The document lists selected literature and poetry texts for the West African Senior School Certificate Examination from 2026 to 2030. It includes Shakespearean, African and non-African prose, drama, and poetry selections. For each genre, it provides the author and title of two or more texts. It also lists six prescribed African poems and one non-African poem, providing the title and first stanza for each.
The document lists selected literature and poetry texts for the West African Senior School Certificate Examination from 2026 to 2030. It includes Shakespearean, African and non-African prose, drama, and poetry selections. For each genre, it provides the author and title of two or more texts. It also lists six prescribed African poems and one non-African poem, providing the title and first stanza for each.
The document lists selected literature and poetry texts for the West African Senior School Certificate Examination from 2026 to 2030. It includes Shakespearean, African and non-African prose, drama, and poetry selections. For each genre, it provides the author and title of two or more texts. It also lists six prescribed African poems and one non-African poem, providing the title and first stanza for each.
The document lists selected literature and poetry texts for the West African Senior School Certificate Examination from 2026 to 2030. It includes Shakespearean, African and non-African prose, drama, and poetry selections. For each genre, it provides the author and title of two or more texts. It also lists six prescribed African poems and one non-African poem, providing the title and first stanza for each.
HARMONIZED LIST OF LITERATURE-IN-ENGLISH TEXTS FOR THE
WEST AFRICAN SENIOR SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION (WASSCE) 2026-2030
TYPE OF TEXT SELECTED TEXT
SHAKESPEAREAN Antony and Cleopatra TEXT AFRICAN PROSE 1. Pede Hollist : So the Path Does not Die 2. Elma Shaw : Redemption Road
NON-AFRICAN 1. Harper Lee : To Kill a Mocking Bird
PROSE 2. Susanne Bellefeuille : Path of Lucas: The Journey He Endured
AFRICAN DRAMA 1. Bosede Ademilua- Afolayan : Once Upon an Elephant
2. Efua Sutherland : The Marriage of Anansewa
NON-AFRICAN 1. J. D. Priestley : An Inspector Calls
DRAMA 2. Robert Bolt : A Man for all Seasons
AFRICAN POETRY 1. Gabriel Okara : Once Upon a Time
2. Elizabeth L. A. Kamara : New Tongue 3. Wole Soyinka : Night 4. Niyi Osundare : Not my Business 5. S.O.H. Afriyie–Vidza : Hearty Garlands 6. Syl Cheney-Coker : The Breast of The Sea
NON-AFRICAN 1. Lord Byron : She Walks in Beauty
POETRY 2. Geoffrey Chaucer : The Nun’s Priest’s Tale (shortened) 3. Seamus Heaney : Digging 4. Maya Angelou : Still I Rise 5. Fleur Adcock : The Telephone Call 6. Wilfred Wilson Gipson : The Stone
SELECTED LITERATURE-IN-ENGLISH TEXTS AND POEMS FOR WASSCE 2026-2030 1
THE WEST AFRICAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL LIST OF PRESCRIBED POEMS FOR LITERATURE-IN-ENGLISH (2026-2030) AFRICAN POETRY
1. Gabriel Okara – Once Upon a Time
Once upon a time, son, they used to laugh with their hearts and laugh with their eyes: but now they only laugh with their teeth, while their ice-block-cold eyes search behind my shadow.
There was a time indeed
they used to shake hands with their hearts: but that’s gone, son. Now they shake hands without hearts while their left hands search my empty pockets.
‘Feel at home!’ ‘Come again’:
they say, and when I come again and feel at home, once, twice, there will be no thrice- for then I find doors shut on me.
So I have learned many things, son.
I have learned to wear many faces like dresses – home face, office face, street face, host face, cocktail face, with all their conforming smiles like a fixed portrait smile.
And I have learned too
to laugh with only my teeth
and shake hands without my heart.
I have also learned to say, ‘Goodbye’, when I mean ‘Good-riddance’: to say ‘Glad to meet you’, without being glad; and to say ‘It’s been nice talking to you’, after being bored.
But believe me, son.
I want to be what I used to be when I was like you. I want
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to unlearn all these muting things. Most of all, I want to relearn how to laugh, for my laugh in the mirror shows only my teeth like a snake’s bare fangs!
So show me, son,
how to laugh; show me how I used to laugh and smile once upon a time when I was like you.
2. Elizabeth L. A. Kamara – New Tongue
They speak in a new tongue And dance new dances Minds battered into new modes and shapes Their eyes revel in the wonder of the new Embraced and bound hearts with impregnable chains The old songs as disregarded dreams Remnants of a past. Ties of family and friendship Loosened, broken, burnt The ashes strewn into the bottomless sea As fishes swim by Careless of the loss Mindful of where they dare A new generation Careless of bonds Of family Of tradition Of heritage They care not Nor revere the old Their minds turn inwards Only inwards Like the insides of clothes That marry the bodies of mankind
No room for elders
No, Not even on the edge of their minds Their ears blocked to the old tongue And ways of doing things
Glorying in their newness of a borrowed tongue and culture
Every man For himself By himself Of himself
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A strange coldness descending like snow covered mountain Or like bathing at the back of the house On a rainy July day The gusts of wind falling trees Carting roofs away Tugging skirts And swirling debris in the air
The borrowed shoes dance
Their borrowed minds parted the red sea long ago They hang the last lock on their culture And glide into the future Without a backward glance.
3. Wole Soyinka – Night
Your hand is heavy, Night, upon my brow. I bear no heart mercuric like the clouds, to dare. Exacerbation from your subtle plough. Woman as a clam, on the sea's crescent. I saw your jealous eye quench the sea's Fluorescence, dance on the pulse incessant Of the waves. And I stood, drained Submitting like the sands, blood and brine Coursing to the roots. Night, you rained Serrated shadows through dank leaves Till, bathed in warm suffusion of your dappled cells Sensations pained me, faceless, silent as night thieves. Hide me now, when night children haunt the earth I must hear none! These misted cells will yet Undo me; naked, unbidden, at Night's muted birth.
4. Niyi Osundare – Not my Business
They picked Akanni up one morning
Beat him soft like clay And stuffed him down the belly Of a waiting jeep.
What business of mine is it
So long they don’t take the yam From my savouring mouth?
They came one night
Booted the whole house awake And dragged Danladi out, Then off to a lengthy absence.
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What business of mine is it So long they don’t take the yam From my savouring mouth?
Chinwe went to work one day
Only to find her job was gone: No query, no warning, no probe – Just one neat sack for a stainless record.
What business of mine is it
So long they don’t take the yam From my savouring mouth?
And then one evening
As I sat down to eat my yam A knock on the door froze my hungry hand.
The jeep was waiting on my bewildered lawn
Waiting, waiting in its usual silence.
5. S.O.H. Afriyie –Vidza – Hearty garlands
For a person who has lived as long
And one who, as well, has done much As you Life’s whole process blooms into stark beauty And failures give no trite, crippling regrets
Yet. On occasion, shamed, horrid green-eyed
Envy fights benign Felicitation exclusively couched For you By us who won’t be left out of today’s joy And must send you warn hearty birthday garlands
You must, you wondrous mentor of rouges like us,
Receive copious blessings today; d stay well blessed To you Age eighty-five is life’s smiley, cloudless dawn It is the gainful twilight of fulfilled dreams
Hope now nods in contented concert with spent desires
Now restful Hope neither nags nor raves nor rants At you But your heart sits on garlanded satis shores Looking out to sea for health delivering vessels
From the subdued heights of your lofty conquered toils
And from flights of vanquished steps, at five and eighty, Must you Watch us strive and beat your mahogany chest in pride You must shake your own hands like iroko agama
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March on, old boy, do, and clinch yonder untamed gain For yon lies mop-up work and higher tasks still By you To be accomplished; then must you hear trumpet sound That to a guru must blow solo musical bravo
As you give yourself a cozy comfy treat today
Reclining in reminiscing and fondling a lingering smile Could you A certain style of locomotion all your own recall, Best and aptly but simply dubbed ‘poetic walking’?
6. Syl Cheney– Coker – The Breast of the Sea
After our bloody century, the sea will groan
under its weight, somewhere between breasts and anus. Filled with toxins, her belly will not yield new islands even though the orphans of East Timor wish it so. The sea is only capable of so much history: Noah's monologue, the Middle Passage's cargoes, Darwin's examination of the turtle's shit, the remains of the Titanic, and a diver's story about how the coelacanth was recaptured. Anything else is only a fractured chela we cannot preserve, once the sea's belly has washed itself clean of our century's blight. Throbbing, the sea's breasts will console some orphans, but Sierra Leone won't be worth a raped woman's cry, despite her broken back, this shredded garment, her hands swimming like horrors of red corals. But do you, O Sea, long-suffering mistress, have the balm to heal the wound of her children, hand to foot the axe, alluvial river flowing into you?
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NON-AFRICAN POETRY
1. Lord Byron – She Walks in Beauty
She walks in beauty, like the night Of cloudless climes and starry skies; And all that’s best of dark and bright Meet in her aspect and her eyes; Thus mellowed to that tender light Which heaven to gaudy day denies.
One shade the more, one ray the less,
Had half impaired the nameless grace Which waves in every raven tress, Or softly lightens o’er her face; Where thoughts serenely sweet express, How pure, how dear their dwelling-place.
And on that cheek, and o’er that brow,
So soft, so calm, yet eloquent, The smiles that win, the tints that glow, But tell of days in goodness spent, A mind at peace with all below, A heart whose love is innocent!
2. Geoffrey Chaucer – The Nun’s Priest’s Tale
Once, long ago, there dwelt a poor old widow In a small cottage, by a little meadow Beside a grove and standing in a dale. This widow-woman of whom I tell my tale Since the sad day when last she was a wife Had led a very patient, simple life. Little she had in capital or rent. But still, by making do with what God sent. She kept herself and her two daughters going. Three hefty sows - no more - were all her showing. Three cows as well; there was a sheep called Molly. Sooty her hall, her kitchen melancholy, And there she ate full many a slender meal; There was no sauce piquante to spice her veal, No dainty morsel ever passed her throat, According to her cloth she cut her coat. Repletion never left her in disquiet And all her physic was a temperate diet, Hard work for exercise and heart's content. And rich man's gout did nothing to prevent
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Her dancing, apoplexy struck her not; She drank no wine, nor white, nor red had got. Her board was mostly served with white and black, Milk and brown bread, in which she found no lack; Broiled bacon or an egg or two were common, She was in fact a sort of dairy-woman. She had a yard that was enclosed about By a stockade and a dry ditch without, In which she kept a cock called Chanticleer. In all the land for crowing he'd no peer; His voice was jollier than the organ blowing In church on Sundays, he was great at crowing. Far, far more regular than any clock Or abbey bell the crowing of this cock. The equinoctial wheel and its position* At each ascent he knew by intuition; At every hour - fifteen degrees of movement - He crowed so well there could be no improvement. His comb was redder than fine coral, tall And battlemented like a castle wall, His bill was black and shone as bright as jet, Like azure were his legs and they were set On azure toes with nails of lily white, Like burnished gold his feathers, flaming bright. This gentlecock was master in some measure Of seven hens, all there to do his pleasure. They were his sisters and his paramours, Coloured like him in all particulars; She with the loveliest dyes upon her throat Was known as gracious Lady Pertelote. Courteous she was, discreet and debonair, Companionable too, and took such care In her deportment, since she was seven days old She held the heart of Chanticleer controlled, Locked up securely in her every limb; what a happiness his love to him! And such a joy it was to hear them sing, As when the glorious sun began to spring. In sweet accord, My Love is far from land* - For in those far off days I understand All birds and animals could speak and sing. (shortened)
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3. Seamus Heaney – Digging Between my finger and my thumb The squat pen rests; snug as a gun.
Under my window, a clean rasping sound
When the spade sinks into gravelly ground: My father, digging. I look down
Till his straining rump among the flowerbeds
Bends low, comes up twenty years away Stooping in rhythm through potato drills Where he was digging.
The coarse boot nestled on the lug, the shaft
Against the inside knee was levered firmly. He rooted out tall tops, buried the bright edge deep To scatter new potatoes that we picked, Loving their cool hardness in our hands.
By God, the old man could handle a spade.
Just like his old man.
My grandfather cut more turf in a day
Than any other man on Toner’s bog. Once I carried him milk in a bottle Corked sloppily with paper. He straightened up To drink it, then fell to right away Nicking and slicing neatly, heaving sods Over his shoulder, going down and down For the good turf. Digging.
The cold smell of potato mould, the squelch and slap
Of soggy peat, the curt cuts of an edge Through living roots awaken in my head. But I’ve no spade to follow men like them.
Between my finger and my thumb
The squat pen rests. I’ll dig with it.
4. Maya Angelou – Still I Rise
You may write me down in history With your bitter, twisted lies, You may trod me in the very dirt But still, like dust, I'll rise.
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Does my sassiness upset you? Why are you beset with gloom? ’Cause I walk like I've got oil wells Pumping in my living room.
Just like moons and like suns,
With the certainty of tides, Just like hopes springing high, Still I'll rise.
Did you want to see me broken?
Bowed head and lowered eyes? Shoulders falling down like teardrops, Weakened by my soulful cries?
Does my haughtiness offend you?
Don't you take it awful hard ‘Cause I laugh like I've got gold mines Diggin’ in my own backyard.
You may shoot me with your words,
You may cut me with your eyes, You may kill me with your hatefulness, But still, like air, I’ll rise.
Does my sexiness upset you?
Does it come as a surprise That I dance like I've got diamonds At the meeting of my thighs?
Out of the huts of history’s shame
I rise Up from a past that’s rooted in pain I rise I'm a black ocean, leaping and wide, Welling and swelling I bear in the tide.
Leaving behind nights of terror and fear
I rise Into a daybreak that’s wondrously clear I rise Bringing the gifts that my ancestors gave, I am the dream and the hope of the slave. I rise I rise I rise.
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5. Fleur Adcock – The Telephone Call
They asked me ‘Are you sitting down?
Right? This is Universal Lotteries’, they said. ‘You’ve won the top prize, the Ultra-super Global Special.
What would you do with a million pounds?
Or, actually, with more than a million – not that it makes a lot of difference once you’re a millionaire.’ And they laughed.
‘Are you OK?’ they asked – ‘Still there?
Come on, now, tell us, how does it feel?’ I said ‘I just…I can’t believe it!’ They said ‘That’s what they all say. What else? Go on, tell us about it.’ I said ‘I feel the top of my head has floated off, out through the window, revolving like a flying saucer.’ That’s unusual’ they said. ‘Go on.’ I said ‘I’m finding it hard to talk. My throat’s gone dry, my nose is tingling. I think I’m going to sneeze – or cry.’ ‘That’s right’ they said, ‘don’t be ashamed of giving way to your emotions. It isn’t every day you hear you’re going to get a million pounds.
Relax, now, have a little cry;
we’ll give you a moment…’ ‘Hang on!’ I said. ‘I haven’t bought a lottery ticket for years and years. And what did you say the company’s called?’ They laughed again. ‘Not to worry about a ticket. We’re Universal. We operate A retrospective Chances Module.
Nearly everyone’s bought a ticket
in some lottery or another, once at least. We buy up the files, feed the names into our computer, and see who the lucky person is.’ ‘Well, that’s incredible’ I said. ‘It’s marvelous. I still can’t quite… I’ll believe it when I see the cheque.’ ‘Oh,’ they said, ‘there’s no cheque.’ ‘But the money?’ ‘We don’t deal in money. Experiences are what we deal in.
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You’ve had a great experience, right? Exciting? Something you’ll remember? That’s your prize. So congratulations from all of us at Universal. Have a nice day!’ And the line went dead.
6. Wilfrid Wilson Gibson – The Stone
“And will you cut a stone for him, To set above his head? And will you cut a stone for him— A stone for him?" she said.
Three days before, a splintered rock
Had struck her lover dead— Had struck him in the quarry dead, Where, careless of a warning call, He loitered, while the shot was fired— A lively stripling, brave and tall, And sure of all his heart desired . . . A flash, a shock, A rumbling fall . . . And, broken 'neath the broken rock, A lifeless heap, with face of clay, And still as any stone he lay, With eyes that saw the end of all.
I went to break the news to her:
And I could hear my own heart beat With dread of what my lips might say; But some poor fool had sped before; And, flinging wide her father's door, Had blurted out the news to her, Had struck her lover dead for her, Had struck the girl's heart dead in her, Had struck life, lifeless, at a word, And dropped it at her feet: Then hurried on his witless way, Scarce knowing she had heard.
And when I came, she stood alone—
A woman, turned to stone: And, though no word at all she said, I knew that all was known.
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Because her heart was dead, She did not sigh nor moan. His mother wept: She could not weep. Her lover slept: She could not sleep. Three days, three nights, She did not stir: Three days, three nights, Were one to her, Who never closed her eyes From sunset to sunrise, From dawn to evenfall— Her tearless, staring eyes, That, seeing naught, saw all.
The fourth night when I came from work,
I found her at my door. "And will you cut a stone for him?" She said: and spoke no more: But followed me, as I went in, And sank upon a chair; And fixed her grey eyes on my face, With still, unseeing stare. And, as she waited patiently, I could not bear to feel Those still, grey eyes that followed me, Those eyes that plucked the heart from me, Those eyes that sucked the breath from me And curdled the warm blood in me, Those eyes that cut me to the bone, And cut my marrow like cold steel.
And so I rose and sought a stone;
And cut it smooth and square: And, as I worked, she sat and watched, Beside me, in her chair. Night after night, by candlelight, I cut her lover's name: Night after night, so still and white, And like a ghost she came; And sat beside me, in her chair, And watched with eyes aflame.
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She eyed each stroke, And hardly stirred: she never spoke A single word: And not a sound or murmur broke The quiet, save the mallet stroke.
With still eyes ever on my hands,
With eyes that seemed to burn my hands, My wincing, overwearied hands, She watched, with bloodless lips apart, And silent, indrawn breath: And every stroke my chisel cut, Death cut still deeper in her heart: The two of us were chiselling, Together, I and Death.
And when at length my job was done,
And I had laid the mallet by, As if, at last, her peace were won, She breathed his name, and, with a sigh, Passed slowly through the open door: And never crossed my threshold more.
Next night I laboured late, alone,
To cut her name upon the stone.
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RECOMMENDED POETRY ANTHOLOGIES AND COLLECTIONS CONTAINING THE SET POEMS
(a) Poems of Black Africa, edited by Wole Soyinka HEBN 1975
(b) The Edge of a Cryby Oumar Farouk Sesay,Sierra Writers Series, 2015 (c) West African Verse: An Anthology chosen and Annotated by D.I. Nwoga Pearson Ed. Ltd. 1967 (d) Goodnight, Africa, by OnuChibuike, Pacific House, Anambra State, 2012 (e) The Penguin Book of English Verse, edited by John Hayward (Penguin Books Ltd England). Reprinted 1968 (f) Crossing: A Senior Poetry Anthology, selected and introduced by Anne Marie in Marie Heywood (Macmillan). 1998 (g) English Romantic Verse: edited by Wright, Penguin Books. 1987 (h) Touched With Fire: An Anthology of Poems complied by Jack Hades (i) The Oxford Anthology of English Literature edited by F. Kermode and J. Hollander, Oxford University Press 1973 (j) Voices The Third book. Edited by G. Summer Field. Penguin ED. Books 1971 (k) An Introduction to Literature Barnet et al Harper Collins College Publishers. Tenth Edition. (l) A Pageant of Longer Poems edited by E. W. Parker Longman group Ltd. London 1971 (m) Journey Without End by Lade Wosornu (n) Angles of Vision (Reading, Writing and the Study of Literature by Arthur W. Biddle and Toby Fulwiler (Mcgraw-Hill, Inc. 1992) (o) Poetry: An Introduction by Ruth Miller and Robert A. Greenberg (Macmillan,1981) (p) The Metaphysical Poets, selected and edited by Hellen Gardner, Penguin Books. (q) Any Other Anthology containing the set poems.
GENERAL REFERENCE TEXTS
F. A. Pritchard - A Harvest of Literary Terms. Extension Publications Ltd. Ibadan
S. H. Burton - African Poetry in English (An Introduction in Practical Criticism) C.J.H. Chacksfield (Macmillan) Isidore Okpewho - The Heritage of African Poetry (Longman) Ian Milligan - The Novel in English, An Introduction (Methuen) Michael Etherton - The Development of African Drama (Methuen) Miller and Greenberg - Poetry: An Introduction, Macmillan, 1986 Adrian A. Roscoe - Mother is Gold; A Study in West African Literature R. N. Egudu - The Study of Poetry (University Press Ltd.) F. S. Olafimihan - Comprehensive Approach to English Literature C. O. Williams - Evans Brothers (Nig. Publishers Limited) M. J. Murphy - Understanding Unseens: An Introduction of English Poetry and theEnglish Novel for Overseas Students (G. Allen and Unwin Ltd.) Benedicta Mbanuzue - Sunrise in Africa, Springfield Publishers Ltd 2006 Eustace Palmer - An Introduction to the Novel Eustace Palmer - Studies on the English Novel (A.U.P) E. N. Obiechina - Culture, Tradition and Society in the West African Novel (Cambridge)
SELECTED LITERATURE-IN-ENGLISH TEXTS AND POEMS FOR WASSCE 2026-2030 15
Annemarie Heywood - Crossing; A Senior Poetry Anthology (Macmillan) Figuerda John (ed) - An Anthology of African and Carribean Writing in English (Heinemann Educational Books.) London, 1982 Goodwin Ken - Understanding African Poetry: A Study of Ten Poets Anmor Charles - Contemporary Literature in Ghana 1911 – 1996 A Critical Evaluation. (Woelli Publication) Accra. 1996 Agbo Areo - A Paradise for the Masses Bounty Press Ltd. 2004 Priebe R. et al - Ghanaian Literature (Greenwood). New York 1996 Roscoe Adrian - A Study in West African Literature, (Cambridge University Press) London. 1997 Ogungbesan Kolawole - New West African Literature (Heinemann) London, 1979 Robert Fraser - An Introduction to West African Literature, (Cambridge University Press) London. 1993 Ifeanyi Ifeogbuna - Chasing Shadows Moorhen Books, 2005 Taiwo Oladele - An Introduction to West African Literature, (Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd.) Lagos. 1985 Chinweizu Onwuchekwa Towards the Decolonization of African Fiction and Poetry and their Critics (K.P.I) London, 1980 Dathorne O. R. - African Literature in the Twentieth Century (Heinemann) London,1987 Gunner, Elizabeth - A Handbook for Teaching African Literature (Heinemann) London, 1987 Irele, Abiola - The African Experience in Literature and Ideology (Heinemann) London, 1987 LindforsBernth - Black African Literature in English 1987 – 1991 (Hanzel) London,1995 Jones Eldred Durosimi African Literature Today: Retrospect and Prospect (Heinemann) London, 1979 Palmer. Eustace - The Growth of the African Novel AnaoOnome - Lions at War Kraft Books Ltd. 1999 Adumu Kyuka Usman- Hope in Anarchy – University Press PLC. 1993 Gesiere Brisibe-Dorgu- A Steady Slide Literary Vistas Ltd., Abuja, 2008 Usman Balarabe Aliyu Eye for Order Niger State Printing & Publishing Company, Minna, 2008 Mills, Kurtinistis - Being and Becoming: An Introduction to Literature (Random House) NY, 1987 Abram, Harphm - A Glossary of Literary Terms Wadsworth, Cengage Learning USA
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