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    Lecture 7

    Uploaded by

    Shakil Ahmed

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Lecture 7

    Uploaded by

    Shakil Ahmed
    3 views6 pages

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    3 views6 pages

    Lecture 7

    Uploaded by

    Shakil Ahmed

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Lecture 7

    Combinations of Harmonic Motions

    Lissajous figure: In mathematics, a Lissajous curve describes complex harmonic motion. A


    Lissajous figure is produced by taking two sine waves and displaying them at right angles to
    each other. This is easily done on an oscilloscope in XY mode.

    Composition of Two Simple Harmonic Vibrations of Equal Frequency Acting at Right


    Angles:

    All possible combinations of two simple harmonic motions at right angles having the same
    frequency correspond to elliptical paths, the circle and straight line being special cases of an
    ellipse.

    Proof:

    Let x = a sin (ωt + α) --------------- (1)

    And y = b sin ωt ------------------- (2)

    represent the displacements of a particle along the X and Y-axes due to the influence of two
    simple harmonic vibrations acting simultaneously on a particle in perpendicular directions. Here,
    the two vibrations have the same frequency but are of different amplitudes and different phase
    angles.

    From equation (2),

    From equation (1), -------- (3)

    1
    Substituting the values of sin ωt and cos ωt in equation (3)

    or

    Squaring

    Or

    --------- (4)

    -this represents the general equation of an ellipse. Thus due to the super position of two simple
    harmonic vibrations, the displacement of the particles will be a parabolic curve.

    Special Cases:

    (i) If α = 0 or 2π then cos α = 1 and sin α = 0 then equation (4) becomes

    or
    or

    this represents the equation of a straight line

    (ii) If α = π then sin α = 0 and cos α = -1

    this also represents equation of a straight line


    (iii) If or
    Then sin α = 1 and cos α = 0

    this represents the equation of an ellipse with a and b as semi-major and


    semi-minor axes.
    (iv) If or and a = b
    hen
    Or x2 + y2 = a2 - this represents the equation of a circle of radius a.

    Applications of Simple Harmonic Motion

    2
    The Physical Pendulum
    pivot pt.

    r

    mg sin

    mg

    Any rigid body mounted so that it can swing in a vertical plane about some axis passing through
    it is called a physical pendulum. This is a generalization of the simple pendulum in which a
    weightless cord holds a single particle. Actually all real pendulums are physical pendulums.

    In the Fig a body of irregular shape is pivoted about an axis through P and displaced from the
    equilibrium position by an angle θ. The equilibrium position is that in which the center of mass
    of the body, C, lies vertically below P.

    Now, consider mass of the body = M

    Distance from pivot to center of mass is = r

    Rotational inertia of the body = ,

    The restoring torque is due to the tangential component of the force of gravity and is given by

    τ= - [ As torque = r x F = rF sin Ѳ= Mgr sin Ѳ ]

    where θ is an angular displacement

    For small angular displacements, however, the relation sin θ ≈ θ, as before, an excellent
    approximation, so that for small amplitudes,

    τ= -

    or τ

    3
    where

    But τ = = Iα,
    so that =-

    Therefore equation of motion is +

    Hence, the period of a physical pendulum oscillating with small amplitude is

    T = 2π = 2π ----------- (15-25)

    Simple Pendulum

    A simple pendulum is an idealized body consisting of a point mass, suspended by a light


    inextensible cord. When pulled to one side of its equilibrium position and released, the
    pendulum swings in a vertical plane under the influence of gravity. The motion is periodic and
    oscillatory.

    Let, the length of the pendulum =

    Particle mass = m

    Angle with vertical = θ.

    Force acting on m is the gravitational force = mg

    Resolve mg into radial component = mg cos θ, and a tangential component of magnitude = mg


    sin θ. Hence, the restoring force is

    4
    F = - mg sin θ.
    Now the displacement along the arc is where l = length of string and x = displacement

    and Sin θ ≈ θ, for θ is small

    We obtain F = -mg θ = - mg = -

    Therefore equation of motion becomes +

    . The period of a simple pendulum when its amplitude is small is

    T = 2π = 2π or T = 2π --------- (15-19)
    The Torsional Pendulum

    A disk is suspended from a solid support by a wire attached to the center of mass of the disk. At
    the equilibrium position of the disk a radial line is drawn from its center to P, as shown. If the
    disk is rotated to Q, the wire will be twisted. The twisted wire will exert a torque on the disk
    tending to return it to the position P. This is a restoring torque. Now for small twists the torque
    is

    τ = - κ θ ----------- (15-21)
    Here κ is a constant that depends on the properties of the wire and is called the torsional
    constant. The minus sign shows that the torque is directed opposite to the angular
    displacement θ. Equation (15-21) is the condition for angular simple harmonic motion.

    The equation of motion for such a system is

    τ= =
    so that, on using eq. (15-21) we obtain

    5
    -κθ=

    or = - ----------- (15-22)

    Hence equation of motion is + = 0 --------- (15-23)


    Eq (15-23) is the equation for simple angular harmonic motion. The solution of Eq. 15-22 is

    θ = θm cos (ωt + δ) ------- (15-23)

    Here, θm is the maximum angular displacement. Here the equilibrium position is θ = 0 so the
    total angular range is 2θm.

    The period of the oscillation is

    T = ----------- (15-24)

    1. Define Lissajous figure with the diagram.


    2. Show that in case of super position of two simple harmonic vibrations, the displacement
    of the particles will be a parabolic.
    3. Describe the special cases when the parabolic path will be straight line and Circle.
    4. Define Physical pendulum. Derive the Equation of motion of a Physical pendulum and
    also derive its time period.
    5. Define Simple pendulum. Derive the Equation of motion of a Simple pendulum and also
    derive its time period.
    6. Define Torsional pendulum. Derive the Equation of motion of a torsional pendulum and
    also derive its time period.

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