RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT

PROJECT NAME : EFFECTS OF MATERNAL HEALTH CARE ON CHILD

DEVELOPMENT AT EMUHAYA HOSPITAL, LUANDA

SUBCOUNTY , VIHIGA COUNTY.

STUDENT NAME: MUNDE JANE

INDEX NUMBER: 6161040755

INSTITUTION NAME : THE SIGALAGALA NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC .

ADMISSION NUMBER : 15926

COURSE : DIPLOMA IN SOCIAl WORK AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT.

SUPERVISOR : Mr NGUSAALE KEVIN

COURSE CODE : 2428

EXAM SERIES : NOVEMBER 2023

A RESEARCH PROJECT PRESENTED TO KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION

COUNCIL AS PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD FOR DIPLOMA IN
SOCIAL WORK AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT.
DECLARATION
The research project is my original work and has not been presented for a Diploma
award.

..............
Munde Jane

The research project has been presented for examination with his approval as a
supervisor.

................
Mr Ngusaale Kevin
DEDICATION

The research work is dedicated to my family members, friends and all those who
supported me during the period of my study .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My sincere gratitude goes to my supervisor Mr Ngusaale Kevin for the patience,

guidance and encouragement during the course of this research .
I am sincerely indebted to all my lecturers and colleagues for their sustained support.

I wish to thank all doctors and nurses of Emuhaya hospital for the reception they
accorded me during that data collection period. Residents who patiently dedicated
their time for this research too cannot go unappreciated

My family for their cordial encouragement and affection they granted me throught the
research.
ABSTRACT.

The present research aimed in effects of maternal health care on child development at
Emuhaya hospital, Luanda sub-county, Vihiga county. To address maternal health care
there is need to understand factors that affect it. The objective of the study were to;
Determine ways of practising maternal healthcare , to find out importance of maternal
healthcare on child development and identify challenges faced in maternal healthcare
on child development at Emuhaya hospital , Luanda sub-county , Vihiga county.

The study used both quantitative and qualitative research techniques to collect
primary data. Key informant interviews was achieved by the use of questionnaires.
Data was collected through a desk research and review if document relevant to
maternal health care. Findings from the study showed that the residents of Emuhaya
hospital, Luanda sub-county, Vihiga county were affected with maternal health care.

Main factors contributing to this include; Poverty and access to health care, prenatal
care, HIV/AIDS, delay in receiving healthcare, insecurities, poor infrustracture, lack
of resources and inadequate food supply for maternal mothers. The recommendation
arising from the study are ; introduction of effective medical facilities and distribution
of enough resources, development of standardized education, organization of more
maternal measures to safeguard mother's and young youth lives, creation of more
employment opportunities.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Maternal health care refers to the health of women during pregnancy , childbirth and
the postnatal period.

Due to inequities in functioning health system. Pregnancy in the developing world

have a high risk of morbidity and mortality despite the world health organization
(WHO) vision of universal coverage of health care.

In this study, the research was about to find out effects , challenges, importance and
ways of practicing maternal health care on child development.

In my research I concluded that ; Government should introduce effective medical

facilities and distribute enough resources to eradicate high ranking issues of death rate
and help in improving maternal health care facilities in Emuhaya hospital, Luanda
sub-county ,Vihiga county.

1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY.

Maternal health care is the health of women during pregnancy, childbirth and the
postnatal period. It encompasses the health care dimensions of family planning,
preconception, prenatal and postnatal care.

Maternal health care on child development is one of the most productive ways to
improve the lives and livelihood of individuals of Emuhaya hospital, Luanda sub-
county, Vihiga county. Maternal health care have been shown to be an effective
machanism to support and enable maternal health cares development.

Devoloping a context specific model for maternal health care is consistent with
recommendations from the litature which have been recommended, the field of
maternal health care education needs to develop standardized education needs as to
improve maternal health care systems.

Maternal health care is a very pressing social issues in both developed and developing
countries. In Emuhaya hospital it has caused more effects on social economic
development. It has been related in terms of financial maternal health care, natural
resources redistribution of maternal health care basing on traditional and geographical
region as a problem that has raised concern all over the world. It has caused more
morbidity especially in Emuhaya hospital, to cope; residents have organized more
maternal measures to safeguard mothes and young youths lives.
The current causes and patterns of maternal health care on child development include
lack of resources for accommodating maternal mothers and youths, poor
infrastructure, inadequate food supply for maternal mothers, insecurities within the
area if an outcome of maternal mothers deliverance and lack of more funds in hospital
for mothers usage while in pain.
Annual global estimate of 15000 maternal deaths were recorded in 2017 as a result of
complications of pregnancy and child birth. Birth preparedness and complication
readiness is relatively common strategy employed by numerous groups implementing
safe motherhood programs. The study reported that utilization of maternal health
coverage is poor for the lack of birth preparedness, awereness and positive attitude for
utilization of antenatal services in rural.

The study also suggested that those mothers who undertool adequate birth
preparations almost three times more likely to experience favourable birth outcome
than who did not. Without treatment, there is a 25 percent to 30 percent chance of an
HIV positive woman passing the virus to her vertical transmission.

Due to inequities in functioning health system, pregnant women in the developing

world have a risk of morbidity despite the world health organization vision of
universal coverage of health care. Method to use in this health facility based across
sectional study was used among women in the reproductive age group 15-49 years at
36 weeks and above of gestation who were attending antenatal care.

We aimed to asses the level of practice and factors associated with birth preparedness
to preventable maternal and neonatal deaths in low resources countries . Some of the
strategies to avoid the delay include early preparation for the birth and detection of
danger signs.

1.2 THE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.

The problem of maternal health care on child development at Emuhaya hospital,
Luanda sub-county , Vihiga county, therefore it has been a major problem affecting
the women entirely. This problem of maternal health care on child development at
Emuhaya hospital was estimated annual globally of 15000 maternal dearth which was
recorded in 2017. The research was done by the researcher in the field of study and
came to realize that, many mothers and young youths die of more cases of maternal
health care and thus came up with solutions on how to handle such problem.
Government should introduce effective medicinal facilities and distribute enough
resources in hospitals to eradicate this maternal health care on child development.

1.3.0 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

1.3.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVES.

To examine the effects of maternal health care on child development at Emuhaya
hospital , Luanda sub-county , Vihiga county.

1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

I) To identify challenges of maternal health care on child development at
Emuhaya hospital, Luanda sub-county , Vihiga county.
II) To determine the ways of practicing maternal health care on child
development at Emuhaya hospital, Luanda sub-county , Vihiga county.
III) To find out the importance of maternal health care on child development at
Emuhaya hospital, Luanda sub-county, Vihiga county.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION

I) What are the challenges of maternal health care on child development at
Emuhaya hospital, Luanda sub-county , Vihiga county ?
II) What are the ways of practicing maternal health care on child development
at Emuhaya hospital, Luanda sub-county , Vihiga county ?
III) What are the importance of maternal health care on child development at
Emuhaya hospital, Luanda sub-county ,Vihiga county ?

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY .

The study sought to provide vital information that could be utilised by maternal
parents and guardians, spiritual leaders and the Emuhaya hospital team to be able to
understand the factors and effects of maternal health care on child development and
know how to manage the circumstances

As a result preferable measures should be taken care of to avoid more circumstances

coming from maternal effects for both youths and mothers. This will be resourceful in
project planning and management especially to the person who undergoes the
situation, monitoring and evaluating the welfare of the youths and mothers of
Emuhaya hospital, Luanda sub-county , Vihiga county. In addition to the study will
also provide some information for equiping youths and maternal health care mothers
on relevant projects especially the most vulnerable mothers.

Maternal and newborn nutritions saves lives and support development and greator
economic prosperity. Good nutrition in the first 1000 days support a healthy start for
children, while pregnant women need good nutrition for their own babies health .

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of a study explain the extent to which the research area will be explored in
the study will be operating. My study on effects of maternal health care on child
development at Emuhaya hospital was to extent and do more research on challenges
of maternal health care on child development and come up with solutions. Basically
this study entails more circumstances which was leading to more high death rates and
decreasing the survival rates of mortality mothers survival.

The Emuhaya hospital is covered by a model or analysis used to calculate physical

changes resulting from a proposed project. Luanda sub-county is the most populous
sub-county in Vihiga county with the largest rural population. In Emuhaya hospital
maternal health care and child mortality rates are unacceptably high ranking firth
highest of other hospitals at Luanda sub-county.

The study of maternal health care on child development at Emuhaya hospital, Luanda
sub-county , Vihiga county took place in duration of almost 2 months through,
examining the geographical background , social economic features and political
stability of the area. The study of the area was tiresome since the area is largely
populated. Out of 1500 population the study managed to examine 1200 in 2 months.
The total population of Emuhaya hospital was 1500 in number, the study managed to
examine 1200 tergeted group that was mainly affected by the maternal problems.

1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY.

Poor maternal health care hurts womens productivity, their families and social
economic development of Emuhaya hospital, Luanda sub-county , Vihiga county. Due
to this has led to poor productivity and development in maternal health care systerms
at Emuhaya hospital. Nutritional problems are severe among pregnant mothers and
60-70% of pregnant women in developing countries as well as in Emuhaya hospital as
estimated to be anaemic in Luanda sub-county , Vihiga county. Government must
introduce more facilities to improve the maternal health care areas and promote
adequate resources to satisfy maternal health care people

Poor unwanted pregnancies carry high risks of mortality and morbidity at Emuhaya
hospital ,Luanda sub-county , Vihiga county. More measures must be taken to cater
for morbidity and mortality sectors and ensure the measures to be taken much keen of.
Large number of women at Emuhaya hospital suffers from severe chronic illness that
can be associated by pregnancy and the mothers weekend immune system and leaved
of these illness are extremely, government should introduce effective medical
facilities to reduce chronic diseases.
Majority of prenatal deaths are associated with maternal complications, poor
management techniques during labour. There should be more effective measures to be
taken to cater for more complications of mothers and youths lives
 CHAPTER TWO.

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Under this chapter, the researcher will handle the following;
Theoritical review, empirical review, conception frame work, critique of the existing
literature relevant to the study and lastly the research gaps in literature were
summarised .

2.2 THEORETICAL REVIEW

There are several theoretical models that explain maternal health care on child
development.

1.Ramona Mereer's maternal Rule Attainment theory.

This mid-range theory serves as a framework for nurses in providing appropriate

health care interventions to mothers, helping them develop a strong maternal identity.
The basic concept of the maternal Role Attainment theory is the development and
interactional process, in which the mother bonds with her baby while acquiring
competence and expressing joy in her role as a mother.

Ramona Mereer's spent more than 30 yrs doing research about parenting in low and
high risk situations as well as transition into the maternal Rule. She began with the a
study of mothers who gave birth to infants with a birth defect (1971-1973) she
focused next on teanage mothers during their first year of motherhood.

Mereers also participated in a cross- cultural comparison of mother's responses to

cesarean and viginal births . Her research has provided clinicians with information on
how to make a difference in the lives of new parents.

2) Casey's model of Nursing

The theory was developed by an English nurse Anne Casey. The model was
developed in 1988 while she was working in prediatric oncology at the Great ormed
street hospital in London .
Casey's model of Nursing forcuses on the nurse working in partnership with the child
and his or her family. It was one of the earliest attempt to develop a nursing model
designed specifically for child health nursing. The five aspect of this nursing theory
are child, family, health , evironment and the nurse.
The philosophy of Casey's model is that the best people to care for the child are the
members of the family, with health care professionals assisting. This necessitates a
relationship between the parents and nurse.

3) Parse's Human Becoming Theory .

This theory guides the practise of nurses to focus on quality of life as it is described
and lived .The human becoming theory of nursing presents an alternative to both the
conventional bio-medical approach as well as the bio-psycho-social- spiritual
approach of most other theories and models of nursing. Parse's model rates quality of
life from each person's own perspective as the goal of the practice of nursing.
Rosemarie RIzzo Parse first published the theory in 1981 as the "Man- living- health"
theory, and the name changed to the" human becoming" in 1992.

2.3.0 EMPIRICAL REVIEW.

2.3.1 IDENTIFY CHALLENGES OF MATERNAL HEALTH CARE ON CHILD

DEVELOPMENT.
Low utilization and access to services has been described as common
challenges. The unavailability of personal safety equipment and fear of infection were
primary factors that affected service delivery. The available evidence, though limited,
indicates the significant effect of disasters and pandemics on MCH.
Delay in seeking health care which can be traced to ignorance of existing healthcare
opportunity, cultural practices, lack of understanding by decision makers caring for
pregnant woman, Delay in reaching health care and delay in receiving care.

2.3.2 DETERMINE THE WAYS OF PRACTISING MATERNAL HEALTH CARE

ON
CHILD DEVELOPMENT.

a) Boosting breastfeeding support

The national association of county and city Health officials (NACCHO) has launched
the Reducing Breastfeeding Disparities through continuity of care project with imput
from more than 100 maternal child professionals, NACCHO developed the continuity
of care in Breastfeeding support .

b) Modifying social determinants of health

The march of Dimes and Anthem Blue cross and Blue shield foundation are working
to address racial disparities and social determinants of health in Colorado and
developed Breaking Through implicit Bias in maternal Health care training. The
educational materials aim to improve patient provider communication and decision
making. The program also supports services for new mothers and babies, including
helping new mothers receive information and services to promote birth spacing,
smoking cessation, and mental health.

c) Increasing access to care.

Access to quality health care is a contributing factor to poorer maternal and child
health outcomes. Improvements will reguire more gynecologists, OB/GYM physician
associates (PAS), on OB/GYM nurse practitioners

"PAS can help improve maternal health," said Melisa Rodriquez , DMSa, PA.c
president of the Association of PAS in Obstetrics and Cynecology." All across the
country , there are maternity deserts. PAS, as maternal health care providers, we can
ensure everyone has access to a trained provider."

2.3.3 TO FIND OUT THE IMPORTANCE OF MATERNAL HEALTH CARE ON

CHILD DEVELOPMENT .

a) Monitoring of growth and development

It is importance to monitor growth and development of children regularly. It indicates
health and nutrition status of the child. It helps in identification of any deviations fro
normal .

b) Protection from infections and illnesses.

An expected mother should be instructed to protect herself from the risk of infections
especially measles and syphilis because these infection can cause spontaneous
arbotion, Malformation, mental retardation. Still birth etc .
c) Immunization of children.
The child needs to be protected from six infectious and vaccine preventable diseases
i.e Tuberculosis, tetanus, whooping cough, diptheria, measles and poliomyelitis. It is
very important the health workers mus educate all mothers about the importance of
immunization schedule so that they can bring the child for immunization according to
schedule .

d) Preparing for confinement.

The preparation for safe delivery is very important . It should be done well to avoid
any type of difficulty or emergency which might occur at the time of delivery. It is
very important to discuss various aspect of pregnancy and delivery. This helps in
overcoming their fears and anxieties.

c) Reduce maternal mortality and morbidity .

Reduce prenatal and neonatal mortality and morbidity regulates fertility so as to have
wanted and healthy children when desired .

2.4 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK .

This study was guided by the following conceptual framework which was used to
explain the interrelationship between interdependent variables . A conceptual
framework is a scheme of variables a researcher operationalized inorder to achieve the
set objectives (oso and onen 2002) Mugenda and Mugenda (1999) argued that
intendependent variables attempt the total influence in the study as shown.

It was hypothesized that the independent variables with it's components , maternal
near- miss, maternal death, full recovery directly influence the dependent variable
sequelae, fistula . The interpretation of the above conceptual framework was
relationship between the independent variables maternal health care and dependent
variables child development.

2.5 CRITIQUE OF THE EXISTING LITERATURE RELEVANT TO THE STUDY.

Access to health care is still limited for many women in Luanda sub-county , Vihiga
county while it remains an important determinant of maternal mortality and mobidity.
Information and communication technologies , such as mhealth and telehealth , can
help to facilitate this access by acting on the various obstacles encountered by women,
be they socio- cultural economic, geographical or organizational.
However, various factors contribute to the access of mhealth implementation and use
of and must be considered for these technologies to go beyond the pilot project stage .
The objective of this systematic literature review is to synthesize the empirical
knowledge in the success factor of the implementation and use of telehealth and
mhealth to facilitate access to maternal care in Luanda sub-county , Vihiga county.

2.6 SUMMARY OF REVIEWED LITERATURE.

The review is consistent with the existing literature which generally notes that
telehealth, and mhealth in particular, is still at an early stage in Luanda sub-county ,
Vihiga county. However several authors agree that the prospects are promising. In
addition, the limited scientific evidence regarding telehealth benefits could be partly
explained by a systematic failure to take into account the seccess factors in the
implementation and use of telehealth during project design. This review confirms that
telehealth success factors are poorly documented in Luanda sub-county , Vihiga
county. More research is needed to better identify these factors based on conceptual
framework which could contribute to the success of telehealth and mhealth
implementation, as well as their expansion on a large scale and their sustainability.

2.7 RESEARCH GAPS.

From the empirical review globally, several research gaps have been identified, low
utilization and access to services is the mojar cause of poor maternal health care on
child development. The unavaibility of personal safety equipment and fear of
infection were primary factors that affected service delivery.
 CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

INTRODUCTION
This section describes how research is conducted. It focuses on ; research design, data
collection tools , study areas , targeted population, sampling designs,data collection
procedures and dada analysis .

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN.

This plan is used to generaye answers in research questions. The main aim of the
study is to investigate and find out the effects of maternal health care on child
development at Emuhaya hospital, Luanda sub-county , Vihiga county.

To achieve all this objectives, the researcher will use explanatory design methods.
This design is mostly concerned with cost effective analysis (reasons behind the
phenomenal ) The purpose of this, is to gain familiarity about unknown area. Also
used when formulating a problem for specific investigation and when you want to
gather facts.

Descriptive design is used to describe the nature of existing conditions to identify

standards against which condition can be compared and also to determine the
relationship that exists between specific events . This approach determine the report
and the way things are, this deals with incidence distribution and interrelations of
varieties .

3.2 TARGET POPULATION .

Target population is the entire population or group that the researcher is interested in
researching and analyzing a sampling frame which is then drawn from the target
population. The population was one hundred people thirty youths, fifty adults and
twenty elderlys .

3.3 SAMPLE SIZE

This refers to a small number of group selected from the entire population to do
research on. Among them I considered gender equality, where by half of the
population were male and another half were female and both of them were of aged
above 18 yrs.

3.4 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES.

Sampling techniques is the name or other identification of the specific precess by
which the entitles of the same have been selected. There are several methods of
sampling techniques that were used as random sampling and stratified sampling.
Stratified sampling method is where by the population is first divided into subgroup
who all share a similar characteristics. It is used when we might reasonably expect the
measurements of interest to vary between the differed subgroups and we want to
ensure represantions from all subgroups.

In clustered sampling, subgroups if population are used as the sampling unit rather
than individuals. The population is divided into subgroup known as clusters which are
randomly selected to be included in the study.

Whereas random sampling is a type of probability sampling in which researcher

randomly selects a subset of participants from a population. Each member of
population has equal chance if being selected. Data is then collected from a large
percentage as possible of this random subset

3.5 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

A research instruments, is a tool used to collect, measure and analyze days related to
your research interest. It enables one to answer relative questions and evaluate the
results. It focuses on findings. Out off all, there is a particular subjects matter. Data is
collected to be further subjected to hypothesis, testing which seeks to explain the
phenomenum . This tools are most commonly used in health sciences, social sciences
and education. Questionnaire and observation are the common instruments used in
this study.

QUESTIONNAIRE
Questionnaire is the process of collecting data through instruments consisting of
series of questions and prompts to receive a responce from individuals who it is
admitted to. For clarity, it is important to note that a questionnaire isn't a survey, rather
it forms a part of it. A servey is a process of data gathering involving a variety of data
collection methods including a questionnaire.
On a questionnaire there three kinds of questions used. They are; Fixed-alternative,
scale, and open with each of the questions tailored to the nature and scope of the
research .
Questionnaire as a method helps me to administer large number of people and easy to
visualize and analyze the population rate through pros and cons. I also managed to
give respondents that might have a hidden agenda.

Advantages of questionnaire
Through questionnaire respondents identity is protected
It reaches people quickly .
Questionnaires can cover all the topics reguired .
Flexibility for respondents over, where, and when to complete there questions .
Confidentiality is maintained because a confidential agreement is signed between the
researcher and the respondents.

Disadvantages of questionnaire.
Sometimes the questionnaire might be incomplete.
Is limited responses.
There is lack of personal contact between the researcher and the respondents.
It can be also disadvantage to other pecial groups with special needs i.e those who are
visually impaired.

OBSERVATION
There is also observation methods which is systematic data collection approach where
the researcher uses all there senses to examine people in naturally accuring situations.
It includes complete participation observer, the complete observer and the observer
participants .

Advantages of observation.
It is the simplest method of data collection.
It is useful for framing hypothesis.
It has greater occuracy.
Observation is the only appropriate tools for certain cases .
It has the advantages of independent of people's willingness to report .

Disadvantages of observation
It is expensive and time consuming.
It is difficult in checking out the validity.
Not all occurrences lend themselves on observational study.
Lack of reliability.
There is slow investigation.
Limmits the researcher from observing information that is not visible.

3.6 DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS.

Data analysis is the process of incpecting, cleansing, transforming and modeling data
with the aim of discovering useful information, information conclusion and
supporting decision making. Methods used in data analysis includes, quantitative and
qualitative data analysis.

The purpose of data analysis is to extract useful information from data and taking the
decision based upon the data classification of data analysis is a data analysis, task
within data mining, that identifies and assigns the categories to a collection of data to
allow for more accurate analysis. The classification analysis of maternal health care
among children development makes use of mathematical techniques such as decision
trees, linear programming, neural network bad stastics .

Quantitive analysis describes the objects and consideration using finite set ofdescrete
classes. It means that this type of data can't be counted or measured easily using
numbers and therefore devided into categories. The gender of a person female , male
or others is a good example of this data type. These are usually extracted from audio,
images or text medium. Another example can be smarthone brand that provides
information about the current rating, the color of phone, category of phone and so in.

Qualitative analysis tries to quantify things and it does by considering numerical

values that makes countable in nature. The price of smartphone, discount offered,
number of rating on a product, the frequency of apricessor of a smartphone. The key
thing is that there can be an infinite numbers of values and feature can take for
instance the price of a smartphone can vary from x amount to any value and it can be
broken based in fanctional values.
 CHAPTER 4

4.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESeNTATION.

4.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the results and interpretation of the research findings drawn
from the interview guides and the observation list by way of data analysis. This
chapter presents the analysis and findings of the study as set out in research
methodology. The chapter is mainly based research ibjectives which include the
following; to examine the effects of maternal health care on child development ,
identify challenges of maternal health care on child development, to determine ways
of practicing maternal health care on child development and to find out the important
of maternal health care on child development.

4.2 RESPONSE RATE

From the data collected, out of the 16 questionnaires administered 10 were filled and
returned. This represents a 62.5% response rate, which is considered satisfactory to
make conclusions for the study. According to Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) a 50%
response rate is adequete ,60% good and above 70% rated very good.

The table below shows the response rate of the research findings
STATUS RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE
Response 10 62.5
No response 6 37.5
ROTAL 16 100

Responce rate representation in a pie chart

4.3 GENERAL DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

4.3.1 GENDER RESPONDENT.

Most of respondents were female whereby out of 10 people 8 were female and two were male.

The table belows shows gender response rate in percentage;

STATUS RESPONSE PERCENTAGE
Female 8 80%
Male 2 20%
TOTAL 10 100%

4.3.2 AGE RESPONDENT

According to the research findings, most if the respondents lied between 20-25 years.

The table below shows the age response rate of the research findings;
INFORMATION RESPONSE
15-20 1
20-25 6
25-30 3

4.3.3 EDUCATION LEVEL RESPONSE

Most of the respondents (90%) had attained vocational level of education and 10% had attained
secondary education.

The table belows shows education level response in percentage ;

LEVEL RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE
Vocational level 9 90%
Secondary level 1 10%
TOTAL 10 100%

Education level response in a pie chart

4.3.4 MARITAL STATUS RESPONSE

According to marital status respondents half of the findings was from those who were married and
half from those who were single.

The table belows shows marital status response;

STATUS RESPONDENTED
Single 5
Marrie 5
Divorced 0
TOTAL 10

4.4 DATA ANALYSIS

The data was collected from research participants, using questionnaires and the following was
established.

4.4.1 EFFECTS OF MATERNAL HEALTH CARE ON CHILD DEVELOPMENT.

Prevents unwanted complications during pregnancy. There is no customer in pregnancy. Expectant
mothers should access antenatal care to prevent unwanted complications during pregnancy period.

Prevents maternal and child mortality. There is no doubt that access to and usage of antenatal care
had greatly reduced and fetal mortality all over the world.

To promote the health of the mother and their babies. The lessons, discussion and interactions
during antenatal care are very useful in promoting the health of mothers and their babies.

To assess the health of the mother and the featus early in pregnancy. It is very importance that
prospective mothers consults health professional early in pregnancy for assessment and
counselling.

To prevent unwanted pregnancy and other post delivery complications . Good antenatal care
prepares the family for the coming baby and post delivery life.

4.4.2 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO MATERNAL HEALTH .

a) MATERNAL WEIGHT
During pregnancy, women of an everage pregnancy weight should expect to gain between 25-35
pounds (11-16kg) over the course of the pregnancy, increase rate of hypertension, diabetes,
respitary complications, and infections are prevalent in case of maternal obesity and can have
detrimental effects on pregnancy outcomes. Obesity is an extremely strong risk factor for
gestational diabetes. Research is found that obese mothers who lose weight (4.5 kg) between
pregnancies reduce the risk of gestational diabetes during their next pregnancy, whereas mothers
who gain weight actually increase their risk. Women who are pregnancy should aim to exercise for
at least 150 minutes per week, including muscle strengthening exercises. However, it is
recommended that pregnant women discuss what exercise they can do safely with their OB/GYM
in early prenatal period.

b) HIV/ AIDS
Maternal HIV rates vary around the world, ranging from 1% to 40%, with African and Asian
countries having the highest rates. Whilst maternal HIV infection largely has health implications
for the child; especially in countries where poverty us high and education levels are low, having
HIV/ AIDS while pregnant can also cause heightened health risks for the mother. A large
concerned of HIV- positive pregnant women is the risk of contracting tuberculosis (TB) and/ or
malaria, in developing countries 28% of maternal deaths are from obstructed labour and indirect
causes, meaning diseases that complicate pregnancy or that are complicated by pregnancy
(malaria, anemia, HIV/ AIDS, and cardiovascular diseases )

c) POVERTY AND ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE.

According to research report, social economic status, culture norms and values, and geographic
remoteness all increases maternal mortality and the risk for materna death (during pregnancy and
childbirth) and risk for pregnancy related illnesses and negative consequences after birth is even
higher poverty, maternal health and outcomes for the child are all interconnected.

Women living in poverty-stricken areas are more likely to be obase and engage in unhealthy
behaviour such as smoking and substance use, are less likely to engage in or even have access to
legitimate prenatal care, and are at a significantly higher risk for adverse outcomes for both the
mother and child. The study conducted in Luanda sub-county , Vihiga county observed that
common maternal problems in poverty-stricken areas include hermorrhaging, anemia,
hypertension, malaria, placenta retention, premature labor, prolonged/ complicated labor, and pre-
eclampsia.

d) PRENATAL CARE
Generally, adequate prenatal care encompasses medical care and educational, social, and nutrional
services during pregnancy for example, prenatal care could include serum integrated screening
tests for potential chromosomal abnormalities as well as blood pressure measurements, or uterus
measurements ta asses fetal growth. Although there are a variety of reasons women choose not to
engage in proper prenatal care, 71% of low income women had difficulties getting access to
prenatal care when they sort it out. Addionally, immigrants and Hispanic women are at higher risk
for receiving little to no prenatal care; where level of education is also an indicator. Throughout
several studies, women and adolescents ranked inadequate finances and lack of transportation as
the most common barries to receiving proper prenatal care.

4.4.3 CHALLENGES FACED BY MATERNAL HEALTH CARE ON CHILD DEVELOPMENT.

a) Delay in seeking healthcare

The cause of this delay can be traced to ignorance of existing healthcare opportunity , cultural
practices that demand that the woman seek permission and sometimes money from her husband or
mother inlaw , religious practices some of which teach followers not to seek medical care, lack of
understanding by decision makers and/or the people who are caring for the pregnant women and
poverty.

b) Delay in reaching healthcare.

The cause of this delay is often poverty which prevents the pregnant woman from being able to
travel to a healthcare facility, and poor infrustracture which provides inadequate transportation to
health facilities, which are equipped to care for obstetrical emergencies.

c) Delay in receiving care.

The cause of this delay is an overall weak healthcare which does not have either the human or the
material resources to adequately deal with obsterical emergencies.

4.4.4 INTERVENTION THAT HELP IN REDUCING EFFECTS OF MATERNAL HEALTH

CARE
IN THE SOCIETY.

a) Community based interventions.

Bringing healthcare to communities, through community participation and community- based
interventions, is crucial for universal access to haelthcare and for improving maternal and neonatal
health. Many approaches have been described including, for example home visits involved
promotion of birth and newborn care preparedness via home based antenatal care by female
community health workers, and home based postnatal care.

Another approach involves female health workers, who organise group sessions at the community
to promote antenatal care, use of clean kits at delivery, institutional delivery, newborn care, danger
signs identification and promotion of health-seeking behaviour . Communities are trained to be
able to identify all pregnant women in their area and provide to them basic antenatal care and
maternal health education. They also promote use of clean delivery kits, encourage facility births
and immediate newborn care

b) Maternal waiting homes.

Maternal waiting homes are residential facilities within easy reach of emergency obstetric
care(EMOC) that aim to enhance access to care by bridging the geographical gap between women
and services, and to increase institutional gap between women and services, and to increase
institutional deliveries. Those homes provide a place to stay and wait labor for high risk pregnant
women or those who are living far away during final weeks of their pregnancy.

Those women have the opportunity to receive antenatal care and health education about
pregnancy, delivery and neonatal care. Some of these waiting homes are actually located within
hospitals as is the case in Luanda sub-county or just next to the maternity ward. Some of them are
in accessible locations with secured transportation and communication facilities . However despite
studies that have reported positive effects of maternity waiting homes, utilisation of those facilities
remains a challenge .

c) Emergency transport fund.

Many societies have set up and administered loans funds for emergency obstetric transport to
overcome difficulties in paying for transportation. This loan funds aim to tackle the problem of
insufficient funds for healthcare by the poor. It is a local systerms established by societies for
pooling and borrowing money to cover the transportation cost during emergency .

The study conducted showed how societies could establish and manage emergency transport funds
for maternal emergencies to reduce delay in accessing emergency obstetri care. Despite
challenges, thre is evidence that community transport funds and contracted transporters play a
bading role in mobilising pregnant women to attend antenatal care and increase institutional
delivery .

4.4.5 IPORTANCE OF MATERNAL HEALTH CARE.

Reduces maternal mortality and morbidity. Reduce prenatal and neonatal morbidity and morbidity.
Regulates fertility so as to have wanted and health child when desired.
Preparing for confinement. Preparation for safe delivery is very important to avoid any type of
difficulty or emergency which might accure at the time of delivery.
It ensures a healthy pregnancy and good health care.
It aids in the delivery of healthy baby by providing immunization services, quaranteeing a
balanced diet and maintaining sanitation
It safeguards reproductive rights and promote a baby life.
It ensures the health of birth mother and child.
It helps to reduce the preventable deaths among women and children.
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMENTATIONS.

5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS.

The main objectives of the study was to determine the effects of maternal health care on child
development at Emuhaya hospital, Luanda sub-county , Vihiga county, the findings were as
follows; poverty and access to health care which increases maternal mortality and the risk for
maternal illnesses and negative consequences atter birth. HIV/ AIDS which cause hevyhtened
health risks for the mothers. HIV- positive pregnant women is the risk of contracting tuberculosis
TB and or malaria. Delay in receiving health care due to weak healthcare system which does not
have either the human or the maternal resources to adequately deal with obsterical emergencies .

The study sought to identify the importance of maternal health care which were; Ensures healthy
pregnancy and good health care, Aids in the delivery of healthy baby by providing immunization
services, quaranteeing a balanced diet and maintaining sanitation, safeguards reproductive rights
and promotes a baby life, Reduce the preventable deaths among women and children .

5.2 CONCLUSION.
As stated earlier maternal health care on child development is one of the most productive ways to
improve the lives and livelihood if individuals. Maternal health care have been shown to be an
effective machanism to support and enable maternal health cares development .Maternal health
care is a very pressing social issues in both developed and developing countries. It has caused
more effects on social economic development. It has caused more morbidity, to cope, residents
have organised more maternal measures to safeguard mothers and young youths lives .

The study concluded that the current causes and patterns of maternal health care on child
development include lack of resources, poor infrastructure, inadequate food supply for maternal
mothers, insecurities. The study concluded that utilization of maternal health coverage is poor for
to lack of birth preparedness, awareness and positive attitude for utilization of antenatal services in
rural. The study also suggested that those mothers who undertool adequate birth preparations
almost three times more likely to experience favourable birth outcome than who did not.

5.3 RECOMENTATIONS
After the study, research done in the field recommends that;
The government should introduce effective medical facilities and distribute enough resources to
eradicate high ranking issues of dearth rate. Improve health care facilities.
The government should develop standardized education needs to improve maternal health care
systerms.
Developing a context specific model for maternal health care with the recomentations from the
litature.
Residents to organize more maternal measures to safeguard mothers and young youths lives.
Government should creat more employment opportunities for effective maternal health services.
Early preparations for the birth and detection of danger signs on pregnancy mothers.

5.4 SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER STUDIES.

The suggestions for further research are as follows;
That a national wide survey be conducted in the effects of maternal health care on child
development in hospitals so as to establish magnitude of the problem thereby formulating a policy
if dealing with maternal healthcare.
The study to be conducted on the effect of poor maternal healthcare on child development on
management of maternal services in hospitals.

REFRENCES
1. Casey's model of nursing forcuses on the nurse working in partnership with child and
 his or her family.
2. Rosemarie Rizzo parse first published the theory in 1981 as the"Man-living-health"
theory, and the name was changed to the " human becoming theory" in 1992.
3. Parse's mode rates quality of life from each person's own perspective as the goal of
the practise of nursing.
4. The philosophy of Casey's model is that the best people to care for the child are the
members of the family, with health professionals assisting.
5. Ramona Mereer began with the study of mothers who gave birth to infants with a birth
defect (1971-1973) focused on teanage mothers.
6. Mereers participated in a cross- cultural comparison of mothers responses to
cesarean and viginal births.
7. US Department of Health and Human services. Preventive care for children, 26 covered
Preventive services for children.
8. Children's Health insurance program Reauthorization Act of 2009, Public law 111-3.
9. American Academy of pediaics Recommendations for preventive pediatric Health care 10.
Cassedy A, fairbrother a, Newacheck P. The impact of insurance instability of children
access, utilization and satisfaction with health care. Ambul Pediat 2008 Sept Oct,
8(5) : 321-8 DMD: 18922506.
11. Centers for disease control and prevention. Meningococcal disease Accessed
March 22, 2016.
12. Centers for disease control and prevention . Meningococcal , VIS accessed
05/18/2015.

APPENDICES 1

TIME FRAME
Month May June July Aug Sept Oct

Developing Defending Developing Collecting Annalyzing Defending

a research research research data
tittle tittle Questions

APPENDICES 2

ANTICIPATED BUDGET
ACTIVITY AMOUNT
Typesetting, printing of Sh.200
Questionnaires
Carrying out field data Sh.150
collection
Typesetting, printing of the Sh. 800
Manscript
Binding, buying RW CDs sh.600
burning
TOTAL Sh.1750

QUESTIONNAIRE
I Munde Jane, a student at Sigalagala national polytechnic , Kakamega county
pursuing Diploma in Social work and community development . I'm carrying our
research on Maternal health care on child development . The purpose of the research
is to be awarded a Diploma in Social work.
I humbly request for your cooperation in responding to this questions of letter which
will enable me in accomplishing my studies, thanks in advance.

Instructions
Please respond to the following questions and mark the relevant box with a tick.

QUESTIONNAIRE ON EFFECTS OF MATERNAL HEALTH CARE ON CHILD

DEVELOPMENT AT EMUHAYA HOSPITAL, LUANDA SUBCOUNTY VIHIGA
COUNTY.
SECTION A ( closed ended questions)
Background of respondents.
1 Gender
Female ( ) Male ( ) Other ( )
2 Age group
15-20 ( ) 20-25 ( ) 25-30 ( )
3 Level of education
Vocational ( ) Primary ( ) Secondary( )
4 Marital status
Single ( ) Married ( ) Divorced ( )
5 Do you agree with the issue of maternal health care at Emuhaya hospital ?
Disagree ( ) Agree ( ) strongly agree ( )
6 Do you know any maternal offence act ?
Yes ( ) No( )

SECTION B (open ended questions )

7. Are you aware of the importance of maternal health care on child
development ?
Yes ( )
No ( )
If yes please state them .........
8. What kind o intervention do you think will help to reduce the effects of
maternal health care in the society ?.............
9. Do you know some of the effects on maternal health care ?
Yes ( )
No ( )
If yes state some of them.....
10. What are some of the factors that contribute to maternal health care
?.........
11. What are some of the challenges faced by maternal health care on child
development ?........