User Interface Design

User interface design is also known as user interface engineering.

User interface design means the process of designing user interfaces
for software and machines like a mobile device, home appliances,
computer, and another electronic device with the aim of increasing
usability and improving the user experience.

The aim of user interface design is to make user experiences as easy

as possible while still being successful in achieving user goals (user-
centered design).

A well-designed user interface design makes it easier to complete

the task in hand without drawing needless attention to itself. Graphic
design and typography are used to influence its utility by influencing
how the consumer interacts with it and improving the design's
aesthetic appeal. Design aesthetics can increase or decrease the
user's ability to use interface's functions. The design process should
balance technical functionality as well as visual elements (for
example, mental model) in order to build a system that is not only
operational but as well usable and adaptable to evolving user
requirements.

Interface design is used in various projects, including computer

systems, commercial planes, automobiles; many of these projects
include many of the same basic human interactions, but they often
include certain special skills and experience. Consequently, whether
it is software design, industrial design, user research or web design,
designers prefer to specialize in those types of projects and have
skills- based around their experience.se

Choosing Interface Components

Users have become aware of interface components acting in a
certain manner, so try to be predictable and consistent in our
selections and their layout. As a result, task completion, satisfaction,
and performance, will increase.

Interface components may involve:

1. Input controls
2. Navigational Components
3. Informational Components
4. Containers

Input Controls: Input Controls involve buttons, toggles, dropdown

lists, checkboxes, date fields, radio buttons, and text fields.

Navigational Components: Navigational components contain

slider, tags, pagination, search field, breadcrumb, icons.

Informational Components: Informational Components contain

tooltips, modal windows, progress bar, icons, notification message
boxes.

Containers: Containers include accordion.

Many components may be suitable to display content at times.
When this happens, it is crucial to think about this trade-off. For
example, sometimes, components that may help you space, place
more focus on the user, forcing them to guess what the dropdown
is or what the element might be.

Best Practices for Designing an Interface

It All starts with getting to know your users, which contains

understanding about their interests, abilities, tendencies, and habits.
If you have figured out who your customer is, keep the following in
mind when designing your interface:

o Create consistently and use common UI components

o Use typography to make hierarchy and clarity.
o Make sure that the system communicates what's happening
o Use color and texture strategically
o Keep the interface simple
o Be purposeful in page layout

Create Consistently and Use Common UI Components

Users would feel more at ease and be able to complete tasks more
easily if we use common components in our UI. It's also important
to generate pattern in language, design, and layout across the
website in order to help with productivity. If a user has mastered one
ability, they should be able to apply it to others areas of the website.

Use Typography in Order to Make Hierarchy and Clarity

Think about how we are going to use the typeface. Text in various
sizes, fonts, and arrangements in order to help increase readability,
legibility, and scanability.
Make Sure that the System Communicates What's Happening

Always keep your user up to date on their change in state, location,

errors, actions, etc. Using various UI components to communicate
status and, if needed, the next steps will help your user feel less
frustrated.

Use color and Texture Strategically

Using contrast, light, color, and texture to our benefit, we can draw
attention to or draw attention away from objects.

Keep the Interface Simple

Mostly the great interfaces are not visible to the user. They avoid
needless components and use simple terminology on labels and in
messaging.

Be Purposeful in Page Layout

Take into account the spatial associations between the objects on

the page and organize the page on the basis of importance.
Carefully positioning objects can aid scanning and readability by
drawing attention to the most appropriate pieces of information.

Designing User Interfaces for Users

User interfaces are the points of interaction between the user and
developer. They come in three different types of formats:

1. Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)

2. Gesture-based Interfaces
3. Voice-controlled Interfaces (VUIs)

1. Graphical User Interface (GUIs)

In the Graphical user interface, the users can interact with visual
representations on the digital control panels. Example of GUI, a
computer's desktop.

2. Gesture-Based Interfaces

In gesture-based interfaces, users can interact with 3D design spaces

by moving their bodies. Example of Gesture-Based Interfaces, Virtual
Reality (VR) games.

3. Voice-Controlled Interfaces (VUIs)

In, Voice-controlled interfaces (VUIs), users can interact with the help
of the voice. Example of Voice-Controlled Interfaces (VUIs), Alexa on
Amazon devices, and Siri on iPhone.

User Interface Design Processes

The user-interface design necessitates an in-depth understanding of

user requirements. It primarily focuses on the platform's
requirements and user preferences. There are several stages and
procedures of user interface design, some of which are more
demanding than others depending on the project.
Functionality Requirements Gathering

Creates a list of device functionalities that are needed to fulfil the

user's project goal and specification.

User and Task Analysis

It is the kind of field research. It is the research of how the system's

potential users perform the tasks that the design would serve, and
perform interviews to learn more about their goals.

Typical questions involve:

o What do you think the user would like the system to do?
o What role does the system fit in the user's everyday activities
or workflow?
 o How technically savvy is the user, and what other systems does
the user already use?
o What styles of user interface look and feel do you think the user
prefers?

Information Architecture

Process development or the system's information flow (means for

phone tree systems, this will be a choice tree flowchart for phone
tree systems, and for the website, this will be site flow that displays
the page's hierarchy).

Prototyping

The wire-frame's the development either in the form of simple

interactive screens or paper prototypes. To focus on the interface,
these prototypes are stripped of all look and feel components as
well as the majority of the content.

Usability Inspection

Allowing an evaluator to examine a user interface. It is typically less

expensive to implement as compared to usability testing, and in the
development process, it can be used early. It may be used early in
the development process to determine requirements for the system,
which are usually unable to be tested on the users. There are various
usability inspection procedures such as a cognitive walkthrough,
which focuses on how easy it is for new users to complete tasks with
the system for new users, pluralistic walkthrough, which involves a
group of people step through a task scenario and discussing
usability issues, heuristic evaluation, that uses a series of heuristic to
find usability issues in the UI design.

Usability Testing
Prototypes are tested on a real user, often using a method known as
think-aloud protocol, in which we can ask the user to speak about
their views during the experience. The testing of user interface
design permits the designer to understand the reception from the
viewer's perspective, making it easier to create effective applications.

Graphical User Interface Design

It is the actual look and feel of the design of the final graphical user
interface (GUI). These are the control panels and faces of design;
voice-controlled interfaces contain oral-auditory interaction, while
gesture-based interfaces users involve with 3D design spaces
through physical motions. This can be based on findings developed
during user research and refined to correct and usability problems
found via the testing's results. This process typically includes some
computer programming in order to validate forms, establish links, or
perform a desired action, depending on the type of interface being
developed.

Software Maintenance

After a new interface is deployed, it may be necessary to perform

routine maintenance in order to fix software bugs, add new
functionality or fully update the system. When the decision is taken
to update the interface, the legacy system will go through a new
iteration of the design process. The stages of the interface life cycle
will continue to repeat.

User Interface Design Requirements

The dynamic characteristics of a system are defined in terms of the

dialogue requirements contained in 7 principles of part 10 of the
ergonomics standard, the ISO 9241. This standard provides a system
of ergonomic "principles" for the dialogue techniques along with the
high-level concepts, examples, and implementations. The principles
of the dialogue reflect the interface's dynamic aspects and mostly
thought of as the interface's "feel." The following are the seven
dialogue principles:

1. Suitability of the Task

The dialogue is appropriate for the task when it helps the user in
completing the task efficiently and effectively.

2. Self-Descriptiveness

When each dialogue phase is instantly understandable due to

system feedback or clarified to the user upon request, the dialogue
is self-descriptive.

3. Controllability

When the user is capable to initiate and monitor the course and
speed of the interaction until the aim is achieved, then dialogue is
controllable.
4. Conformity with User Expectations

If the dialogue is reliable and corresponds to the characteristics of

the user, like experience, education, task awareness, and generally
accepted conventions, it conforms to user experience.

5. Error Tolerance

If, despite obvious errors in input, the desired outcome can be

accomplished with no or limited action from the user, then the
dialogue is error-tolerant.

6. Suitability for Individualization

If the interface software can be changed to meet the job needs,

individual interests, and abilities of the user, the dialogue is able of
individualization.

7. Suitability for Leaning

The dialogue support for learning as it assists and guides the user in
learning how to use the system.

The ISO 9241 standard defines usability as the effective performance

and the satisfaction of the consumer. The following is an explanation
of usability found in Part 11.

o The degree to which the overall system's expected objectives

of use are met is how usable it is (effectiveness).
o The resources must be spent in order to achieve the desired
outcomes (efficiency).
o The degree to which the user finds the entire system
acceptable (satisfaction).
Usability factors include effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction. In
order to assess these factors, they must first be split into sub-factors
and then into usability measures.

Part 12 of the ISO 9241 standard specifies the organization of

information such as alignment, arrangement, location, grouping,
arrangement, display of the graphical objects, and the information's
coding (colour, shape, visual cues, size, abbreviation) by seven
attributes. The attributes of the presented information reflect the
interface's static aspects and can be referred to as the interface's
"look." The attributes are defined in detail in the standard's
recommendations. Each of the seven qualities is supported by one
or more of the recommendations. The seven-presentation
characteristic are as follows:

o Clarity: - The information content is conveyed easily and

correctly.
o Discriminability: - The displayed data can be separated with
precision.
o Conciseness: - The users are not overburdened with irrelevant
data.
o Consistency: - Consistency means a unique design with
conformity with the expectation of users.
o Detectability: - The attention of the user is directed towards
the essential information essential.
o Legibility: - Legibility means information is easy to read.
o Comprehensibility: - The meaning is straightforward,
recognizable, unambiguous, and easy to comprehend.

The user guidance in part 13 of the ISO 9241 standard states that it
should be easily distinguishable from other shown information and
must be precise for the use of present context. The following five
methods can be used to provide user guidance:

o Prompts indicating that the system is available for input

explicitly (specific prompts) or implicitly (generic prompts).
o Feedback informing related to the input of the user timely,
non-intrusive, and perceptible.
o Details about the application's current state, the system's
hardware and software, and the user's activities.
o Error management contains error detection, error correction,
error message, and user support for error management.
o Online assistance for both system-initiated and user-initiated
requests with detailed information for the current context of
usage.

How to Make Great UIs

Remember that the users are people with needs like comfort and a
mental capacity limit when creating a stunning GUI. The following
guidelines should be followed:

1. Create buttons, and other popular components that behave

predictably (with responses like pinch-to-zoom) so that users
can use them without thinking. Form must follow function.
2. Keep your discoverability high. Mark icons clearly and well-
defined affordances, such as shadows for buttons.
3. The interface should be simple (including elements that help
users achieve their goals) and create an "invisible" feel.
4. In terms of layout, respect the user's eyes and attention. Place
emphasis on hierarchy and readability:
 o User proper alignment: Usually select edge (over center)
alignment.
o Draw attention to Key features using:
o Colour, brightness, and contrast are all important factors
to consider Excessive use of colors or buttons should be
avoided.
o Font sizes, italics, capitals, bold type/weighting, and letter
spacing are all used to create text. User should be able to
Deduce meaning simply by scanning.
o Regardless of the context, always have the next steps that
the user can naturally deduce.
o Use proper UI design patterns to assist users in navigating
and reducing burdens such as pre-fill forms. Dark patterns
like hard-to-see prefilled opt-in/opt-out checkboxes and
sneaking objects into the user's carts should be avoided.
o Keep user informed about system responses/actions with
feedback.

Principles of User Interface Design

The following are the principles of user interface design:

1. Clarity is Job

The interface's first and most essential task is to provide clarity. To

be effective in using the interface you designed, people need to
identify what it is, regardless of why they will use it, understand what
the interface is doing in interaction with them. It assists them in
anticipating what will occur as they use it. And then effectively
interact with it in order to be effective. In interface, there is a space
for mystery ad delayed gratification, but not for uncertainty. Clarity
instils trust and encourages continued use. One hundred
uncluttered screens are superior to one cluttered screen.

2. Keep Users in Control

Humans are most at ease when they have control of themselves and
their surroundings. Unthoughtful software robs people of their
comfort by dragging them into unexpected encounters, unexpected
outcomes, and confusing pathways. Maintain user control by
surfacing system status regularly, explaining causation (what will
happen if you do this), and providing insight into what to expect at
each turn. Don't be concerned with stating the obvious... the obvious
rarely is.

3. Conserve Attention at All Cost

We live in a world that is constantly interrupted. It is difficult to read

in peace these days without anything attempting to divert our focus.
Attention is a valuable commodity. Distracting content should not
be strewn around the side of your applications… keep in mind why
the screen exists in the first place. Allow someone to finish reading
before displaying an advertisement if they are currently reading. If
you pay attention, then your readers will be happier, and your
performance will be higher. When the primary aim is to make
something useful, paying attention is a must. Preserve it at all costs.

4. Interfaces Exist to Enable Interaction

Interaction between humans and our world is allowed by interfaces.

They can support, explain, allow, display associations, illuminate,
bring us together, separate us, handle expectations, and provide
access to service. Designing a user interface is not an artistic
endeavour. Interfaces are not stand-alone landmarks. Interfaces
perform a function, and their efficiency can be calculated. However,
they are not just utilitarian. The best user interfaces can encourage,
mystify, evoke and deepen our connection with the world.

5. Keep Secondary Actions Secondary

Multiple secondary actions may be added to screens with a single

primary action, but they must be held secondary. Your article
presents not so that individuals can post it on Twitter but so that
people can read and comprehend it. Secondary action should be
secondary by giving them a lighter visual weight or displaying them
after the primary action is completed.
6. Provide a Natural Next Step

Few interactions are intended to be the last, so consider designing

the last move for every interaction used with your interface. Predict
what the next interaction will be and design to accommodate it. Just
as we are interested in human conversation, offer an opportunity for
more discussion. Don't leave anyone hanging because they did what
you wish them to do…. Provide them with a natural next move that
will assist them in achieving their objectives.

7. Direct Manipulation is Best

There is no need for an interface if we can directly access the physical

objects in our universe. We build interfaces to help us interact with
objects because this is not always easy, and objects are becoming
increasingly informational. It is simple to add extra layers than
required to an interface, creating overly-wrought buttons,
attachments, options, graphics, windows, preferences, chrome, and
other cruft, causing us to manipulate the interface. Instead of
focusing on what matters, UI components ae includes, rather go
back to your target of direct manipulation…design an interface with
the smallest possible footprint while recognizing as many natural
human movements as possible. In an ideal world, the interface is so
light that the user feels as though they are directly manipulating the
object of their focus.

8. Highlight, Don't Determine, with Colour

When the light changes, the colour of the physical object changes.
In the full light of day, we see very different tree outlines against a
sunset. As in the real world, where colour is a multi-shaded object,
colour does not decide anything in an interface. It can be useful for
highlighting and directing focus, but it should not be the only way
to distinguish objects. Using light or muted background colours for
prolonged screen time, saving brighter hues for accents. Of course,
there is a time and place for bright or vibrant background colours;
just make sure they are suitable for the target audience.

9. Progressive Disclosure

On each screen, just show what is needed. If people must make a

decision, give them sufficient information in order to make that
decision, then go into more details on a subsequent screen. Avoid
the popular trap of over-explaining or showing all at once. Defer
decisions to subsequent screens wherever possible by gradually
revealing information as needed. Your experiences would be clearer
as a result of this.

10. Strong Visual Hierarchies Work Best

When the visual elements on a computer are arranged in a simple

viewing order, it creates a powerful visual hierarchy. This means
when users consistently see the same objects in the same order. The
weak visual hierarchies offer some guidance related to where one
should gaze and relax and feel disorganized and confused. It is
difficult to maintain a clear visual hierarchy in fast-changing
environments because visual weight is relative; if nothing is bold or
everything is bold. If a single visually heavy element is included in a
screen, then the designer has to reset the visual weight of all other
elements in order to achieve a strong hierarchy once more.

11. Help People Inline

Help is not needed in ideal interaction because the interface is

usable and learner. The step below that, fact, is one in which
assistance is inline and contextual, accessible only when and where
it is required and concealed at all other times. When you ask people
to go help and find an answer to their question, you are putting the
responsibility on them to understand what they want, rather than
incorporate assistance where it is needed. Only make sure it is not
in the way of people who are already familiar with your interface.

12. Build on Other Design Principle

Visual and graphic design, visualization, typography, information

architecture, and copywriting all of these disciplines are the part of
the interface design. They may be briefly discussed or trained in.
Don't get caught up in turf battles or dismiss other disciplines;
instead, take what you need from them and keep moving forward.
Incorporate ideas from apparently unrelated fields as well… what can
we learn from bookbinding, publishing code, skateboarding, karate,
firefighting?

13. Great Design is Invisible

The interesting thing about good design is that it usually goes

unobserved by the people who use it. One reason for this is that if
the design is effective, then the user will be able to concentrate on
their own objectives rather than the interface…They are happy when
they achieve their goal and do not essentially reflect on the
condition. As a designer, this can be difficult since we receive less
praise when our work is successful. Great designers, on the other
hand, are comfortable with a well-used design and understand that
satisfied users are always silent.

14. Interfaces Exist to be Used

Interface design, like most design disciplines, is effective when

people use what you have created. Design fails if people choose not
to utilize it, just like a beautiful chair which is painful to sit in. As a
result, interface design can be more related to building a user-
friendly experience as it is about designing a useful artifact. It is not
sufficient for an interface to fulfil the designer's ego: it has to be
used!

15. A Crucial Moment: The Zero State

The first time a user interacts with an interface is critical, but

designers often ignore it. It's better to plan for the zero state, or the
state where nothing has happened yet, to great support our users
get up to speed with our designs. This is not supposed to be a blank
canvas…it should give you direction and point you in the right
direction for getting up to speed. The initial context is where much
of the friction of contact occurs…people have a much better chance
of succeeding once they grasp the rules.

Mistakes to Avoid in UI Design

The following are the mistakes that we have to avoid in UI design:

o Do not implement a user-centred design. This is an easy part

to overlook, but it is one of the most critical aspects of the UI
design. User's desires, expectations, and the problems should
all be considered when designing. Avoid doing, so it may have
a negative effect on your company and lead to its demise.
o Excessive use of dynamic effects: Using a lot of animation
effects is not always a sign of a good design. As a result, limiting
the use of decorative animations will help to improve the user
experience.
o Preparing so much in advance: Particularly in the early stages
of design, we just need to have the appropriate image of the
design in our heads and get to work. However, this strategy is
not always successful. At times, exploring other sources can
show some unexpected results.
 o Not Leaning more about the target audience: - This point
once again, demonstrates what we have just discussed. Rather
than designing with your own desires and taste in mind,
imagine yourself as the consumer. Simply consider what the
consumer will enjoy, and if possible, conduct an interview or
survey some potential customers to get a better understanding
of their requirements.

Essential Tools for User Interface Design

There are various essential tools for user interface design:

1. Sketch
2. Adobe XD
3. Invision Studios
4. UXPin
5. Framer X

1. Sketch

It is a user design tool mainly used by numerous UI and UX designers

to design and prototyping mobile and web applications. The Sketch
is a vector graphics editor that permits designers to create user
interfaces efficiently and quickly.
There are various features of Sketch:

o Slicing and Exporting

Sketch gives users a lot of slicing control, allowing them to
choose slice, and export any layer or object they want.
o Symbols
Using this feature, user can build pre-designed elements which
can be easily re-used as well as replicated in any artboard or
 project. This feature will help designers save time and build a
design library for potential projects.
o Plugins
Maybe a feature you are looking for is not available in the
default sketch app. In that situation, you don't have to worry;
there are number of created plugins that can be downloaded
externally and added to our sketch app. The options are
limitless!

2. Adobe XD

It is a vector-based tool. We use this tool for designing interfaces

and prototyping for mobile applications as well as the web. Adobe
XD is just like Photoshop and illustrator, but it focuses on user
interface design. Adobe XD has the advantage of including UI kits
for Windows, Apple, and Google Material Design, which helps
designers create user interfaces for each device.
Features of Adobe XD

There are various features of Adobe XD:

o Voice Trigger
Voice Trigger is an innovative feature introduced by Adobe XD
which permits prototypes to be manipulated via voice
commands.
o Responsive Resize
Using this feature, we can automatically adjust and resize
 objects/elements which are present on the artboards based on
the size of the screen or platform required.
o Collaboration
We can connect Adobe XD to other tools like Slack, allowing
the team to collaborate across platforms like Windows and
macOS.

3. Invision Studios

It is a simple vector-based drawing tool with design, animation, and

prototyping capabilities. Invision studios is a relatively new tool, but
it has ready demonstrated a high level of ambition through its
numerous available functionalities and remarkable prototyping
capabilities. The ability to move and open files from sketch to
Invision is an added benefit, allowing you to create more immersive
user interfaces than you could with sketch alone.
Features of the Invision Studios

There are various features of Invision studios:

o Advanced Animations
With the various animations provided by studios, animating
your prototype has become even more exciting. We can expect
higher fidelity prototypes with this feature, including auto-layer
linking, timeline editions, and smart-swipe gestures.
 o Responsive Design
The responsive design feature saves a lot of time because it
eliminates the need of multiple artboards when designing for
numerous devices. Invision studios permit users to create a
single artboard that can be adjusted based on the intended
device.
o Synced Workflow
Studios enable a synchronised workflow across all projects,
from start to finish, in order to support team collaboration. This
involves real-time changes and live concept collaboration, as
well as the ability to provide instant feedback.

4. UXPin

Another amazing tool for the design user interface is UXPin that
comes with the abilities of designing and prototyping. In contrast to
other user interface tools, this tool is recommended to be a better
fit for large design teams and projects. UXPin also comes with UI
element libraries which give you access to Material Design, iOS
libraries, Bootstrap, and variety of icons.
Features of UXPin

There are various features of UXPin:

o Mobile support
o Collaboration
o Presentation tools
o Drag and Drop
o Mockup Creation
o Protype Creation
 o Interactive Elements
o Feedback Collection
o Feedback Management

5. Framer X

Framer X was released in 2018. It is one of the newest design tools

which is used to design digital products from mobile applications to
websites. The interesting feature of this tool is the capability to
prototype along with the advanced interactions and animations
while also integrating the code's components. The React.js users feel
that they are able to design and code on the same platform.
Furthermore, Framer X allows users to build highly realistic
prototypes that can be used to show clients or stakeholders the final
product.
Features of the Framer X

The following are the features of the Framer X:

o From mockup to prototype, all in one canvas

o Framer X better support all types of web fonts
o Pixel-perfect designs with rulers and guides
o Get creative with precise color management