FUNG Assignment Series Ch 9: Physical Optics

9. Physical Optics
WAVE FRONT AND RAYS
 Wave front is a locus of points which have same phase of vibrations.
 Following are the types of wave front;
Spherical Wave Front
Set of points, which determine the surface of sphere.
Cylindrical Wave Front
Set of points, which determine the surface of cylinder.
Plane Wave Front
A small part of spherical or cylindrical wave front at very large distance from source of light

 Point light sources produce spherical wave fronts.

 When a point source is placed at focus of converging lens, plane wave fronts are obtained in
laboratory.
 Plane wave fronts reach from the Sun to the Earth, as the earth is far off from the sun.
 The distance between two consecutive wave fronts is one wavelength.
 A line normal to the wave front including the direction of motion is called a ray of light.

A point source of light placed at principal focus of

convex lens will produce a plane wave.

HUYGEN’S PRINCIPLE
(i) Every point on wave front acts as a source of secondary spherical wavelets, which propagate in
forward direction with speed of light.
(ii) Position of new wave front is tangent envelope to all of secondary wavelets.
(iii) Radius of hemisphere = ct

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 9: Physical Optics

 There is an infinite number of secondary wavelets present on wave front.

 Light ray is associated with direction of flow of light energy.
 In a homogeneous medium, the energy of wave is transmitted equal in all sides and wave front
remains spherical for long distance
INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT
Interference is a superposition of two light waves of same frequency and same amplitude
propagating in same medium along same direction very close to each other.
 For constructive interference, light waves reach a point in phase and their path difference = n λ
 For destructive interference, light waves reach a point in out of phase and their path difference =

 2n  1
2
Conditions for Interference of Light
(i) Monochromatic (Having single wave length)
(ii) Coherence (Having constant phase difference)
(iii) Same direction
(iv) Same medium
(v) Very Close to each other.
 There is no perfect monochromatic source, but by using filters it is possible to produce a source
that gives light whose wavelength differ by 5x10-10 m
 If phase difference between two waves remains constant, then interference pattern will be stationary
on screen otherwise it will change continuously.
 For two ordinary sources, no interference pattern is obtained, because the phase changes rapidly
and irregularly (that’s why to get two coherent waves a single beam of light is split into two or more
beams).
 Optical path is equal to product of refractive index of medium and distance covered in air.
Optical path = nd
where ‘n’ is refractive index and ‘d’ is path in air.
YOUNG’S DOUBLE SLIT EXPERIMENT
 Path difference = d sin 
 For bright fringes;
d sin  = m 1st bright fringe at m = 0
 For dark fringes;

d sin   2m  1 1st dark fringe at m = 0
2

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 9: Physical Optics

mλL
 ym = (position of mth bright fringe)
d
λL
 y m =  2m+1 (position of mth dark fringe)
2d
y md
 = (wavelength from bright fringe)
mL
2y m d
 = (wavelength from dark fringes)
 2m+1 L
 Distance between centers of two consecutive dark fringes or bright fringes is called fringe width.
L
Fringe spacing (Y) = (applicable both for bright or dark fringes)
d
Suggestions to widen the interference fringes
Y   (to increase )
Y  L (to increase L)
Y  1/d (to decrease d)
INTERFERENCE IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF THIN FILMS
 Thin film of refracting medium having thickness comparable to the wavelength of light rays e.g.
(i) Oil film on water (ii) Soap film (iii) Air film
 When exposed to white light, thin film produces colorful pattern due to interference.
 When exposed to monochromatic light, only bright and dark fringes are obtained
Classification of Thin Films
Uniform or Parallel Thin Films
Whose thickness is uniform. It gives straight interference pattern.
Wedge-Shaped Films
Whose thickness is zero at one end and then increases uniformly. Its interference
pattern comprises a set of parallel fringes all parallel to the edge of wedge.
 Wedge shaped films can be obtained using a spacer between the two slides of glass.
 The thinnest part of wedge film shaped is always dark, due to additional path difference of /2,
caused by phase reversal, at denser medium.
NEWTON’S RINGS
 Newton’s rings are practical study of interference in wedge shaped thin films.

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 9: Physical Optics

(i) When sodium light is incident on the Plano convex lens system, light rays reflect from upper and
lower layers of the air present between lens and the glass plate. The sodium light source is almost
monochromatic.
(ii) There is no phase change at the lens-air surface, because the wave is going from a higher to a lower
refraction index medium. At the air-plate surface, however, there is a phase shift of 1800 with the
reflection from a medium of higher refractive index.
(iii) Waves reflected from these two surfaces interfere, forming bright bands where the path length in
air produces two waves in phase and dark bands where the waves are out of phase.
(iv) The Centre of the pattern is black.
(v) The fringes are circular as the locus of points of equal thickness of air is a circle.
 Conditions for interference are reversed for Newton’s rings as;
Path difference = m (for dark ring)

Path difference   2m  1 (for bright ring)
2
λ
This is due to phase reversal by 180° which is equivalent to an extra path difference of .
2
 Point of contact is always dark due to phase reversal at point of contact. Here actual physical path
difference is zero.
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY COLOURS
Red, green and blue colours are called primary colours. Complementary colours of white light are
those two colours, whose combined effect is to produce white light on eye. They are;
(i) Red and blue - green
(ii) Yellow and blue - violet
(iii) Green and purple (mixture of red and blue)
If two primary colours of white light are mixed, we get complementary colours. e.g. red and green
primary colours are mixed, we get yellow, which is complementary colours of blue-violet.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LUMINOUS, NON-LUMINOUS AND INCANDESCENT OBJECTS
 A luminous object is one that emits its own light e.g. sun
 A non-luminous object is that which is visible by light it reflects. e.g. moon
 Incandescent object is that which emits light due to heating, e.g. filament of electric bulb.
MICHELSON INTERFEROMETER
 Michelson interferometers is an optical instrument used for following purposes;
(i) Testing lenses, mirrors and prisms.
(ii) Measurement of refractive indices.
(iii) Thickness of thin plate through which light can pass.

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 9: Physical Optics

 Interferometers are based upon the principle of division of wave front

 Michelson’s interferometer consists of following essential parts;
(i) Diffused source of monochromatic light.
(ii) Beam splitter (semi-silvered glass plate).
(iii) Plane mirrors held  to each other, one is fixed and the other is movable.
(iv) Micrometer (it is attached to movables mirror)
(v) Compensator (glass plate equal in thickness to beams splitter and of the same material as that of
beam splitter).
(vi) Telescope (to observe interference fringes)
 If mirror is moved by a distance of /2, with dark fringe in view, then fringe of same kind is
observed because total path difference is .
 If mirror is moved by distance of /4, then alternatively, dark and bright fringes can be observed
because total path difference is /2.
 If mirror is moved through distance p, and ‘m’ fringes pass before eye.
m
p=
2
 Interferometer can be used:
(i) To determine refractive index
(ii) To test planes of glass slabs and lenses
(iii) To determine wavelength of light
DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT
Bending of light around sharp edges is called diffraction or the spreading of light waves into
geometrical shadow of an obstacle and redistribution of light intensity resulting in dark and bright
fringes is called diffraction of light.
 The smaller is the size of diffracting object (obstacle), the higher the degree of diffraction is
observed.
Differences between interference and diffraction
INTERFERENCE DIFFRACTION
(i) Superposition of few secondary (i) Superposition of large number of
wavelets is involved. secondary wavelets is involved.
(ii) Interference fringes are equal in (ii) Diffraction fringes wide near
size. diffracting object and become small as
one move away from it.
(iii) Interference fringes are equally (iii) Diffraction fringes become narrow as
spaced. distance from diffracting object
increases.
(iv) Points of destructive interference (iv) Points of minimum intensity are not
are perfectly dark. perfectly dark.

DIFFRACTION DUE TO NARROW SLIT

 Diffraction due to a narrow slit has central maximum and alternating secondary minima and
maxima on its both sides.
 Condition for mth order minima on either side of center is given by
d Sin  = mλ
where m = 1,2,3,……. And d is width of slit.
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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 9: Physical Optics
DIFFRACTION GRATING
Diffraction grating is a multi-slit arrangement of parallel and equally spaced slits.
Suppose monochromatic light is directed at the grating parallel to its axis as shown. Let the distance
between successive slits be d.

The diffraction pattern on the screen is the result of the combined effects of diffraction and
interference. Each slit causes diffraction, and the diffracted beams in turn interfere with one another
to produce the pattern. The path difference between waves from any two adjacent slits can be found
by dropping a perpendicular line between the parallel waves. By geometry, this path difference is d
sin θ . If the path difference equals one wavelength or some integral multiple of a wavelength, waves
from all slits will be in phase and a bright line will be observed. Therefore, the condition for
maxima in the interference pattern at the angle θ is d sin θ = m λ where m = 0,1,2,3…..
Because d is very small for diffraction grating, a beam of monochromatic light passing through a
diffraction grating splits into very narrow maxima (bright fringes) at large angles θ.

Practically a diffraction grating is a piece of glass

with 400  5000 lines per cm.

 Lines are opaque while separation between them is transparent, so space between two engraved
lines behaves as slit.
 Distance between two slits is called grating element. d = l/N
where ‘N’ is the number of lines in one unit length.
 Grating equation is given as d sin  = m
where ‘m’ is called the order of diffraction pattern.
 For white light, we see colored fringes.
 Resolving power of grating is its ability to separate two wavelengths of light in given order of their
spectrum.
Resolving Power = / = N x m
N = number of lines ruled on grating
m = order of diffraction
 = difference in two wavelengths to be resolved by the grating.

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 9: Physical Optics
DIFFRACTION OF X-RAYS BY CRYSTALS
 Bragg’s law is given as 2 d sin  = m
Where‘d’ is called lattice spacing and  is called angle of diffraction.
 Solid crystals behave as very good natural diffraction gratings and incident ultraviolet light is
diffracted from layers of atoms.
 Inter atomic layer distance is called lattice constant.
 In 1913, Max Von Laue suggested that since atomic layers in solid NaCl have layer separation of 10-
10
m, therefore, X-rays can be diffracted.
 Max von laue pattern on film is in the form of dark spots/bright spots.
 Analysis of the relative intensity of dark/bright spots gives rise to crystal structure of solid.
Note: Diffraction proves that wavelength of light is smaller than that of sound
POLARIZATION
Polarization refers to the orientation of the vibrations of light wave.

 The material, which produces polarization, is called polarizer. e.g. tourmaline crystal is a polarizer.

 Polaroid (polarizer) absorbs all magnetic vectors as well as randomly oriented electric vectors
leaving only those electric vectors, which are in one plane.
 Tourmaline crystal has internal molecular structure such that their interaction with incident light is
to;
(i) absorb all magnetic vectors
(ii) put (confine) all electric vector in one plane.
 Polarization is possible only in e.m waves because their electric and magnetic vectors are  to each
other as well as well to direction of propagation. Thus, polarization has established that light is a
transverse wave.
 Analyzer is used to test plane polarization.
 Plane determined by direction of propagation and polarized electric vectors of light is called plane
of polarization.
 Mauls Law: I = I0cos2θ
 Different methods for producing plane polarized light are given below;
(i) Selective absorption technique (e.g. tourmaline crystal, calcite, crystal)
(ii) Polarization by reflection.
(iii) Polarization by scattering.
Uses of Polarized Light
(i) Determination of concentration of optically active substance in a solution, e.g. sugar in blood &
urine by using polarimeter in medical diagnostic labs.
(ii) Curtain less window.
(iii) To enhance effect of clouds & sky in photograph.
(iv) Headlights of vehicles to control the glare in night driving.

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 9: Physical Optics

EXERCISE

(1) Two coherent sources produce a dark fringe when the phase difference between interfering waves is:
(a) Zero (b) 2
(c) n (d) (2n–1), n = 1, 2, 3, 4
(2) Monochromatic light of wavelength  is incident normally on a diffraction grating with the
grating element d. At which angle with the normal to the grating is 2 nd order diffracted beam
observed?
2 
(a) sin 1 (b) sin 1
d 2d
d 2d
(c) sin 1 (d) sin 1
 
(3) Huygens’ construction can be used only:
(a) for light (b) for an electromagnetic wave
(c) for transverse waves (d) for all of the above and other situations
(4) To demonstrate the phenomenon of interference, we require:
(a) two sources which emit radiation of the same frequency
(b) two sources which emit radiation of nearly the same frequency
(c) two sources which emit radiation of the same frequency and have a definite phase relationship
(d) they are not monochromatic
(5) The reason there are two slits, rather than one, in a Young’s experiment is:
(a) one slit is for frequency, the other for wavelength
(b) two slits in parallel other for less resistance
(c) to increase the intensity
(d) to create a path length difference
(6) A slit of size 0.15 cm is placed at 2.1 m from a screen. On illuminated it by a light of wavelength
5 x 10-5 cm. The width of central maxima will be
(a) 1.4 mm (b) 0.04 mm
(c) 0.4 mm (d) 70 mm
(7) In a diffraction pattern by a wire, on increasing diameter of wire, fringe width
(a) remain same
(b) increases
(c) decreases
(d) increasing or decreasing will depend on wavelength
(8) Two coherent sources of light can be obtained by
(a) two different lamps
(b) two different lamps but of the same power
(c) two different lamps of same power and having the same colour
(d) none of these
(9) Which of the following is conserved when light waves interfere with each other?
(a) energy (b) amplitude
(c) intensity (d) momentum

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 9: Physical Optics
(10) By Huygens’s wave theory of light, we cannot explain the phenomenon of
(a) polarization (b) photoelectric effect
(c) interference (d) diffraction
(11) The phenomenon of interference is shown by
(a) longitudinal mechanical waves only (b) transverse mechanical waves only
(c) electromagnetic waves only (d) all of these
(12) The locus of all points in a medium having the same phase of vibration is called
(a) crest (b) trough
(c) wavelength (d) wave front
(13) If torch is used in place of monochromatic light in young’s experiment what will happen?
(a) fringe will occur as from monochromatic source
(b) fringe will appear for a moment and then it will disappear
(c) no fringes will appear
(d) only bright fringe
(14) The similarity between the sound waves and light waves is
(a) both are electromagnetic waves (b) both are longitudinal waves
(c) they can produce interference (d) both have the same speed in a medium
(15) Polaroid glass is used as sunglasses because:
(a) it reduces the light intensity to half on account of polarization
(b) it is fashionable
(c) it has good colour
(d) it is cheaper
(16) Two identical light sources S1 and S2 emit light of same wavelength l. These light rays will exhibit
interference if
(a) their light intensities change randomly (b) their light intensities remain constant
(c) their phase differences remain constant (d) their phases are distributed randomly
(17) In Young’s experiment, one slit is covered with a blue filter and the other (slit) with a yellow filter. Then
the interference pattern:
(a) will be blue (b) will be yellow
(c) will be green (d) will not be formed
(18) Un-polarized light is converted into partially or plane polarized light by many processes. Which of the
following does not do that?
(a) reflection (b) diffraction
(c) double refraction (d) scattering
(19) The condition for constructive interference of two coherent beams is that the path difference
should be
(a) integral multiple of /2 (b) integral multiple of 
(c) odd integral multiple of /2 (d) even integral multiple of 
(20) In an interference pattern
(a) bright fringes are wider than dark fringes
(b) dark fringes are wider than bright fringe
(c) both dark and bright fringes are of equal width
(d) central fringes are dimmer than the outer fringes
(21) In Young’s double slit experiment, the separation between the slit is halved and distance
between the slit and screen is doubled. The fringe width is
(a) remain same (b) double
(c) half (d) quadrupled

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 9: Physical Optics
(22) Wavelength of light of frequency 100Hz
(a) 3×106m (b) 2×106m
(c) 4×106m (d) 5×106m
(23) Ray diverging from a point source from a wave front that is
(a) spherical (b) plane
(c) cylindrical (d) cubical
(24) The frequency of light ray having the wavelength 3000 Å is
(a) 9 x 1013 cycles/sec (b) 1015 cycles/sec
(c) 90 cycles/sec (d) 3000 cycles/sec
(25) If the distance between a point source and screen is doubled, then intensity of light on the
screen will become
(a) half (b) double
(c) one-fourth (d) four times
(26) The wavelength of X- rays is of the order of
(a) 10Ao (b) 1000 Ao
(c) 1Ao (d) 100 Ao
(27) Wavelength of X- rays falling at glancing angle of 30º on a crystal with atomic spacing 2x10-10m
for the first order diffraction is
(a) 4x10-10m (b) 2x10-10m
(c) 0.02x10-10m (d) 20x10-10m
(28) Monochromatic green light of wavelength 5×10−7 m illuminates a pair of slits 1 mm apart. The
separation of bright lines on the interference pattern formed on a screen 2 m away is
(a) 0.25 mm (b) 0.1 mm
(c) 0.01 mm (d) 1.0 mm
(29) In Young's double slit experiment, if the slit widths are in the ratio 1 : 9, then the ratio of the
intensity at minima to that at maxima will
(a) 1 (b)1/9
(c) ¼ (d) 1/3
(30) Which one of the following cannot be polarized?
(a) radio waves (b) ultraviolet rays
(c) x-rays (d) ultrasonic waves
(31) Bragg’s equation is stated as
2sin  m
(a) d  (b) d 
m sin 
2

m 2sin
2
(c) d  (d) d 
2sin  m
(32) In monochromatic red light, a blue book will probably appear to be
(a) black (b) purple
(c) green (d) no scientific reasoning available
(33) A teacher sets up the apparatus shown to demonstrate a two slit interference pattern on the
screen. The teacher wishes to increase the fringe spacing. Which change to the apparatus will
increase the fringe spacing?

(a) decreasing the distance p (b) decreasing the distance q

(c) decreasing the distance r (d) decreasing the wavelength of the light

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 9: Physical Optics
(34) In double slit experiment, if one of the two slit is covered then
(a) no interference fringes are observed (b) no diffraction fringes are observed
(c) no fringes observed (d) interference pattern not disturbed
(35) ___________ gives the definition of metre in terms of wavelength of red cadmium light
(a) Newton (b) Einstein
(c) Michelson (d) Galileo
(36) How is the interfering pattern affected if the Young’s double slit experiment was performed in
still water and then in air?
(a) fewer fringes will be visible (b) fringes will be narrower
(c) fringes will be broader (d) fringes will disappear
(37) In young’s double slit experiment, the fringe width depends on
(a) wavelength of the light used (b) distance between the slits and screen
(c) distance between the slits (d) all of them
(38) A diffraction grating contains 5000 lines per centimeter, its grating element will be
(a) 2  10-4 nm (b) 2  10-14 m
(c) 2  10-14 cm (d) 2  10-4 cm
(39) As a result of interference of 2 coherent sources of light, energy is
(a) redistributed and distribution does not vary with time
(b) decrease
(c) increased
(d) redistributed and distribution changes with time
(40) When a two-slit arrangement was set up to produce interference fringes on a screen using a
monochromatic source of green light, the fringes were found to be too close together for
convenient observation. In which of the following ways would it be possible to increase the
separation of the fringes?
(a) decrease the distance between the screen and the slits
(b) have larger distance between the two slits.
(c) increase the distance between the source and the slits.
(d) replace the light source with a monochromatic source of red light
(41) When light of different colours move through water they must have different
(a) wavelengths (b) frequencies
(c) velocities (d) all of the above
(42) Huygen’s principle of secondary wavelets may be used to
(a) find the velocity of light in vacuum (b) explain the particle behaviour of light
(c) find the new position of a wave front (d) explain Snell’s law
(43) In a diffraction (single slit experiment), slit is exposed by white light. The fringe surrounding the
central fringe is
(a) red (b) yellow
(c) violet (d) green
(44) In YDSE one slit is covered with red filter and another slit is covered by green filter, the
interference pattern will be______
(a) red (b) green
(c) yellow (d) invisible

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 9: Physical Optics
(45) Intensity of light depends on
(a) amplitude (b) frequency
(c) wavelength (d) velocity
(46) Fig. shows a double slit experiment p and Q are the slits. The path lengths PX and QX are n
and  n  2   respectively, where n is a whole number and  is the wavelength. Taking the
central fringe as zero, what is formed at X?

(a) First bright (b) Second bright

(c) First dark (d) Second dark
o o
(47) A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths 6500 A and 5200 A is used to obtain
o
interference fringes in YDSE. Suppose the mth bright fringe due to 6500 A coincides with nth
o
bright fringe due to 5200 A at a minimum distance from the central maximum. Then
(a) m = 4 ; n = 5 (b) m = 5 ; n = 4
(c) m = 8 ; n = 10 (d) m = 10 ; n = 8
(48) In YDSE, for light of which colour the fringe width will be minimum
(a) violet (b) red
(c) green (d) yellow
(49) In Young’s double slit experiment, the phase difference between the light waves reaching third
bright fringe from the central fringe will be
(a) Zero (b) 4π
(c) 2π (d) 6π
o
(50) A polaroid is placed at 45 to an incoming light of intensity Io. Now the intensity of light passing
through polaroid after polarization would be ______
I
(a) Io (b) o
2
Io
(c) (d) zero
4
ANSWER KEY

1 d 11 d 21 d 31 c 41 d
2 a 12 d 22 a 32 a 42 c
3 d 13 c 23 a 33 b 43 c
4 c 14 c 24 b 34 a 44 d
5 d 15 a 25 c 35 c 45 a
6 a 16 c 26 c 36 c 46 b
7 c 17 d 27 b 37 d 47 a
8 d 18 b 28 d 38 d 48 a
9 a 19 b 29 c 39 a 49 d
10 b 20 c 30 d 40 d 50 b
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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 9: Physical Optics

SOLUTION

(1) Phase difference for dark fringe     2n  1 

n  1, 2,3, 4......
   ,3 ,5 ,.....
(2) For diffraction grating, dsin   n
 2 
θ  sin 1  
 d 
(3) Huygen’s principle is used for light which is electromagnetic wave of transverse nature
(4) Interfering beams must be monochromatic and coherent
(5) When two slits will use then YDSE screen pattern will appear due to path differences between light.
(6)

L 1
(7) Fringe spacing = Y   Y 
d d
(8) The coherent source cannot be obtained from two different light sources.
(9) According to law of conservation of energy, energy cannot be created neither destroyed.
(10) Huygen's wave theory fails to explain the particle nature of light (i.e. photoelectric effect)
(11) Interference is shown by transverse as well as mechanical waves
(12) Definition of wave front.
(13) Torch is the source of white light-colored fringes are observed which are blurred due to
overlapping.
(14) Sound wave and light waves both show interference.
(15) Glare reduced by polaroid glass.
(16) For interference phase difference must be constant.
(17) For YDSE screen pattern, light should be monochromatic
(18) Polarization cannot be performed by diffraction
(19) d sin  n
Path difference = n n  0, 1, 2, 3......
λL
(20) Δy bright = Δydark =
d
  2L 
(21) y   4y
d
2
c 3 108
(22)    3 106 m
v 100
(23)

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FUNG Assignment Series Ch 9: Physical Optics
(24)

1 1
(25) Intensity  I  I becomes one-fourth.
 Distance 
2
r2
o
(26)  x ray  1010 m  1A
(27) 2dsin   n
2  2 1010 m  sin 30  n
1
2  2 1010 m     1 
2
10
2 10 m  
 L 5 107  2
(28) Y    103 m  1mm
d 1103
(29)

(30) Sound wave cannot polarized because sound wave is longitudinal wave.
m
(31) 2d sin   m  d 
2d sin 
(32) Blue book will appear blue only in blue or white light otherwise it will appear black.
For other colours of light it will appear black because color of body is the color of reflected light
other colors are absorbed.
L
(33) y 
d
1
y 
d
Where, d  q = distance between two slits
(34) For interference two monochromatic beam light required
(35) Michelson.
(36) In air speed of light increase. As v   
L
Hence, Y   Y   
d
L
(37) y 
d
L 1102
(38) d   2  104 cm
N 5000
(39) Energy is distributed but remains conserved.
L
(40) y   y    Red  Green
d
(41) Speed of light will change. According v  f  all factor will be change.
Department of Physics STEM 173
FUNG Assignment Series Ch 9: Physical Optics
(42) Huygen’s principle is used to find position and location of new wave front.
(43) Central fringe will white, then violet to red.
(44) Sources are not coherent
(45)  I  A2 
(46) Path difference   n  2    n  2
n L
(47) y  n  constant
d
n11  n2 2
m  6500  n  5200
m 5200 4
 
n 6500 5
L
(48) y  y   , violet colour wavelength minimum so fringe spacing for violet colour is
d
minimum.
2 2
(49)   x   3   6 x  3
 
(50) I  I o cos 
2
  45o
I
I o
2

Department of Physics STEM 174