POWER ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL

FOR VII SEMESTER B.E. ECE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CONTENTS
Exp. No. No.
1.

Title Static Characteristics of SCR & Diac

Page 1-6

2.

Static Characteristics of MOSFET & IGBT

7-12

3.

Controlled HWR & FWR using RC Triggering Circuit

13-16

4.

Synchronized UJT Firing circuit for HWR & FWR Circuits

17-21

5.

SCR turn-off circuits using: (i) LC circuit and (ii) Auxiliary commutation 22-26

6.

AC voltage controller using DIAC-TRIAC

27-31

7.

Single phase FWR using R and RL loads

32-36

8.

Voltage (Impulse) commutated chopper

37-40

9.

Speed control of separately excited DC motor

41-45

10.

Speed control of induction motor

46-49

11.

Speed control of universal motor

50-53

12.

Series and Parallel inverters

54-60

Viva Questions

61-64

Data Sheets

65-70

Experiment No. 1A : Static Characteristics of SCR

Aim: Obtain the V-I characteristics of SCR. Also find the holding current, latching current, break over voltage, and on-state resistance of the given SCR TYN612. Apparatus required: SCR TYN612 1 no., 2 Power Supplies (0-30 V), 2 Wattage Resistors - 100 , 5W, Ammeter, Voltmeter, etc. Procedure: a) V I Characteristics: 1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram below. 2. The value of gate current IG, is set to convenient value by adjusting VGG. 3. By varying the anode- cathode supply voltage VAA gradually in step-by-step, note down the corresponding values of VAK & IA for every 5V and enter the readings in the tabular column. 4. Further vary VAA till the SCR conducts. This can be noticed by a sudden drop of VAK and rise of IA readings. Note down these readings. 5. 6. The point at which SCR fires, gives the value of threshold gate current IGT and the break over voltage VBO. A graph of VAK V/S IA is to be plotted. Repeat the above steps for a different value

of IG. Hence, the V-I characteristics of SCR are obtained. 7. The on state resistance can be calculated from the graph by using the formula: Ron = VAK / IA ohms.

b) Holding Current: 1. 2. The gate supply voltage VGG is to be switched off. Observe the ammeter reading by reducing the anode-cathode supply voltage VAA. The point at which the ammeter reading suddenly goes to zero gives the value of Holding Current IH. Note down the values of VAK and VAK just before the SCR turns off. The value of holding current can be found out by: IH = (VAK --VAK ) / RA.

3.

c) Latching Current: 1. 2. 3. Set VAA to a particular value, and observe the values of VAA, VAK, and IA. Increase the gate supply voltage VGG to 1.2 times the threshold voltage, and connect the gate supply momentarily.

If the SCR voltage falls to 0.7V till the gate current is supplied and rises back to the original value, or its voltage does not fall at all. This shows that the anode current is lower than the latching current, and therefore, the SCR is either getting switched off as soon as the gate supply is removed, or is not getting switched on at all. 4. Increase the anode supply voltage VAA in steps of 0.2V each time and check if the SCR turns on permanently by connecting the gate supply momentarily. At this point, note down the values of VAA & VAK . Calculate the value of latching current i,e, the minimum anode current at which the SCR does not stop conducting even after removing the gate supply. IL= ( VAA -- VAK ) / RA

Base Diagram of TYN612

Ideal Graph

Note:

IL is always greater than IH, and is 1.5 to 2 times of IH.

Circuit Diagram:

Tabular Column:

IG = _____________mA Sl.No VAK Volts IA A/mA/A

IG = _____________mA Sl.No VAK Volts IA A/mA/A

Viva questions: 1. Explain the working operation of VI characteristics of S.C.R. 2. Define Holding current, Latching current, on state resistance, Break over voltage. 3. Explain the working of S.C.R. by using two transistor analogy. 4. Write an expression for anode current. 5. Mention the applications of S.C.R. 6. What is the relation between gate current and anode current of a thyristor in the conduction period? 7. What is power electronics? 8. What are the differences between an ordinary switch and a semiconductor switch?

Experiment No. 2A : Characteristics of MOSFET

Aim: To plot the characteristics of a MOSFET and to find the ON state resistance, the transconductance, and the threshold voltage. Apparatus: MOSFET IRF 540 or IRF 740, resistors, power supplies, multimeters. Circuit Diagram:

Procedure: 1. 2. 3. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram above. Initially keep VGG and VDD to zero. Set VDD , and hence VDS to some value = say 10 V. Slowly vary VGG , and note down ID and VGS readings in a table for every 0.5 volts. Plot the transfer characteristic graph i.e. the graph between ID and VGS for different values of VDS. The minimum gate to source voltage VGS that is required for conduction to start the MOSFET is called the threshold voltage. Now set VGG , and hence VGS to a value equal to the threshold voltage. Now slowly vary VDD, and note down ID and VDS readings in a table for every 1.0 volts. Plot the output characteristics (drain characteristics) graph i.e. the graph between ID and VDS for different values of VGS. Ideal Graphs:

4. 5.

Transfer Characteristic

Output Characteristic

6. 7.

Calculate the transconductance gm by finding the slope of the transfer characteristics as shown in the graph above. Calculate the On state drain to source resistance RDS for all the values of drain current. Tabular Column Transfer Characteristics VDS1 = ____ volts VGS (V) ID (mA) VDS2 = ____ volts VGS (V) ID (mA ) Output Characteristics VGS1 = ____ volts VDS (V) ID (mA) VGS2 = ____ volts VDS (V) ID (mA)

Experiment No. 2B : Characteristics of IGBT

Aim: To plot the V-I characteristics of IGBT.

Apparatus: IGBT-IRGBC 20S, Power Supplies, Wattage Resistors, Ammeter, Voltmeter, etc. Procedure: Collector Characteristics 1. Connections are mode as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Initially set V2 to VGE1 = 5v (slightly more than threshold voltage) 3. Slowly vary V1 and note down IC and VCE 4. Repeat the experiment for different values of VGE and note down IC v/s VCE 5. Draw the graph of IC v/s VCE for different values of VGE. Transconductance Characteristics 1. Connections are mode as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Initially keep V1 and V2 at zero. 3. Set VCE1 = say 0.8 v 4. Slowly vary V2 (VGE) and note down IC and VGE readings for every 0.5v and enter in the tabular column 5. Repeat the experiment for different values of VCE and draw the graph of IC v/s VGE. Collector Characteristics VGE1 = ___ V IC VCE VGE2 = ___ V IC VCE Transconductance Characteristics VCE1 =____ VCE2 =___ V V IC VGE IC VGE

Circuit Diagram:

Expected Graphs:

Collector Characteristics

Transconductance Characteristics

Experiment No. 3 : Controlled HWR & FWR using RC Triggering Circuit

Aim: To build a controlled half wave rectifier and full wave rectifier using RC triggering circuit, and to study their waveforms. Apparatus: RC triggering module having RC firing circuit, Bridge rectifier, SCR and isolation transformer , rheostat , CRO, multimeters Circuit Diagram for realizing HWR using RC triggering Circuit:

Procedure: 1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the main supply. Vary the firing angle of the thyristor by varying the control resistor, and observe the voltage waveforms across the load, SCR, and different parts of the circuit. 3. Keep the pot at minimum and maximum positions and measure the output voltage and firing angle for both the cases.

4. 90o.

Note the waveform across the SCR and the load capacitors for a firing angle of

5. Tabulate the readings and plot the graph with firing angle ( ) along the x-axis and the output voltage VO along the Y-axis. 6. Reconnect the module to realize a full wave rectifier and repeat the same observations and plot the graph. 7. Calculate theoretical output voltage VO (TH ) = [Vm (1 + cos )] / 2 for HWR and VO (TH ) = [Vm (1 + cos )] / for FWR, where Vm is the maximum value of the ac applied across the rectifier. Circuit Diagram for FWR

Tabular Column: Controlled HWR Firing angle VO Practical VO Theoretical =[Vm (1 + cos )] / 2 Controlled FWR Firing angle VO Practical VO Theoretical= [Vm (1 + cos )] / 2

Waveforms for a controlled full wave rectifier:

Experiment No. 4: Synchronized UJT Firing circuit for HWR and FWR circuits

Aim: To study the SCR firing circuit using UJT, measure intrinsic stand off ratio of UJT, and to build a controlled HWR and FWR using UJT firing circuit. Apparatus: UJT module consisting of UJT, pulse transformer, R, C, bridge rectifier, SCRs, and isolation transformer, rheostat, multimeter, and CRO. Circuit Diagram for controlled HWR using UJT:

Observation Table: Controlled HWR Firing angle VO Practical VO Theoretical Controlled FWR Firing angle VO Practical VO Theoretical

NOTE: Theoretical output voltage VO (TH ) = [Vm (1 + cos )] / 2 for HWR and VO (TH ) = [Vm (1 + cos )] / for FWR, where Vm is the maximum value of the ac applied across the rectifier. Circuit Diagram for controlled FWR using UJT:

Procedure: 1. Switch on the module.

2. Note down the voltages at zener using CRO. This is the synchronizing voltage. Measure the voltage applied to the UJT. 3. UJT. Record the voltage at the capacitor and measure the intrinsic stand off ratio of the

4. Vary the pot and record the waveforms for minimum and the maximum position of pot. 5. Connect the module for HWR using transformer and SCR. Record waveforms across the load and SCR. Vary the firing angle and record the variation of load voltage with the firing angle. 6. Reconnect the module for FWR and repeat the same measurements. Note the observations and plot the variation of load voltage with the firing angle. Also plot the waveforms.

Experiment No. 5: AC Voltage Control by using TRIAC-DIAC

Combination
Aim: To realize an AC voltage controller by using a DIAC- TRIAC combination. Apparatus: DIAC TRIAC module, rheostat, differential module, CRO, isolation transformer, multimeter. Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

1. 2.

Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram. Switch on the supply.

3. Vary the potentiometer and observe : Ac voltmeter reading, load voltage waveform on the CRO, brightness of the lamp. 4. As the resistance R (ie the pot) changes, the firing angle also varies. Note down the ac voltmeter reading of the output voltage and the firing angle. 5. 6. Plot the graph of firing angle vs ac load voltage. Compare ac voltmeter readings with the theoretical readings.

Waveforms:

Experiment No. 6: Speed Control of Single Phase Induction Motor

Aim: To control the speed of the induction motor using a TRIAC controlled by a firing circuit. Apparatus: AC voltage source, induction motor, TRIAC module with digital firing circuit. Procedure: 1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Firing angle is varied in steps gradually, note down corresponding speed of the induction motor using Tachometer and tabulate. 3. A graph of v/s speed is plotted. Circuit Diagram: Graph:

Tabular Column: Firing Angle ( in degrees) Speed in r.p.m

Experiment No. 7: Speed Control of Universal Motor (Ac and Dc)

Aim: To control the speed of the universal motor using a TRIAC controlled by a firing circuit. Apparatus: AC voltage source, induction motor, TRIAC module with digital firing circuit. Procedure: 1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Firing angle is varied in steps gradually, note down corresponding speed of the induction motor using Tachometer and tabulate. 3. A graph of v/s speed is plotted. 4. The above procedure can be used for ac as well as dc motor. Circuit Diagrams: Universal Motor (DC) Universal Motor (AC)

Tabular Column Firing Angle ( in degrees) Speed in r.p.m

Experiment No. 8: Voltage (Impulse) Comutated DC Chopper for fixed and variable frequency operation( Class D Commutation)

Aim: To build a chopper using Class D commutation and study its characteristics. Apparatus: DC chopper module or forced commutation module, CRO, 150 ohm rheostat, multimeter, firing circuit, external power supply. Circuit Diagram:

Waveforms:

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram using the chopper / commutation module. 2. Switch on the firing module. Study the firing pulses for main and auxiliary SCRs and find the minimum and the maximum frequency and the duty cycle possible. 3. Set the external voltage supply to 25 volts, connect it to the module and switch the module on. 4. Observe the voltage waveforms across the load, main SCR, auxiliary SCR and the capacitor. 5. Keep the duty cycle at 50 % and vary the frequency from maximum to minimum. Note down the variation of DC voltage with frequency for different duty cycles, and plot the graph. 6. Keep frequency at mid position and vary the duty cycle from minimum to maximum. Plot the graph of DC voltage vs. duty cycle. 7. keep the duty cycle and frequency at mid positions, and vary the load resistance till the load current is about 1 A.

Experiment No. 9: LC Commutation circuit (Class A Commutation)

Aim: To study the principle of Class A Commutation, limiting condition for commutation, and waveforms across the components. Apparatus: Commutation module, CRO, rheostat, Differential module

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure: 1. Check the trigger pulses at the output of the trigger circuit. Apply the trigger pulses to the Gate and Cathode of the SCR. 2. Connect the dc supply and switch on the circuit.

3. Observe the output voltage waveforms across the load and also observe the voltage waveforms across the SCR and other devices by varying the frequency. 4. Repeat the above steps for different values of L, C, R.

Experiment No. 10: Digital Firing Circuit

Aim: To study the function of a digital firing circuit. Apparatus: Digital firing circuit module, CRO.

Block Diagram: Procedure: 1. Switch on the mains. Keep the 180 / 100 switch in 180 position for converter firing. 2. Set angle to 179 on the thumb wheel switch and adjust the potentiometer R such that a small pulse appear at the counter output. 3. Now monitor the input ac waveform and the pulse output at T1T1 and T2T2.

4. Change the settings on the thumb wheel and observe the change in the firing angle w.r.t. the ac input signal. 5. Now plot all the pulse outputs w.r.t.ac signal, clock, ZCD, counter, carrier frequency, firing pulses. 6. The firing pulses can be connected to a rectifier module to obtain a controlled bridge. 7. Repeat the above steps 1-5 with switch in 100 position.

Experiment No. 11: Series Inverter

Aim: To study the operation of a series inverter.

Apparatus:

Series Inverter module, power supply, CRO, rheostat.

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure: 1. Switch on the power supply to the firing circuit check the trigger pulses by varying the frequency. 2. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

3. Now connect trigger outputs from the firing circuits to gate and cathode of SCRs T1 & T2. 4. Connect DC input from a 30v/2A regulated power supply and switch on the input DC supply. 5. Now apply trigger pulses to SCRs and observe voltage waveform across the load. 6. Measure Vorms & frequency of o/p voltage waveform.

Waveforms:

Experiment No. 12: Series Inverter

Aim: To build and study a parallel inverter.

Apparatus required: Parallel inverter module, CRO, power supplies, rheostat. Procedure: 1. Connect the circuit as shown.

2. Switch on the dc supply and set it to 25 volts. Keep the frequency in the middle, switch the firing circuit on and press the trigger button. 3. Confirm the working of the inverter by monitoring the waveforms across SCR or load resistor. 4. Note the waveforms across SCR- 1 & 2, load resistor, and capacitor C1. Use the differential module for seeing two waveforms simultaneously.. 5. Measure the ac voltage with the multimeter. Tabulate the readings and plot the variation of load voltage vs. load resistance. 6. If the commutation fails, the fuses should blow, so check the fuses first. Switch off the dc supply first and then the trigger outputs. Check the connections once again. Circuit Diagram & Waveform:

Experiment No. 13: Speed control of separately excited DC Motor

Aim: To demonstrate that the speed of the DC motor can be controlled by varying the DC voltage applied to the motor and by varying the field current.

Apparatus: DC Motor speed control module, DC motor, isolation transformer, differential module, multimeter, CRO, firing circuit module. Circuit Diagram: Procedure: 1. Switch on the mains supply to the firing circuit and make sure that the trigger outputs are proper. 2. Connect the trigger outputs to the respective SCRs. Connect the ac input to the circuit through the isolation transformer. 3. Connect the field terminals of the dc motor to the field supply points in the circuit.

4. Connect the armature terminals of the dc motor through the voltmeter and the ammeter to the output of the rectifier. 5. Keep the load on the motor to the minimum by loosening the pulley belt. Keep the firing angle maximum i.e. 180o and keep the field supply in the minimum position. 6. Decrease the firing angle gradually in steps, and note down the dc voltage, motor current and motor speed till the speed reaches around 1400 rpm. Do not go beyond 1400 rpm for safety reasons. 7. Tighten the load pulley till the spring balance on one side shows 2.5 Kg. Again vary the firing angle from 150 degrees to around 30 degrees or till the motor attains speed close to 1400 rpm.