2 = −𝑀 = 8.88 × 10−5 (4.8) = 4.26 × 10−4 𝑉
between two coaxial solenoids or a coaxial coil 𝑑𝑡
& a solenoid
Example 20.22: The primary coil of a solenoid of
radius 2.0 cm has 500 turns and length of 24 cm. If
o Consider a the secondary coil with 80 turns surrounds the
long primary coil at its centre, calculate
solenoid (a) the mutual inductance of the coils
with length (b) the magnitude of induced e.m.f. in secondary
l and cross coil if the current in primary coil changes at the
sectional rate 4.8 A s-1.
SOLUTION: (b)
area A is closely wound with N1 turns of
(a) Using 𝑑𝐼𝑃
wire 𝑆 = −𝑀
0 𝑁𝑆 𝑁𝑃 𝐴 𝑑𝑡
o A coil with N2 turns surrounds it at its 𝑀= =
𝑙𝑃 = 2.63 × 10−4 (4.8)
centre
= 2.63 × 10−4 𝐻 = 1.26 × 10−3 𝑉
o When a current I1 flows in the primary
coil (N1), it produces a magnetic field B1,
 𝑁1 𝐼1 Example 20.23: A current of 3.0 A flows in coil C and
𝐵1 = 0 is produced a magnetic flux of 0.75 Wb in it. When a
𝑙
o The magnetic flux created by coil 1 coil D is moved near to coil C coaxially, a flux of 0.25
passes through coil 2 Wb is produced in coil D. If coil C has 1000 turns and
o The magnetic flux experiences by coil 2 : coil D has 5000 turns.
 𝑁1 𝐼1 𝐴 (a) Calculate self-inductance of coil C and the energy
2 = 𝐵1 𝐴 cos  = 0 stored in C before D is moved near to it
𝑙
o If no magnetic flux leakage, thus (b) Calculate the mutual inductance of the coils
1 = 2 (c) If the current in C decreasing uniformly from 3.0
o If the current I1 changes, an emf is A to zero in 0.25 s, calculate the induced emf in
induced in the secondary coils, therefore coil D. [1125 J, 417 H, 5004 V]
the mutual inductance occurs and is SOLUTION: IC = 3 A, C = 0.75 Wb, D = 0.25 Wb, NC =
given by 1000, ND = 5000
𝑁2 2 𝑁2  𝑁1 𝐼1 𝐴 (a) Using
𝑀 = 𝑀12 = =( ) 0
𝐼1 𝐼1 𝑙 𝑁𝐶 𝐶 1000(0.75)
0 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝐴 𝐿𝐶 =
𝐼𝐶
=
3
= 250 𝐻
=
𝑙 1 1
𝑈𝐶 = 𝐿𝐼 2 = (250)32 = 1125 𝐽
2 2
(b)
𝑁𝐷 𝐷 5000(0.25)
𝑀= = = 417 𝐻
𝐼𝐶 3
9
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KMS/SF026 20 ELECTROMAGNETIC induction