CDP Chennai
CDP Chennai
CDP Chennai
APRIL 2006
CDP Chennai
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Contents
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Tables
Table 1.1: The Details of Agencies and its Responsibilities................................................................... 4
Table 2.1: Growth of Population in CMA .............................................................................................. 6
Table 2.2: Growth of Population in Chennai City, 1901-2001 ............................................................... 7
Table 2.3: Migration to Chennai City, 1961-01 (in lakhs)...................................................................... 7
Table 2.4: Migration into CMA- 2001.................................................................................................... 8
Table 2.5: Sex Ratio in Chennai City & CMA ....................................................................................... 9
Table 2.6: Literacy Levels in CMA ........................................................................................................ 9
Table 2.7: Population for CMA and Chennai City ................................................................................. 9
Table 3.1: Occupational Structure CMA -2001 .................................................................................... 10
Table 3.2: Income Estimates – NDDP at current prices ....................................................................... 11
Table 3.3: Employment Projection for CMA-2026 .............................................................................. 14
Table 4.1: Land Use in 1973................................................................................................................. 16
Table 4.2: Land use break up in 1975 and in 2001 ............................................................................... 19
Table 5.1: Characteristics of Existing Surface Sources ........................................................................ 23
Table 5.2: Major Source Augmentation Projects.................................................................................. 25
Table 5.3: Details of Well Fields .......................................................................................................... 25
Table 5.4: Sources & Safe Yield........................................................................................................... 26
Table 5.5: Treatment Capacities ........................................................................................................... 28
Table 5.6: Population Projections for CMA ......................................................................................... 33
Table 5.7: Assumptions- Water Requirement....................................................................................... 33
Table 5.8: Total Water Requirement for CMA..................................................................................... 33
Table 5.9: Sources and availability of water for meeting demands ...................................................... 34
Table 5.10: Features of the Sewerage Macro System of Chennai City................................................. 36
Table 5.11: Salient Features of the Sewage Treatment Plants .............................................................. 37
Table 5.12: Sources of Solid Waste Generation ................................................................................... 39
Table 5.13: Composition of Waste ....................................................................................................... 39
Table 5.14: Chemical Analysis of Solid Waste .................................................................................... 40
Table 5.15: Chemical Analysis of Solid Waste .................................................................................... 41
Table 5.16: Future Garbage Generation Trends.................................................................................... 42
Table 5.17: Land Requirement for Land Fill Sites ............................................................................... 42
Table 5.18: Agencies responsible for Management of Storm Water. ................................................... 45
Table 5.19: Length of Major Waterways in CMA................................................................................ 45
Table 6.1: Pollution load from different sectors in Chennai City ......................................................... 49
Table 6.2: Pollution load from different sectors in Chennai City ......................................................... 50
Table 6.3: Waterways Basin wise Sewerage Generation (Year 2000) ................................................. 50
Table 6.4: Wastewater Outfall Details .................................................................................................. 51
Table 6.5: Estimates of Sludge Accumulated in Inner Chennai Waterways ........................................ 53
Table 7.1: Daily average person trip distribution by mode in CMA .................................................... 60
Table 7.2: Projected Daily Trips by Public Transport .......................................................................... 64
Table 7.3 : Mass Transport Trips 2004 & 2026 (in lakhs).................................................................... 64
Table 8.1: Growth of Slums in Chennai City........................................................................................ 66
Table 8.2: Location of Slums in Chennai City...................................................................................... 66
Table 8.3: Ownership of Lands occupied by Slums, 1971 ................................................................... 68
Table 8.4: Profile of Slums in CMA ..................................................................................................... 68
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Table 11.18: Goals, Service Outcomes for Different Horizon Years ................................................. 140
Table 11.19: Project Implementation Programme for Traffic and Transportation ............................. 143
Table 11.20: Project Investment Programme for Traffic and Transportation..................................... 144
Table 11.21: Goals and Service Outcomes – Basic Services for Poor................................................ 145
Table 11.22: Year Wise Implementation Schedule – Basic Services for Poor ................................... 147
Table 11.23: Year Wise Investment plan for Basic Services for Poor................................................ 148
Table 12.1: Proposed Water Supply Investments in CMA ................................................................. 150
Table 12.2: Proposed Sewerage Investments in CMA........................................................................ 151
Table 12.3: Proposed Storm Water Drainage Investments in CMA ................................................... 151
Table 12.4: Proposed Solid Waste Management Investments in CMA.............................................. 152
Table 12.5: Proposed Transportation Investments in CMA................................................................ 152
Table 12.6: Proposed Heritage and Recreation Investments in CMA ................................................ 153
Table 12.7: Proposed Investment for Urban Poor in CMA ................................................................ 153
Table 12.8: Proposed Civic Amenities Investments in CMA ............................................................. 153
Table 12.9: Proposed Summary of investments in CMA ................................................................... 154
Table 12.10: Proposed year wise investments for planning period .................................................... 155
Figures
Figure 1.1: Process of City Development Plan ....................................................................................... 5
Figure 2.1: Growth of Population in CMA ............................................................................................. 6
Figure 2.2: Migration into CMA 2001.................................................................................................... 8
Figure 7.1: Vehicle Pop in Chennai City .............................................................................................. 59
Figure 7.2: Distribution of Vehicle type ............................................................................................... 59
Figure 7.3: Distribution of Person Trips By mode................................................................................ 60
Figure 7.4: Growth of Travel demand in CMA .................................................................................... 63
Figure 7.5: Mass Transport trips ........................................................................................................... 64
Figure 10.1: Trends in Revenue Account ............................................................................................. 83
Figure 10.2: Trends in Capital Account................................................................................................ 84
Figure 10.3: Linkage and connectivity ................................................................................................. 85
Figure 10.4: Composition of Revenue income ..................................................................................... 86
Figure 10.5: Composition of Non tax ................................................................................................... 87
Figure 10.6: Composition of Assigned Revenue .................................................................................. 88
Figure 10.7: Trends in Revenue Expenditure ....................................................................................... 90
Figure 10.8: Composition of Revenue expenditure .............................................................................. 90
Figure 10.9: Composition of Capital Receipts...................................................................................... 93
Figure 10.10: Composition of Capital expenditure............................................................................... 94
Figure 10.11: Trends in Revenue Receipts ........................................................................................... 98
Figure 10.12: Trend in Revenue receipts .............................................................................................. 99
Figure 10.13: Contribution of R/I Taxes............................................................................................. 101
Figure 10.14: Contribution of R/I Taxes............................................................................................. 102
Figure 10.15: Contribution of R/I from Non-Taxes............................................................................ 103
Figure 10.16: Contribution of R/I Non Taxes ULBS.......................................................................... 104
Figure 10.17: Contribution of R/I form Assigned Receipts/Grants .................................................... 105
Figure 10.18: Receipts from Assigned Revenue and Grants .............................................................. 107
Figure 10.19: Expenditure form Various Heads ................................................................................. 108
Figure 10.20: Expenditure from various Heads ULBs........................................................................ 109
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Maps
Annexure
ANNEXURE 1 – Reform agenda of the ULB and State Government ............................................... 156
ANNEXURE 2 – Demography........................................................................................................... 171
ANNEXURE 3 – Detailed Traffic & Transportation Components for CMA..................................... 175
ANNEXURE 4 – Breakup of W/S, SS & SWM Investments for CMA............................................. 182
ANNEXURE 5 – Drainage & Water Bodies Investments for CMA .................................................. 182
ANNEXURE 6 – Investment Proposed in Urban Basic Services for Poor, Parking Lots, Heritage &
Recreation for CMA ................................................................................................................... 183
ANNEXURE 7 – Investment Components in SWM for Corporation ................................................ 184
ANNEXURE 8 – Detailed Project Component wise Investment in Village Panchayats in CMA ..... 188
ANNEXURE 9 – Detailed Investments in Sewerage Component for AUA’s & DUA’s................... 189
ANNEXURE 10 – Project Population & Water Supply Demand for AUA’s & DUA’s.................... 190
ANNEXURE 11 – Details of Water supply investment proposed for Corporation............................ 191
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CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION
Chennai, the capital City of Tamil Nadu is the fourth largest Metropolitan City in India.
The Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA) comprises the city of Chennai and its outlying
urban and rural areas. The outlying area consists of one cantonment, 4 Townships, 16
Municipalities, 20 Special Village Panchayats and 213 Village Panchayats in 10 Panchayat
Unions. The extent of CMA including St. Thomas Mount cantonment is 1172 Sq.km.
The Chennai City area now covers 181.06 Sq.km. The urban units grouped under the title
"Adjacent Urban Area (AUA)" and "Distant Urban Area (DUA)" covers 164.6 Sq.km. and
142.1 Sq.km. respectively. The setting of Chennai is presented in Figure 1.0.
The growing metropolis of Chennai is unable to keep pace with the developments in the
provision of sustainable infrastructure to its population. The emergence of new economy
industry coupled with a sound manufacturing base warrants a comprehensive and
approach from the traditional master planning efforts to enable sustainable and equitable
growth of Chennai. Though the earlier efforts of master plan yielded results in giving a
strategic direction to the growth of the City, the investments have not kept pace with the
requirements. The current CDP provides a platform to adopt a consensus approach and
collaboration with all planning partners. Accordingly, the City Development Plan taken
cognizance of the earlier master planning efforts for Chennai and has integrated the same
with a prioritized capital investment plan and a financing strategy.
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The main objectives of the CDP are to have a plan for the sustainable and planned growth
of the city with appropriate policy and strategic interventions. The CDP outlines the
strategic policy and investment interventions to achieve the formulated vision for Chennai
and comprises of the following:
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In addition, the CDP also focuses on the reforms to be carried out at the state and local
level in consonance with the vision and strategic plan outlined to sustain the planned
interventions.
1.4 Process
The preparation of a City Development Plan (CDP) took cue from the earlier approach of
Sustainable Cities Program sponsored by UN-Habitat for which Chennai is one of the
beneficiary cities. The SCP primarily focused on a stakeholder consensus to arrive at
sustainable solutions to manage the urban area of Chennai. The CDP is focused
considering the uniqueness of Chennai and its position as the most preferred destination in
attracting investments to guide the planning and investment decisions in future.
The CDP is based on the inputs from various comprehensive studies viz., Master Plan for
CMA, Comprehensive Traffic & Transportation Study for Chennai, Master Plan for Water
Supply & Sewerage, etc. in addition to the other studies carried out for the Metropolitan
Area. The plan provides a distinctive thrust for introducing enabling rather than restrictive
regulatory mechanisms through realistic planning and management interventions within
the overall regulatory and institutional framework. The development proposals are being
designed within the context of the proposed Master Plan for CMA. The entire exercise was
carried out through stakeholder participation at various stages.
The CDP takes into account the existing situation including assessing the current status of
municipal services, its fiscal status, operational and management procedures including the
works and plans of other Government and quasi- Government agencies which contribute
to the growth and development of the city and influence city development patterns. The
process for City Development Plan is shown in Figure 1.1
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CHAPTER II – DEMOGRAPHY
Established in 1639, Chennai is the forth largest metropolitan city of the country and is
experiencing rapid growth in population. The development of transport corridors and rail
connectivity as early as 1900s had attracted industrial developments in the city resulting in
increased growth of population. The Chennai Metropolitan Area comprising city of
Chennai and contiguous area around was notified in 1974. It extends over 1189 Sq.km.
and includes Chennai City Corporation area, 16 Municipalities, 20 Special Village
Panchayats and 213 villages comprised in 10 Panchayat Unions. CMA with a population
of 7 million in 2001 is experiencing a rapid growth. The growth of population in CMA
from 1971 to 2001 is given in the Table 2.1. and Figure: 2.1
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the city has the highest density of 247 30 Municipalit
persons/ha, whereas the average density in 25 y
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CMA is only 59 persons/ha. The density in the 15 SG Village
municipal areas and special village panchayats 10
5
Panchayats
is very low, indicating that these areas offer 01960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Panchayat
tremendous potential for growth and would be Year Unions
the receiving residential nodes in future. The graph shown in Figure 2.1 is growth of
population in CMA.
The city area recorded a growth of more than 2% per annum during the decades 1951-61
and 1961-71. The reasons for this rapid growth rate can be attributed to industrial
development and increase in economic activities and employment opportunities in the city
and its suburbs, attracting large migrant population. The negative growth during 1971-81
is due to the annexation of surrounding panchayat areas to the city. The population growth
rate and densities of the City is presented in Table 2.2.
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2.2 Migration
Chennai is a city of migrants like any other metropolitan city in India. According to 2001
Census, migrants to Chennai City from other parts of Tamil Nadu State constitute 74.5 %.
The growth in migrant population shows a ward down trend from 37.24% in 1961 to
21.57% in 2001. Migrants from other parts of India constitute 23.8% and the remaining
1.71 % of the migrants is from other countries. The migration details for the city and CMA
are presented in Tables 2.3 and 2.4. The migration into CMA are showed in Figure: 2.2
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In respect of migrants from southern region of the state, the urban proportion (75%) is
higher and the rural proportion being only 25%, and among migrants from other southern
states of India, there are more female migrants than male migrants (with migrants from
Kerala being an exception). The pictorial representation of migration into CMA is shown
in Figure 2.2
An interesting and important fact found is the out migration from Chennai City to its
suburbs and other areas within CMA. The population of the Chennai City in 1981 was
32.84 lakhs which includes 10.08 lakh migrant population and natural increase of 5.28
lakhs (for 1971-81) population; the net population excluding these works out to 17.48
lakhs whereas the 1971 population was 26.42 lakhs which shows that there was a net out
migration of 8.94 lakhs (27%) resident population from City mostly to the rest of CMA
(during 1971-1981). Similarly, an out migration of 10.41 lakhs (27% of the total
population) is noted during 1981-91. Also, during 1991-2001, an out migration of 10.34
lakhs (24% of the 2001 population) is noted. Though there were large scale building
construction activities noted during the above periods, the out migration of resident
population from Chennai City proves that considerable conversion of residential premises
into non-residential mostly for office, shopping, hotels and other commercial purposes
took place; this trend continues in this metropolis.
The registered birth rates in Chennai City in 1971 were 38.6 and varied from 38.6 to 32.1
during 1971-76 and have reduced to 22.62 in the year 2003. Similarly the death rate also
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reduced to a considerable extent from 13.1 in 1975 to 8.01 in 2003. The rate of natural
increase declined from 26.3 in 1971 to 14.61 in 2003.
Sex ratio is denoted by number of females per 1000 males. The sex ratio in CMA
increased from 936 in 1991 to 956 in 2001. The sex ratio in Chennai city and CMA are
presented in Table 2.5.
2.5 Literacy
The analysis of literacy level in CMA shows that the incidence of illiteracy is found to be
higher in Chennai city and CMA than in the State. The literacy rate in CMA and Chennai
city is more or less the same and has exhibited an increase during 1991-2001. The literacy
rate in CMA is presented in Table 2.6.
Population projections have been carried out for CMA based on the past trends. It is
estimated that CMA would house a population of 126 lakhs by 2026, of which Chennai
city alone would account for 58 Lakhs. The population projection of CMA is presented in
Table 2.7.
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Occupational Structure
The comprehensive profile of employment in CMA indicates that the participation rate i.e.
proportion of main workers to the population of CMA was 30.74 percent in 1991 and
30.96 percent in 2001. The corresponding figures for Chennai city was 30.50 percent in
1991 and 31.79 percent in 2001. The number of marginal workers both in the Chennai
City and in CMA is negligible. Table 3.1 presents the occupational structure of City and
CMA in 2001.
The workers in primary activity constitute 6.52 percent in CMA and 1.05 percent in City
1991. In 2001, it was 2.91 percent and 1.52 percent respectively in CMA and Chennai city
indicating that the primary activities are on the decline in the peripheral areas due to the
emergence of manufacturing and new economy industry. The workers in primary activity
are dwindling and it is negligible compared to total, both in Chennai city and in CMA with
more than 90 percent of the people engaged in the tertiary sector. The percentage of non-
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workers was 65.73 percent in city and 69.14 percent in CMA during 2001.
The following are the Income estimates for the Districts falling under CMA. The income
estimates for districts in CMA is presented in Table 3.2
Chennai City alone accounts for 10.94 percent of the State Income. Estimating the income
in the areas of Kancheepuram and Thiruvallur District, which fall within CMA, based on
proportion of population, it works out to 2.8 percent and 2.5 percent respectively. These
show that CMA accounts for 16.21 percent of the State income from all sectors.
Chennai is a major trade center and acts as a gateway to this part of India. The location of
ports and international airport has catapulted Chennai as a prime destination for trade and
commerce. The economic gateways of Chennai are outlined in the following sections.
Chennai Port
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Ennore Port
International Airport
In addition, the existing airport is planned for a major expansion to make it a world class
airport and accordingly, GoTN has provided for 1500 acres of land for the expansion
purposes. The expansion and modernization of Airport would impact the economic
competitiveness and will have a major impact on the economy of the CMA/the State.
Manufacturing Sector
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The metropolitan region comprises of large automobile engineering, glass and ceramic
industries which are located at Marai Malai Nagar, Irungattukottai, Sriperumbudhur,
Thiruvallore and Gummudipoondi. Tamil Nadu accounts for about 21 percent of passenger
cars, 33 percent of commercial vehicles and 35 percent of automobile components
produced in India. Chennai, the ‘Detroit of India’ is emerging as a major export hub for
cars in South East Asia.
International car manufactures such as Ford, Hyundai, and General Motors etc. have
established their manufacturing bases to cater to domestic and international markets. Some
of the major industrial developments having an impact on the economic development of
CMA include:
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with more than 90% of the exports from Chennai alone. In addition, the initiatives that are
planned/on-going that would catapult Chennai as the most preferred destination for new
technology industries including:
The employment potential and projection for future is worked out based on the existing
and envisaged economic developments and past trends. Based on the workers participation
rate in 2001, it is estimated that by 2011, 87.5 % of the male and 30% of the female
eligible working population will be willing to work and by 2021 about 92.5% of males and
36% of females would be willing to work necessitating creation of employment
opportunities. The demand for employment is presented in Table 3.3.
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This chapter describes the evolution of Chennai and the land use structure and outlines the
future directions of growth taking into account of all the relevant panning aspects.
4.1 History
The foundation for the development of the Chennai was laid in 1639 as a British
settlement and later expanded as a new town around Fort St. George. The population,
which was 19,000 in 1646, expanded to 40,000 in 1669 and the surroundings of the Fort
area covering 16 hamlets were constituted as the City of Madras in 1798.
The introduction of the railway line gave development potential to the hitherto uninhabited
places with new areas being developed. Before 1800, the roads were in a radial pattern, but
after 1810 ring roads were developed inside the City. Mount Road was developed
providing access to all the important arterials of Chennai. To facilitate trade a harbor was
completed in 1896 just to the east of George Town. The principal roads leading out of the
area in three directions connected the north, west and southern parts of the city and still
remain the main transportation framework for the City. Railways were also built radiating
from the centre in these three principal directions.
The important developments during the period 1901 and 1941 were the commissioning of
the electrified suburban meter-gauge railway between Beach and Tambaram in 1931
which gave a fillip for the development of the outlying suburban areas. The thirty years
between 1941 and 1971 saw tremendous growth in population and economic activity in
and around the City. This period also saw the growth of new residential as well as
industrial suburbs particularly on the west and south. The setting up of Integral Coach
Factory at Perambur, the Madras Refinery and Fertilizers at Ennore, the Heavy Vehicles
Factory at Avadi and the expansion of the Harbour and development of automobile
industries facilitated the rapid economic growth of Chennai.
The City is at the core of the metropolitan area and is the centre for all commercial and
social activities as well as a living area for the population. Its structure approximates to a
semi-circle with extensions in five main directions, the North, Northwest, West, Southwest
and South. Naturally all communication lines led to this centre and these in turn were
linked with each other producing a radial and ring pattern of development. It is observed
that the economics of transportation has led to formation of development corridors the
most important of which are on the west and southwest where physical conditions were
more favorable for development.
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The industrial areas within the City were mainly in the northern and western parts, where
they were closely mixed with residential developments but new industrial establishments
were located outside the City limits and many important industries were on the outskirts.
The main industrial areas are in Ennore and Manali on the north, in Ambattur and Avadi
on the west, along Anna Salai and its extension on the southwest. Nearly 40 percent of the
industrial work places were located on the north and northwestern part of the Chennai
Metropolitan Area and over 10 per cent along Anna Salai and its extensions. The structure
of the city in 1973 is shown in the Figure 4.1 and the existing land use 1973 is presented in
Table 4.1 and Map 4.1
The first Master Plan for CMA approved in 1976 proposed the structure of the Metropolis
taking into account various factors. The structure proposed was of a radial pattern with the
City as the hub. The main elements of the strategy were encouragement of growth along
the major transport corridors and development of urban nodes at Manali, Minjur,
Ambattur, Avadi, Alandur and Tambaram., dispersal of certain activities from CBD and
development of satellite towns beyond CMA at Maraimalai Nagar, Gumidipoondi and
Thiruvallur. The Master Plan included spatial plans for CMA with land use zoning and set
the urban form during the plan period. The plan envisaged decongesting the core and
accordingly relocation of mofussil bus terminal and wholesale vegetable, fruit and flower
markets to Koyambedu; iron and steel market to Sathangadu were developed and a truck
terminal at Madhavaram was made operational. The land use structure of CMA in 2001 is
presented in Table 4.2 and in Map 4.2.
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Chennai is one of the high-density cities in India. Its density varies from 180 persons per
ha. in Saidapet and Mylapore Corporation zones and 368 persons per ha. in
Kodambakkam zone within the Corporation limits and the gross density for Chennai City
is 247 persons per ha.
The existing developments in Chennai can be categorized as High Dense Medium raised
developments mostly of buildings up to 15 mts. heights. FSI allowed for such
development up to 15 m height presently is maximum 1.5. Multistoried developments
(High rise development) within CMA are very few; in order to encourage amalgamation of
smaller plots into larger size and construction of buildings with large open space around, a
higher FSI of 2.5/2.75 is allowed in Multistoried developments.
The growing travel demand in the Metropolis has been dictating the need to increase the
supply of road space. Implementation of the 1st Master Plan ensured enhancement of road
space by way of provision of missing road links, widening of existing roads, removal of
bottlenecks in the road network, construction of under passes/over passes, development of
mini flyovers, etc. The focus in the regime of the 2nd Master Plan would not only be
consolidating the efforts taken in the past to enhance the road and transport supply to cope
with the increasing travel desires in the CMA but also establish a hierarchy of roads in the
CMA, so as to ensure the road and transport supply is optimally utilized.
As for other urban road systems, the hierarchy of roads in the CMA would comprise (a)
arterial roads, (b) sub-arterial roads, (c) collector roads and (d) feeder roads/streets.
Guided by the fact that the intra-zonal travel speed in the CMA is 15kmph (as per CTTS
1992-95), the hierarchy of roads in the CMA has been so proposed that a person is able to
access either an arterial road or sub-arterial road in the space of 2.5 km or 10 minutes
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travel by any of the private travel modes, with a view to ensure an equity of mobility and
accessibility across the entire CMA. This would mean that the entire road network in the
CMA, both existing and proposed, would translate itself into the grids of arterial/sub-
arterial roads, 5 km across with the collector roads within grids providing access to the
arterial/ sub-arterial network. Further accessibility to public transport network within a
distance of 1 to 1.5 km has also been considered optimally good. The arterial roads will
have rights-of- way (RoW) of 45m to 61m, the sub-arterial roads will have RoW of 30.5m
and the collector roads will have RoW of 18m.
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Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (CMWSSB) formed in 1978 as
a statutory body is vested with the responsibility of planning, construction, operation and
maintenance of water supply and sewerage system in Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA).
Though its operation is limited to City Corporation’s area in general, the Board is also
extending its services to the surrounding urban local bodies (with 7.88 sq.km. in extension
areas and Manali new town) and has already initiated measures to provide services for the
entire metropolitan area.
The main sources of water supply in the metropolitan areas are both surface and ground
water sources.
A system of lakes connects and collects the catchment run-off on the northwest of CMA to
the Red hills. In order to prevent / minimize the pollution to these water sources, the
catchment of Red hills (about 60 sq.km.) is declared a no-development zone in 1991.
Water from Red hills is conveyed through closed conduits to Kilpauk water works, treated
therein and distributed to various parts of the city.
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In addition, Chembarambakkam tank (located about 12 km. from the city in the west) is
also used as one of the main sources of water supply to the city. Veeranam tank (located
about 230 km. from the city in the south) has been identified as an additional source of
water supply to Chennai through which water is conveyed through a pipeline to Chennai.
The characteristics of existing surface sources are presented in Table 1.0.
Considering the acute water scarcity faced by the Metropolitan Area during 1980s, it was
proposed to draw 15 TMC from River Krishna through the Srisailam, Somasila and
Kandaleru reservoirs in Andhra Pradesh. The Project envisages supply of water from
Kandaleru reservoir in Andhra Pradesh through an open canal and conveyed to the lakes of
Poondi, Redhills, Cholavaram and Chembarambakkam lakes for further treatment and
distribution to the city. The Phase 1 of the project is completed and Phase-2 is under
implementation and is expected to be completed by March 2007. It is expected that 930
MLD of water would be realized once the project is fully completed.
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Desalination Plant
The acute water scarcity in CMA and frequent failure of the monsoons warranted a
sustainable solution for source reliability and augmentation of water supplies to the
Chennai Metropolitan Area. Accordingly CMWSSB envisaged setting up a 100 MLD
desalination plant at Minjur. The plant is proposed on Design, Build, Own, Operate and
Transfer (DBOOT) basis. CMWSSB has completed the procurement process and the
developer has been selected. A project specific, SPV, Chennai Water Desalination Ltd. has
been formed for implementing the project. The project is awaiting CRZ clearance from
MoEF and is expected to be commissioned by 2007.
The major source augmentation projects undertaken by CMWSSB are presented in Table
5.2.
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The ground water sources are ground water from well fields, coastal aquifer, brackish
water based Reverse Osmosis Plants, Neyveli Acquifer etc.
During 1960s & 70s three aquifers at Minjur, Panjetty and Tamaraipakkam located in the
north and northwest of the city and the aquifers along the coastal belt from Thiruvanmiyur
to Kovalam were identified and tapped. Studies in the area North West of the city have
identified a ‘buried channel’- the course of Palar river thousands of years back comprising
of a well field extending to a stretch of about a 50 km. length and 5 km. average width
suitable for extraction of ground water. Accordingly the following well fields have been
developed for ground water extraction.
Table 5.3 clearly brings out the depletion of ground water source during the last 30 years
in that area due to increase in demand resulting in overdrawal of ground water. In addition,
due to severe scarcity, CMWSSB has hired private agricultural wells from 2000 to
augment water supplies. The average yield from such sources during 2005 is to the tune of
77 MLD.
To regulate and control the extraction, use of transport of ground water and to conserve
ground water, the Chennai Metropolitan Area Ground Water (Regulation) Act, 1987 was
enacted. The Act is being enforced by the CMWSSB in the Chennai City and the District
Collectors in the case of adjacent areas and it provides for grant of permit to sink wells in
the scheduled areas, registration of existing wells and use of ground water in the area,
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The entire area within the Chennai City has potential for restricted drawal through shallow
open wells, and tube wells, and these types of wells are prominent in the premises within
the city. Though unprotected, it helps to supplement the limited quantity of protected
water available from the public system. Assuming a conservative figure of drawal of 50
lpcd of ground water, for the population of Chennai about 4.6 million in 2006, estimated
drawal will be in the order of 230 MLD.
The estimated safe yield and average yield at various sources for water supply to Chennai
in the year 2005 is presented in Table 5.4.
26
CDP Chennai
Map 5.1: Water Source Surface and Sub Surface for Chennai Metropolitan Region
27
CDP Chennai
The current water supply from all the sources is of the order of 550 MLD. However,
during the summer season, in times of reduced storage, the supply levels would be as low
as 300 MLD. In addition, CMWSSB also provides bulk water to the surrounding
municipalities to supplement the other sources.
The distribution network in Chennai City covers a length of 2582 Km and is divided into
159 Divisions. About 98% of the population of the city is covered through piped supply
and the balance is through water tankers. The water is distributed through 27 main and
subsidiary water distribution stations comprising Over Head Tanks and Under Ground
Tanks. The combined storage capacities are of the order of 322 ML. The ULBs manage
their own storage capacity, which is adequate considering the present supply levels but
would need augmentation in the future.
A Master plan for the management of the water supply and sewerage for the city, which
28
CDP Chennai
was prepared in the year 1978, was revised in the year 1991 in order to receive and utilize
the water for city supply under Telugu Ganga Project from Andhra Pradesh and later
updated in 1997. The Master Plan contemplated the construction of additional water
treatment plant, water distribution stations, laying of additional transmission mains and
strengthening of the existing distribution system. The Master plan envisages re-organizing
the existing distribution system network to the 16 zones and adequate infrastructure to
ensure equitable distribution of water supply. The implementation of the Master Plan has
been taken up in stages for water supply management in Chennai city to utilise the Krishna
water received from Andhra Pradesh.
The size of the pipes constituting the distribution system ranges from 100 mm to 1500 mm
in diameter with a total length of about 2582 km. The existing system largely consists of
C.I. pipes. In some specific areas PVC mains exist. Of the total length, 85% is estimated
to be of diameter 200 mm and less. Also, about 50% of the smaller sized distribution
pipelines are estimated to be of age 50 years or more. Ageing of pipeline, incrustation due
to intermittent supply and other factors have contributed to the reduction in the capacity of
the distribution system resulting in low pressure in the distribution system. More than
50% of the total system is estimated to have zero residual head. Chennai City has been
expanding at a fast rate and because of this, it is found difficult to meet the demand,
especially at the tail end areas. The 300 MLD capacity Water Treatment Plant was
constructed at Redhills with World Bank assistance under the first Chennai Water Supply
Project and 3 Nos. of transmission mains were also laid to facilitate the treated water to
different water distribution stations located in the city.
The Second Chennai Water Supply Project was taken up by CMWSSB during February
1996 with World Bank Assistance at a cost of Rs.778.79 cores and most of the works
contemplated under this project has been completed. Some of the major works such as
construction of Water Distribution Stations (7 Nos.), Laying of Clear Water Transmission
mains (36 km.), Strengthening of Water Distribution System in 11 zones (660 km.) out of
16 zones were taken up, including leak detection rectification works covering about 70%
of Chennai City Area. The benefits accrued due to the implementation of the project
include increased piped water supply and reduction in unaccounted water. An additional
water treatment plant of 300 MLD capacities at Red Hills and refurbishment of the
existing Kilpauk Water Treatment Plant of capacity 270 MLD was taken up and
completed under this project.
29
CDP Chennai
CMWSSB has proposed to take up further systemic improvement projects in water supply,
both for Chennai city and adjacent Urbanised Local Bodies as “Third Chennai Project” at
a cost of Rs.750 crores. The components envisaged in the proposed project include
construction of check dam across Kortaraliar River and Refurbishment of Vallur anaicut,
rehabilitation of Porur tank and introducing geographical information system for efficient
operations and maintenance. Since most of the components are to be taken up urgently and
as the appraisal of the project by World Bank is getting delayed, these components have
now been posed under JN-NURM for approval.
The total water supplied in Chennai is to the tune of 550 MLD during normal season
which gets reduced during summer and in drought years due to reduced source
availability. The per capita supply levels are 90 lpcd which would also reduce during the
scarce time. In addition, the per capita supply is inequitable in some zones where the
supply levels would be only 30-40 lpcd.
Comparing the per capita supply levels in other metropolitan cities, the supply levels in
Chennai are the lowest at 90 lpcd indicating the seriousness of the situation. The acute
scarcity of water in 2004 in the city due to failure of the monsoon resulted in
discontinuation of piped supply. However, water was supplied through tankers and
CMWSSB has taken initiatives to avoid such instances in future through source
augmentation such as Veeranam Water Supply Scheme.
The per capita supply levels in the municipalities of CMA are much lower than that of the
City. It is estimated that the average per capita supply in the CMA is about 20-25 lpcd,
which is much lower than the norm. Map 5.2 shows the water supply distribution network
& Storage Reservoirs in the Chennai City.
The frequency of water supply is currently on a daily basis. However in the CMA areas,
the supply is on alternate days. The hours of supply varies from 2 hrs. to 6 hrs.
About 3.5 lakh population of Chennai in slums comprising of 58,631 households are
covered through piped supply, tankers and public fountains. CMWSSB supplies water
through 8916 public fountains and 3542 mini tanks to augment the piped water supply.
About 2/3rd of these facilities cater to low income and slum population. Ground water for
supplementation purposes is also drawn through 7726 India Mark II pumps.
30
CDP Chennai
The importance for conservation of water and rainwater harvesting was understood and
due consideration and thrust were given from early 90s itself in Chennai. Planning
permission and completion certificates are issued only for developments with rain water-
harvesting structures within the premises. Provision of rainwater structure in all types of
developments-existing and new, irrespective of size or use has been made mandatory by
amending DCR and Building Byelaws in 2001. After implementation of this scheme
widely in CMA, a significant increase in the ground water levels and also quality of
ground water was noted. In addition, as per amendments, in 2001, it is also mandatory for
all centrally air-conditioned buildings to have their own wastewater reclamation plant for
use in cooling plants.
31
CDP Chennai
Map 5.2: Water Supply Distribution Network & Storage Reservoirs in Chennai City
FROM
600m m Ø R C C W E L L F IE L D S
PANJETTY
F R O M M IN J U R
K A N N I G A IP E R
FROM W E L L F IE L D
W E L L F IE L D S LO C AL
600/500mmØ
8 0 0 m m Ø C .I
D IS T R IB U T IO N
600mmØ
750mmØ
MAGARAL M ANALI NEW TO W N
POONDI
TAMARAPAKKAM
(2 .6 M L D ) (0 .9 M L D )
N
M ANALI MRL
24"
12"
F L O O D P L A IN S (P A N J E T T Y ) 7 5 0 m m Ø R C C M FL
RA W W ATER BOOSTER
(M A G R A L ) 6 0 0 m m Ø R C C I N D U S T R IE S S T A T IO N
PUM PHOUSE
(M A G R A L ) 6 0 0 m m Ø R C C
ES
JO NES TOW ER
STRI
750mmØ
600mmØ
T O IN D U S T R IE S
1200m m Ø
TO INDU
(2 N o s )
3 0 0 m ld C H E N N A I M A IN 750m m Ø
MRL
J U N C T IO N
T O T H IR U V O T T IY U R
M UTHAM ZH
NAGAR
300 M LD 11
K .K .D N G R PATEL
C
CENTRAL
C
O
O
N
N
C
C H E N N A I M A IN
D
O
NAGAR
U
T IR U V A L L U R
U
N
IT
IT
D
- II
-I
NAGAR
U
IT
(1
(1
(1 2 .0 M L D )
- II
46
10
04
I (1
M
M
LD
90
LD
)
)
M
2
LD
MKB
)
TO
NAGAR
K
PS
KO LATHUR
(4 .0 M L D ) ANNA
POONGA
KO RATTUR
T .V .S 9 VYASARPADI
(6 .0 M L D )
(3 .0 M L D )
LAKE GROUPS
F A C T O R IE S
(2 .0 M L D ) V IL L IV A K K A M
O .H .T
KO RATTUR (1 .5 M L D )
H .W (1 .0 M L D )
KANNAPAR
A G A T H IA R
N A G A R O .H .T
K IL P A U K T H ID A L
(1 .5 M L D )
A N .W E S T
(1 8 .0 M L D )
EXTN - I
(2 .0 M L D )
1 KPS 3
ANNA NAGAR
M O G A P P A IR A N .W E S T
E .W .S O H T
W EST E X T N - II (0 .5 M L D )
(0 .2 5 M L D ) (1 .0 M L D ) ANNA NAGAR
H .W - O H T
M O G A P P A IR
(1 1 .5 M L D ) SHAFT
EAST
(1 .2 5 M L D ) ANNA NAGAR
BULK SUPPLY
(1 .5 M L D )
R A IL
NAGAR
(1 .0 M L D ) M .M .D .A
O H T ( 3 .0 M L D )
T R IP L IC A N E
8 (1 7 .0 M L D )
C H O O L A IM E D U
(6 .0 / 4 5 .0
VADAPALANI
M LD)
15
VALLUVAR
4 Wa
-K O T T A M
&Z
(4 .0 M L D )
(1 8 .0 M L D )
14
PORUR 5 16
LAKE K .K .N A G A R SHW M YLAPORE
(1 4 M L D )
(5 2 .0 M L D ) BAY OF
(5 2 .0 M L D )
13 BENGAL
7 NANDANAM
(5 M L D )
EKKADU
THANGAL
(4 M L D )
12
ALANDUR
(1 M L D )
6 P A L IP A T T U
( 1 0 M L D ) T H IR U V A N M IY U R
H .W
(0 .9 M L D )
VELACHE RY
(5 M L D ) T O O K K IU M
T H O R A IP A K K A M
(0 .3 0 M L D )
T O A A V IN
(0 .3 0 M L D )
FROM SOUTHERN
C O A S T A L A C Q U IF E R
32
CDP Chennai
The requirements of water supply for Chennai Metropolitan Area for the year 2026 are
around 2,248 MLD. This includes 1,606 MLD for domestic purposes and the remaining
for commercial and industrial purposes. The population projection for CMA is presented
in Table 5.6.
The following are the assumptions for estimating the water requirements for CMA which
is presented in Tables 5.7 & 5.8.
33
CDP Chennai
Source Development
The CMWSSB has completed the scheme to augment the source of water supply by
implementing Chennai Water Supply Augmentation Project-I to supply 180 MLD. A
project to construct a 100 MLD Reverse Osmosis based sea water desalination plant under
DBOOT basis has also been taken up for implementation. Further the CWSAP II project
at an estimated cost of Rs.124 crore is also under implementation to firm up source
sustainability, in addition to augmenting the source. In addition, improvement works to
enhance the storage capacity of Kandaleru, Somasila reservoirs and the lining of Telugu
Ganga Project canal to improve the flow efficiency are in progress to enable supply of full
quantity of 12 TMC (930 mld) of water to Chennai city. The sources and availability of
water from each of the source is presented in Table 5.9.
The projections indicate that the overall water demand for the year 2026 is of the order of
2,248 MLD as against the full potential of the existing and presently ongoing source works
totaling to 1,535 MLD, thus leaving a deficit of 713 MLD. Due to frequent and recurrent
deficit monsoon in Chennai and in AP, there is uncertainty on the availability of water
during such periods. Hence, it is pertinent to create additional reliable sources of water
supply and accordingly the use of recycled wastewater and desalination of sea water are
being considered.
The reuse of wastewater, though desirable from the environmental point of view, is
fraught with limitations till acceptability for drinking use is established. Until then, the
utilization of recycled wastewater can be limited to industrial purposes only.
Considering the above, desalination is one of the options being considered for reliable
source of water supply. Accordingly 700 MLD is proposed in two phases, phase I
comprising of 300 MLD and phase II of 400 MLD. The land required for establishing the
additional desalination plants have already been identified, one at Kattupally near Minjur
and the other near Thiruporur and Kelambakkam.
34
CDP Chennai
Based on the Master Plan already prepared by the CMWSSB action has been taken to
integrate the requirements of the Adjacent and Distant Local Bodies and the network of
transmission mains has been created with this objective in mind. Therefore, it would be
possible for CMWSSB to cover the Adjacent Municipalities and Special Village
Panchayats by drawing from the transmission main network system and creating
appropriate separate distribution for these areas. Under the Phase I programme, extension
of trunk mains from the CMWSSB system already available can be implemented with
additional trunk mains to be established from the proposed desalination plants.
All the source development interventions would result in increased water availability and
hence warrants a systemic improvement projects in water distribution system in the City.
Consequent to the systemic improvements carried out, the strengthening of the water
distribution system has been improved in 11 zones. It is proposed to take up the
strengthening of the water distribution system in the remaining 5 zones viz. Anna Poonga,
Kilpauk, Triplicane, Southern Head works and K.K. Nagar also and providing valves in all
the 16 zones towards isolation of zones, so that the entire service area would be benefited
in supply eliminating defective streets of piped water supply. The pipelines will be laid to
a total length of about 307 km. The existing distribution stations also needs strengthening
to handle the water requirement of 2026 population. The total estimated cost of these
works is Rs.338.36 crore.
Initial study by the NEERI in the 1970s revealed that leakage losses in the existing system
were in the order of 35% to 40%. Hence, to increase the terminal pressure and to avoid
leakage losses, it was decided to take up the leak detection programme in phases with the
objective of saving water. Out of the 3.40 lakhs House Service Connections in Chennai
city so far renewal and leak detection tests in 2.24 Lakhs House Service Connections have
been completed. It is proposed to take a up further 30,000 House Service Connections
under this project including renewal of corresponding water mains of about 100 Kms.
which are aged and choked. Further works are programmed to be taken up in the coming
years to minimize unaccounted for water.
Three existing masonry conduits, used to draw raw water from Redhills constructed in the
years 1914, 1955 and 1986 are brick masonry arched conduits need complete
rehabilitation. The study carried out by international consultants M/s. Compagnie
Generale des Eaux has examined the condition of these conduits in an extensive way and
have recommended reconstruction of conduits I and III and repairs and rehabilitation of
Conduit-II to transfer 359 MLD of water to Kilpauk Water Treatment Plant. The
proposals envisage construction of 1300 mm x 1300 mm RCC conduit within the existing
Conduit-I and Construction of 1700 mm x 1400 mm RCC conduit within the existing
conduit in Conduit-III at an estimated cost of Rs.44.00 crores.
35
CDP Chennai
5.2 Sewerage
Chennai City’s sewerage system was designed in 1910 for 1961 population of 6.6 lakhs at
the rate 114 lpcd. as a separate system. The City was divided as north, west and south
independent drainage areas and sewage from each area was collected by relay pumping
and conveyed to the pumping stations at Napier Park, Purasaiwalkam and Royapuram and
finally discharged into the sea at Kasimedu out-fall. Kodungaiyur sewage farm was
developed in 1956 and a portion (27 mld) of the sewage collected at Purasawalkam
pumping station was discharged through force mains to Kodungaiyur farm.
A comprehensive improvement to the city sewerage system was designed in 1958 for an
estimated 1976 population of 25.5 lakhs and 1991 population of 27.2 lakhs at a sewage
flow rate of 110 lpcd in 1976 and 180 mld in 1991.
The coverage of the sewerage distribution system is almost 98% in Chennai City. With a
total length of 2,583 Km of sewers comprising of 2,432 Km of gravity mains and 151 Km
of pumping mains, the sewerage system covers about 15,460 streets of the Corporation
covering an area of 174 Sq.Km. Features of the sewerage macro system in Chennai city is
given in the Table 5.10.
36
CDP Chennai
The present sewerage network in Chennai city has covered 98% of its area. Apart from
those zonal systems, other small systems developed by the TNHB in their neighbourhood
scheme areas are also functioning and are connected to the nearest mains. As the capacity
of sewers was limited, during rainy days they became surcharged due to ingress of storm
water. Any surplus of sewage in excess of pumping stations capacity was drained into the
nearby natural water courses of the city viz., Cooum River, Adyar River, Buckingham
canal and Otteri Nullah.
Four STPs with a combined capacity of 481 MLD are currently in operation. The salient
features of the STPs are presented in Table 5.11
The capacity of sewage treatment plants is about 87% of the total water supplied and
needs augmentation.
A comprehensive project for sewerage system improvement under the umbrella Chennai
City River Conservation Project (CCRCP) is currently under implementation to cope up
with the increased sewage flow resulting from water supply augmentation schemes under
implementation, and to prevent the overflow of sewage into the city waterways. The
Project, which has been taken up at a cost of Rs. 720.15 crores includes providing
additional sewage interceptors, refurbishing the existing sewer mains and capacity
37
CDP Chennai
augmentation of the existing pumping stations and force mains to cope with the flow in the
year 2021. The works of interceptors, pumping mains, gravity mains, pumping stations
and construction of 4 Sewage Treatment Plant units at Perungudi (54 MLD capacity),
Koyambedu (60 MLD capacity), Nesapakkam (40 MLD capacity) and Kodungaiyur (110
mld capacity) have been completed.
The majority of the ULBs in the Chennai Urban Agglomeration do not have under ground
sewerage systems. Some Local Bodies like Alandur, Valasaravakkam and Thiruvottiyur
have implemented the sewerage system in their municipal areas; others are in the process
of providing a full-fledged sewerage system. The disposal and treatment is to the nearest
STP, where further capacity augmentation can be taken up in subsequent years.
In addition project preparation for provision of sewerage system for (i) Pallavaram, (ii)
Tambaram, (iii) Madhavaram, (iv) Kathivakkam, (v) Porur, (vi) Ullagaram
Puzhudhivakkam, (vii) Avadi, (viii) Maduravoyal and (ix) Thiruvottiyur (Rehabilitation
and Extension) is completed and the work on sewerage scheme for Pallavaram has
commenced and is in progress.
The Local Bodies which are not covered presently with the provision of sewerage system
include Ayanambakkam, (ii) Chinnasekkadu, (iii) Manali, (iv) Nandambakkam, (v)
Pallikaranai, (vi) Perungudi, (vii) Kottivakkam, (viii) Nerkundram, (ix) Ramapuram and
(x) St. Thomas Mount Cantonment, (xi) Minjur, (xii) Naravalkuppam, (xiii)
Chitlapakkam, (xiv) Anakaputhur, (xv) Pammal, (xvi) Thiruverkadu, (xvii) Kunrathur,
(xviii) Poonamallee and (xix) Mangadu.
A comprehensive project for sewerage system improvement under the umbrella Chennai
City River Conservation Project (CCRCP) is currently under implementation to cope up
with the increased sewage flow resulting from water supply augmentation schemes under
implementation, and to prevent the overflow of sewage into the city waterways. The
Project has been taken up at a cost of Rs. 720.15 crores includes providing additional
sewage interceptors, refurbishing the existing sewer mains and capacity augmentation of
the existing pumping stations and force mains to cope with the flow in the year 2021. The
works of interceptors, pumping mains, gravity mains, pumping stations and construction
of 4 Sewage Treatment Plant units at Perungudi (54 mld capacity), Koyambedu (60 mld
capacity), Nesapakkam (40 mld capacity) and Kodungaiyur (110 mld capacity) have been
completed.
38
CDP Chennai
Chennai Municipal Corporation and the respective ULBs are the responsible agency for
solid waste management in their jurisdiction. According to Census 2001, the population of
the City was 43.43 lakhs and the average per capita solid waste generated with in the City
is estimated to be about 782 grams. It has been estimated that 3400 tonnes of solid waste is
generated daily and in addition Chennai Corporation also handles about 500 tonnes of
debris.
Waste Generation
A detailed "Municipal Solid Waste Management Study for Madras Metropolitan Area"
with World Bank assistance during the year 1996 covered all aspects of solid waste
management (existing situation and also the future requirements) and has identified the
sources of generation as presented in Table 5.12.
The composition and characteristics of solid waste is given in Table 5.13 and 5.14.
39
CDP Chennai
From the above it is seen that Chennai Municipal Solid Waste contains high moisture
content, small percentage of recyclable materials and more of compostable (organic
matter) and inert materials. These characteristics show the low potential for applying
refuse derived fuel and waste to energy (i.e. incineration) processing option due to the low
combustibles, high moisture and high inert contents of the wastes. They also indicate high
potential for composting of solid wastes.
The Municipal Corporation and some NGOs are assisting communities to collect solid
waste through Community Based arrangement in some areas of the City which are
transferred to the dumper placers for further collection. The Municipal Corporation
provides street sweepings and scientific collection through out the City. The Municipal
Corporation has privatized about one-third of the collection and transfer to disposal sites in
three zones to a private organization mounting to 1,000 tones per day.
In Chennai Metropolitan area small, medium and large enterprises (secondary raw
material) are involved in the recycling industry. They get the supplies from dealers who
specialize in waste papers, glass, plastic, metals and other reusable material and are in turn
supported by vast network of dealers and small traders. Rag pickers, including those at the
landfill site, transfer stations and street level, together with itinerant buyers who collect,
separate materials from door to door, provide dealers with regular supply of waste. It has
been estimated that they recover about 400 tones per day of these material.
At present the Chennai Corporation and ONYX are the two agencies are the responsible
for entire solid waste collection and transportation. As per the corporation the collection
efficiency is around 95% in the city and Door to Door collection reached up to 95% of the
city area. Some salient future is shown in Table 5.15.
40
CDP Chennai
Disposal
Solid Waste is taken to the transfer stations and is finally disposed off at two designated
disposal sites viz. Kodungaiyur located at Northern part of City and Perungudi in the
south. The extent of the Kodungaiyur landfill site is 182 hectares and the Perungudi land
site is 142 hectares. About 45% of the total solid waste generated is disposed at
Kodungaiyur site and the remaining at Perungudi site. Within the Chennai Corporation
there is a well established repair and maintenance system for vehicles.
Chennai Corporation has taken action to modernize 7 transfer stations and machinery and
also to improve basic infrastructure facilities at the landfill sites. It has also taken action to
execute the project of making manure from solid waste on Design-Build-Operate- and-
Transfer basis. It has employed M/s National Productivity Council for preparation of a
detailed report on the modernization of the Perungudi and Kodungaiyur Solid Waste
Disposal sites and they have submitted their report, which is under consideration of the
Corporation of Chennai. As a small scale measure, at Ward Level in 115 places, facilities
have been created for making manure from community waste and the Corporation for the
parks uses the manure.
41
CDP Chennai
A bio – methanation plant was been planned and implemented with the assistance of
Government of India, Ministry of Non Conventional Energy Sources (67%) and from
CMDA share (33%). The project is to generate electricity from vegetable waste at
Koyambedu Wholesale Market Complex (KWMC) to dispose of 100 tons of organic waste
at a total cost of Rs.5.07 Crores. The project would generate electricity to the tune of 230
kw per day and compost of 10 tones per day.
The ERM Study conducted in 1996 estimated that the per capita waste requiring disposal
in respect of Chennai City and municipalities was 0.782 gm, in town panchayats, 0.439 gm
and 0.293 gm per capita per day in ULBs and panchayat unions respectively. Accordingly,
the solid waste which would be generated in Chennai City, Municipalities and other local
bodies within CMA in 2021 is as follows. The future garbage generation trends are
presented in Table 5.16
Land Requirement
In respect of Municipalities, most of them do not have any Transfer Stations and they
directly dispose off the waste collected in the dump sites available within the local bodies.
In most of the Village Panchayat areas the system of Solid Waste Collection and disposal
is very limited. In respect of the Municipalities within CMA availability of land for
disposal presently and requirement of land as per the estimates of the local bodies by 2005
are given in the Table 5.17
42
CDP Chennai
All the municipal areas have identified disposal sites for scientific disposal of solid waste.
A common land of extent 50 Acres has been purchased for Alandur, Pallavaram and
Tambaram Municipalities at a cost of Rs.113.28 crore at Venkatamangalam village for
developing the same as a modernized compost yard bringing the segregated wastes for the
purpose. In addition, Tambaram Municipality has identified an extent of about 55 Acres at
Nallur village in Sriperumbudur Taluk and 25 Acres in Punchai-Pothivakkam village,
Chengalpattu Taluk. In respect of Ambattur Municipality 30 acres of land at Vengal
village has been identified. For Kathivakkam Municipality, a site of an extent 5.5 Acre has
been identified at Manali Village. Thiruvottiyur and Kathivakkam Municipalities are
presently using the common disposal site of an extent 12 Acres at Sathangadu and
Thiruvotriyur Municipality has taken action to alienate about 10 Acres from the sewage
treatment plant site. Madhavaram Municipality has identified a site of an extent 4.70
Acres at Vadaperumbakkam and 4.93 Acres at Manali and taken action to acquire the
same. Pammal Municipality has obtained 2.00 Acres of land for this purpose.
Thiruverkadu Municipality has taken action to get 10.20 Acres of poromboke land at
Koladi Village for this purpose. Valasarawakkam Municipality has also taken action to
acquire lands.
E-Waste
Chennai Metropolis is one of the major destinations for I.T Industries and I.T Enabled
Services. e-Waste generated by these industries is estimated to be considerable and
disposal of the same in an environmentally acceptable manner requires attention. In the
years to come these wastes generated by the I.T Industries will multiply and may pose
environmental problems if not disposed scientifically in an acceptable manner.
CMA is traversed by three major rivers namely Kosasthalaiyar River, Cooum River and
Adyar River. Sholavaram Tank, Red Hills Tank and Chembarambakkam Tank are the
major tanks in the CMA. Sholavaram Tank is the secondary storage tank receiving water
from the Poondi Reservoir via Poondi Feeder Canal to supply Red Hills Tank. Red Hills
Tank is the main source of water supply to the Chennai City and during storm events water
is released to Red Hills Surplus Channel, which enters the Kosasthalaiyar River and
discharges into the Sea. Its maximum storage capacity is 3285 Mft3 (93 Mm3).
Chembarambakkam Tank has recently been developed as one of the sources for water
supply to Chennai City and has maximum storage capacity of 103 Mft3.
43
CDP Chennai
CMA also has a network of lakes, canals and channels within its boundary. There are
about 320 numbers of tanks /lakes that are earlier used as water source for irrigation and
now serve as flood accommodators. Apart from these lakes there are a large number of
ponds in CMA.
44
CDP Chennai
Waterways in CMA
The length of the major waterways passing through the City and their total length in CMA
is given in Table 5.19 and are presented in Map 5.3
CMDA had engaged the services of the consultant M/s Mott MacDonald International,
UK, to conduct the study titled 'Madras Metro Flood Relief/Storm Water Drainage Master
Plan Study ' in 1992-93. The main objective of the study was to bring together the
previous studies carried to assess the problem of flooding in Chennai and to identify using
modern hydrological and hydraulic modeling techniques/measures to alleviate flooding in
the North of the City.
The study area comprised of two parts, (1) 90 sq.km strip north of the river Cooum and (2)
30 sq.km area south of the City named as Pallikkaranai. Both the macro drainage systems
and the micro drainage system had been examined. The range of options examined
included upstream storage (to be implemented under Krishna Water supply scheme),
diversion of flood flows into tanks, canals, channel resection, structural improvements
(including outfalls), provision of short cut canal between the Buckingham and the Sea,
formalization of flood path and provision of flood defaces (walls, banks, etc.).
45
CDP Chennai
46
CDP Chennai
Schemes have been outlined for the Cooum, the Kosasthalaiyar, the Red Hills Surplus
Channel, the Buckingham Canal, the Otteri Nullah and the Captain Cotton Canal.
Protection has been proposed on the Kosasthalaiyar on the south bank only, and a
controlled floodway is proposed for the north bank upstream of Minjur.
For the urban storm water (micro) system, existing coverage of drainage provision within
the study area boundary was found to be 50%. However the drainage system was
generally found to be in a poor state, with many blockages due to solid waste and services
(water pipes, cables etc.) and repairs needed. The principal interventions envisaged are the
repairs/rehabilitation of existing systems and improved maintenance. The Master Plan
comprised of the following components:
• Structural works for major flood alleviation and for rehabilitation of the urban storm
water system
• Non-structural measures required to support these investments;
• Capacity building, with particular emphasis on system maintenance and master plan
implementation;
• Further studies required to progress the plan;
• Monitoring and evaluation requirements.
A separate study for Pallikkaranai area was carried out with the aim to provide protection
to an area about 30 Sq.km. lying in and around Pallikkaranai from flooding as the swamp
receives run-off from a catchment area of 235 Sq.kms. The study proposed diversion of
substantial portion of run off from upstream catchments along a cut off drain linking the
existing surplus channel close to a village called Karanai with the Kovalam Backwaters.
Northern boundaries of Pallikkaranai Drainage Area cuts off the centre of the existing
swamp area at Pallikkaranai. The area to the north will continue to be subject to
inundation as run off enters the area from North and West. East West Flood Protection
Bund protects this side of PDA. In order to provide internal drainage to the PDA two
pumping stations have to be located in the East-West Flood Protection Bund to lift the
water over the Bund. A balancing pond is also to be located near the pumping station.
However, protection to the area is to be provided by three interceptor drains, which carry
overland flows from local catchment around the boundary of the PDA. An arterial drain
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CDP Chennai
has to be constructed along the centre of the PDA, which will pick up drainage flows
within the area. of the proposal are given in the sheets annexed.
At present the total length of storm water drains are 769 km in Chennai Corporation area.
The tertiary system is available for the entire major arterial road network. In the case of
the municipalities and other ULBs in CMA, the network coverage is poor.
The Storm Water Drainage Master Plan for the Madras city and Pre feasibility Study for
the Madras Metropolitan Area prepared in 1994 provides for possible interventions to
improve the functioning of the micro drainage system in Chennai city. For the urban storm
water (micro system) existing system of drainage coverage within the study area is found
to be 50% with additional areas draining overland in to the urban drainage network. The
drainage system was generally found to be in a poor state, with many blockages due to
solid waste and municipal waste and services (water pipes, cables, etc.) and repairs
needed. The principal intervention is thus require repairs /resection of the existing system
and improved maintenance which is seriously under funded. Capital works includes new
works includes area of drainage in particular at Arumbakkam-Virugambakkam along with
some investment in new drain or drain enlargement within the existing system and
investment of new outfall facilities.
Outside the City, there are currently few drainage facilities provided by the primary and
secondary network of rivers and surplus channels. Improvements to this drainage network
will be essential if development is to proceed within the CMA at the pace envisaged. A
number of strategic initiatives had been identified for the development of CMA including
flood banks on the South side of the Kosasthalaiyar, improvements to the
Ambattur/Korattur/Madhavaram surplus channel system and improvements to drainage
works in the Pallikkaranai area.
In addition to this specific proposal there is a need to develop a strategic planning policy
within CMA, which would focus on some of the important requirements for the continued
functioning of the drainage system as development advances. These might include
retention of tanks as open space, provision of river corridor, prevention of encroachment
in tanks, the definition of secondary drainage system and development of tertiary and
quaternary system and links between these and secondary/primary system.
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CDP Chennai
6.1 Overview
The metropolitan environment comprises of mainly two components viz. (i) environment
per se, and (ii) the habitat. The environment per se relates to natural features and
resources including the air, noise, water and land (open spaces, forests etc.). The habitat is
related to built environment and infrastructures such as water supply, sewerage, and solid
waste disposal. The conservation of natural resources includes management of air, noise,
water & land.
Under the Air (Preservation & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 and in the Environment
(Protection) Act 1986, the National Standards for ambient air quality have been notified.
TNPCB in its Environment Management plan for Chennai city, 2003 has identified that
the major pollutants generated in the city are particulate matter, sulphur dioxide, oxides of
nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulphide, and ammonia gas. The major sources of
air pollution are domestic (fuels for cooking), commercial (fuel consumed by commercial
establishments, trade, industry, hotels etc.), industrial (due to wood, coke, furnace oil LPG,
kerosene etc.) vehicular (petrol & diesel fuels), generator sets (diesel and kerosene fuels),
natural sources (odour pollution due to gases emanated from polluted stretches, waterways
– ‘B' Canal, Adyar, Cooum). The TNPCB estimation of the pollution load in different
sectors in Chennai City is given in Table 6.1.
The major contribution to Chennai air pollution load is vehicular sector (71.28%) followed
by industrial sector (19.70%). TNPCB has mapped the air pollution impact areas and
listed the impact areas are presented in Table 6.2:
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CDP Chennai
Chennai is traversed by three rivers (viz. Kosasthalaiyar, Cooum and Adyar), B' canal and
other natural and man-made canals & drains. The waterways of Chennai are not perennial
in nature and receive flood discharge only during monsoon season; in the rest of the year it
acts as a carrier of wastewater from sewage treatment plants and others. The TNPCB
monitors, the discharge of sewage and trade effluents generated by local bodies and
industries into the water bodies / waterways. The basin-wise sewage generation during the
year 2000 is given in the Table 6.3. Chennai Major Water Bodies are represented in Map
6.1:
The study conducted by M/s Wardrop Engineering Inc. 1995 revealed that the waterways
in Chennai convey treated and untreated sewage and receive debris and solid waste also
though they were originally natural flood discharge channels. The addition of untreated
liquid waste had lead to a very high level of pollutants and the disposal of the solid and the
encroachment of slums had severely reduced flows particularly during Monsoon periods.
However, the recent data collected by TNPCB, has shown that certain industries have
plugged their outfalls and provided effluent treatment plants (ETP) and are recycling the
waste water.
TNPCB under the MINARS programme periodically monitors the water quality of the city
waterways. Water samples are collected and analysed by TNPCB every month at ‘B'canal
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CDP Chennai
(at north, central and south stretches), Otteri Nallah, Adyar River and Cooum River.
According to PCB, all these water bodies in the city are polluted and not suitable for any
designated uses (viz. drinking, bathing, propagation of wild life like animal husbandry &
fisheries, industrial, cooking and washing and agriculture); level of contamination is
relatively high in ‘B' canal followed by Otteri Nullah and Cooum River. The nature of out
fall is presented in Table 6.4.
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CDP Chennai
The sludge disposal consultancy study conducted in 1994 by the consultant M/s MMI has
revealed that contamination of water ways and anaerobic digestion of waste water flowing
in the water ways had led to the accumulation of sludge causing hindrance to the hydraulic
functioning of the water ways and also causing contamination of water ways in the eco
system. The following are the estimates of the sludge accumulation in Chennai waterways
is presented in Table 6.5.
Accordingly the Chennai City River Conservation Project (CCRCP) was conceived and
CMWSSB had implemented a project at a cost of Rs. 720.15 Crores for prevention of
sewage flow into waterways, treatment of sewage, construction of interceptor sewers and
enhancement of pumping station capacity which as approved by the National River
Conservation Directorate (NRCD), Government of India.
Ground Water
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CDP Chennai
Bio-Medical Waste
Bio-Medical wastes have become potentially hazardous because of its potential for
infection, and also for its ingredients including antibiotics, cytotoxic drugs, corrosive
chemicals and radioactive substances. TNPCB has estimated that in-patient hospital
serves in Chennai generate about 1 to 2 kg of solid waster per person per day, and Chennai
city has a bed strength of about 20,000 and the bio-medical waste generate per day is
about 5000 kg. The hospital authorities themselves usually incinerate the infectious
wastes and some of the major hospitals have double chamber incinerators. TNPCB has
recently identified a site for location of common treatment and disposal of bio-medical
wastes at Thenmelpakkam village to serve Chennai city and the adjoining Kancheepuram
& Thiruvallur districts.
The hazardous wastes generated from the industries such as electroplating, chemical,
petrochemical, service stations, textile processing and engineering type of industries are
stored in the industries premises safely, recycled where possible and disposed at sites
recommended by the TNPCB. Recently site at Melakottaiyur in the adjoining district has
been identified for common treatment and disposal, to serve Chennai City and the
adjoining Kancheepuram and Thiruvallur districts.
In the recent past, one of the major level pollution problem identified is the one due to the
non-degradable plastic wastes. The preventive, promotional and mitigative aspects
considered to tackle this problem taken by the authorities concerned includes, source
segregation of municipal wastes, raising consumer and public awareness, specifying
plastics suitable for recycling, penalties for littering, specifying minimum thickness of
plastic carry bags.
The Noise level survey conducted by the TNPCB reveals that noise level exceeded the
limits mostly in commercial areas, mainly due to vehicular movement. During festive
seasons in Chennai, the noise levels were noted high and particularly during Diwali it
exceeded 120 dB (A).
The coastal line of Bay of Bengal in the east throughout its length bound Chennai
Metropolis. In CMA, developments in the coastal stretches are regulated as per the CRZ
Management plan approved by the Government of India on 27.9.1996 and the CRZ
regulations notified by the Government of India under the Environment (Protection))
Act.1986.
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CDP Chennai
Chennai city has only about 2% of the area as declared parks. In Chennai Metropolitan
Area, the declared forest cover is about 24 sq. kms, which is about 2 percent of the CMA
area. However, satellite imageries show that green cover over the city due to trees along
roadside and within the sites is of considerable extent. There is ample scope for further
development of this green cover within the city and also in the rest of CMA, particularly
along roads drains, riverbanks etc. Increase in green cover in urban habitats becomes a
necessity not only to alleviate the problems of pollution, but also to ensure ecological
stability.
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CDP Chennai
The need to take an integrated long term view of transport needs of CMA and to plan road
development, public transport services and suburban rail transport as a part of the urban
planning process have been well recognized as essential for the efficient functioning of the
urban system.
Many studies have been done in the past for development of transportation in CMA.
These include Madras Area Transport study (MATS - 1968), Integrated Transport Plan
(1977), Madras Route Rationalization study (1986), Traffic and Transportation study for
MMA, Comprehensive Traffic and Transportation Study (CTTS 1992-95). Based on the
recommendations of these studies several major projects such as formation of Inner Ring
Road, addition of buses, improvements to Metropolitan Transport Corporation (MTC)
infrastructure, Mass Rapid Transit system (MRTS) etc have been taken up for
implementation. However, these efforts have not kept pace with the increase in travel
demand.
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CDP Chennai
Besides these agencies, there are agencies, which are concerned with licensing of vehicles
and policy making such as Regional Transport Office etc.
Rail Network
The commuter rail system in CMA operated by the Southern Railways consists of 3 lines:
These lines radiate from the city-centre. These 3 lines together account for 300,000
commuter trips per day. While the first two corridors carry intercity passengers on
separate dedicated lines, the third corridor carries both commuters and intercity passengers
on the same lines.
In addition, the Phase 1 & Phase 2 of MRTS are currently in operation traversing a length
of more than 15 km covering the residential and IT corridor on the south eastern side of
the city.
The bus transport is being operated by Metropolitan Transport Corporation (MTC), which
had a fleet strength of 2,773 buses in 2004. They operate 537 routes and carry 36 lakhs
trips/day.
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CDP Chennai
There is acute overcrowding in buses during peak hours. The overloading is as high as
150% in certain routes as the supply is inadequate. As a result, overcrowding at the bus
stops and spillover on the carriageways has become common. The waiting time at the bus
stops has also increased.
The number of goods vehicles in Chennai has increased from 6,671 in 1980 to 32629 in
2005. According to a study by MMDA (1985) the main items of movement are
manufactured goods (15.5%), building materials (9.9%), industrial raw materials (9.2%),
perishables (9.1%) and parcels (8.5%). CMDA had taken steps to shift some of the
wholesale markets and create truck terminals on the periphery of the City. Of these
Sattangadu steel market, Koyambedu perishables market and Madavaram truck terminal
have been made operational.
7.1.4 Seaports
The Ennore Port Limited (EPL), developed as a satellite port to CPT, is the 12th major
port in India and the first corporate port in India and presently handles around 10m tonnes
of thermal coal per annum.
7.1.5 Airport
Chennai has a national air terminal viz. Kamarajar Domestic Terminal and an international
terminal viz. Anna International Terminal located at Meenambakkam. Totally 20
international flights per day are operated from Chennai. While the growth of international
traffic is 5%, that of the national air traffic is 7%. The AAI imports 44,000 to 51,000
tonnes of cargo per year and exports 63,000 to 68,000 tonnes per year. While the growth
of international passenger movement is 17.8% for the period 1997-98 to 2003-2004, the
growth of passenger traffic within the country is 42.5%. Similarly the growth of
international cargo movement is 93% for the same period and that within the country is
167%. The Indian Airlines operate daily 140 flights, which result in 12,500 trips.
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CDP Chennai
Vehicles ( in nos.)
annum during this period. The number of T/W
1200000
1000000
According to the CTTS (1992-95), the per capita trip rate is 1.30 per day and the trip rate
per household is 5.88 per day. On a typical weekday, the residents of the metropolitan
area perform about 7.45 million trips by a variety of travel modes for various purposes.
The pie diagram of distribution of vehicle type (year wise) is shown in Figure: 7.2.
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CDP Chennai
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CDP Chennai
Capacity of almost all roads in the present system is reduced due to poor quality of riding
surface, inadequate pedestrian pavement, poor lighting conditions and lack of properly
designed intersections.
On an average, about 425 new vehicles are put on the roads every day without
corresponding increase in memorable road space. The increase in road space accounts for
only 3 to 4% of the total area, which is of very low order when compared with 11% in
Bangkok and 20-25% in developed cities such as London, Paris or New York.
The Problems
• Capacity of almost all roads in the present system is reduced due to poor quality of
riding surface, inadequate pedestrian pavement, poor lighting conditions and lack of
properly designed intersections. The volume capacity ratio (V/C ratio) on many of the
links during the peak hour is more than one. In the CBD links the V/C ratio is more
than 1.5.
• Establishment of multi-national car companies in the vicinity of the CMA (Mahindra
Ford Company at MM Nagar, Hyundai Company at Sriperumbudur, Hindustan
Motors at Thiruvallur) and establishment of Tidel Park and a large of number of IT
(Infosys, Wipro, TCS) and IT enabling service establishments is bound to increase car
ownership in the CMA thereby adversely affecting the traffic condition. With the
mushrooming financial institutions making available easy finance to own motorized
vehicles by individuals, the problems of the traffic congestion on city roads will
escalate further.
• The phenomenal growth of vehicles coupled with minimal increase in road space has
resulted in travel speeds as low as 15 kmph in CBD and 20 kmph in other major roads
along with considerable hold-ups in junctions.
• Certain missing links especially in the orbital direction have also reduced the
efficiency of movement.
• Ad hoc use of the carriageway and footpaths for utilities and inadequate and poorly
maintained drainage system also affect the efficient use of the roads.
• The parking shortage is acute in the CBD area. The demand for parking in CBD is 1.5
to 2 times the supply and the acute shortage of parking supply is pronounced in the
commercial areas of Anna Salai, T.Nagar, Purasawalkam and Mylapore. Parking is
inadequate along the major arterial roads.
• Conflicts between fast moving vehicular traffic and bicycle and pedestrian traffic have
reduced the capacity and safety.
• Lack of organised parking including loading/unloading facilities for trucks results in
reduced capacity and safety of movement.
• Permanent and temporary encroachment of footpaths and carriageway has reduced the
capacity of the road.
• Inadequate enforcement of traffic rules and lack of road sense among the road users
and insufficient regulatory measures have resulted in inefficient use of the network
system.
• Increase in air pollution levels with the suspended particulate matter (SPM) ranging
from 264 to 451 against the permissible limit of 200, carbon monoxide (CO) was
ranging from 1908 to 4198 µ g/m3 against the permissible limit of 2000.
• Bus and rail developing as competing modes rather than being complementary to each
other and the sprawling suburban development without adequate transport facilities
has placed considerable demand in favor of private vehicles and have emphasized the
warrant for interchange facilities at mass transit stations.
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CDP Chennai
7.2.2 Railways
The most used commuter line is Chennai Beach – Tambaram rail line and its capacity is
limited and restricted by a number of grade crossings. Inter-modal transfers from bus to
rail and vice versa is generally absent or under-developed and there is no system
integration of the rail and bus modes. The Southern Railway operates daily 180 arrivals
and departures which amount to 2.25 lakhs trips.
There is acute overcrowding in buses during peak hours in almost all the routes and in off-
peak periods also in certain routes. The overloading is as high as 150% in certain routes.
The supply is grossly inadequate leading to inhuman conditions of travel in buses. The
State Transport Corporations similarly operate daily 4160 arrivals and departures, which
result in another 1.66 lakhs trips
The number of routes for goods movement is limited. There is acute shortage of parking
for goods vehicles. All these add to the economic cost on the city.
7.2.5 Parking
After taking stock of the entire parking problems and issues in the CMA, the study
recommended a parking policy for Chennai on the basis of best practices followed both
inside and outside the country. The thrust of the recommended parking policy is as
follows:
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CDP Chennai
The sub modal split between bus and rail will have to change from 91:9 to 85:15 (2004),
75:25 (2011) and 70.30 (2016), 65:35 (2021) and 60:40 (2026) if the road transport system
is not to break down in the context of increased commuter trips. The projected daily trips
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CDP Chennai
by public transport are presented in Table 7.2. Demand in growth travel of CMA is
graphically presented in Figure: 7.4.
10
7.5
Table 7.3 : Mass Transport Trips 2004 & 2026 (in lakhs)
Mass Transport Trips (in lakhs) 2004 2026
Total Mass Transport Trips 35.36 145.32
Increase in 22 years 109.96
Total road (bus trips) 30.22 87.19
Increase in 22 years 56.97
Total rail trips 5.14 58.13
Increase in 22 years 52.99
Source: Short term study to update CTTS (1992-95)(CMDA, RITES & PTCS, 2004)
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CDP Chennai
In order to facilitate the proposed development strategy and to meet the future travel
demand, transport projects have been identified for implementation during the plan period.
The projects identified include improvements to rail system, road network, bus system and
goods transport. Map 7.5 shows traffic and transportation proposals in Chennai
Metropolitan Region
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CDP Chennai
8.1 Slums
Tamil Nadu is one among the most urbanized States in the Country and Chennai city is the
fourth most populous Metropolitan city in India, next to Mumbai, Kolkatta and Delhi.
Tamilnadu Slum Clearance Board is the agency responsible for planning and management
of slums areas in CMA. The Census report of 2001 has revealed that 42.16 lakhs persons
are living in Chennai and among them 7, 47,936 persons are living in slums.
TNSCB estimates indicate that the slum families in undeveloped slums work out to 1.08
lakhs; out of which 72,827 families are living in objectionable slums. TNSCB has also
estimated that there are about 37,000 families in unobjectionable areas and further there
are 6150 families who live in slum conditions in the encroached parts of the tenement
areas which have been reserved as parks, public purpose sites etc. The Location and
growth of slums in Chennai City is presented in Table 8.1.
The slums situated on river margins, road margins, seashore and places required for public
purposes are categorized as objectionable slums. As the areas occupied by them are to be
retrieved and handed over to the land owning department and farther to implement
programmes like road widening, desilting, strengthening of bunds etc. to be carried out.
Hence the benefits of the various onsite programmes implemented by TNSCB could not
be extended services to the slums located in objectionable areas unless until retrieve the
lands occupied by them for implementing public welfare schemes and to prevent the
pollution of waterways. The location of slums are presented in Table 8.2
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CDP Chennai
The river cooum originates from Sattarai Village as a drainage course collecting surpluses
from 78 tanks with a catchment area of about 140 sq.km. The length of the river is about
75km. The river enters the city near Arumbakkam and finds its way through the heart of
the city and joins the sea South of Fort St.George through Napier Bridge. The river gets
polluted within the city limits due to letting in of sullage from various locations either due
to over flow or lack of proper underground sewerage system.
The Buckingham Canal is a salt water navigation canal linking the inter-state waterways
between Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. The total length of the canal is 470 km. At
present the canal in the city area is being misused by the slum dwellers. Besides, sewage is
being let into the canal encouraging rapid siltation in the canal and polluting the canal.
The Adyar River is a small river of 40 km in length with a catchment area of 847 sq.km.
The river enters the city near Nandambakkam. The river joins Bay of Bengal near
Thiru.vi.ka. Bridge in Adyar. The river Adyar carries a heavy discharge for a few days
during North East Monsoon. It serves as a drainage carrier in the remaining part of the
year and receives sullage and sewage.
The feeder Channel like Mambalam - Nandanam canal, Otteri Nullah, Captain Cotton
canal etc. are encroached on either side preventing the free flow of water and causes
stagnation of water during rainy season in the nearby residential areas. It is identified that
5184 families are living on the margins of this channel.
Besides, the slum families are also squatting on road margins affecting free flow of traffic.
It is identified that 22,330 slum families are squatting on the road margins and places
required for public purposes.
Seashore
Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board has identified that 15000 slum families living on sea
shore and affected by Tsunami disaster. These families are to be resettled in tenements
immediately.
Besides, Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board has identified that 35,251 families are living
in slum situated on unobjectionable locations as per Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board
Survey. These families are living in deplorable conditions and required to be developed
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CDP Chennai
through provision of housing and infrastructure. These slums are dense often subjected to
fire accidents, flood etc.
These slum families squatting on river margins are polluting the river courses in Chennai
city and preventing the desilting operations weakening the bunds etc. The slum families
living in hutments on road margins are causing accidents prevent the widening of the road
and free flow of traffic. Besides, the slums situated on the alignment of the public welfare
project like MRTS are preventing the implementation of the such time bound projects.
Similarly the slums situated near the Marina are an eyesore for the visitors besides
polluting such public places.
A majority (36%) of the slums is located on government lands and about 32% are located
on private lands. The ownership details are presented in Table 8.3
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CDP Chennai
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CDP Chennai
• A total of 1473 slums were covered under the survey and this excludes the slums
covered by MUDP and TNUDP
• Out of 1473 slums 1231 slums are classified as developed and 242 slums are classified
as undeveloped in CMA.
• Out of 242 undeveloped slums, 122 slums are located in objectionable area such as
river, road margin etc.
• 120 slums are located in the unobjectionable areas
• The total population and total number of families in 242 undeveloped slums are 71
840 and 3.29 lakhs.
• The total number of dwelling units are 46248 of which 6081, 22691 and 17548 units
are pucca, semi pucca and kutcha structures respectively. The composition of semi-
pucca and kutcha were of 52 percent and 26 percent respectively.
• The number of persons occupying each dwelling unit is also found to be higher with
about 7 persons per house.
• About 78% of families owned the houses .
• Most of the house owners (about 85%) did not enjoy the patta for their houses.
• About 85% of the families were living below the poverty line.
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CDP Chennai
Water Supply
• No piped water supply and the sources of water included open wells; bore wells and
public water tanks.
• The number of persons sharing the public water tank/tap is very high with an average
of about 620 persons per water tank/tap.
• The slums in Chennai City predominantly (about 90%) depend on supplies through
municipal water tankers. 1% have own municipal connection. 3.7 % have access to
public taps.
• 73.8% have access to daily water supply .About 24% enjoy water supply on alternate
days.1.4% of households do not have regular frequency in water supply.
• 56% of the households had community water supply available within a distance of 50
metres and another 21% had within 50-100 metres. For the remaining 12.1 % the
water sources were available beyond 100 metres.
• A majority of households (90%) had water storage facilities other than overhead tank,
under ground tank or storage drums within their property.
• About 66.7% get more than 50 liters per day; with about 11.4% saying that they had
more than 100 liters a day. 29.4 % of households received water supply less than 50
litres.
• About 71% of slum dwellers purchase the drinking water
Sanitation
• The number of persons sharing the public toilet seats and public urinals is very high
with an average of about 1086 persons and 2817 persons per toilet seat and urinals
respectively.
• 29.2% of the households are using individual latrine/pit another 48.3 percent
household use community/public latrine. 22.5% use other means including open
defecation.
• With regard to distance of public latrines, about 6% of the households have to walk
more than 100, to use the community toilet/public latrines;1.8% of household have to
go beyond 250 metres. A majority of households have access to community toilets
/public latrine facilities within 50 m distance.
• 68.2 % of households do not have sewer connection
• Majority of the households who did not have sewer connection were willing to avail a
new connection at a price.
• 12% of the households are incurring expenditure on sewerage and drainage.
• Estimated solid waste generation in the surveyed slums would be about 198 MT.
• About 33 % of the households throw the waste in the municipal bins. About 55% of
the households throw the waste on the road side/open spaces; 12% of the households
throw the waste into the drains
• About 26% of the respondents reported that the temporary waste storage points/dust
bins was available within 50 m of distance. 6% of the households responded that the
bins were located more than 100 m distance.
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CDP Chennai
• The surveyed 242 slums spread over an area of 1.72 sq.km. and were covered with
about 83.53 km of road length, of which 59.18 km is surfaced
• 31% have black topped road; 19% have cement concrete roads; 12.5% have metal
roads and 32 % have mud roads
• A majority (about 77%) have road width less than 3 m.
Street Lights
About 32% of households reported that they have street lights in front of their houses.
Poverty
With regards to poverty, the number of Below Poverty Line population has come down
from 31 % in Chennai during 1993-94 to 9 % during 1999-2000. Table 8.5 presents the
BPL population in the districts of Chennai and Chennai Metropolitan area.
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CDP Chennai
The following are the major schemes implemented by TNSCB in tackling the problems of
slums and improving their conditions:
Under this scheme, the slum dwellers are rehabilitated in storeyed tenements either in situ
or in a resettlement site. Tenements are allotted either on rental basis or on hire purchase
basis. TNSCB has constructed 69594 No. of tenements from 1970 to 2004 in Chennai. In
addition TNHB had constructed 10,423 slum tenements in Chennai.
The project comprised of provision of security of tenure, basic infrastructure services and
community facilities. The infrastructure improvements include:
New and improved roads, footpaths and drainage (storm and waste water), with vehicular
access provided no more than 50 m from each hut and pedestrian access provided for each
hut;
Affordable houses for slum dwellers were constructed on serviced plots, using locally
available materials and adopting low cost techniques. They were allotted to slum families
on hire purchase basis. It was tried a pilot project in Chennai by TNSCB with GOI grant
20%, GTN grant 15% and HUDCO loan component 65%. 2982 No. of families were
benefited under the scheme.
Land acquired under the TNULC Act and allotted to TNSCB was used for this scheme.
Open plot developments with basic infrastructures made therein with loan assistance from
HUDCO and the slum dwellers in objectionable areas resettled; the cost recovered from
the resettlements over a period of 20 years. 1473 no. of families were benefited under the
scheme.
Under this scheme, serviced plots with core housing were allotted to the identified
pavement dwellers. It was funded by the GOI (Rs.4, 000/- per household) GTN
(Rs.1000/- per household) and HUDCO loan (Rs.8, 000/- per household) 7787 no. of
families benefited under this scheme.
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CDP Chennai
Cash loan assistance for construction of house over the plot allotted by TNSCB under
Lease-cum-Sale basis was given by TNSCB. It was financed by HUDCO as loan.15, 554
families were benefited under this scheme
Apart from providing basic infrastructures in slum areas, grant to the slum family for
conversion of thatched roof to tiled roof or mud walls to brick walls was given under the
scheme 97650 families benefited under the scheme.
Loan assistance of Rs.4, 150/- per slum family was given for up gradation of their shelter.
It was implemented by TNSCB with grant assistance from GOI & GTN and loan
assistance from HUDCO.14, 000 No. of families benefited by this scheme
Under this, TNSCB availing grant from GOI and resettled 3,252 families from
objectionable areas in storeyed tenements in CMA.
TNSCB has identified that 33313 families are on the river margins and B'canal in the
CMA. About 8164 tenements were constructed and a part of the above families (about
3000) were resettled. It is being implemented with Government of India’s VAMBAY
Grant, TUFIDCO loan under Mega Cities programme apart from allocation in the budget.
Since 1989 CMDA, ensures that at least 10% of plots excluding roads are provided as
EWS plots when according approval in cases of layouts exceeding one hect. By this way at
least 10 % of the plotted out area in the layout is generated as EWS plots which can
accommodate about one third of the population, which can be accommodated in the layout
area.
TNSCB has also estimated that the tenement construction to house slums dwellers from
early 70's are reaching its life and in the next 10 years most of these tenements have to be
reconstructed and estimated that about 46,500 tenements units have to be reconstructed.
The delivery agencies in CMA can be broadly classified as public, co-operative and
private sector. Under the public sector, the agencies operating mainly are TNHB and
TNSCB. The agencies which provide housing to their own employees are TNPHC,
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CDP Chennai
The decadal growth of households and housing units is given in the Table 8.6. It shows
that the housing requirement gap is not significant for the period 1971-91 and there is
significant gap in the year 2001.
The total number of houses in CMA during 1991 was 12.72 lakhs consisting of 9 lakhs
units in the non-slum and 2.72 lakhs units in the slum categories respectively. Among the
non-slum households 18% belong to EWS, 30% belong to LIG, 22% belong to MIG and
30% belong to HIG. Among the slum households 86% belong to EWS, 13% belong to
LIG and 1% belongs to MIG and HIG.
Tamil Nadu Housing Board had developed 3,93,684 units under three different
programmes-, regular, MUDP and TNUDP comprising of 94,405 housing units for LIG
and 1,28,122 units for EWS group of households, constituting 55% of the total units.
TNHB was also involved in developing housing units for slum dwellers, about 20,060
units allotted to slum tenements and 3,046 units under Subsidized Industrial Housing
Scheme.
The demand for new housing stock for LIG/EWS in Chennai Metropolitan Area for the
year 2011 is estimated at 2.78 Lakhs units. The LIG/EWS units demand is shown in Table
8.7.
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CDP Chennai
49
Ariyanvoyal
47
Kollati
46
Nandiyambakkam
50
40 Minjur
Madiyur
30 31 34
Sekkanjeri Nerkundram Nayar 39
Valuthigaimedu
41 43
25 29 Seemapuram Athipattu
26 Surapattu
Athur Karanodai 35
27 Mahfushanpettai
Sothuperambedu 32 38 43
Girudalapuram 37 Chinnamullavoyal Ennore
28 36 Periamullavoyal 42
NH-5
24 Orakkadu 33 Pudupakkam Vallur
22 Pudur 18
Erumaivettipalayam Sholavaram Kandigai 16
Kodipallam
17 15
PONNERI
21
TALUK 19 Arumandai Thirunilai 14
23 5 Ankadu Marambedu Vellivoyal
Palayaerumaivettipalayam Sembilivaram 20
6 Kummanur
Sholavaram Tank 4 Siruniyam 11
Nallur Perungayur 1
7 9 13 Kathivakkam
Pannivakkam Sothupakkam 12
3 Vichoor Edayanchavadi
Vijayanallur 10
10 Melsinglimedu 8
8 Palavoyal Sirugavoor
2 Padiyanallur
11 7
Attanthangal 9 Sendrambakkam
1 Thiruthakiriyampattu 4
47 Vilangadupakkam Kadapakkam 2
Alamadi 14 Ernavur
48 13/2 Athivakkam 6 5 3
Arakkambakkam Thiyambakkam Ariyalur
Pandeswaram Layon 25 Sadayankuppam
43 12 18 17/2
NaravariKuppam
Alinjivakkam
23 24 Elanthancheri 27/2
Morai 19
15 17/1 Payasambakkam 22 Amulavoyal Vaikkadu
50 20 Kosapur
Karlapakkam 46 39 Vadakarai
Layongrant 13/1 Chettimedu
Melpakkam 16
49 Pammadukulam 40
Tundakalani 21
MOR Road
51 Kadavur Redhills Vadapurambakkam
Keelakandaiyur 45 35 26
Mathur 27/1
Tenambakkam Manali
53 42 Thiruvottiyur
Velacheri 44 Vellanur
Pulikutti 38
52 Puzhal
Alathur 41
Pottur Redhills Lake 28
37 Sathangadu
Vilakkupatti 29
56
ChinnaSekkadu
al
54 Mittanamalli
Can
27 Palavedu 34
Pakkam 62/1 63 Madhavaram
SAIDAPET TALUK
ham
62/2 Surappattu Kathirvedu
55 59/2
TIRUVALLUR Mukthapudupattu
king
57 64
Puttagaram
TALUK Kovilpadagai 58
B uc
21 Thirumullaivoyal
59/1
Nadukuttagai Oragadam
19 5
Thandarai Vilinjiambakkam 61
60
Korattur
20 Menambedu
Nemilicheri
22
3 88 BAY OF BENGAL
Thiruninravur 89 Pattravakkam
6/1 Paruthipattu Ambattur
Karunakaracheri Sekkadu Kakapallam
23
24 Annambedu 6/4 4 72
Agraharam Palaripattu 90
17 Anaikattucheri6/2 Ayapakkam
Amudurmedu Sorancheri 87
Mannur
80
Padi
CHENNAI CITY
23
SRIPERUMBUDUR
6/3
Ayalcheri 7
TALUK 86
16 15 Athipattu 81
Kannapalayam 2
26 Thirumanam Vayalanallur 8 Mogappair
Korattur 25 SundaraSholavaram 91
Melpakkam
Sittukadu Koladi
85
27 39 14 Ayanambakkam
Chokkanallur 9 Nolambur
Thirukovilpattu 41
iver
Nochimedu 38 Veeraragavapuram 1 82
37 Kavalcheri 42 11
Melmanambedu Mothirambedu
Ariyappancheri
Panaveduthottam Thiruverkadu
u mR
Coo
13 84 83
30 40 10 Perumalagaram Adayalampattu
Nemam Kilmanambedu Kolappancheri 12 Parivakkam 100
36 43 Pidarithangal Nerkundram
Vellavedu 49 59
Thirumazhisai 45 Thukkanampattu 93
Udayarkoil Senneerkuppam Sivabudam
31/2 31/1 50 92 99
35 44 Ariyamarundanallur Numbal 96 Maduravoyal
Thirumalarajapuram 48
Narasingapuram Neduncheri Varadharajapuram Vanagaram
51 94
34 46 Poonamallee 60 Chettiyaragaram 101
Parvathirajapuram Goparasanallur
Madavilagam 95 Valasaravakkam
47 Tandalam
Nazarathpettai
32 61
52 58 97
Kuttambakkam 76 Agraharam Katturpakkam Ayyappanthangal Karambakkam
Chembarambakkam 74
Melagaram 73
53 57
Malayambakkam Mangadu Srinivasapuram 62 98 102
Thelliyaragaram Porur Ramapuram
75 56
112 72 Kulathuvancheri
Meppur Kulamanivakkam 122/2
Chettipattu 33 55 64
63
54 Paraniputhur Moulivakkam MadanandapuramMugalivakkam
Palanjur Chinnapanicheri
Kattirambakkam
109 65/1
Chikkarayapuram 69
65/2 122/1
Chembarambakkam Tank 71 Peripanicheri
66 Nandambakkam
70
Kovur
Manapakkam Riv
79
68
Gerugambakkam 67 er
85/2
r 120
ya
Kollaicheri 82 Kulapakkam
81 123 Alandur
Thandalam
Ad
78 Munnankattalai St.Thomas Mount
84 122/3
Thirunageswaram
80 Rentankattalai 83 125
86 77 Tharapakkam Minambakkam
Venkatapuram Manancheri
Kavanur 126 124
87 127 Cowl Bazaar
108 Polichalur Palavanthangal
Daravur Sirukulathur
85/1 131 134 Nanganallur
128
Kunrathur
Anakaputhur Minambakkam
88 cum 135
Nandambakkam Pallavaram 133 Ullagaram
132 Thalakkanancheri 141
Tirusulam Kottivakkam
91 129 143
156 Perungudi
89 Thirumudivakkam Pammal 130 157 Perundavakkam154
Issa Pallavaram 158 142
Poonthandalam Pallavaram(Zamin) Muvarasampattu Madipakkam Palavakkam
90
Palanthandalam 163 155
R.F. 144
Thiruneermalai Keelakattalai Sivaram
145
92 152
Erumaiyur 159 Neelangarai
164 Nemilicheri Kovilambakkam
l
m Cana
166 Chitlapakkam
161
Bucking
Tambaram Sembakkam
93
SAIDAPET TALUK 150 146
Varadharajapuram Medavakkam Injambakkam
175
173 Gowrivakkam 188 147
167 Selaiyur 174 Jaladampettai Karapakkam
Perungalathur Rajakilpakkam
170
169 Irumbuliyur 176
Peerkankaranai Vengavasal
168
Mudichur
BANNED
171
AREA
172 177
187
Meppedu Thiruvanjeri Perumbakkam 189
Madambakkam
Sholinganallur
2
Vandalur 10
Puthur 182
1
Mannivakkam
CHENGLEPUTNedunkundram
9
178
Kaspapuram
Sithalapakkam
LEGEND
TALUK 180
181
Kovilancheri
186
Arasankalani
11 Agaramten
3
Kulapakkam 179
183
Madurapakkam 190
CHENNAI CITY LIMIT BOUNDARY
Kelambakkam 185 191
Vengambakkam Semmancheri
Ottiyambakkam Uthandi
184 CMA BOUNDARY
Mulacheri
EXISTING NATIONAL HIGHWAY
Vand INNER RING ROAD
alur R
oad
EXPRESS HIGHWAYS
EXISTING ROADS
EXISTING EAST COAST ROAD
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CDP Chennai
Considering the future requirements of housing stock for LIG and EWS, Tamil Nadu
Housing Board has identified land in the metropolitan area and is in the process of
acquiring the same. TNHB proposes to acquire 10000 acres in total of which about 3000
acres have been identified. It is to be noted that the lands earmarked for housing
development are located in close proximity to the proposed/potential industrial clusters in
CMA. In the initial phase, TNHB proposes to construct 86,000 units for LIG/EWS in the
identified 3000 acres at an estimated cost of Rs. 2,031.00 Crores.
Proposed Projects
TNHB has proposed to create new satellite towns and housing colonies with all
infrastructure facilities along the major road corridors and arterial roads to meet the
requirements of LIG/EWS. Accordingly, TNHB proposes the following projects for
development which are presented in Table 8.8 and are shown in Map 8.2.
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CDP Chennai
9.1 Education
The number of existing educational institutions, category-wise, in Chennai City and rest of
CMA is given in the Table 9.1.
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CDP Chennai
It is estimated that in the future years the school going age going children will stabilize at
7.5 % for primary school going age group, 5.19% for middle school going age group and
3.71% for High School going age group and 3.96% for the Higher Secondary going age
group. Based on these estimates, the number of primary, high and higher secondary
schools required for 2026 is given in Table 9.2.
9.2 Health
Chennai has established itself by the health Capital of the country and is fast becoming the
health destination of choice for people all over the world. In Chennai there are 3 major
Government Hospitals comprising 12,678 beds. In adition about 3000 beds are available in
major private hospitals in Chennai City
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CDP Chennai
Table 9.3: Total Number of Beds in Chennai, Kancheepuram and Thiruvallur Districts
Sl. No. District Population Total Beds Population
per bed
available
1 Chennai 4343645 10999 383
2 Kancheepuram 2869920 2735 1049
3 Thiruvallur 2738866 594 4611
Source: Statistical Hand Book of Tamil Nadu 2003
The above figures indicate the total number of beds in Government Hospitals. The bed
availability in Private Hospitals may be about 100% more than the Government ones.
Considering the longevity in life, improved health conditions predicted, it is assumed that
the number of beds required in future may be at the rate of one in 500 populations. The
number of beds required for the projected population, for the year 2006, 2011, 2016, 2021,
and 2026 are 15,800, 17,700, 19,900, 22,400 and 25,100 respectively.
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CDP Chennai
Planning for public open spaces has become an important part of metropolitan planning, as
a result of the intense demand for outdoor recreation and also the growing need for
conservation. A database on the existing parks & playgrounds within CMA is to be created
for planning and development of open spaces.
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CDP Chennai
10.1 Background
The 74th Constitution Amendment Act (CAA), 1992 of Government of India (GoI) has
imparted constitutional status on the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) and assigned appropriate
functions to them. A constitutional backing is given to the relationship of the urban local
bodies with the State Government with respect to their functions and powers, ensuring of
timely and regular elections, arrangements for revenue sharing etc. urban local bodies are
given additional powers including preparation of local development plans, programmes for
ensuring social justice, environmental management making them responsive to the local
needs. This is facilitated by Section 243 (W) of the 74th CAA, 1992.
In conformity with the 74th CAA, the Government of Tamil Nadu (GoTN) has amended
respective Municipal Corporation Acts (for Municipal Corporations) and Tamil Nadu
District Municipalities Act, 1920 (for Municipalities) and the urban local bodies are
entrusted with the functions listed in the Twelfth Schedule of the constitution or Section
243 (W) of the 74th CAA, 1992.
The 74th CAA also provides for the constitution of a State Finance Commission (SFC) to
review the financial position of the urban local bodies and make recommendation. The
Second SFC of Tamil Nadu has already submitted its recommendations to improve the
financial position of the urban local bodies while the Third SFC has been constituted about
a year back and is currently working on its recommendations. Municipal Corporation Acts
and the District Municipalities Act of the Tamil Nadu authorizes Urban local bodies to
levy, collect and appropriate such taxes, duties, tolls and fees in accordance with the
procedures subject to limits as specified by the legislature. Besides these, the urban local
bodies are also empowered with certain other financial powers.
The Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA) comprises of 17 (seventeen) Urban local bodies
which includes 1 (one) Municipal Corporation (Chennai), 8 (eight) Municipalities and 8
(eight) Upgraded Urban local bodies (erstwhile Town Panchayats)1. The list of constituent
urban local bodies is given below in Table: 10.1.
Table 10.1: List of Constituent Urban Local Bodies within Chennai Metropolitan Area
Sl. Municipal Municipalities Upgraded Urban local bodies
No. Corporation (erstwhile Town Panchayats) *
1. Chennai Alandur Anakaputhur
2. Ambattur Chttlapakkam
1 The Government of Tamil Nadu issued Tamil Nadu District Municipalities (Amendment) Ordinance 2004, dated June 14,
2004 and Cancellation Notification under Tamil Nadu District Municipalities Act and Constitution of Certain Town
Panchayats as Village Panchayats under Tamil Nadu Panchayats Act, dated June 14, 2004. Accordingly, 8 (eight) Town
Panchayats have been upgraded to Municipality status while the remaining have been constituted as Village Panchayats
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CDP Chennai
As stated above, the CMA has only one Municipal Corporation within its administrative
jurisdiction, viz. Corporation of Chennai (CoC). The CoC was formed under the Chennai
City Municipal Corporation Act, 1919 and is administered directly by the Municipal
Administration and Water Supply (MAWS) Department of GoTN. The role of CMC till
1971 consisted of provision of full range of urban infrastructure and civic services,
including basic educational and health services within the Chennai City. With the rapid
growth of the city and within the urban population spilling beyond its limits and the
inability of the CMC to raise adequate resources, several important development sectors
have been transferred to specialized agencies created by GoTN. Currently, the CMC is
mainly responsible for provision and maintenance of roads, streetlights, solid waste
management and other civic services, as per the provisions of the 74th CAA, adopted by
the GoTN.
Other Urban local bodies located within the CMA (Municipalities and upgraded urban
local bodies) get their statutory support from the Tamil Nadu District Municipalities Act
of 1920, as amended from time to time. These Urban local bodies are administered by the
Office of Commissioner of Municipal Administration (CMA) of GoTN.
F ina nc ia l Y e a r
Revenue Account: All recurring items of income and expenditure are included under this
head. These include taxes, charges, salaries, maintenance expenditure, debt servicing
(interest charges only), etc.; and Capital Account: Income and expenditure items under this
account are primarily non-recurring in nature. Income items include loans, contributions
by GoTN, other agencies and capital grants under various State and Central Government
programmes and income from sale of assets. Expenditure items include expenses booked
under developmental works and purchase of capital assets.
Revenue income of the CoC has grown to a level of Rs. 523.52 crores in the FY 2004-05
from Rs. 382.15 crores in FY 2001-02, indicating compounded growth at a rate of 12.33
percent per annum during the four-year period. As a whole, the revenue income of the
CoC has grown at an annual growth of 11.82 percent during the assessment period. During
the same period, revenue expenditure also increased at an average annual rate of 12.73
percent. The CoC maintained revenue surplus consistently over the assessment period and
average overall surplus is about Rs. 40.82 crores per annum. The table below presents the
status of both revenue account and capital account of the CoC:
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CDP Chennai
The revenue account comprises of two components, revenue income and revenue
expenditure. Revenue income comprises of internal resources in the form of tax and non-
tax items. External resources are in the form of shared taxes/ transfers and revenue grants
from the GoTN. Revenue expenditure comprises of expenditure incurred on salaries,
operation & maintenance and debt servicing.
In order to review the revenue income, the core revenue receipts of the CoC are broadly
categorized under following heads depending on the source of receipts:
• Tax Revenues
o Property Tax
o Professional Tax
o Other Taxes
• Non-Tax Revenues
o Service Charges & Fees
o Sale and Hire Charges
o Miscellaneous Income
• Assigned Revenue
o Duty on Transfer of Property
o Entertainment Tax
o Surcharge on Sales Tax
o Assignment from Tax Revenue
• Revenue Grants and Contributions
Figure 10.3: Linkage and connectivity
The source-wise income generated for 300
F ina nc ia l Y e a r
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CDP Chennai
Receipts/income from taxes includes all taxes levied and collected directly by the CoC.
These include property tax and professional tax, which are the more significant taxes and
other taxes like pilgrim tax, tax on carriages & animals, tax on carts, servant tax,
advertisement tax and others.
The following Table: 10.4 presents the year wise aggregate receipts/income of CoC along
with sectoral contribution and growth trend in taxes
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CDP Chennai
The total property tax assessments in the CoC were about 5.22 lakhs, resulting in a
property tax demand of about Rs. 216.95 crores for the year 2004-05. The total collection
of property tax (both current and arrears) have increased from 169.50 crores during 2001-
02 to Rs. 220.54 crores during 2004-05, indicating an average annual growth of about 9.84
percent with an average contribution of 39.65 percent to the total revenue receipts. It may
be noted that there was no tax revision during this period and the increase is only due to
the increase in number of assessments during this period. During this period, the number
of assessments has increased at about 8.78 percent on an average annually.
During the same period, professional tax component has recorded an increase from Rs.
28.20 crores during the year 2001-02 to Rs. 46.22 crores during the year 2004-05,
indicating an average annual increase of about 20.44 percent with average contribution of
about 6.93 percent to the total revenue receipts/income of the CoC. The contribution of
other taxes to the total revenue receipts was negligible. As a whole, the receipts / income
from taxes alone has contributed an average of about 46.74 percent to the total revenue
receipts/income of the CoC, with an average annual growth of about 10.94 percent.
Non-Tax resources include all non-tax revenues like fees and charges levied as per the
legislation. Such revenue sources include income service charges & fees, sale and hire
charges and other income from properties, interest on investment, etc. Composition of non
tax is presented by graphically in figure: 10.5.
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CDP Chennai
Assigned revenues include revenues transferred to the CoC by the GoTN under specific
acts. These are transferred to the CoC as their share of taxes levied and collected by the
GoTN. These include duty on transfer of property, entertainment tax, surcharge on sales
tax, and other assigned revenues if any. Among all these, duty on transfer of property and
entertainment tax is the most significant ones.
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CDP Chennai
Similarly, the GoTN also collects entertainment tax from cinemas and theatres within the
limits of the CoC and transfer 90 percent of the total tax collection to the CoC, after
retaining 10 percent as collection charges. Entertainment tax has also increased from Rs.
12.14 crores in FY 2001-02 to Rs. 18.19 crores during FY 2004-05, with an average
annual growth of 17.16 percent during the assessment period. The entertainment tax
contributed about 2.90 percent of the total revenue while it was 7.38 percent of the
assigned revenue on an average during the assessment period. In addition, there may be
other assigned revenues by the GoTN to the CoC. Assignment from other tax revenues had
a contribution of about 14.65 percent on an average during the assessment period while
there was no receipts/income from surcharge on sales tax during this period.
The CoC received revenue grants from the GoTN to meet recurring expenses under
various schemes. However, the sectoral contribution of revenue grants to the total revenue
receipts was less than 4 percent per annum on average. Also, there was no consistency in
flow of grants during the assessment period
In order to review the revenue expenditure, the core (revenue) expenditures of the CoC are
broadly categorized under following heads depending on type of expenses:
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CDP Chennai
Fund
o Contribution to Mayor Special Devt. Fund.
The type of revenue expenses during the review period are presented in the table below.
The base and basis of each expenditure head has been further elaborated in the subsequent
section. Summary of revenue expenditure of the Chennai is tabulated in Table: 10.7.
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CDP Chennai
expenses, training programme expenses and staff welfare expenses. In addition, this also
includes retirement and terminal benefits.
The personnel cost of the CoC stood at Rs. 194.39 crores during the year 2001-02 and was
Rs. 207.05 crores during the last financial year (2004-05) with little change. The average
utilization was about 45.56 percent of the total revenue expenditure for the last four years,
with little/no change in the growth pattern. The salaries and wages component of the
personnel cost utilized about 32.99 percent of the total revenue expenditure while the
terminal and retirement benefits component utilized 12.57 percent of the total revenue
expenditure. The following table presents the year wise aggregate expenditure of the CoC
along with sectoral utilization and growth trend in Personnel Cost. Composition and
Expenditure on personnel cost of Revenue expenditure is graphically in Figure: 10.8 and
tabulated in Table: 10.8.
It is observed that about 45.56 percent of revenue income is spent on salaries and wages
(excluding terminal & retirement benefits), which is above the average or threshold
generally considered at 35 to 40 percent of revenue income. This high proportion of
establishment expenditure is one of the factors, which would affect the credit rating of the
CoC.
Repairs and maintenance head include all repairs and maintenance related expenses like
buildings, subways, plants & machineries, roads, drainage, etc.
The repairs and maintenance cost of the CoC has increased from Rs. 16.60 crores during
the year 2001-02 to Rs. 39.28 crores during the year 2004-05 with an average annual
increase of about 37.33 percent. The expenses incurred on repairs and maintenance
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CDP Chennai
utilized about 6.83 percent of the total revenue expenditure on an average during period.
The following Table 10.9 presents the year wise aggregate expenditure of the CoC along
with sectoral utilization and growth trend in expenses incurred for repairs and
maintenance.
Finance expenses primarily include interest paid on the loans and other liabilities. Other
components like interest charged by the bank, other bank charges, lapsed deposit refund,
audit expenses, etc. are taken under administrative expenses. Table 10.10 presents the year
wise aggregate expenditure of the CoC along with sectoral utilization and growth trend in
finance expenses.
The above table reveals that the interest paid towards debt servicing was about 3.74
percent on an average during the assessment period. There has been a decline in interest
paid towards debt servicing, indicating efforts on part of the CoC towards sustained debt
servicing and improving capability towards leveraging additional debts for city services.
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CDP Chennai
The following Table 10.11 presents the year wise aggregate expenditure of the CoC along
with sectoral utilization and growth trend in other expenses and payments & contributions.
From the above table, it may be observed that other expenses had a utilization of about
16.82 percent of the total revenue expenditure while that of payments & contributions was
about 27.05 percent on an average during the assessment period. The growth trends in both
the cases were inconsistent and thus no specific trend pattern could be established.
2 The Corporation of Chennai has been rated AA(so)/stable recently (January 16, 2006) by CRISIL Ratings
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CDP Chennai
Table: 10.12 and Figure 10.9 represents the capital receipts and composition of capital
receipts.
To assess the financial situation and performance of the CoC, certain key financial
indictors have been generated. Following are heads under which specific indicators of
financial status and performance of the CoC has been assessed.
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CDP Chennai
• Resource Mobilization;
• Expenditure Management; and
• Debt and Liability Management.
The following Table 10.14 provides performance of various key financial indicators in
CoC during the assessment period
Annual per capita income is a quick indicator to assess the financial capacity of the local
body. The per capita income of the CoC has been estimated as Rs. 1167. It has been
arrived at based on the revenue receipts during the year 2004-05 and the estimated
population during the year 2004/05.
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CDP Chennai
Annual per capita expenditure has been arrived at based on the revenue expenditure during
the year 2004-05 and the estimated population during the year 2004/05. The per capita
expenditure of the CoC has been estimated as Rs. 1133. It may be observed that the per
capital income is higher than the per capita expenditure, indicating operational efficiency
of the CoC.
Operating Ratio is the ratio of revenue expenditure to revenue income and it indicates
financial position in terms of surplus or deficit. If the ratio is below one it indicates the
local body is in surplus. The average operating ratio of the CoC during the assessment
period was 0.93. It is noteworthy that the CoC always had operating ratio less than unity
during the assessment period.
Debt Servicing Ratio (DSR) is ratio (expressed in percentage) of debt payment (principal
and interest paid out) to total revenue income. This indicator helps in assessing the
implication of debt on the local body finances vis-à-vis expenditure for operation and
maintenance. It has been observed that the CoC had an average DSR of about 17.40
percent, which is well below the desirable level of 30 percent.
Debt management is a significant issue that needs to be addressed, especially in the wake
of urban local bodies having to approach the hitherto non-traditional sources of
borrowings, viz. the Financial Institutions and the open market. The urban local bodies
ought to plan their borrowings on the basis of their capacity to leverage operating
revenues. Moreover, the local bodies will have to ensure prompt servicing of the debt in
order to retain fair levels of credit-worthiness. This is one aspect where many urban local
bodies have defaulted in the past, due to various reasons. As a result, they end up
accumulating significant sums of overdue principal and interest.
A review of the outstanding loan statement of the CoC, as on March 31st 2005, reveals
that the net outstanding debt liabilities of the CoC are estimated at Rs. 80.14 crores. The
Table 10.15 below presents the agency wise outstanding loans.
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CDP Chennai
Table 10.15: Statement on Agency-wise Loan Outstanding of the CMC Amount in Rs.
Crores
Sl. No. Name of the Agency Loan Outstanding as on March 31, 2005
Amount Percentage to Total Loan
1. Public Loan 10.65 13.29
2. IDA
3. ICDP
4. State Government 0.50 0.62
(Others)
5. Ways & Means Advance 4.00 4.99
6. MCP 63.03 78.65
7. ICICI Bank
8. State Government 1.96 2.45
(Revenue)
Total 80.14 100.00
Source: Data Provided by the Corporation of Chennai 2006
It needs mention that the ratio of outstanding loans to current (FY 2004-05) demand of
property tax is about 0.37, thereby indicating that the CoC is capable of leveraging
additional debt to finance its projects as this is well below the threshold level of minimum
2 and maximum 3 (generally considered by Financial institutions). Debt servicing
(including both principal repayment and interest charges) accounted for about 18.55
percent of revenue expenditure during the review period and the DSR (as percentage of
revenue income) is around 17.40 percent, which is still below the threshold level of 25
percent, considered by financial institutions. The debt servicing during the FY 2004-05
was 12.36 percent and was about 35 percent during FY 2003-04 (this includes takeover
loan of Rs. 56.20 crores), indicating the efforts on part of the CoC towards sustained debt
servicing and improving the capability towards leveraging additional debts for city
development.
The outstanding loan per capita however is not a performance or a status indicator, but it
gives a measure to compare the extent of borrowings/ debt liability by the CoC. The
analysis indicates that the outstanding debt per capita was about Rs. 179 per capita.
As stated earlier, the first part of this report covered urban (municipal) financial
assessment of the Corporation of Chennai while this part of the report covers all 8 (eight)
Municipalities and 6 (six) upgraded Urban local bodies. The finances of the 14 (fourteen)
Urban local bodies have been reviewed based on the financial information provided by the
respective Urban local bodies for the financial years 2000-01, 2001-02, 2002-03 and 2003-
04 including budget provision for year 2004-05. The analysis includes a time series
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analysis of the income and expenditure of the Urban local bodies to ascertain the trends
and the major sources and uses. In addition to this, certain key financial indictors relating
to property tax, water charges, per capita income, per capita expenditure and debt
servicing, have been generated and analyzed to assess the financial performance of the
Urban local bodies covered under this assessment.
It may be noted that all the Municipalities were operating on accrual based accounting
system, where as recently upgraded urban local bodies (erstwhile Town Panchayats) were
operating on cash based accounting system. Accordingly, the financial analysis has been
carried out separately based on the system of accounting practices. Following tables: 10.16
present summary of general accounts for different category of Urban local bodies covered
under this assignment
Municipalities
For the 8 (eight) Municipalities located within the CMA, operating on accrual based
accounting, it may be seen that the revenue account receipts excluding depreciation and
prior year income/expenses of the Municipalities has increased from Rs. 77.32 crores in
year 2000-01 to Rs. 90.98 crores during the year 2003-04, indicating a compounded
growth at a rate of 5.89 percent per annum during the four-year period. From the table
below, it may be observed that the revenue receipts have grown at an average increase of
about 5.91 percent per annum.
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It may be seen that the revenue account receipts excluding opening balances and
advances/deposits of the 6 (six) upgraded Urban local bodies (erstwhile Town Panchayats)
has increased from Rs. 9.56 crores in year 2000-01 to Rs. 17.29 crores during the year
2003-04, indicating a compounded growth at a rate of 26.95 percent per annum during the
four-year period. The table: 10.17 below also indicate that the revenue receipts/income of
the 6 upgraded ULBs have increased at an average rate of about 41.40 percent per annum.
Trends of Revenue receipts shows in Figure: 10.12.
In order to review the revenue account, the core revenue drivers/receipts of the ULBs are
broadly categorized under following heads depending on the source of receipts, viz.
• Tax Revenues
o Property Tax
o Professional Tax
o Other Taxes
• Non-Tax Revenues
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o Water Charges
o Service Charges and Fees (excluding Water Charges)
o Sale and Hire Charges
• Other Income
o Assigned Revenue
o Grants and Contributions
o Devolution Fund
• Other Grants and Contributions
However, the above categorization varies slightly with the upgraded ULBs (erstwhile
Town Panchayats) as the accounting practices vary.
Receipts/income from taxes includes all taxes levied and collected directly by the ULBs.
These include property tax and professional tax, which are the more significant taxes and
other taxes like pilgrim tax, tax on carriages & animals, tax on carts, servant tax,
advertisement tax and others.
Property Tax was the single largest source of revenue of the ULBs and was levied as a
percentage of the Annual Rateable Value (ARV) of all Real Properties (including built-up
and vacant land) within in the administrative jurisdiction of the respective ULBs. The
other major tax item is the profession tax levied on all registered employed professionals
and establishments in the organized sector. Other taxes included pilgrim tax, tax on
carriages & animals, tax on carts, servant tax, advertisement tax and others.
Municipalities
The following Table: 10.18 presents the year wise aggregate receipts/income of 8
Municipalities along with sectoral contribution and growth trend in taxes.
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noted that there was no tax revision during this period and the increase is only due to the
increase in number of assessments during this period. During this period, the number of
assessments has increased at about 6.11 percent on an average annually.
During the same period, Professional Tax component has recorded an increase from Rs.
4.46 crores during the year 2000-01 to Rs. 4.90 crores during the year 2003-04, indicating
an average annual increase of about 3.24 percent with average contribution of about 5.95
percent to the total revenue receipts/income of the Municipalities. During this period, the
number of assessments has increased at about 6.82 percent on an average annually. The
contribution of other taxes to the total revenue receipts was negligible. As a whole, the
receipts / income from taxes alone has contributed an average of about 38.43 percent to the
total revenue receipts/income of the Municipalities, with an average annual growth of
about 5.09 percent.
Upgraded ULBs
The following Table: 10.19 presents the year wise aggregate receipts/income of 6
upgraded ULBs (erstwhile Town Panchayats) along with sectoral contribution and growth
trend in taxes.
Table 10.19: Revenue Receipts from Taxes of ULBs (erstwhile Town Panchayats)
Sl. No. Particulars 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
Actuals Budget
1. Receipts/Income (Rs. in Lakhs)
Property Tax 248.72 196.13 248.99 290.09 319.00
Profession Tax 30.83 29.47 27.73 18.20 19.68
Other Taxes 48.31 32.04 63.56 69.04 75.90
Total Taxes 327.86 257.64 340.28 377.33 414.58
2. Sectoral Contribution to Total Revenue Income (in Percentage)
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 Average
Property Tax 22.37 23.67 13.18 15.45 16.84
Profession Tax 2.77 3.56 1.47 0.97 1.04
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During the same period, professional tax component has recorded a decrease from Rs. 0.31
crores during the year 2000-01 to Rs. 0.18 crores during the year 2003-04, indicating an
average annual decrease of about 14.90 percent with average contribution of just about 1
percent to the total revenue receipts/income of 6 upgraded ULBs. Other taxes have
contributed about 4.01 percent to the total revenue receipts. As a whole, the receipts /
income from taxes alone has contributed an average of about 21.89 percent to the total
revenue receipts/income of 6 upgraded ULBs, with an annual average growth of about
7.18 percent.
Non-tax resources include all non-tax revenues like fees and charges levied as per the
legislation. Such revenue sources include income service charges & fees, water charges,
sale and hire charges and other income from properties, interest on investment, etc.
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Municipalities
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Upgraded ULBs
Assigned revenues include revenues transferred to the ULBs by the GoTN under special
Acts. These are transferred to the ULBs as their share of taxes levied and collected by the
GoTN. These include duty on transfer of property, entertainment tax, magisterial fines,
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compensation for toll and other assigned revenues if any. Among all these, duty on
transfer of property and entertainment tax is the most significant ones. The GoTN levies
duty on transfer of properties within the administrative limits of the ULBs and transfers
part of the same to the ULBs. Similarly, the GoTN also collects entertainment tax from
cinemas and theatres within the limits of the ULBs and transfer 90 percent of the total tax
collection to the respective ULBs, after retaining 10 percent as collection charges. In
addition, there may be other assigned revenues by the GoTN to the ULBs.
The ULBs receive revenue grants from the GoTN to meet recurring expenses under
various schemes. Prior to the SFC devolution (which began from FY 1997-98), revenue
grants accounted for about 2 to 3 percent of the total revenue income of the ULBs. From
FY 1997-98 on implementation of First and subsequently Second State Finance
Commission recommendations to devolve funds to the local bodies from the State’s net
revenue to all the local bodies, revenue grants’ share in total revenue went up
considerably. The amount to be devolved as part of the SFC recommendation comprises
of mainly revenues from Sales Tax, MV tax, State excise and others that are constituted as
Pool B. Based on this recommendation the GoTN devolves 8 percent of the Pool B to all
the local bodies based on a prescribed formula to various categories of local bodies and
further, on a formula basis to individual local bodies.
Municipalities
The following Table: 10.22 presents the year wise aggregate receipts/income of 8
Municipalities along with sectoral contribution and growth trend in Assigned Revenues
and Grants & Contributions.
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Table 10.22: Revenue from Assigned Revenues and Grants from Municipalities
Sl. No. Particulars 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
Actuals Budget
1. Receipts/Income (Rs. in Lakhs)
Assigned Revenue 1888.52 167.53 215.50 210.09 260.77
Devolution Fund 888.08 424.70 417.92 387.36 451.05
Grants & Contributions 190.20 0.32 0.26 0.20 0.76
Total 2966.81 592.56 633.68 597.65 712.58
2. Sectoral Contribution to Total Revenue Income (in Percentage)
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 Average
Assigned Revenue 23.63 2.18 2.49 2.30 2.54
Devolution Fund 11.11 5.53 4.83 4.24 4.39
Grants & Contributions 2.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01
Total 37.11 7.72 7.32 6.54 6.93
3. Growth Trend (in Percentage)
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 Average
Assigned Revenue (91.13) 28.63 (2.51) (21.67)
Devolution Fund (52.18) (1.60) (7.31) (20.36)
Grants & Contributions (99.83) (18.63) (25.20) (47.89)
Total (80.03) 6.94 (5.69) (26.26)
Source: Data Provided by the Urban Local Bodies
From the above table, it may be observed that the assigned revenues had a negative growth
rate during the assessment period with a share of about 2.54 percent to the total receipts.
Similarly, devolution fund and other grants & contributions also indicated negative growth
trend. This indicates that the ULBs are less reliant on the GoTN fund allocation and
generally managing with their own sources of funds. The devolution fund had a
contribution of 4.39 percent to the total revenue receipts/income on an average. The
Entertainment Tax has contributed about 4 percent on an average to the total receipts. As a
whole, about 6.93 percent of the total receipts comprised of Assigned Revenues and
Grants & Contributions, which recorded a negative growth rate of 26.26 percent per
annum on an average over the last four financial years.
Upgraded ULBs
The following table: 10.23 presents the year wise aggregate receipts/income of all 6
upgraded ULBs along with sectoral contribution and growth trend in Assigned Revenues
and Grant & Contributions.
Table 10.23: Revenue from Assigned Revenues and Grant of Upgraded ULBs
Sl. No. Particulars 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
Actuals Budget
1. Receipts/Income (Rs. in Lakhs)
Assigned Revenue 12.81 7.41 10.68 11.73 12.63
Devolution Fund 137.38 12.50 76.18 78.71 78.16
Grants & Contributions 0.00 0.00 0.62 0.68 0.73
Total 150.19 19.92 87.48 91.12 91.53
2. Sectoral Contribution to Total Revenue Income (in Percentage)
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 Average
Assigned Revenue 1.15 0.89 0.57 0.62 0.67
Devolution Fund 12.35 1.51 4.03 4.19 4.13
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In order to review the revenue account, the core (revenue) expenditure drivers of the ULBs
are broadly categorized under following heads depending on the type of expenses, viz.
• Personnel Cost
• Repairs and Maintenance
• Finance Expenses
• Debt Servicing
• Other Finance Expenses
• Other Expenses
• Terminal and Retirement Benefits
• Operating Expenses
• Program Expenses
• Administrative Expenses
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However, the above categorization varies slightly with the upgraded ULBs (erstwhile
Town Panchayats) as the accounting practices vary.
The personnel cost includes salaries and other establishment expenses. The salaries
include pay including personnel pay, special pay, DA, interim relief, HRA, CCA,
allowances like cash, conveyance, medical and others and ex-gratia/bonus. Other
establishment related expenses include travel allowance, LTC, supply of uniform,
conveyance charges, hospital stoppages/reimbursement of medical expenses, training
programme expenses and staff welfare expenses.
The following Table: 10.24 presents the year wise aggregate expenditure of 8
Municipalities and 6 upgraded ULBs (erstwhile Town Panchayats) along with sectoral
utilization and growth trend in personnel cost.
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percent of the total revenue expenditure for the last four years. Figure 10.19 represents the
expenditure form various heads
Repairs and Maintenance head include all repairs and maintenance related expenses like
buildings, subways, plants & machineries, roads, drainage, etc.
The following Table: 10.25 presents the year wise aggregate expenditure of 8
Municipalities and 6 upgraded ULBs along with sectoral utilization and growth trend in
expenses incurred for Repairs and Maintenance.
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Finance expenses primarily include interest paid on the loans and other liabilities. Certain
other components are also included as finance expenses like interest charged by the bank,
other bank charges, lapsed deposit refund, audit expenses, etc.
The Municipalities were paying about 5.79 percent of their total revenue expenditure as
the interest on loans on an average for the four years period while total utilization of
finance expenses was about 9.21 percent of total revenue expenditure. The upgraded ULBs
(erstwhile Town Panchayats) were paying about 5.96 percent of their total revenue
expenditure as the interest on loans on an average for the four years period. Both
Municipalities and upgraded ULBs were paying less than 5 percent of their total revenue
income towards debt servicing, which is below the accepted threshold level of 25 percent.
The following table; 10.26 presents the year wise aggregate expenditure of 8
Municipalities and 6 Upgraded ULBs along with sectoral utilization and growth trend in
finance expenses.
These expenses include terminal and retirement benefits, operating expenses, program
expenses and administrative expenses. The following table presents the year wise
aggregate expenditure of 8 Municipalities and 6 upgraded ULBs (erstwhile Town
Panchayats) along with sectoral utilization and growth trend in other expenses.
Table 10.27: Revenue Expenditure on Other Expenses of ULBs and Upgraded ULBs
Sl. No. Particulars 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
Actuals Budget
1. Expenditure (Rs. in Lakhs)
Municipalities 999.00 972.43 1490.46 2039.80 4324.96
Upgraded ULBs 26.34 35.63 223.06 231.54 147.52
2. Sectoral Utilization in Total Revenue Expenditure (in Percentage)
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The Municipalities were spending about 18.04 percent of their total revenue expenditure
as other expenses on an average for the four years period. The upgraded ULBs (erstwhile
Town Panchayats) were spending about 10.55 percent of their total revenue expenditure as
other expenses on an average for the four years period. The growth trends in both the cases
were inconsistent and thus no specific trend pattern could be established.
To assess the financial situation and performance of the ULBs, certain key financial
indictors have been generated for each of the two category of ULBs covered under this
assessment. Following are heads under which specific indicators of financial status and
performance of the ULBs have been assessed.
• Resource Mobilization;
• Expenditure Management; and
• Debt and Liability Management.
Annual per capita income is a quick indicator to assess the financial capacity of the local
body. It has been arrived at based on the revenue receipts during the year 2003-04
(excluding prior year receipts/income) and the estimated population during the year
2003/04. The following table provides the average annual per capita as per the categories
of ULBs, viz. Municipalities and upgraded ULBs.
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Generally, the per capita receipts increase with the higher hierarchical status of the ULBs.
On contrary, it is an opposite case here with upgraded ULBs having higher per capita
income than the Municipalities. At an aggregate level, the per capita income of the ULBs
was about Rs. 750.33.
Annual per capita expenditure has been arrived at based on the revenue expenditure during
the year 2003-04 (excluding prior year expenses and depreciation) and the estimated
population during the year 2003/04. From the above table, Municipalities had the highest
per capita expenditure of Rs. 775.82 while that of upgraded ULBs was Rs. 603.47. At an
aggregate level, the per capita expenditure of the ULBs was about Rs. 689.65, which is
lower than that of per capita income.
Operating Ratio is the ratio of revenue expenditure to revenue income and it indicates
financial position in terms of surplus or deficit. If the ratio is below one it indicates the
ULB is in Surplus. The average operating ratio of all the ULBs covered under this
assessment was about 0.76. upgraded ULBs had poor Operating Ratio with about 0.86
compared to Municipalities, which had an average Operating Ratio of about 0.65, as given
in the table below.
Debt Servicing Ratio (DSR) is ratio (expressed in percentage) of debt payment (principal
and interest paid out) to total revenue income. This indicator helps in assessing the
implication of debt on the ULB finances vis-à-vis expenditure for operation and
maintenance. It has been observed that DSR was well below the desirable level of 30
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percent in both Municipalities and upgraded ULBs as indicated in the table above.
Municipalities had an average DSR of about 6.00 percent while that of upgraded ULBs
was about 5.76 percent.
Debt management is a significant issue that needs to be addressed, especially in the wake
of ULBs having to approach the hitherto non-traditional sources of borrowings, viz. the
Financial Institutions and the open market. The ULBs ought to plan their borrowings on
the basis of their capacity to leverage operating revenues. Moreover, the ULBs will have
to ensure prompt servicing of the debt in order to retain fair levels of credit-worthiness.
This is one aspect where many ULBs have defaulted in the past, due to various reasons.
As a result, they end up accumulating significant sums of overdue principal and interest.
The agency-wise outstanding debt amounts for both category of ULBs is presented in the
table below. The total outstanding loan of 8 Municipalities, including the over due
principal and interest as on 31 March 2004 was Rs. 75.62 crores, while that of 6 upgraded
ULBs was Rs. 16.28 crores. It may be noted that GoTN loan account for about 25 percent
of the total outstanding loans of the all ULBs while that of other Financial Institutions
(mainly TUFIDCO) was about 58.29 percent.
Table 10.30: Total Outstanding Loan Agency Wise (as on 31/03/2004) Amount in Rs.
Lakhs
Sl. No. Category of Urban Local Body GoTN MUDF/ Other FIs Total
TNUDF
1. Municipalities 2183.97 1305.82 4071.75 7561.54
2. Upgraded ULBs 124.46 218.98 1284.95 1628.39
Total 2308.43 1524.8 5356.7 9189.93
Share in Total (%) 25.12 16.59 58.29 100.00
Source: Data Provided by the Urban Local Bodies
The outstanding loan per capita however is not a performance or a status indicator, but it
gives a measure to compare the extent of borrowings/ debt liability by different category
of ULBs. The analysis indicates that the outstanding debt per capita ranges from Rs. 675
for 6 upgraded ULBs while Rs. 557 for Municipalities. At an aggregate level, the ULBs
had about Rs. 616 per capita.
The general items of non-debt liability of the ULBs are payment dues to Tamil Nadu
Electricity Board, Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board, Pension and Provident
Fund Accounts, Salaries and Library Cess payable to the GoTN.
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Table 10.31: Details on Non-Debt Liability (as on 31/03/2004) Amount in Rs. Lakhs
Sl. No Particulars Municipalities Upgraded ULBs
1. Library Cess 272.28 0.00
2. Provident Fund 191.54 0.00
3. Terminal Benefits 27.82 0.00
4. Group Insurance Schemes 69.68 0.43
5. Dues - TWAD Board 960.53 0.00
6. Dues - Electricity Board 71.01 0.00
7. Pay Commission Arrears 40.30 0.00
8. Others 0.00 0.73
Total Non-Debt Liability 1633.16 1.16
Source: Data Provided by the Urban Local Bodies
It may be noted that the 8 Municipalities together had a non-debt liability of Rs. 16.33
crores, while that of upgraded ULBs was Rs. 1.16 lakhs reported by Valasaravakkam. The
total non-debt liability of all the ULBs located within CMA was Rs. 16.34 crores.
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Chennai Metropolis will become one of the few cities in the world with 10 plus million
population in about 10 years (i.e. by 2016). The challenge of Chennai would be to sustain
progress in development of physical infrastructure and social development in tandem with
economic growth.
The overall vision for the city and the prioritisation of the key sectors paved the way to
formulate sector specific vision and strategies. This sector specific approach with year
wise strategies and corresponding year wise investments will be instrumental in framing
the action plan/ implementation plan. The sector specific reforms and investments are an
integral part of the year wise strategies.
11.1 Vision
The Vision for Chennai in the next 20 years is to develop it as a Prime Metropolis, which
will be:
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preferable than low rise - high dense developments. In the MRTS influence, areas a
higher FSI is proposed to maximize the transport utility.
• In the aquifer recharge area in the south, restricted developments will be allowed to
meet the demand for housing, particularly for I.T. sector along this area without
reducing the recharge capacity in the area by rainwater harvesting methods etc.
• Considering its locational and other advantages, the I.T. corridor in south will grow;
governmental actions to provide required infrastructure would continue.
• Development of Thiruvallur and Gummidipoondi as satellite towns would be
encouraged to relieve congestion in the Metropolis.
Considering the current challenges the goals are identified. The city, especially the
surrounding municipalities are in short of adequate water supply network and access to
piped water supply. And moreover, the CMWSSB do not have adequate finances to
mobilize capital for augmentation of new water supply schemes. There is a huge demand
supply gap, which is likely to widen drastically in future. Detailed strategy is furnished
below which covers policy level planning, reforms, institutional strengthening, source
augmentation and service delivery aspects. The following are brief outline of the projects
taken up in the year one. The existing situation is presented in Table 11.1.
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Vision
Considering the above challenges, the following goals for different horizon years have
been identified in Table 11.2. The water supply coverage and access to piped water supply
in CMC area and surrounding municipalities’ needs to be enhanced to 100% by the year
2016. The per capita water supply should be maintained at 150 lpcd by increasing hours of
supply to 8 hours a day by 2011, 16 hours a day by 2016 and subsequently achieve 24
hours water supply daily by 2021. There is an urgent need to lower the Non revenue to
25% by the year 2011, 20% by the year 2016 and 15% by the year 2021 and 100% O&M
cost recovery is achieved by the year 2011.
Table 11.2: Goals & Service Outcomes for Different Horizon Years
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Detailed strategy is furnished below which covers policy level planning, reforms,
institutional strengthening, source augmentation and service delivery aspects. The
following are brief outline of the projects taken up in the project duration of seven years:
To meet the future projected water demand for Chennai Municipal Corporation and
surrounding municipalities including the satellite towns, CMWSSB has proposed to carry
out studies and prepare a comprehensive water sector development plan. The plan would
identify the sources for future augmentation, which would be taken up as a priority.
The water supply pipelines have an age of more than 30 years in the oldest areas of the
city and the water supply system has extended to newer areas around when the city grew
up. Though CMWSSB took up replacement of pipelines from time to time, due to
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financial crunch, it has not been possible to fully replace all the old pipelines. The board
proposed to implement UFW reduction measures in all parts of the city as an immediate
measure by conducting leak detection studies, rehabilitation of old pipe lines etc.
By removing public stand posts and legitimizing illegal connections, water board can
achieve a reduction in revenue loss. Taking this into consideration, water board has to
made a proposal to remove public stand posts and legitimize illegal connections within a
period of 2 – 5 years.
CMWSSB is operating high head pumping to provide water supply to the city leading to
high power costs. The board proposed to carry out a detailed energy audit of all the water
supply pumping and distribution system to address the problems associated with energy.
The existing water analysis can be upgraded in phases. The board proposed to purchase
latest equipments to upgrade the existing laboratories for analysis of chemicals and heavy
metals. In further phase, water quality equipment may be installed online at storage
reservoirs.
Widespread investments in the water supply sector without sufficient attention to human
resource development results in poor sustainability of system. Recognizing the urgent need
for capacity building at different levels in water supply sector, water board proposed to
develop human resources in their organization.
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Table 11.4: Year Wise Implementation Programme for Water Supply Project
Component Activity Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7
Comprehensive Water Sector Development Master Plan √ √
Leak Detection Studies √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Energy Audit Studies √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Water Quality Studies and Monitoring √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Planning, Reforms Design and Implementation of Communication Strategy √ √ √ √ √ √ √
and Institutional Baseline Survey √ √
Strengthening Human Resources Development √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Establishment of Regulatory Authority √
GIS Mapping of Water and Sewerage Utility Mapping √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Community Initiatives Support √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Modernising Financial Management and MIS √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Source Augmentation √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Distribution Network Extension √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Rehabilitation and Modernisation of Existing Network √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Service Delivery Energy Conservation Measures √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Metering √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Piloting 24x7 zone by zone √ √ √ √ √ √ √
GIS Mapping & Refurbishment √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Citizens Relations Citizen feedback mechanisms established √ √ √ √ √ √ √
engagement
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Table 11.5: Year Wise investment Programme for Water Supply Project
Component Activity Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Total
Rs. Crores
Planning, Reforms Comprehensive Water Sector 2.00 2.00 4.00
and Institutional Development Master Plan
Strengthening Leak Detection Studies 2.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 9.00
Energy Audit Studies 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.00
Water Quality Studies and 1.00 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 4.50
Monitoring
Design and Implementation of 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 7.00
Communication Strategy
Baseline Survey 1.00 1.00 2.00
Human Resources Development 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 7.00
Establishment of Regulatory 1.00 1.00
Authority
GIS Mapping of Water and Sewerage 2.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 9.00
Utility Mapping
Community Initiatives Support 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 3.50
Modernising Financial Management 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 7.00
and MIS
Service Delivery Source Augmentation 330.00 630.00 640.00 500.00 500.00 500.00 500.00 3,600.00
Distribution Network Extension 200.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 800.00
Rehabilitation and Modernisation of 150.00 100.00 100.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 1,150.00
Existing Network
Energy Conservation Measures 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 70.00
Metering 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 210.00
Piloting 24x7 zone by zone 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 350.00
GIS Mapping & Refurbishment 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 70.00
Citizens Relations Citizen feedback mechanisms 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 7.00
Management established
Total 794.50 945.50 949.00 908.00 908.00 908.00 908.00 6,321.00
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Analysis from the sewerage sector reveals that sewerage network coverage is very low
predominantly in surrounding municipalities. The poor and slum dwellers lack safe
sanitation facilities and hence are prone to health related diseases. An enormous shortfall
is noticed in the treatment of sewerage resulting in discharge of untreated sewage into
water bodies thus polluting water bodies, classic case being River Cooum and Adyar river.
In addition to that, wastewater recycling and reuse is quite negligible. The existing
sewerage service levels are presented in Table 11.6.
Vision
“The vision is to create a safe disposal facilities to the community by providing high
quality sewerage services based on the principles of quality, equity, value and
responsiveness”.
Considering the above challenges, the following goals for different horizon years have
been identified. The sewerage coverage and access in Chennai Corporation area needs to
be enhanced to 80% by the year 2011, 90% by the year 2016 and 95% by the year 2021
and surrounding municipalities needs to be enhanced to 50% by the year 2011, 60% by the
year 2016 and 70% by the year 2021. By the year 2021, 95% of the wastewater should be
treated and disposed and 50% of the wastewater should be recycled and reused. In addition
to that, 100% O&M cost recovery is achieved by the year 2011. To enhance the coverage
of safe sanitation facilities, following goals have been identified and presented in Table
11.7 with different horizon periods.
Table 11.7 : Goals & Service Outcomes for Different Horizon Years
Chennai City Area
Sl. No. Component Horizon Period
2011 2016 2021
1 Coverage (Access) 100% 100% 100%
2 Treatment & Disposal 100% 100% 100%
3 Recycle & Reuse 25% 40% 50%
4 Customer Satisfaction Good Good Good
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Considering the current challenges and identified goals, a robust strategy for sewerage is
adopted to achieve 100% sewerage system. Detailed strategy is presented which covers
design and implementation of communication strategy and service delivery aspects. The
following are brief outline of the projects taken up in the seven years:
To meet the current gap and future requirements for Chennai city, surrounding
municipalities and village panchayats, CMWSSB proposed to carry out studies and
prepare a comprehensive Sewerage Master Plan.
CMWSSB has taken action to conduct studies with the following main objectives;
• To prepare Plans and programmes to link the existing / ongoing sewerage system of
the local bodies
• Integrating the system with CMWSSB sewer system and
• To provide feasibility studies for providing sewerage system to unserved local bodies.
The study will cover provision of sewerage system with treatment and disposal
arrangements, including examining of reuse options with reference to the demand for such
water, nearness to Sewage Treatment Plants etc. for the Adjacent Urbanised Areas and
Distant Urbanised Areas in Chennai Metropolitan Area.
The Phase-I study covers the provision of comprehensive sewerage schemes for all the
AUAs and DUAs. The sewerage system includes the provision of sewage treatment plants
for handling the sewage either a stand around basis or grouping in the local bodies. The
outline proposal cost works out to Rs.1873.60 crores. The Phase-II study will cover
preparation of feasibility proposals for providing sewerage system to the remaining CMA.
The outline proposals cost for the sewerage scheme works out to Rs. 695.80 crores. The
study will also address the options on the issue of treating the sewage generation in a
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locally identified site or to integrate with the STP of CMWSSB and recommend the best
available option.
While planning the sewerage system the existing additional capacity of 264 MLD sewage
treatment created by CMWSSB will be fully utilised by collecting sewage from the
Adjacent local bodies as far as possible and the remaining local bodies will be provided
with stand alone treatment plants.
The board proposed to carry out a detailed energy audit of all the sewerage system to
address the problems associated with energy.
The existing sewerage quality analysis needs to be upgraded. The board proposed to
purchase latest equipments to upgrade the existing laboratories for analysis of chemicals
and heavy metals.
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The goals and service outcomes based on the proposed strategy for the horizon period is
presented in Table 11.11.
Table 11.11: Goals and Service Outcomes – Storm water Drains and Water Bodies
Sl. No Goal 2011 2016 2026
Macro Drainage
1 Flood Alleviation Recommendation 100%
2 Macro Drainage Recommendations (Pallikarani area) 100%
Micro Drainage
1 With in the City (Preparation and Implementation Plans) 100% 100 100
% %
2 With in ULBs (Preparation and Implementation Plans) 40% 60% 80%
3 Other Urban areas (Preparation and Implementation Plans) 25% 50% 80%
The primary drains are inadequate to handle the flash floods as they are not systematically
designed and are not fully constructed. A significant reduction in depth and width are
noticed due to siltation and encroachment of drain bunds. To alleviate these, a
rehabilitation and improvement program is recommended. The program would aim at the
following:
The flood prone areas identified are to be relieved of the problem in future by undertaking
a drainage rehabilitation program. As a part of this program, the leading/connections
between secondary and tertiary drains to primary drains have to be improved and
strengthened. In addition, control of weed growth, limiting the dumping of solid and
construction waste and controlling the encroachments would be given top priority.
ULBs would desilt the primary drains and tertiary drains on a regular basis before the
onset of the monsoon. The construction of new drains and connecting links would be taken
up as a priority, along with strengthening of the existing drains with lining and sidewalls.
Construction of tertiary drains would be taken up on a priority basis. As the city comprises
of only 769 Km. It is proposed to construct tertiary drains to all the major arterials and
important roads to increase the coverage and also to convert the kutcha drains to pucca
drains to facilitate proper draining of storm water into natural drains.
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The first and foremost intervention is the protection of environmental resources. Protection
of water bodies, waterways and open spaces from further encroachments would be carried
out in a co-ordinated way.
Rehabilitation of Ecosystems
Regulatory Framework
Action Plans
All the structural and non-structural measures recommended in the MMFR/SWD Master
Plan Study Report should be implemented to alleviate the existing flood problems and also
to ensure prevention in future during the plan period (considering more than 50% of the
2026 population is proposed to be accommodated in the rest of CMA, and the City will
also get densified additionally by 35%).
The lakes / water bodies should be protected from encroachments and existing
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In respect of the Pallikkaranai Drainage Area and areas around, the recommendations
made in respect of protection of the marshy land in Pallikaranai village, development of
areas south of road connecting Sholinganallur with Medavakkam for electronic industries
(after provision of proper drainage system by PWD) to be implemented. The costs
estimated for flood alleviation measures and improvements to storm water drainage
systems in Chennai Metropolitan Area are presented in Table 11.12 and implementation
plan is presented in Table 11.13.
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Table 11.12: Year Wise Implementation Programme for Storm Water Drains
Component Activity Institution Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7
Capacity Identification of Problem Areas CMDA √ √ √
Building
R& R Planning CMDA √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Comprehensive Drainage Master CMDA √ √ √
Plan
Primary Drains Desilting & Removal of Weeds √ √ √ √ √
Rehabilitation
Widening & Deepening √ √ √ √
Construction of side walls & Lining CMA & ULB √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Diversion of drains √ √ √ √ √ √
Construction of cross-drainage √ √ √ √ √ √ √
works
Construction of Drains on major arterial roads √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Secondary &
Tertiary Drains
Drains on interior roads √ √ √ √ √ √ √
PWD &
Conversion from kutcha to Pucca √ √ √ √ √ √ √
CMWSSB
Rehabilitation of flood prone areas √ √ √ √ √ √
Rehabilitation of Nallas & Cooum √ √ √ √ √ √ √
and Adyar Riverbed Improvement
Conservation of Lakes √ √ √ √ √ √ √
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Table 11.13: Year Wise Investment Programme for Storm water drains
Component Activity Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Total
Rs. Crores
Capacity Building Identification of Problem Areas 1.00 1.00 1.00 3.00
R& R Planning 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 7.00
Comprehensive Drainage Master 1.00 1.00 1.00 3.00
Plan
Primary Drains Desilting & Removal of Weeds 34.08 34.08 34.08 34.08 34.08 170.40
Rehabilitation
Widening & Deepening 42.60 42.60 42.60 42.60 170.40
Construction of side walls & 24.34 24.34 24.34 24.34 24.34 24.34 24.34 170.40
Lining
Diversion of drains 28.40 28.40 28.40 28.40 28.40 28.40 170.40
Construction of cross-drainage 24.34 24.34 24.34 24.34 24.34 24.34 24.34 170.40
works
Construction of Drains on major arterial roads 14.55 14.55 14.55 14.55 14.55 14.55 14.55 101.84
Secondary &
Tertiary Drains
Drains on interior roads 14.55 14.55 14.55 14.55 14.55 14.55 14.55 101.84
Conversion from kutcha to Pucca 14.55 14.55 14.55 14.55 14.55 14.55 14.55 101.84
Rehabilitation of flood prone areas 16.97 16.97 16.97 16.97 16.97 16.97 101.84
Rehabilitation of Nallas & Cooum 14.55 14.55 14.55 14.55 14.55 14.55 101.84
and Adyar Riverbed Improvement
Conservation of Lakes 2.12 2.12 2.12 2.12 2.12 2.12 2.12 14.85
Culverts 20.00 14.82 34.82
Total 208.68 248.88 234.06 232.06 189.46 155.38 155.38 1,423.88
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The local governments would effectively involve the private sector in delivering the solid
waste management service. The rationale for private sector participation includes
attracting project funding, new technology, cost savings and service delivery
improvements.
A Comprehensive Solid waste management Strategic Plan has been evolved which
outlines the vision, goals and strategies to achieve the same. The vision of Chennai is to
“Provide to its citizens an environmentally friendly and sustainable waste management
system with complete safe disposal facilities by putting in place waste reduction and
recovery mechanisms. The goals and service outcomes are presented in Table 11.14.
Highest priority has to be accorded for Segregation & Storage at source irrespective of the
area of generation so as to facilitate an organized and environmentally acceptable waste
collection, processing and disposal. Source segregation of Recyclables and biodegradable
(organic waste) will not only provide an efficient way for resource recovery, but will also
substantially reduce the pressure and pollution in Landfill sites.
In order to achieve the above objective, ‘Two Bin system of Solid Waste Storage’ at
source is being recommended. As per this system, each of the households would be
directed to keep separate Bins/containers for Biodegradable and non-bio degradable waste
generated within their premises.
The following measures have been recommended for improving the primary collection
practices of Chennai City, Surrounding Municipalities and Village Panchayats.
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Presently the city has 6,980 (which including ONYX collection bins also) dustbins spaced
at 398 m. The Chennai Corporation is being implementing “Door to Door collection” with
1,684 try cycles. Currently Corporation has a manpower of 10,130 sanitary workers, which
works out 274 m road length for each worker.
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In order to address the collection gap, it is recommend procuring new vehicles of 5.5 tons.
In addition to the above sufficient Dual Loader Dumper Placers (DLDPs) are proposed.
The characteristics and quantity of solid waste generated in the city primarily influence the
disposal options. A review of the available solid waste sample analysis results indicates
that nearly 60% of the waste generated in Chennai is organic nature.
Considering these aspects, it is recommended to develop a landfill site for safe disposal of
solid waste for the Corporation, surrounding ULBs and village panchayats. The disposal
strategies for CMA will be as follows:
Action Plan:
The consultants after conducting a detailed study in 1996 had given the recommendations
for a sustainable waste management system for Chennai Metropolitan Areas. The study
recommended a new CMA-Wide disposal organization “Metro Waste” be set up to
develop and manage sanitary land fill and transfer/haulage facilities through out the area.
‘Metro Waste’ should be structured in a manner, which distinguishes the ‘client’ function
(raising finances and controlling operational performance) from the ‘contractor’ function
(carrying out the services on a day-to-day basis). The structuring of metro waste in such a
manner will allow greater control over the environmental, operational and financial
performance of services. The year wise implementation and investment plan is presented
in Table 11.16 and 11.17.
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Table 11.16: Year Wise Implementation Programme for Solid Waste Management
Sl. Project Components Institution 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year
No
1 Replacements of 500 No's of Tricycles for Door √ √ √ √ √ √ √
- Step Collection
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Sl. Project Components Institution 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year
No
Disposal & Treatment
14 Setting up of Compost Plant of 500MT Capacity √
at Kodungaiyur Dumping Ground
15 Construction of Maintenance Shed for √ √ √ √ √ √
Bulldozers at KDG & PDG, Setting up of Plant
for Manufacturing
Refuse Derived Fuel at KDG
16 Construction of Office Room, Toilet, Security √ √
Room at KDG & PDG, Construction of culverts
and Drainage System for Leachet Treatment at
KDG & PDG
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Sl. Project Components Institution 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year
No
27 ULBS √ √ √ √ √ √ √
28 SVP √ √ √ √ √
289 VP √ √ √ √ √
Table 11.17: Year Wise Investment Programme for Solid Waste Management
Project Components 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year Total
Rs. Crores
Primary Collection
Replacements of 500 No's of Tricycles for Door - 0.50 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 2.30
Step Collection
Purchase of 12000 No's of Plastic Bins for Tri-cycles 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.48 0.54 0.36 2.82
Recruitment of Man Power 3000 S.W's for 21.60 21.60
privatised Zones for Sweeping Collection and
Transportation
Purchase of 1000 No's of Roto Molded Wheeled 0.11 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.12 0.12 0.56
Bins
Secondary Collection & Transportation
Purchase of 20No's of HMV Vehicle for 2.60 2.60
transportation of Garbage from Modernised Transfer
Station at Zone III
Purchase of 30 No's of HMV for Collection debris 3.80 3.80
and Tree-Cuttings at 10 Zones
Purchase of 5 No's of prime movers for dumper 0.40 0.40
places bins
Replacement of 50 No's of HMV for collection of 6.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 41.00
Garbage
Replacement of 30 No's of LMV for collection of 3.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 23.00
Garbage
Purchase of 80 No's of HMV and 60 No's of LMV 14.40 14.40
for attending Conservancy in Zone VI, VIII & X
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Project Components 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year Total
Rs. Crores
Privatisation of Conservancy in Arterial roads 4.00 4.00
Providing Conveyer system facility at Transfer 4.00 4.00
Stations for Sorting Garbage
Purchase of 2 No's of Heavy Duty Capacitors for 3.00 4.00 7.00
KDG & PDG
Disposal & Treatment
Setting up of Compost Plant of 500MT Capacity at 12.00 12.00
Kodungaiyur Dumping Ground
Construction of Maintenance Shed for Bulldozers at 0.72 20.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 44.72
KDG & PDG, Setting up of Plant for Manufacturing
Refuse Derived Fuel at KDG
Construction of Office Room, Toilet, Security Room 0.40 2.00 2.40
at KDG & PDG, Construction of culverts and
Drainage System for Leachet Treatment at KDG &
PDG
Formation of interior roads for movement of vehicles 0.72 2.50 2.50 5.72
at KDG & PDG, Construction of Compound Wall all
around at KDG
Erection of High Mast lighting 2 No's each at KDG 0.40 0.40
& PDG
Setting up of Compost Plant of 500 MT Capacity at 12.00 20.00 32.00
PDG
O & M Cost for compost plant at KDG & PDG 6.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 13.00 13.00 62.00
Replacement of 50 No's of HMV and 30 No's of 10.00 10.00
LMV
Construction of Modern - Transfer Station at Zone – 3.00 3.00
V
Acquisition of New Landfill Site of 200 acres for 99.01 25.00 124.01
future Deposal
Development of land for Scientific Engineered 0.00
Landfill
Land fill Improvements To KDG & PDG 50.15 71.68 100.34 32.22 40.43 25.91 64.24 384.97
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Project Components 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year Total
Rs. Crores
Slaughter House 20.07 20.07
ULBs 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.46 10.20
SVP 0.93 1.02 0.30 0.20 0.74 3.18
Village Panchayats 1.10 1.71 1.07 0.90 0.89 5.66
Total 148.60 135.13 151.38 161.51 96.37 58.33 96.48 847.80
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Based on the present and future developments in CMA the following strategies would be
adopted for a sustainable transportation solution in CMA. Most of the above actions
necessitate a high degree of co-ordination between various agencies and hence a
framework for an integrated planning was recommended in the form of a Unified
Metropolitan Transport Authority in pursuance of National Transport Policy, which was
accepted in principle by Government of Tamilnadu (GoTN) in 1994. The transportation
strategy incorporated in the present Plan for CMA is in tune with the draft NUTP and is
centered on strengthening and promoting mass urban transportation from economic,
environment and energy consideration.
Vision
The vision of the ‘Traffic and Transportation’ for Chennai city is to provide with the safe
and reliable transport system that is sustainable, environmental friendly and to
significantly improve the share and quality of public transport service that would improve
the quality of life in the metropolitan area.
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A CCTS is aimed to come out with sustained solutions for the entire CMA as a unit that
has financial and environmental viability. This also includes the current institutional
analysis, policy, financial and service delivery issues. The other strategies to promote
sustainable transport solution to the metropolis of Chennai include the following:
• Decentralisation of certain traffic- intensive activities from the CBD to the peripheral
areas.
• Continuance of mixed land use zoning concept
• Achieving an optimum modal split should be the basic thrust of the transport policy
for CMA. More new trips have to be attracted by and accommodated in public
transport to increase the share of public transport from the present 43%. The bus
system should act as a feeder for the rail system.
• Introduction of alternate transport systems - Bus-way, Light Rail Transit System
(LRTS), Electric Trolley Bus (ETB), Metro Rail, Mono-Rail, SKY BUS etc.
• Inter-model transfer facilities at bus and rail stations.
• Integration of the public transport systems by reorganisation of bus routes, pricing and
common ticketing arrangements and provision of inter-modal transfer facilities at
railheads; and
• Use of non-motorised modes to be encouraged.
• Concreting of city roads.
• Establishment of Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority (UMTA).
• Emphasis on telecommunication to reduce travel.
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The year wise implementation and Investment plan is presented in Table 11.19 and 11.20.
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The goals and service outcomes based on the proposed strategy for the horizon period is
presented in Table 11.21.
Table 11.21: Goals and Service Outcomes – Basic Services for Poor
Sl. No Goal 2011 2016 2026
1 Network Coverage for slum households 90% 100% 100%
2 UGD coverage for slum households 90% 100% 100%
3 Adequately lit slums 100% 100% 100%
4 Adequate road link for the slums 100% 100% 100%
5 Pucca houses for all slum households 80% 100% 100%
6 Education for all in slums 100% 100% 100%
7 Slum Networking 100%
8 Primary Health 100%
9 Tendril Security and Affordable Housing 100%
10 Lively Hood for Urban Poor 100%
11 At least 20,000 LIG/EWS plots to be developed 80% 100% 100%
and allotted by TNHB & TNSCB
12 About one lakh house holds in slums to be 70% 100% 100%
covered by slum improvement, rehabilitation
programmes
The strategy formulated for reducing poverty in Chennai Metropolitan area includes:
The slums where lands are already available, the areas need only to be improved by
providing in-situ developments, whereas in the instant case it is proposed to rehabilitate
the families in multi storeyed tenements /individual houses in alternative locations with all
infrastructures like water supply, storm water drain, road, streetlights, sewerage, etc. Apart
from the tenements, spaces will be reserved for community facilities and other
neighbourhood facilities.
These families cannot be shifted far away from their existing places of living unless a
viable alternative solution is found. To make the rehabilitation programme viable and
successful it is imperative to construct shelter units well in advance and within the
Metropolitan Area to ensure trouble free and smooth rehabilitation, as otherwise their
sudden displacement would throw them out of gear. The construction of good storied
shelter units with adequate infrastructure will make the resettlement programme more
attractive and successful and stimulate the slum families to move to shelter units in
alternate places.
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In order to complete its mission, to ameliorate the conditions of the slums in Chennai
within a time frame, TNSCB, has programmed to create a slum free Chennai by 2013, by
implementing the following programmes during 2006-2013 for the holistic development of
Chennai.
The slum demography for the different categories of slums in Chennai, strategy for the
objectionable and unobjectionable slums, funds required for the housing programmes
proposed under Chennai Metropolitan Development Plan for holistic development of the
slums in Chennai during 2006-2013.
Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board has programmed to construct 79,039 tenements in
Chennai city at a total cost of Rs. 1,319.96 crore during 2006-2013 to resettle the slum
families living in objectionable and unobjectionable locations in Chennai. The lands
required for this programme is under investigation.
The year wise implementation plan and Investment plan is presented in Table 11.22 and
11.23.
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Table 11.22: Year Wise Implementation Schedule – Basic Services for Poor
Component Activities Institution Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7
Planning, Development of Comprehensive data base √
Reforms and
Governance
Conferring Tenural Rights √ √
Evolving a policy on Notification and √ √
Denotification
Institutional Strengthening and Capacity √ √ √
Building
Providing Access to Social Infrastructure √ √ √ √ √ √ √
(Health and Education)
Evolving a comprehensive Livelihood Policy √ √
IEC √ √ √ √ √ √
Strengthening CBOs CMC, √ √ √ √
Service Relocations of Slums located in Hazardous ULBs √ √ √ √
delivery and vulnerable Areas CMA
Identification of Infrastructure and Housing TNSCB √ √
Deficiencies TNHB
Improvement in Infrastructure √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Development of Basic Services to the Poor √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Water Supply & Sewerage √ √ √ √ √
Roads √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Street Lights √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Community Toilets √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Construction of Storm Water Drains √ √ √ √ √ √ √
including primary drains
Environmental Improvement of Slums √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Solid Waste Management √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Civic Amenities, Community Halls, Child √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Care Centers
Rehabilitation of existing assets √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Housing Infrastructure √ √ √ √ √ √ √
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Table 11.23: Year Wise Investment plan for Basic Services for Poor
Component Activities Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Total
Rs. Crores
Planning, Development of Comprehensive data base 10.00 10.00
Reforms Conferring Tenural Rights 10.00 10.00 20.00
and Evolving a policy on Notification and 10.00 10.00 20.00
Governance Denotification
Institutional Strengthening and Capacity 10.00 10.00 10.00 30.00
Building
Providing Access to Social Infrastructure 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 70.00
(Health and Education)
Evolving a comprehensive Livelihood 10.00 10.00 20.00
Policy
IEC 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 60.00
Strengthening CBOs 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 80.00
Service Relocations of Slums located in Hazardous 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 400.00
delivery and vulnerable Areas
Identification of Infrastructure and Housing 10.00 10.00 20.00
Deficiencies
Improvement in Infrastructure 28.57 28.57 28.57 28.57 28.57 28.57 28.57 200.00
Development of Basic Services to the Poor 14.29 14.29 14.29 14.29 14.29 14.29 14.29 100.00
Water Supply & Sewerage 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 300.00
Roads 14.29 14.29 14.29 14.29 14.29 14.29 14.29 100.00
Street Lights 14.29 14.29 14.29 14.29 14.29 14.29 14.29 100.00
Community Toilets 14.29 14.29 14.29 14.29 14.29 14.29 14.29 100.00
Construction of Storm Water Drains 14.29 14.29 14.29 14.29 14.29 14.29 14.29 100.00
including primary drains
Environmental Improvement of Slums 14.29 14.29 14.29 14.29 14.29 14.29 14.29 100.00
Solid Waste Management 14.29 14.29 14.29 14.29 14.29 14.29 14.29 100.00
Civic Amenities, Community Halls, Child 71.43 71.43 71.43 71.43 71.43 71.43 71.43 500.00
Care Centers
Rehabilitation of existing assets 71.43 71.43 71.43 71.43 71.43 71.43 71.43 500.00
Housing Infrastructure 136.75 136.75 136.75 136.75 136.75 136.75 136.75 957.23
Total 498.18 498.18 628.18 608.18 588.18 588.18 478.18 3,887.23
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A detailed study of the hot spots in Chennai Metropolitan Area would be carried out
identifying the problem areas, hotspots, and proposing solutions for improving the urban
environment of CMA.
Action Plan
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CDP Chennai
The proposed investments for water supply projects for CMA is of the order of Rs.
6,321.00 Crores and the break up is presented in Table 12.1.
12.2 Sewerage
The proposed investments for Sewerage projects for entire CMA is of the order of Rs.
2,299.00 Crores and the break up is presented in Table 12.2.
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CDP Chennai
The proposed investments for Storm Water Drainage, Macro Drainage for CMA and
renovation of lakes is estimated Rs. 1,423.84 Crores and the break up is presented in Table
12.3.
The proposed investments towards Solid Waste Management sector for CMA is of the
order of Rs. 847.81 Crores. The break up is presented in Table 12.4.
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The proposed investments for traffic and transportation for CMA is of the order of Rs.
19,504.08 Crores. However, Monorail Project is not included in this component and is
being taken up separately. The break up is presented in Table 12.5.
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The proposed investment towards Heritage and recreation projects is estimated Rs. 103.08
Crores and the break up is presented in Table 12.6.
The proposed investments for urban poor population for entire CMA is estimated Rs.
3,887.23 for the next seven years and break up is illustrated in Table 12.7.
The proposed investment for civic amenities in CMA is estimated Rs. 43.85 Crores and
the break up is presented in Table 12.8
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12.9 Summary
The total estimated cost of seven years projects for all the sector is Rs. 34,429.92 Crores
the summary of investments are in the following Table 12.9. Summary of capital
investments year wise phasing is presented in Table 12.10.
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1. Accounting Reform
Chennai Corporation has been following the double entry system of accounting from
01.04.1982 onwards. The Double Entry System includes Financial Accounting, Property
Tax Accounting, Material Accounting and Project Accounting. It has been computerised
since 1985. Presently Chennai Corporation is in the process of converting this stand-alone
computerised accounting system into online real time accounting system.
• Property tax
• Profession tax
• Company Tax
• Trade licence
• Birth and Death Certificate
• Town Planning Application
• Pay Roll Accounting
• Financial Accounting
• Inventory Management
• Project Accounting
What are the number of properties, which paid taxes in the fiscal year 2003/04?
3,87,000
What is the basis of taxation?
√
• Unit area values to determine ARV
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• Capital valuation
201.88 216.95
• The Chennai Corporation has taken many steps to reform the property tax
administration.
• The Corporation is following Annual Rateable Value (ARV) based on the self-
declaration.
• All the properties have been assigned unique bill number and the database is fully
computerized.
• In order to make the system transparent the method of assessment is made known to
the public by publishing the procedure for assessment of Property tax through booklets
which any one can buy and it is also published in the Chennai Corporation web site.
• The assesses are issued demand notices based on the revenue collection information
available in the database. All these exercises are done using I.T.
• A number of options are given to the assesses to pay their taxes.
• The property tax can be paid on-line.
• The property tax can be paid in Corporation Zonal Offices.
• The property tax can be paid through ECS.
• The property tax can be done through Internet using their credit cards.
• The property tax can be paid through a network of nearly 150 bank branches spread
over the city.
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98%
ii) Per capital domestic water supply (70 to 100 lpcd in normal years).
70 to 100 lpcd
iv) Percentage of non-revenue water to total water released (including free supply and
leakages)
15%
10%
Total cost (Operation & Maintenance and debt repayment) incurred in delivering water?
(Rs. in Crore)
2003/2004 2004/05
349.54 476.42
Other services
There are no user charges for services other than water supply and sewerage disposal.
Achieving cost recovery target (full O & M recovery)
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0%
Municipal Water Supply
Sanitation 0%
Primary education 0%
Primary health 0%
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What is the status of implementation of the following as per the Act ? Specify:
• In Tamil Nadu there are 102 Municipalities and 50 Third Grade Municipalities
(erstwhile Town Panchayats have been renamed as Third Grade Municipalities)
• Based on the minimum annual income, the Municipalities have been classified as
follows:
• As per section 7 of the Tamil Nadu District Municipalities Act,1920, the Municipal
Council shall consist of such number of councillors as may be determined by the State
Government, by notification which shall not be more than fifty-two and shall not be
less than twenty In G.O.(Ms).No.135, Municipal Administration and Water Supply
Department, dated 11.6.1996, the Government have prescribed a population norm for
determining the number of councillors (exclusive of Chairman) of a Municipal
Council.
• Further, the members of the House of the People and the members of the Legislative
Assembly representing the constituency comprising the whole or any part of the
municipality and the members of the council of States who are registered as electors
within the area of the municipality shall also be represented in the council. Similar
provisions are available in the Corporation Acts.
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• According to section 3-I and section 7 of the Tamil Nadu District Municipalities Act,
1920, certain offices of the Chairmen, Members / Councillors of the Third Grade
Municipalities and Municipalities shall be reserved for Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes.
• Among the offices reserved for Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes, not less than
one third of the Offices shall be reserved for women belonging to Scheduled Castes or
Scheduled Tribes.
• Further, not less than one third of the total number of offices of Chairmen / Members /
Councillors of Third Grade Municipalities and Municipalities in the State (including
those reserved for S.C./S.T. women) shall be reserved for Women.
• The Offices of Chairmen and Councillors shall be reserved by rotation for future
elections.
• Orders regarding reservation in the offices of Chairmen and Members/Councillors of
Third Grade Municipalities, Municipalities have been issued in G.O.(Ms).No.196,
Municipal Administration and Water Supply Department, dated 27.8.1996 and
G.O.(Ms).No.189, Municipal Administration and Water Supply Department, dated
20.8.1996, respectively.
• Similar provisions for reservation in case of Councillors of Municipal Corporations
are available in the Acts governing the Municipal Corporations.
• The Government have delegated the power of reservation to the Commissioners of
respective Municipal Corporations.
• As regards reservation in the offices of Mayor, according to the Special provision
made in the Tamil Nadu Municipal Corporation Laws (Amendment and Special
Provision) Act, 1994, out of the total number of offices of Mayor in this State, one
shall be reserved for the members belonging to the Scheduled Castes or Scheduled
Tribes, as the case may be and two shall be reserved for women and reservation shall
be allotted by rotation to different Municipal Corporations in the State in such manner
as may be prescribed.
• Orders regarding reservation in offices of Mayor for the Scheduled Castes or
Scheduled Tribes have been issued in G.O.(Ms).No.195, Municipal Administration
and Water Supply Department, dated 27.8.1996.
District Planning Committees as per Article 243 ZD have been constituted in Tamil Nadu.
The DPCs have been operationalised fully and made functional. The first meeting of the
DPCs was held on 4.2.2002 and subsequent meetings have been held once in three months
to discuss the developmental issues relating to the district.
This Government have enacted the conformity legislations in keeping with the spirit of the
Constitution (74th Amendment) Act. By the conformity legislations (Tamil Nadu Acts 25
and 26 of 1994) the functions which had been available in various sections in the
enactments governing the Urban Local Bodies of this State, have been consolidated and
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incorporated in a separate Schedule in the Acts governing the Urban Local Bodies.
Which of the functions of Schedule 12 have been incorporated into the State
Municipal Act and transferred to ULBs?
With the exception of Fire Services, other functions listed in Scheduled 12 are being
performed by the Urban Local Bodies. The details of the powers and functions entrusted to
the Urban Local Bodies are given below:-
i) Urban Planning including Town Planning (Function 1):- Urban Planning including
Town Planning is governed under the provisions of the Tamil Nadu Town and Country
Planning Act, 1971. When the Local Planning Authorities are constituted under Section
11 of the Act in respect of a single Urban Local Body, the Local Body itself is declared as
the Local Planning Authority. However, where there are two or more local bodies, four
members of the Local Bodies are appointed as representatives in the Composite Local
Planning Authority. According to Section 12 of the Act, the functions of the Local
Planning Authority shall be, to carryout a survey of the local Planning area, to prepare a
land use map, to prepare a Master Plan and Detailed Development Plan and to carryout
work as contemplated in the Master Plan and Detailed Development Plan.
ii) Regulation of land use and construction of Building (Function-2):- Regulation of land
use is governed under the provisions of the Tamil Nadu Town and Country Planning Act,
1971. In G.O.Ms.No.134, Municipal Administration and Water Supply Department, dated
20.9.2002 orders have been issued for the approval of layouts by the Local Bodies.
Construction of buildings in Urban Local Body Areas is regulated by the provisions in the
Corporations and Municipal Acts and the Building Rules issued there under. The
Commissioner of the Local Body has been empowered to grant or refuse permission.
Provision to appeal to the Standing Committee (in the case of Corporation) or to Council
(in the case of Municipalities / Town Panchayats) if the Commissioner fails to pass orders
within the prescribed period, is also available in the Acts.
iii) Planning for Economic and Social Development (Function-3):- For welfare schemes
like widows rehabilitation scheme, Swarna Jayanthi Shahari Rozgar Yojana etc. the
selection of beneficiaries under the programmes is done by the local body.
iv) Roads and Bridges (Function-4):- Small roads within the Urban Local Bodies fall
under the term “Public Streets” in the Corporation Acts and in the Municipal Act. All
public streets, not reserved under the control of the Central and State Governments are
vested in the Local body. The Local Bodies shall maintain and repair the public streets
and make all improvements for the public safety or convenience.
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vi) Public Health, Sanitation, Conservancy and Solid Waste Management (Function-6):-
According to the provisions in the Corporations Acts and in the District Municipalities
Act, the Local Body shall provide and maintain a sufficient system of public drains. The
Local Body shall also provide and maintain in proper and convenient places sufficient
number of public latrines in clean and proper order. The Local Body shall make
arrangements for regular cleaning of streets and dustbins. The Commissioner should make
arrangements for the prevention and control of dangerous diseases and small pox.
vii) Urban Forestry, protection of the Environment and promotion of ecological aspects
(Function-8):- According to the Financial Rules contained in the Corporations Acts and in
the District Municipalities Act, the object of expenditure connected with public
convenience, amenities and education include the planting and preservation of trees in
public streets and places. In the Urban Forestry Scheme implemented by the Environment
& Forests Department, the Urban Local Bodies are also involved in protecting the saplings
of trees in Urban areas.
viii) Safeguarding the interest of weaker sections of society including the handicapped and
mentally retarded (Function-9):- For Welfare Schemes like widows rehabilitation scheme,
Swarna Jayanthi Shahari Rozgar Yojana etc., the selection of beneficiaries under the
programmes is done by the local body. According to the Financial Rules, the object of
expenditure connected with the public convenience, amenities and education include the
provision and maintenance of rescue homes.
ix) Slum Improvement and upgradation (Function-10):- All Urban Local Bodies are
implementing schemes and measures for slum improvement and upgradation.
xi) Provision of Urban Amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, playgrounds
(Function-12):- According to the provisions in the Corporations Acts and in the District
Municipalities Act, the Council may make bye-laws to provide for the regulation of the
use of parks, gardens and other public municipal places. Further according to the Financial
Rules, the object of expenditure connected with public convenience, amenities and
education include the construction and maintenance of recreation grounds, playing
grounds and promenades.
xiii) Burial and Burial grounds, cremation, cremation grounds and electric crematorium
(Function 14):- Provisions are available in the Corporations Acts and in the District
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Municipalities Act for registration and control of burial or burning grounds, proper burial
or burning of the corpses and issue of grave diggers license.
xv) Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths (Function 16):- According to
the provisions in the Corporation Acts and District Municipalities Act, the Council shall
register all births and deaths occurring in its limits. Information of births and deaths shall
be given and their registration shall be made and enforced in the prescribed manner.
xvi) Public amenities including street lights, parking lots, bus stops and other public
convenience (Function 17):- According to the provisions in the Corporations Acts and in
the District Municipalities Act, Public Streets shall be provided with lights. Further,
landing places, cart stands (including Bus stands) etc. shall be provided by the Local
Bodies and licences shall also be issued to the private cart stands.
1. Has the transfer of functions been accompanied by transfer of staff? If no, has the
ULB been given the powers to recruit staff for managing the transferred functions?
The Urban Local bodies of this State have an adequate sanctioned strength of staff for
effectively discharging their functions. This Government, adopting a cautious approach
towards appointment of staff in Urban Local Bodies, has allowed the same wherever they
are really needed. In transition towns, there was a problem of inadequate strength of
technical functionaries and hence, a separate engineering wing was created with adequate
number of engineering personnel separately for transition towns, reducing external
clearance and ensuring speedy execution of development works. Further, in
Municipalities where there are no planning staff, a policy decision was taken to create
minimum strength, ensuring that all the Municipalities have in their rolls at least a basic
level planning staff. As part of the computerization effort, qualified staff were recruited
both on deputation and from the open market which has helped the successful
implementation of computerization of Municipal functions.
The Tamil Nadu Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act,1978 has been repealed by the
Tamil Nadu Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Repeal Act,1999 (Tamil Nadu Act 20 of
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1999)
• In 2004, orders have been issued by the Government of Tamil Nadu for reducing the
stamp duty to 6% and transfer duty to 2% from the earlier levels of 8% and 5%
respectively charged on the conveyance of properties in this State.
• During 2004, the Stamp duty on settlement and release between family members and
general partition between family members, and partition on the dissolution of
partnership between family members has been reduced to 1% on the market value of
the property subject to a ceiling of Rs.10,000/-. The registration fee is 1% with a
ceiling of Rs.2,000/-. Orders have also been issued in February, 2004 to the following
effect:
• Reduction of Stamp duty in the case of mortgage deed with possession from 6% on the
loan amount to 3% on the loan amount. Reduction of transfer duty from 3% to 1% on
the loan amount. The total rate will thus be 4% on the loan amount.
• In the case of deposit of title deeds, a ceiling of Rs.5,000/- for stamp duty and
Rs.10,000/- for registration fee has been introduced.
• Stamp duty on powers of attorney has been reduced from the level of 6% to 4%.
Having already reduced the stamp duty from 8% to 6% in 2004, the Government of
Tamil Nadu will make efforts to further reduce the stamp duty to 5% by 2012-13.
There are already various existing provisions under which ULBs in Tamil Nadu are
required to make public disclosure of various types of information.
Section 33 of the Tamil Nadu District Municipal Act, 1920 provides that each local body
shall publish an annual administration report in which various information pertaining to
the activities of the local bodies is contained. This provision is also available in the
relevant acts governing the Municipal Corporations.
Further, the budget document of the local bodies which contains all financial details
pertaining to the receipts and expenditure of the local body are also made published by
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The existing laws pertaining to ULBs also provide that before imposing or increasing any
taxes, the local body is required to give advance notice of the same and invite the
objections of the public.
In addition to the above, each local body in the State has published a Citizens Charter in
which all relevant information pertaining to the local body is provided. The second
edition of the Citizens Charter has been published by all local bodies in 2004.
Finally, under Section 4(1)(d) of the Right to Information Act, every local body is required
to publish various particulars pertaining to its activities and expenses, which has been done
by all local bodies in the State.
Is there any provision in the State Municipal Acts regarding the involvement of civil
society, industry and business in municipal affairs – e.g., in setting priorities, budgeting
provisions, etc.,
There is no such provision in the State Municipality Acts. The inclusion of suitable
provision to this effect will be considered by year 2009-10, after following the required
process of consulting the local bodies and other stake- holders.
Currently, the planning function of the ULBs falling in the Chennai Metropolitan Area is
under the jurisdiction of the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority. However, the
approval of layouts, building plans and other clearances for developmental activities are
partly vested in the Chennai Corporation and other local bodies.
The Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (CMWSSB) is responsible
for the provision of water supply and sewerage services within Chennai Corporation area.
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In the other Municipalities in the Chennai Metropolitan Area, the concerned local bodies
are providing such services.
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Optional Reforms
During year I of the Mission, the following two optional reforms will be implemented:
Revision of bye-laws to make rain water harvesting mandatory in all buildings to come up
and for adoption of water conservation measures.
To make Rain Water Harvesting mandatory, the Tamil Nadu Government promulgated the
Tamil Nadu Municipal Laws (Second Amendment) Ordinance in 2003. This was repealed
by the Tamil Nadu Municipal Laws (Second Amendment) Act 2003, by which Chennai
City Municipal Corporation Act 1919, the Tamil Nadu District Municipalities Act 1920,
the Madurai City Municipal Corporation Act, 1971 and the Coimbatore City Municipal
Corporation Act, 1981 were amended to include provisions making rainwater harvesting
mandatory.
2. The relevant provision in the ULB Acts pertaining to Rain Water Harvesting reads
as follows:
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(2) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (1), every owner or occupier of a building shall
provide rain water harvesting structure in the building in such manner and within such
period as may be prescribed.
Explanation:- Where a building is owned or occupied by more than one person, every
such person shall be liable under this sub-section.
(3) Where the rain water harvesting structure is not provided as required under sub-section
(2), the Commissioner or any person authorized by him in this behalf may, after giving
notice to the owner or occupier of the building, cause rain water harvesting structure to be
provided in such building and recover the cost of such provision along with the incidental
expense thereof in the same manner as property tax.
(4) Notwithstanding any action taken under sub-section (3), where the owner or occupier
of the building fails to provide the rain water harvesting structure in the building before
the date as may be prescribed, the water supply connection provided to such building shall
be disconnected till rain water harvesting structure is provided”.
The relevant building rules under the above said Acts have also been suitably amended
making Rain Water Harvesting compulsory for approval of Building Plans.
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Accounting
CMWSSB adopted the modern accrual-based double entry system ever since its incepting
in 1978 and the entire accounts are computerized.
E-Governance and IT
CMWSS Board has opened Electronic Delivery of Services (EDS) for payment by the
citizens at 10 TNEB counters in Chennai City to avail the benefit of utility payment services.
Payment will be undertaken anytime/anywhere in single roof at the EDS Centres to pay the
dues by way of cash/cheque/demand draft.
The Board has undertaken complete computerization of billing and collection and is currently
collecting water and sewerage tax / water supply charges through computerised collection
centres of the Board located at 10 Area Offices, 70 Depot Offices and at the Head Office. In
addition to the above, 22 specified branches of Canara Bank are also authrosied to collect
tax/charges on behalf of the Board.
Board has also introduced online payment of water tax and water supply charges through
internet which is assigned to M/s. ICICI Bank through ICICI Bank A/c. or credit card.
Discussion with other commercial Banks are on to extend this facility to more number of
assesses and consumers.
A digital base map has been created for the entire city and complete GIS were implemented in
9 Depot Offices in one Area by updating the underground asset and visible asset details as a
pilot measure. The linking of this data base with the property data base is also being planned.
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ANNEXURE 2 – Demography
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St.Thomas 98.39 34773 56118 122435 199235 4.90 8.11 4.99 6.00 20
Mount (33
Villages)
Kattankulathur 28.26 9490 14905 21891 30695 4.62 3.92 3.44 3.99 11
(6 Villages)
Total 617.00 267303 338738 514246 730727 12 2.67 5.18 4.37 12
Table 5: Population projection for Panchayat Unions within CMA (In Lakhs)
Annual rate Projection Density
of growth
Description assumed in
%
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Protection and preservation of Chennai city water supply Reservoirs and 50.00
tanks in and around Chennai Metropolitan area.
Sub Total 865.00
Micro Drainage
Chennai Municipal Corporation 252.00
Surrounding ULBs 72.35
Special Village Panchayats 38.05
Village Panchayats 146.81
Sub Total 509.21
Renovation of Ooranis
Chennai Municipal Corporation
Surrounding ULBs 9.91
Special Village Panchayats 3.37
Village Panchayats 1.58
Sub Total 14.85
Culvers
Special Village Panchayats 3.65
Village Panchayats 31.17
Sub Total 34.82
Total 1,423.88
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Sl. Expenditure(Rs.
Solid Waste Management Projects Year
No Crores)
Setting up of Compost Plant of 500MT Capacity at
1 1st Year 12.00
Kodungaiyur Dumping Ground
Purchase of 20No's of HMV Vehicle for transportation of
2 1st Year 2.60
Garbage from Modernized Transfer Station at Zone III
Purchase of 30No's of HMV for Collection debris and
3 1st Year 3.80
Tree-Cuttings at 10 Zones
Purchase of 5 No's of prime movers for dumper places
4 1st Year 0.40
bins
Replacements of 500 No's of Tricycles for
5 1st Year 0.50
Door - Step Collection
6 Purchase of 12000 No's of Plastic Bins for Tri-cycles 1st Year 0.36
Construction of Maintenance Shed for Buuldozers
7 1st Year 0.72
at KDG & PDG
Construction of Office Room, Toilet, Security Room
8 1st Year 0.40
at KDG & PDG
Formation of interior roads for movement of vehicles
9 1st Year 0.72
at KDG & PDG
Erection of High Mast lighting 2 No's each at KDG &
10 1st Year 0.40
PDG
Replacement of 50 No's of HMV for collection of
11 1st Year 6.00
Garbage
12 Replacement of 30 No's of LMV for collection of Garbage 1st Year 3.00
Recruitment of Man Power 3000 S.W's for privatized
13 1st Year 21.60
Zones for Sweeping Collection and Transportation
Purchase of 80 No's of HMV and 60 No's of LMV for
14 1st Year 14.40
attending Conservancy in Zone VI, VIII & X
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Sl. Expenditure(Rs.
Solid Waste Management Projects Year
No Crores)
5 Purchase of 1000 No's of Roto Molded Wheeled Bins 2nd Year 0.11
Purchase of 2 No's of Heavy Duty Capacitors
6 2nd Year 3.00
for KDG & PDG
7 Replacement of 50 No's of HMV and 30 No's of LMV 2nd Year 10.00
Construction of culverts and Drainage System for Leachet
8 2nd Year 2.00
Treatment at KDG & PDG
9 Construction of Modern - Transfer Station at Zone - V 2nd Year 3.00
Setting up of Plant for Manufacturing Refuse Derived
10 2nd Year 20.00
Fuel at KDG
11 Construction of Compound Wall all around at KDG 2nd Year 2.50
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Sl. Expenditure(Rs.
Solid Waste Management Projects Year
No Crores)
Replacement of 300 No's Tricycles for Door Step
2 4th Year 0.30
Collection
3 Purchase of 12000 No's of plastic Bins for Tricycles 4th Year 0.36
4 Purchase of 500 No's of Roto Moulded Wheeled Bins 4th Year 0.07
4 Purchase of 750 No's of Roto Molded Wheeled Bins 5th Year 0.08
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Sl. Expenditure(Rs.
Solid Waste Management Projects Year
No Crores)
4 Purchase of 1000 No's of Roto Molded Wheeled Bins 7th Year 0.12
5 Replacement of 50 No's of HMV and 30 No's of LMV 7th Year 11.00
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ANNEXURE 10 – Project Population & Water Supply Demand for AUA’s &
DUA’s
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The details of the command area, population and water allocation for the five zones for which works
are now proposed to be taken up are detailed below:
The existing distribution network is analysed and needs strengthening to handle the water requirement
of 2021 population. The following are the components of works envisaged in the project costing
Rs.338.36 crore:
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