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The advent of the 21st century brought dynamic changes with innovations propping up,

such as artificial intelligence. For most people, the phrase artificial intelligence conjures images

of robots or algorithms that work similarly as humans. Although this image relates to the

concept, AI is conceptualized as computer systems that can perform complex tasks that were

previously relegated to humans. This technology enables digital devices and computers to learn,

evaluate, write, and analyze information while simulating human intelligence processes. AI has

grown to become a critical cog in contemporary society, with individuals and organizations using

reactive machines, limited memory machines, and general AI for various purposes amid ethical

concerns about best practices and management. Through artificial intelligence, society has

pivoted into a new age of machines imitating human intelligence, setting forth a foundation for

numerous opportunities to progress on real-world problems.

Now, AI systems are often distinguished based on their functionality and capabilities.

The former serves the core of this speech considering that these systems are implemented for

divergent purposes. First, reactive machines are reverred for their role in handling limited tasks

depending on the user’s motive and objectives. This means that they have no memory with their

mode of operation involving generating an output based on an input. Machine learning (ML)

models have propped up as reactive machines considering that they use predefined data to

deliver recommendations based on patterns. A prime example of a reactive machine is a

customer relationship management system. Using this system, an organization can input

customer information like their purchasing or search history. The AI machine will then identify

key trends and recommend marketing strategies for the company to enhance purchasing

decisions. Second, limited memory machines come intact with algorithms that replicate the

thought patterns of human beings. These algorithms evolve as more data is inputted into the

system (Thongprasit and Wannapiroon). An example is deep learning, which relies on image

recognition and natural language processing. The AI system looks into past trends and monitors

situations over time. It then generates output based on the present and conventional moment data

while relying on its memory. For instance, self-driving cars can monitor road conditions

depending on previous drives or traffic. The car will then guide the driver on when to accelerate

or change their routes. Thirdly, General AI (GEN AI) represents evolved systems with

capabilities that rival those of human beings. Rather than act as a complementary technology,

they are designed to replace humanity by undertaking similar or extra tasks at low costs and high

efficiency. Obaid denotes that GEN AI is primed to attain cognitive adaptability and pliability.

For example, a customer service chatbot is created with the aim of replicating human

representatives. It adapts to the customer’s queries while using generalized approaches to offer

recommendations and solve problems. The three forms of AI have been embraced across various

contexts and settings to improve efficiency, productivity, and satisfaction.

Reactive Limited Memory

Figure 1: Types of AI

Thus far, individuals and organizations have embraced the idea of artificial intelligence

as a complementary or alternative option to conventional activities. First, AI is implemented in

e-commerce settings with the aim of providing personalized recommendations to target markets.

E-commerce companies rely on AI to collect information on consumer preferences, tastes, and

values. This information is then used to tailor their products or services and ensure satisfaction

(Perifanis and Kitsios). Likewise, the firms rely on technology to automate their marketing

campaigns, with GEN AI tools being used for complex data analysis. The analytical functions

and capabilities reduce resource wastage while providing critical information. Nonetheless,

healthcare organizations and practitioners use these tools to formulate apt interventions. Doctors

and nurses input patient history and information in ML tools like clinical decision making

systems. The systems predict the expected/probable outcomes related to specific interventions or

prescriptions. This ensures that the right medicine is offered while minimizing the risk of errors

(Davenport). Needless to say, healthcare entities also utilize innovations to improve patient

engagement. This is attained through targeted content and messaging alerts aimed at provoking

action and enhancing individual awareness of risky behaviors. Consequently, we all rely on AI in

our day-to-day activities, even though most people do not realize it. For instance, taxi booking

apps use algorithms to predict demand and provide a definitive price for a ride. They also

optimize routes using real-time traffic data and road closures to alleviate travel time and improve

satisfaction. Voice assistants like Alexa also hinge on the technology to evaluate and decipher

voice commands. The commands act as inputs with the assistants leveraging vast databases to

provide outputs related to individual preferences. Across the world, innovation has been
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embraced and incorporated in various activities. However, its incorporation is met with various

dilemmas and ethical concerns.

Every new technology has its own merits and demerits with scholars raising concerns

about AI ethicality in the fast-paced environment. A primary ethical issue undermining artificial

intelligence is privacy and data protection. Stahl shows that most AI systems deviate from

informational privacy guidelines as they require large data sets for training. Therefore, most

customers and individuals are unaware that companies are using their personal information to

improve the system’s performance levels. Nonetheless, the systems are susceptible to breaches

that undermine individual privacy and autonomy. They have the potential of re-identifying

anonymized information and exposing individuals to rights violations (Bankins and Formosa).

Second, the innovations can generate inscrutable and misguided evidence due to the fallibility of

information imbued in their datasets. Most AI systems generate erroneous conclusions with

human reliance on the technologies undermining scrutiny and oversight. The lack of proper

oversight and evaluation inadvertently leads to misguided decisions and unfair outcomes.

Therefore, the ethical concerns around AI merit the introduction of guidelines and best practices

on how to use the technology.

Overall, few technologies get the same amount of acclaim as artificial intelligence.

These systems are continuously being implemented across all facets of society, with

reactive/limited memory machines and GEN AI improving productivity and efficiency levels.

However, it is critical for policymakers to formulate rules about the technologies with an

emphasis on data protection and privacy. Furthermore, individuals must be privy to the nature of
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the systems and avoid over-relying on them as they are susceptible to errors and misguided

output.
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Works Cited

Bankins, Sarah and Paul Formosa. "The Ethical Implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) For

Meaningful Work." Journal of Business Ethics (2023): 725-740.

Davenport, Thomas. "The potential for artificial intelligence in healthcare." Future Healthcare

Journal (2019): 94-98.

Obaid, Omar Ibrahim. "From Machine Learning to Artificial General Intelligence: A Roadmap

and Implications." Mesopotamian Journal of Big Data (2023): 81-91.

Perifanis, Nikolaos-Alexandros and Fotis Kitsios. "Investigating the Influence of Artificial

Intelligence on Business Value in the Digital Era of Strategy: A Literature Review."

Information (2023): 85.

Stahl, Bernd Carsten. "Ethical Issues of AI." Stahl, Bernd Carsten. Artificial Intelligence for a

Better Future, An Ecosystem Perspective on the Ethics of AI and Emerging Digital

Technologies. 2021. 35-53.

Thongprasit, Junjiraporn and Panita Wannapiroon. "Framework of Artificial Intelligence

Learning Platform for Education ." International Education Studies (2022): 76-86.