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    Mechanical Properties of Engineering Materials

    Uploaded by

    Mushavhi Rudzi

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Mechanical Properties of Engineering Materials

    Uploaded by

    Mushavhi Rudzi
    10 views11 pages

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    10 views11 pages

    Mechanical Properties of Engineering Materials

    Uploaded by

    Mushavhi Rudzi

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 11

    Mechanical Properties

    of Engineering
    Materials
    Why study mechanics?

    • Useful for the analysis and design of


    load-bearing structures, such as:
    • buildings
    • bridges
    • space shuttles
    • prosthetics
    • biological implants

    • Also used to
    characterize materials
    Stress
    • The force per unit area, or intensity of the forces
    distributed over a given section. (units = Pascals [Pa] or
    pounds per square inch [psi])
    σ = F/A
    •Stress is how engineers normalize the force that is applied
    to a material to account for differences in geometry.

    •Useful for predicting failure conditions for materials.


    Strain
    • Deformation per unit length (units: none [unitless])
    ε = ΔL/L
    • Strain is how engineers normalize the deformation that a
    material experiences to account for differences in
    geometry.

    • Useful for determining how much a material can deform


    before failure.
    Modulus of Elasticity
    • A representation of the stiffness of a material that behaves
    elastically (units: Pascals [Pa] or pounds per square inch
    [psi])
    E = σ/ε
    • What equation is this similar to?
    k = F /Δx
    • Modulus of elasticity is how engineers characterize
    material behavior.
    • Useful for knowing how materials behave, material
    selection for device design, and calculating the stress in a
    material since it is easier to measure deformation than it is
    to determine the exact force on a material.
    Example 1

    • This rod is exposed to a tensile


    20 N force of 20 N. What is the stress in
    0.5 m
    the rod?
    0.5 m
    σ =F/A

    3m F = 20 N (given)
    A = 0.5 m * 0.5 m = 0.25 m2

    σ = 20 N / 0.25 m2

    σ = 80 Pa
    20 N
    Example 2

    • The rod below is exposed to a


    20 N tensile force of 20 N and elongates
    by 0.03 m. Calculate the strain.
    0.5 m
    0.5 m
    ε = ΔL/L
    3m ΔL = 0.03 m (given)
    L=3m

    ε = 0.03 m / 3 m
    ε = 0.01
    20 N
    Example 3
    • The rod below is exposed to a
    tensile force of 20 N and elongates
    20 N
    by 0.03 m. Calculate the modulus
    0.5 m
    of elasticity.
    0.5 m
    E = σ/ε
    3m
    σ = 80 Pa (from first example)
    ε = 0.01 (from second example)

    E = 80 Pa / 0.01

    20 N E = 8000 Pa or 8 kPa
    Understanding
    the Stress-Strain Curve
    • elastic range –
    The linear portion of the
    stress
    stress-strain curve.
    When the force is ultimate
    tensile
    released, the material strength fracture
    yield
    returns to its original stress
    stress

    dimensions.
    • plastic range –
    The region of elastic plastic strain
    permanent range range
    deformation.
    Understanding
    the Stress-Strain Curve

    • yield stress –
    The minimum stress stress
    that causes permanent ultimate
    deformation. tensile
    strength fracture
    • ultimate tensile yield stress
    stress
    strength –
    The maximum stress
    that the material can
    strain
    withstand. elastic
    range
    plastic
    range
    Also defines the
    beginning of necking.
    The Stress-Strain Curve
    • necking – A localized decrease in cross sectional area that
    causes a decrease in stress with an increase in strain.
    • fracture stress – Stress in which the material fails.

    F tensile load
    direction stress
    ultimate
    tensile
    strength fracture
    yield stress
    neck stress

    steel
    tensile
    specimen
    elastic plastic strain
    range range
    F

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