Guru Nanak Institute of Technology Electrical Systems Simulation Lab

Experiment No-1
Design of first and second order circuits in time and frequency domain

Aim: To find time and frequency domain specifications by designing first and second order
circuits
Apparatus Required:

 PC with MATLAB software

Theory:

Time Response Overview

The time response represents how the state of a dynamic system changes in time when
subjected to a particular input. Since the models we have derived consist of differential
equations, some integration must be performed in order to determine the time response of the
system. For some simple systems, a closed-form analytical solution may be available. However,
for most systems, especially nonlinear systems or those subject to complicated inputs, this
integration must be carried out numerically. Fortunately, MATLAB provides many useful
resources for calculating time responses for many types of inputs, as we shall see in the
following sections.
The time response of a linear dynamic system consists of the sum of the transient
response which depends on the initial conditions and the steady-state response which depends
on the system input. These correspond to the homogenous (free or zero input) and the particular
solutions of the governing differential equations, respectively.
Frequency Response Overview

All the examples presented in this tutorial are modeled by linear constant coefficient
differential equations and are thus linear time-invariant (LTI). LTI systems have the extremely
important property that if the input to the system is sinusoidal, then the steady-state output will
also be sinusoidal at the same frequency, but, in general, with different magnitude and phase.
These magnitude and phase differences are a function of the frequency and comprise
the frequency response of the system.
The frequency response of a system can be found from its transfer function in the following way:
create a vector of frequencies (varying between zero or "DC" to infinity) and compute the value
of the plant transfer function at those frequencies. If is the open-loop transfer function of a
system and is the frequency vector, we then plot versus . Since is a complex

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number, we can plot both its magnitude and phase (the Bode Plot) or its position in the complex
plane (the Nyquist Diagram). Both methods display the same information, but in different ways.

Procedure:

1. Open the MATLAB command window clicking on the MATLAB icon.

2. Click on file menu and open new M file
3. Enter the MATLAB code.
4. Click on the debug menu and run the code.
5. Then copy the obtained result
Program:
First-Order Time Domain
num=input('enter the numerator values')
den=input('enter the denaminator values')
g=tf(num,den)
hold on
step(g)
impulse(g)
hold off
Output:
enter the numerator values1
num =
1
enter the denaminator values[1 2]
den =
1 2
g= 1
-----
s+2

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Continuous-time transfer function.

Second-Order Time Domain
wn=input('enter value of undamped natural frequency')
z=input('enter value of damping ratio')
n=[wn*wn]
p=sqrt(1-z^2)
wd=wn*p
h=[p/z]
k=tan(h)
m=pi-k;
tr=[m/wd]
tp=[pi/wd]
q=z*wn
ts=[h/q]
r=z*pi
f=[r/p]
mp=exp(-f)
num=[0 0 n]
den=[1 2*z*wn n]
s=tf(num,den)

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hold on
step(s)
impulse(s)
hold off
Output:
enter value of damping ratio0.8
z=
0.8000
n=
100
p=
0.6000
wd =
6.0000
h=
0.7500
k=
0.9316
tr =
0.3683
tp =
0.5236
q=
8
ts =
0.0937
r=
2.5133
f=
4.1888
mp =
0.0152
num =

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0 0 100
den =
1 16 100
s=
100
----------------
s^2 + 16 s + 100
Continuous-time transfer function.

First-Order and Second-Order Frequency Domain

num=input('enter the numerator values')
den=input('enter the denaminator values')
g=tf(num,den)
disp(g)
bode(g)
margin(g)
[gm,pm,wg,wp]=margin(sys)
if((gm<0)/(pm<0))
disp('system is unstable')
else
disp('system is stable')

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end
Clear
Output:
enter the numerator values10
num =
10
enter the denaminator values[1 6 10]
den =
1 6 10
g=
10
--------------
s^2 + 6 s + 10
Continuous-time transfer function.

Result:

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Experiment No-2
Performance evaluation of medium and long transmission lines

Aim: To Understand the Modelling And Performance Of Medium Transmission Lines.

Apparatus Required:

 PC with MATLAB software

Theory:
There are three main types of Overhead Transmission Lines:

1. Short transmission line – The line length is up to 60 km and the line voltage is
comparatively low less than 20KV.
2. Medium transmission line – The line length is between 60 km to 160 km and the line
voltage is between 20kV to 100kV.
3. Long transmission line – The line length is more than 160 km and the line voltage is high
greater than 100KV.
Whatever may be the category of transmission line, the main aim is to transmit power from one
end to another.

Like other electrical system, the transmission network also will have some power loss and
voltage drop during transmitting power from sending end to receiving end. Hence, performance
of transmission line can be determined by its efficiency and voltage regulation.

Voltage regulation of transmission line is measure of change of receiving end voltage from no-
load to full load condition. Every transmission line will have three basic electrical parameters.
The conductors of the line will have electrical resistance, inductance, and capacitance. As the
transmission line is a set of conductors being run from one place to another supported by
transmission towers, the parameters are distributed uniformly along the line.
The electrical power is transmitted over a transmission line with a speed of light that is 3 × 108 m

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⁄ sec. Frequency of the power is 50 Hz. The wave length of the voltage and current of the power
can be determined by the equation given below,

f.λ = v where, f is power frequency, λ is wave length and υ is the speed of light.

Hence, the wave length of the transmitting power is quite long compared to the generally used
line length of transmission line. For this reason, the transmission line, with length less than 160
km, the parameters are assumed to be lumped and not distributed. Such lines are known as
electrically short transmission line. This electrically short transmission lines are again
categorized as short transmission line (length up to 60 km) and medium transmission line (length
between 60 and 160 km). The capacitive parameter of short transmission line is ignored whereas
in case of medium length line the, capacitance is assumed to be lumped at the middle of the line
or half of the capacitance may be considered to be lumped at each ends of the transmission line.
Lines with length more than 160 km, the parameters are considered to be distributed over the
line. This is called long transmission line.
Procedure:
1. Open the MATLAB command window clicking on the MATLAB icon.
2. Click on file menu and open new M file.
3. Enter the MATLAB code.
4. Click on the debug menu and run the code.
5. Then copy the obtained plot

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Problem:
A three phase overhead line 200km long R = 0.36 ohm/km and Conductor diameter of 3
cm with spacing 6,7,8m transposed. Find A,B,C,D constants ,sending end voltage, current,
power factor and power when the line is delivering full load of 75MW at 200kV ,0.8 pf lagging ,
transmission efficiency , receiving end voltage and regulation
Program: (Medium Transmission Line)
ab=input('value of ab');
bc=input('value of bc');
ca=input('value of ca');
pr=input('receving end power in mw');
vr=input('receving end voltage in kv');
pfr=input('receving end powerfactor');
l=input('length of the line in km');
r=input('resistance/ph/km');
f=input('frequency');
D=input('diameter in m');
rad=D/2;
newrad=(0.7788*rad);
deq=(ab*bc*ca)^(1/3);
L=2*10^(-7)*(log(deq/newrad))
C=(2*pi*8.854*10^-12)/log(deq/rad)
XL=2*pi*f*L*l*1000;
rnew=r*l
Z=rnew+1i*(XL);
Y=1i*(2*pi*f*C*l*1000);
A=1+((Y*Z)/2);
D=A;
B=Z;
C=Y*(1+(Y*Z)/4);
vrph=(vr*10^3)/1.732;
irold=(pr*10^6)/(1.732*vr*10^3*0.8);
k=sin(acos(pfr));

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ir=irold*(pfr-(1i*k));
vs=((A*vrph)+(B*ir));
is=((C*vrph)+(D*ir));
angle(vs);
angle(is);
f=angle(vs);
u=angle(is);
PFS=cos(f-u)
eff=((pr*10^6)/(3*abs(vs)*abs(is)*PFS))*100
reg=((abs(vs)/abs(A))-(abs(vrph)/abs(vrph)))*100
abs(vs)
abs(is)
Program: (Long Transmission Line)
ab=input('value of ab');
bc=input('value of bc');
ca=input('value of ca');
pr=input('receving end power in mw');
vr=input('receving end voltage in kv');
pfr=input('receving end powerfactor');
l=input('length of the line in km');
r=input('resistance/ph/km');
g=input('conductance/ph/km');
f=input('frequency');
D=input('diameter in m');
rad=D/2;
newrad=(0.7788*rad);
deq=(ab*bc*ca)^(1/3);
L=2*10^(-7)*(log(deq/newrad))
C=(2*pi*8.854*10^-12)/log(deq/rad)
XL=2*pi*f*L*l*1000;
rnew=r*l
gnew=g*l
Z=rnew+1i*(XL);

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Y=gnew+(1i*(2*pi*f*C*l*1000));
gm=sqrt(Z*Y)
zc=sqrt(Z/Y)
A=cosh(gm*l);
B=zc*sinh(gm*l);
C=(1/zc)*sinh(gm*l);
D=A;
vrph=(vr*10^3)/1.732;
irold=(pr*10^6)/(1.732*vr*10^3*0.8);
k=sin(acos(pfr));
ir=irold*(pfr-(1i*k));
vs=((A*vrph)+(B*ir));
is=((C*vrph)+(D*ir));
angle(vs);
angle(is);
f=angle(vs);
u=angle(is);
PFS=cos(f-u)
eff=((pr*10^6)/(3*abs(vs)*abs(is)*PFS))*100
reg=((abs(vs)/abs(A))-(abs(vrph)/abs(vrph)))*100
abs(vs)
abs(is)
Output:

value of ab6
value of bc7
value of ca8
receving end power in mw75
receving end voltage in kv200
receving end powerfactor0.8
length of the line in km120
resistance/ph/km0.36
frequency50

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diameter in m0.3
L=
8.1723e-007
C=
1.4502e-011
rnew =
43.2000
PFS =
0.9114
eff =
90.0385
reg =
1.2995e+007
ans =
1.2886e+005
ans =
236.4229

Result:

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Experiment No-3
Design of Single Phase and Three Phase Full Converters

Aim: To Design of Single Phase and Three Phase Full controlled rectifiers with R and RL Loads
by using Suitable software
Apparatus Required:

 PC with MATLAB software

Theory:

The three phase fully controlled bridge converter has been probably the most widely used
power electronic converter in the medium to high power applications. Three phase circuits are
preferable when large power is involved. The controlled rectifier can provide controllable out put
dc voltage in a single unit instead of a three phase autotransformer and a diode bridge rectifier.
The controlled rectifier is obtained by replacing the diodes of the uncontrolled rectifier with
thyristors. Control over the output dc voltage is obtained by controlling the conduction interval
of each thyristor. This method is known as phase control and converters are also called “phase
controlled converters”. Since thyristors can block voltage in both directions it is possible to
reverse the polarity of the output dc voltage and hence feed power back to the ac supply from the
dc side. Under such condition the converter is said to be operating in the “inverting mode”. The
thyristors in the converter circuit are commutated with the help of the supply voltage in the
rectifying mode of operation and are known as “Line commutated converter”. The same circuit
while operating in the inverter mode requires load side counter emf. for commutation and are
referred to as the “Load commutated inverter”.

In phase controlled rectifiers though the output voltage can be varied continuously the
load harmonic voltage increases considerably as the average value goes down. Of course the
magnitude of harmonic voltage is lower in three phase converter compared to the single phase
circuit. Since the frequency of the harmonic voltage is higher smaller load inductance leads to
continuous conduction. Input current wave shape become rectangular and contain 5th and higher
order odd harmonics. The displacement angle of the input current increases with firing angle.
The frequency of the harmonic voltage and current can be increased by increasing the pulse
number of the converter which can be achieved by series and parallel connection of basic 6 pulse

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converters. The control circuit become considerably complicated and the use of coupling
transformer and / or interphase reactors become mandatory.

Procedure:

1. Open the MATLAB command window clicking on the MATLAB icon.

2. Click on file menu and open new simulink file.
3. Design a suitable block diagram based on the given loading conditions
4. Set the appropriate values and simulate the simulink diagram.
5. Observe the output results in corresponding scopes
6. Finally copy the obtained plot

Three Phase full converter:

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Output:

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Single Phase full converter:

Output:

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Result:

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Experiment No-4
Design of Single Phase and Three Phase Inverters

Aim: To Design of Single Phase and Three Phase inverters with R Load by using Suitable
software
Apparatus Required:

 PC with MATLAB software

Theory:

With the development of power electronics technology, power inverter application has
penetrated into all areas, generally require a high quality for inverter output waveform. Power
inverter output waveform quality includes two aspects, namely, steady-state accuracy and
dynamic performance. Therefore, the study has both structure and simple control, but also has
excellent dynamic and static performance inverter control program, has been a hot topic of
research in the field of power electronics.

With the rapid economic development and energy supply tensions, development and utilization
of electrical energy is more important. Currently, the world is making great efforts to develop
new energy sources such as solar power, wind power, tidal power generation. In general, these
new DC output generation means unstable, not directly to the needs of alternating current users.
To do this, we need to convert direct current into alternating current, when necessary it can be
incorporated into the utility grid. This DC-AC inverter technology needed to complete by the
transformation. Therefore, the inverter technology in the new energy field of development and
utilization has an important position.

I. Pulse width modulation inverter technology

1. PWM fundamentals
a). Pulse width modulation inverter circuit Definition: to control the output voltage by changing
the pulse width, to control the output frequency of the circuit by changing the modulation cycle.

 b). Pulse width modulation classification: 1. To modulate the pulse polarity can be
divided into unipolar and bipolar modulation two kinds; 2. To the carrier frequency signal
and the reference signal relationship between the frequency can be divided into two kinds
of asynchronous and synchronous modulation.

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c). PWM inverter circuit features: you can get quite close to the sine wave output voltage
and current, it is also known sinusoidal pulse width modulation SPWM (Sinusoidal
PWM).

d). SPWM control: that is to control the inverter circuit switching device on and off so
that the output to give a series of equal amplitude and pulse width ranging, from using
these pulses to instead of sinusoidal waveform required. According to certain rules of
each pulse width modulated, it can change the size of the output voltage of the inverter
circuit and the output frequency may also be varied.

2. Modulation mode of PWM control circuit

a). Carrier ratio is defined: In the 3-phase PWM power inverter circuit, the ratio of the carrier
frequency fc and the modulated signal fr called the carrier frequency ratio, that is, N=fc/fr.

 b). 3-phase PWM inverter circuit control mode: According to whether the carrier wave
and the modulation signal are synchronized has asynchronous and synchronous
modulation two control mode. Asynchronous modulation control: When the entire carrier
ratio is not a multiple of 3, carrier wave with the modulation signal is not synchronized
modulation. Synchronous modulation control: In the three-phase inverter circuit when the
carrier ratio is an integer multiple of 3, the carrier modulation signal modulation wave
can be synchronized.

Procedure:

1. Open the MATLAB command window clicking on the MATLAB icon.

2. Click on file menu and open new simulink file.
3. Design a suitable block diagram based on the given loading conditions
4. Set the appropriate values and simulate the simulink diagram.
5. Observe the output results in corresponding scopes
6. Finally copy the obtained plot

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Three Phase inverter:

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Output:

Single Phase inverter:

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Output:

Result:

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Experiment No-5
Speed Control of DC Motor

Aim: To design and simulation of speed control of dc motor at different loading conditions by
using MATLAb/Simulink
Apparatus Required:

 PC with MATLAB software

Theory:

Often we want to control the speed of a DC motor on demand. This intentional change of
drive speed is known as speed control of a DC motor.
Speed control of a DC motor is either done manually by the operator or by means of an
automatic control device. This is different to speed regulation – where the speed is trying to be
maintained (or ‘regulated’) against the natural change in speed due to a change in the load on the
shaft.
The speed of a DC motor (N) is equal to:

Therefore speed of the 3 types of DC motors – shunt, series and compound – can be controlled
by changing the quantities on the right-hand side of the equation above.
Hence the speed can be varied by changing:
1. The terminal voltage of the armature, V.
2. The external resistance in armature circuit, Ra.
3. The flux per pole, φ.
Terminal voltage and external resistance involve a change that affects the armature circuit, while
flux involves a change in the magnetic field. Therefore speed control of DC motorcan be
classified into:
1. Armature Control Methods
2. Field Control Methods

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Shunted Armature Control

The combination of a rheostat shunting the armature and a rheostat in series with the armature is
involved in this method of speed control. The voltage applied to the armature is varies by
varying series rheostat R1. The exciting current can be varied by varying the armature shunting
resistance R2. This method of speed control is not economical due to considerable power losses
in speed controlling resistances. Here speed control is obtained over wide range but below
normal speed.

Armature Terminal Voltage Control

The speed control of DC series motor can be accomplished by supplying the power to the motor
from a separate variable voltage supply. This method involves high cost so it rarely used.

Procedure:
1. Open the MATLAB command window clicking on the MATLAB icon.
2. Click on file menu and open new simulink file.
3. Design a suitable block diagram based on the given loading conditions
4. Set the appropriate values and simulate the simulink diagram.
5. Observe the output results in corresponding scopes
6. Finally copy the obtained plot

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Simulink Diagram:

Output:

Result:

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Guru Nanak Institute of Technology Electrical Systems Simulation Lab

Experiment No-6
Speed Control of Induction Motor

Aim: To design and simulation of speed control of induction motor at different loading
conditions by using MATLAb/Simulink
Apparatus Required:

 PC with MATLAB software

Theory

A three phase induction motor is basically a constant speed motor so it’s somewhat
difficult to control its speed. The speed control of induction motor is done at the cost of decrease
in efficiency and low electrical power factor. Before discussing the methods to control the
speed of three phase induction motor one should know the basic formulas of speed and torque
of three phase induction motor as the methods of speed control depends upon these formulas.
Synchronous Speed

Where, f = frequency and P is the number of poles

The speed of induction motor is given by,

Where,
N is the speed of the rotor of an induction motor,
Ns is the synchronous speed,
S is the slip.
The torque produced by three phase induction motor is given by,

When the rotor is at standstill slip, s is one.

So the equation of torque is,

Where,

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E2 is the rotor emf

Ns is the synchronous speed
R2 is the rotor resistance
X2 is the rotor inductive reactance
The Speed of Induction Motor is changed from Both Stator and Rotor Side. The speed control of
three phase induction motor from stator side are further classified as :
 V / f control or frequency control.
 Changing the number of stator poles.
 Controlling supply voltage.
 Adding rheostat in the stator circuit.
The speed controls of three phase induction motor from rotor side are further classified as:
 Adding external resistance on rotor side.
 Cascade control method.
 Injecting slip frequency emf into rotor side.
Speed Control from Stator Side

 V / f Control or Frequency Control

Whenever three phase supply is given to three phase induction motor rotating
magnetic field is produced which rotates at synchronous speed given by

In three phase induction motor emf is induced by induction similar to that of

transformer which is given by

Where, K is the winding constant, T is the number of turns per phase and f is
frequency. Now if we change frequency synchronous speed changes but with
decrease in frequency flux will increase and this change in value of flux causes
saturation of rotor and stator cores which will further cause increase in no load
current of the motor . So, its important to maintain flux , φ constant and it is only
possible if we change voltage. i.e if we decrease frequency flux increases but at the
same time if we decrease voltage flux will also decease causing no change in flux and
hence it remains constant. So, here we are keeping the ratio of V/f as constant. Hence

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its name is V/ f method. For controlling the speed of three phase induction motor by
V/f method we have to supply variable voltage and frequency which is easily
obtained by using converter and inverter set.
Procedure:

1. Open the MATLAB command window clicking on the MATLAB icon.

2. Click on file menu and open new simulink file.
3. Design a suitable block diagram based on the given loading conditions
4. Set the appropriate values and simulate the simulink diagram.
5. Observe the output results in corresponding scopes
6. Finally copy the obtained plot

Simulink Diagram:

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Output:

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Result:

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Experiment No-7
Transmission Line Fault Analysis

Aim: To design suitable simulink for analyzing the various LG, LL, LLG, LLLG faults in
Transmission line Faults
Apparatus Required:

 PC with MATLAB software

Theory:

Before applying proper electrical protection system, it is necessary to have through

knowledge of the conditions of electrical power system during faults. The knowledge of
electrical fault condition is required to deploy proper different protective relays in different
locations of electrical power system. Information regarding values of maximum and minimum
fault currents, voltages under those faults in magnitude and phase relation with respect to the
currents at different parts of power system, to be gathered for proper application of protection
relay system in those different parts of the electrical power system. Collecting the information
from different parameters of the system is generally known as electrical fault calculation.
Fault calculation broadly means calculation of fault current in any electrical power system. There
are mainly three steps for calculating faults in a system.
1. Choice of impedance rotations.
2. Reduction of complicated electrical power system network to single equivalent
impedance.
3. Electrical fault currents and voltages calculation by using symmetrical component theory.
4. If we look at any electrical power system, we will find, these are several voltage levels.
For example, suppose a typical power system where electrical power is generated at 6.6
kV then that 132 kV power is transmitted to terminal substation where it is stepped down
to 33 kV and 11 kV levels and this 11 kV level may further step down to 0.4 kv.
5. Hence from this example it is clear that a same power system network may have different
voltage levels. So calculation of fault at any location of the said system becomes much
difficult and complicated it try to calculate impedance of different parts of the system
according to their voltage level. This difficulty can be avoided if we calculate impedance
of different part of the system in reference to a single base value. This technique is called
impedance notation of power system. In other wards, before electrical fault

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calculation, the system parameters, must be referred to base quantities and represented as
uniform system of impedance in either ohmic, percentage, or per unit values.
Procedure:

1. Open the MATLAB command window clicking on the MATLAB icon.

2. Click on file menu and open new simulink file.
3. Design a suitable block diagram based on the given loading conditions
4. Set the appropriate values and simulate the simulink diagram.
5. Observe the output results in corresponding scopes
6. Finally copy the obtained plot
Simulink Diagram:

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Output:

Result:

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Experiment No-8
Load frequency control of single area and two area power system
Aim: To design suitable simulink for Single area and two area load frequency control with same
systems
Apparatus Required:

 PC with MATLAB software

Theory:

Two main variables that change during transient power load are: area frequency and tie
line power interchange. The concept of Load Frequency Control (LFC) is directly related to the
aforementioned variables since the task is to minimize this variation. The key thing is to maintain
the steady state at null position. In this vein, effective measures like Active Disturbance
Rejection Control (ADRC) have been developed that allow practical control.

The main bifurcation between frequency and voltage in power system is on the account of active
and reactive power. The dependency of frequency is on active power whereas that of voltage is
on the reactive power. The combination of active power and frequency control is generally
known as Load Frequency Control.

 The major purposes of LFC can be summarized as follows:

Maintaining frequency at transient power loads (unknown external disturbance)

 Regulation of tie line power exchanger error

 Tackling ambiguities in the power system model and the variations

The role of tie-lines can be understood from the construction of a large power system. Power
System has several generating units in which the notion of fault/load tolerance has to be
enhanced. For this purpose tie-lines are made between these interconnected units. Owing to the
introduction of tie lines, the controller has also got to deal with tie line power exchange error.
There is a need to have a unique load frequency controller for each area. This is because the
interconnected system has to set their set-points in a different manner. With more
interconnectedness of the system, the complexity would also increase in terms of the tuning
controller parameters. In such cases, when the controllers are being designed, all approximations
have to be included in the parameters.

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These purposes have been generalized to accommodate a number of tasks that are performed by
LFC. However one way or the other they are linked to the three main purposes.

Procedure:

1. Open the MATLAB command window clicking on the MATLAB icon.

2. Click on file menu and open new simulink file.
3. Design a suitable block diagram based on the given loading conditions
4. Set the appropriate values and simulate the simulink diagram.
5. Observe the output results in corresponding scopes
6. Finally copy the obtained plot

Simulink Diagrams:
With out Speed-governer system (Single-area)

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With Speed-governer system (Single-area)

With and with-out Speed-governer system (Single-area)

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Outputs:
With out Speed-governer system (Single-area)

With Speed-governer system (Single-area)

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With and with-out Speed-governer system (Single-area)

Two –area load frequency control with identical parameters

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Guru Nanak Institute of Technology Electrical Systems Simulation Lab

Two –area load frequency control with different parameters

Outputs:
Two –area load frequency control with identical parameters

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Guru Nanak Institute of Technology Electrical Systems Simulation Lab

Two –area load frequency control with different parameters

Result:

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Guru Nanak Institute of Technology Electrical Systems Simulation Lab

Experiment No-9
Economic Dispatch of Thermal Units
Aim: To determine the optimal scheduling of generation of each load by using the
iterative method of a given cost functions of thermal units
Apparatus Required:

 PC with MATLAB software

Theory:

In an early attempt at economic operation it was decided to supply power from the most
efficient plant at light load conditions. As the load increased, the power was supplied by this
most efficient plant till the point of maximum efficiency of this plant was reached. With further
increase in load, the next most efficient plant would supply power till its maximum efficiency is
reached. In this way the power would be supplied by the most efficient to the least efficient plant
to reach the peak demand. Unfortunately however, this method failed to minimize the total cost
of electricity generation. We must therefore search for alternative method which takes into
account the total cost generation of all the units of a plant that is supplying a load.
INPUT – OUTPUT CURVE OF GENERATING UNIT Power plants consisting of
several generating units are constructed investing huge amount of money. Fuel cost, staff salary,
interest and depreciation charges and maintenance cost are some of the components of operating
cost. Fuel cost is the major portion of operating cost and it can be controlled. Therefore, we shall
consider the fuel cost alone for further consideration.
INCREMENTAL COST CURVE As we shall see, the criterion for distribution of the
load between any two units is based on whether increasing the generation of one unit, and
decreasing the generation of the other unit by the same amount results in an increase or decrease
in total cost. This can be obtained if we can calculate the change in input cost ∆Ci for a small
change in power ∆Pi.
ECONOMICAL DIVISION OF PLANT LOAD BETWEEN GENERATING UNITS IN
A PLANT Various generating units in a plant generally have different input-output
characteristics. Suppose that the total load in a plant is supplied by two units and that the division
of load between these units is such that the incremental cost of one unit is higher than that of the
other unit. Now suppose some of the load is transferred from the unit with higher incremental
cost to the unit with lower incremental cost. Reducing the load on the unit with higher

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incremental cost will result in greater reduction of cost than the increase in cost for adding the
same amount of load to the unit with lower incremental cost. The transfer of load from one to
other can be continued with a reduction of total cost until the incremental costs of the two units
are equal.

Procedure:

1. Open the MATLAB command window clicking on the MATLAB icon.

2. Click on file menu and open new M file
3. Enter the MATLAB code.
4. Click on the debug menu and run the code.
5. Then copy the obtained result

Program:
Economic load dispatch neglecting losses and generator limits
%MATLAB progam for economic load dispatch neglecting losses and geneator
%limits
clc
clear
%uno d b a
cost data=[1 400 8.4 0.006:
2 600 8.93 0.0042:
3 650 6.78 0.004]
Ng=length(cost data(:,);
for i=1:Ng
uno(i)=cost data(i,1)
a(i)=cost data(i,2)
b(i)=cost data(i,3)
d(i)=cost data(i,4)
end
lambda=9.0
pd=550
delp=0.1

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dellambda=0
iter=0
while(abs(delp)>=0.001)
iter=iter+1
lambda=lambda+dellambda
sum=0
totagam=0
for i=1:ng
p(i)=(lambda-b(i))/(2*d(i))
sum=sum+p(i)
totgam=totgam+0.5*(1/d(i))
ifc(i)=lambda
end
delp=pd-sum
dellambda=delp/totgam
end
totgencost=0
for i=1:ng
totgencost=totgencost+(a(i)+b(i)*p(i)+d(i)*p(i)*p(i))
end
disp('output of MATLAB program dispatch')
lmbda
disp('GENERATING UNIT OPTIMAL GENERATION(MW)')
[uno; p]'
disp('incremental fuel cost')
ifc(1)

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Output:
Lamda=9.6542
GENERATING UNIT OPTIMAL GENERATION(MW)
1 104.5152
2 86.2121
3 359.272
4
incremental fuel cost=9.6542
total generation cost=6346.70

Result:

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Guru Nanak Institute of Technology Electrical Systems Simulation Lab

Experiment No-10
Design and analysis of feedback control system

Aim: To design suitable simulink for analysis of second-order control system with different
controllers by proving different feedback
Apparatus Required:

 PC with MATLAB software

Theory:

If either the output or some part of the output is returned to the input side and utilized as
part of the system input, then it is known as feedback. Feedback plays an important role in
order to improve the performance of the control systems. In this chapter, let us discuss the types
of feedback & effects of feedback.

Types of Feedback
There are two types of feedback −

 Positive feedback

 Negative feedback

Positive Feedback
The positive feedback adds the reference input, R(s)R(s) and feedback output. The following
figure shows the block diagram of positive feedback control system.

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The concept of transfer function will be discussed in later chapters. For the time being, consider
the transfer function of positive feedback control system is,

T=G1−GHT=G1−GH (Equation 1)
Where,

 T is the transfer function or overall gain of positive feedback control system.

 G is the open loop gain, which is function of frequency.

 H is the gain of feedback path, which is function of frequency.

Negative Feedback
Negative feedback reduces the error between the reference input, R(s)R(s) and system output.
The following figure shows the block diagram of the negative feedback control system.

Transfer function of negative feedback control system is,

T=G1+GHT=G1+GH (Equation 2)
Where,

 T is the transfer function or overall gain of negative feedback control system.

 G is the open loop gain, which is function of frequency.

 H is the gain of feedback path, which is function of frequency.

Procedure:

1. Open the MATLAB command window clicking on the MATLAB icon.

2. Click on file menu and open new simulink file.
3. Design a suitable block diagram based on the given loading conditions

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4. Set the appropriate values and simulate the simulink diagram.

5. Observe the output results in corresponding scopes
6. Finally copy the obtained plot
Simulink Diagrams:
Second order system with negative feedback with-out controller

Output

Second order system with negative feedback with-out controller

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Guru Nanak Institute of Technology Electrical Systems Simulation Lab

Output

Second order system with positive feedback with-out controller

Output

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Guru Nanak Institute of Technology Electrical Systems Simulation Lab

Second order system with positive feedback with-controller

Output

Result:

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