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    Network Layer - Part 2

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    sasongko wardhana
    Teaching Presentation Network Layer 2

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    Network Layer - Part 2

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    sasongko wardhana
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    Teaching Presentation Network Layer 2

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    Network layer - part 2

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    Teaching Presentation Network Layer 2

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    9 views24 pages

    Network Layer - Part 2

    Uploaded by

    sasongko wardhana
    Teaching Presentation Network Layer 2

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 24

    NETWORK LAYER

    #Continue….

    By
    Abdul Ghofir, M.Kom
    Ref: Forouzan, Data Communications and Networking
    Classless Addressing
    Hierarchy

    1. Two-Level Hierarchy: No Subnetting


    • An IP address can define only two levels of hierarchy when not subnetted.
    • The n leftmost bits of the address x.y.z.t/n define the network
    (organization network); the 32 – n rightmost bits define the particular host
    (computer or router) to the network.
    • The two common terms are prefix and suffix.
    ➢ The part of the address that defines the network is called the prefix
    ➢ The part that defines the host is called the suffix.
    Two levels of hierarchy in an IPv4 address
    Classless Addressing
    Hierarchy

    Each address in the block can be considered as a two-level


    hierarchical structure:
    the leftmost n bits (prefix) define
    the network;
    the rightmost 32 − n bits define
    the host.
    Classless Addressing
    Hierarchy

    2. Three-Levels of Hierarchy: Subnetting


    • An organization that is granted a large block of addresses may want to
    create clusters of networks (called subnets) and divide the addresses
    between the different subnets.
    • The organization, however, needs to create small subblocks of addresses,
    each assigned to specific subnets.
    • The organization has its own mask; each subnet must also have its own.
    Classless Addressing
    Hierarchy
    ➢As an example, suppose an organization is given the block
    17.12.14.0/26, which contains 64 addresses. The organization has three
    offices and needs to divide the addresses into three sub blocks of 32, 16,
    and 16 addresses. We can find the new masks by using the following
    arguments:
    1. Suppose the mask for the first subnet is n1, then 232-n must be 32, which
    means that n1 =27.
    2. Suppose the mask for the second subnet is n2, then 232-n must be 16, which
    means that n2 = 28.
    3. Suppose the mask for the third subnet is n3, then 232-n must be 16, which
    means that n3 =28.
    This means that we have the masks 27, 28, 28 with the organization mask being
    26.
    Configuration and addresses in a subnetted network
    Let us check to see if we can find the subnet addresses from one of
    the addresses in the subnet.

    a. In subnet 1, the address 17.12.14.29/27 can give us the subnet


    address if we use the mask /27 because:
    Host : 00010001 00001100 00001110 00011101
    Mask : /27
    Subnet : 00010001 00001100 00001110 00000000
    (17.12.14.0)
    Let us check to see if we can find the subnet addresses from one of
    the addresses in the subnet.

    b. In subnet 2, the address 17.12.14.45/28 can give us the subnet


    address if we use the mask /28 because:
    Host : 00010001 00001100 00001110 00101101
    Mask : /28
    Subnet : 00010001 00001100 00001110 00100000
    (17.12.14.32)
    Let us check to see if we can find the subnet addresses from one of
    the addresses in the subnet.

    c. In subnet 3, the address 17.12.14.50/28 can give us the subnet


    address if we use the mask /28 because:
    Host : 00010001 00001100 00001110 00110010
    Mask : /28
    Subnet : 00010001 00001100 00001110 00110000
    (17.12.14.48)
    Three-level hierarchy in an IPv4 address
    Example 1

    An ISP is granted a block of addresses starting with 190.100.0.0/16


    (65,536 addresses). The ISP needs to distribute these addresses to
    three groups of customers as follows:
    a. The first group has 64 customers; each needs 256
    addresses.
    b. The second group has 128 customers; each needs 128
    addresses.
    c. The third group has 128 customers; each needs 64
    addresses.
    Design the subblocks and find out how many addresses are still
    available after these allocations.
    Solution

    Group 1
    For this group, each customer needs 256 addresses. This means that 8 (2log
    256) bits are needed to define each host. The prefix length is then 32 − 8 =
    24. The addresses are:
    Solution

    Group 2
    For this group, each customer needs 128 addresses. This means that 7 (2log
    128) bits are needed to define each host. The prefix length is then 32 − 7
    = 25. The addresses are:
    Solution

    Group 3
    • For this group, each customer needs 64 addresses. This means that 6 (2log
    64) bits are needed to each host. The prefix length is then 32 − 6 = 26. The
    addresses are:
    Solution

    Number of granted addresses to the ISP: 65,536


    Number of allocated addresses by the ISP: 40,960
    Number of available addresses: 24,576
    An example of address allocation and distribution by an ISP
    Network Address Translation (NAT)

    • NAT enables a user to have a large set of addresses internally and


    one address, or a small set of addresses, externally.
    • To separate the addresses used inside the home or business and
    the ones used for the Internet, the Internet authorities have
    reserved three sets of addresses as private addresses.
    Addresses for private networks
    A NAT implementation
    Addresses in a NAT
    NAT address translation
    Task

    An ISP is granted a block of addresses starting with 150.80.0.0/16.


    The ISP wants
    to distribute these blocks to 2600 customers as follows.
    a) The first group has 200 medium-size businesses; each needs 128
    addresses.
    b) The second group has 400 small businesses; each needs 16
    addresses.
    c) The third group has 2000 households; each needs 4 addresses.
    Design the subblocks and give the slash notation for each subblock.
    Find out how many addresses are still available after these
    allocations.
    THANK YOU

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