ROBERT MUGABE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION

AND CULTURE
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHER DEVELOPMENT
TSUMO MUKUDZIDZISA TSIKA NEMAGARIRO AVASHONA
PADANHO RE ‘O’ LEVEL PACHIKORO CHAKASARUDZWA
MUDUNHU REMASVINGO.
NA:
CHIMBADZI WILLIAM (M191452)

TSVAKURUDZO INO YAKAITWA KUZADZISA ZVIMWE

ZVEZVINODIWA PABACHELOR OF EDUCATION HONOURS DEGREE
(SECONDARY PRE-SERVICE).

MBUDZI 2022
KUMIKIDZO

Kuvabereki vangu Machingura Chipo naChimbadzi Canaan nyakundionesa zuva ndichivimba

kuti makazorora murugare. Basa rino nderenyu.

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DENDAVABATSIRI

Vakuru vanoti, kusatenda uroyi. Dai pasina rubatsiro rwakabva kuvanhu vakasiyana-siyana

tsvakurudzo ino yaizova chikuriri. Chekutanga Mwari Nyakugara ngaarumbidzwe nekutendwa

dai vasipo tsvakurudzo yangu yaishaiwa zambuko. Ndozopawo kutenda kumudzidzisi wangu

Muzvinafundo Nyoni. Vakamira semudonzvo wemazano kubva kumavambo kusvika

kumahombekombe kwetsvakurudzo. Kuzvipira kurumwa nenda vavariro iri yekuti tsvakurudzo

ino ibudirire. Ndinoti mwoyo wavo murefu ngaurambe wakadaro nekune vachatevera.

Ndozotendawo vadzidzisi veChiShona padanho re ‘O’ level vepachikoro chemudhorobha

reMasvingo chakasarudzwa kuitirwa tsvakurudzo ino nekuzvipira kumbomira kuita basa ravo

vachisangana nemutsvakurudzi vachiita hurukuro. Ndinodawo kutenda maiguru vangu Rachel

Maketo nebasa guru ravakaita. Vakashanda zvikuru kutokonya homwe dzamukoma vangu

Anderson Chimbadzi kuti dzirutse mari yezvose zvaidiwa kuti tsvakurudzo ino ibudirire

kusvikira pakutsikiswa kwayo. Abgal Chimbadzi, Nelson Chimbadzi, Wellington Chimbadzi

naWallon Chimbadzi pamwe naMbuya vangu VaChidyamungai avo vaindisimbisa

vachingonditi, ramba wakaruma chirebvu pasi pemuboora pane nyama, aiwa kusatenda kugona

kuchengetedza machira. Shamwari yepamoyo Elise Hove ndoitenda nekundivaraidza panguva

dzandaimboomerwa. Sekuru vangu Adnos Chikomo nerutsigiro rwavakandipa pamwe

nekundishingisa semuzukuru wavo nekundipawo mazano ndakavarongedza muhana izere

rutendo. Ndinoti Nyadenga ngaakuvhumbamirei makaita moyo murefu mukatatavara neni

mumikwidza, mumidzikiswa pamwe nemumafeso kudzamara ndasvika pari nhasi netsvakurudzo

yangu

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MHIKO

Ini, Chimbadzi William (191452) ndinopika kuti, basa rino nderangu kusina kumwe

kwarakadzipurwa kunze kweidzo nyanzvi dzakadomwa nemazita dziri kujerero zvichiratidza

kuti ndine pfungwa dzavo dzandakashandisa kujekesa nekutsigira zvandaitsvakurudza. Kana

paine mhosho dzinogona kusanganikwa nadzo mutsvakurudzo ino ndinodavira kuti ndedzangu

ini mutsvakurudzi.

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PFUPISO

Tsvakurudzo ino yakaongorora tsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona padanho re ‘O’

level pachikoro chakasarudzwa mudunhu reMasvingo. Tsvakurudzo yakaongorora

manzwisisirwo anoitwa tsika nemagariro nevadzidzisi uye hochekoche yetsumo mukudzidzisa

tsika nemagariro avaShona. Tsumo dzinobudisa zvinokosheswa mutsika nemagariro avaShona,

naizvozvo dzinokwanisa kushandiswawo kudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona. Mutsvakurudzi

akashanda nevadzidzisi vatatu veChiShona ve ‘O’ level pachikoro chimwe chete chakasarudzwa.

Umboo hune chekuita nezvose zvinobata tsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro hwakakwashiwa

nekuwaridzwa kubudikidza nenzira huru yekwaritetivhi pamwe nezvombo zvinova hurukuro

yembonano neongororo yezvinyorwa. Zvishoma zvakataurwa nevadzidzisi zvakaratidza kuti

tsumo chombo chinotoshandawo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona. Vadzidzisi

pavanodzidzisa tsumo vanenge vasingatozivi kuti mukudzitsanangura zvadzinoreva vanenge

vachitobudisa zvinokosheswa mutsika nemagariro. Tsumo dzakadengezera tsika nemagariro asi

vadzidzisi havasi kudzishandisa kudzidzisa tsika nemagariro iwawo. Zvichireva izvo kuti tsumo

dziri kudzidziswa padzo dzoga, tsika nemagariro zviri pazvo zvogawo. Kusadyidzaniswa

kwetsumo mukudzidziswa kwetsika nemagariro avaShona kuri kukonzerwa nekushaikwa

kwemabhuku eChiShona ekusekondari akanyorwawo ane chikamu chinoratidza huvepo

hwemukana wekushandisa tsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona. Nekudaro,

mutsvakurudzi akaona zvakakodzera kuti kuitwe mawekishopu anoita kuti vadzidzisi vazive

kudzidzisa tsika nemagariro vachishandisa tsumo uye kuti panyorwe mabhuku anoratidza kuti

tsumo dzinoshandisika mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona.

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ZVIRI MUKATI
KUMIKIDZO...................................................................................................................................................i

DENDAVABATSIRI........................................................................................................................................ii

MHIKO........................................................................................................................................................iii

PFUPISO......................................................................................................................................................iv

CHITSAUKO CHEKUTANGA..........................................................................................................................1

1.0 NHEYO YETSVAKURUDZO..................................................................................................................1

1.1 Nhanganyaya.....................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Zvakaunza musoro.............................................................................................................................2
1.3 Dambudziko riripo.............................................................................................................................4
1.4 Zvinangwa zvetsvakurudzo................................................................................................................4
1.5 Mibvunzo yetsvakurudzo...................................................................................................................4
1.6 Komberedzo......................................................................................................................................4
1.7 Vachabatsirwa netsvakurudzo...........................................................................................................6
1.8 Matambudziko akasanganikwa nawo................................................................................................7
1.9 Jekeso yemazwi.................................................................................................................................8
1.10 Mhedziso.......................................................................................................................................10
CHITSAUKO CHECHIPIRI.............................................................................................................................11

2.0 UNYORWA HURIPO..........................................................................................................................11

2.1 Nhanganyaya...................................................................................................................................11
2.2 Tsananguro yetsumo netsika nemagariro........................................................................................11
2.2.1 Jekeso yechinonzi tsumo..........................................................................................................11
2.2.2 Jekeso yetsika nemagariro........................................................................................................12
2.3 Kunobva tsumo................................................................................................................................15
2.4 Ukama pakati petsumo netsika nemagariro....................................................................................25
2.5 Zviitwa.............................................................................................................................................34
2.6 Mhedziso.........................................................................................................................................40
CHITSAUKO CHETATU................................................................................................................................41

3.0. NZIRA DZETSVAKURUDZO..............................................................................................................41

3.1. Nhanganyaya..................................................................................................................................41

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 3.2. Nzira huru yetsvakurudzo...............................................................................................................41
3.2.1 Nzira yekwaritetivhi..................................................................................................................41
3.3. Zvombo zvekuunganidza umboo....................................................................................................47
3.3.1 Ongororo yezvinyorwa..............................................................................................................47
3.3.6 Zvakanakira ongororo yezvinyorwa..........................................................................................47
3.3.2 Hurukuro...................................................................................................................................48
3.4 Masarudzirwo evakashandwa navo.................................................................................................51
3.5. Mhedziso........................................................................................................................................52
CHITSAUKO CHECHINA..............................................................................................................................53

4.0 KUPIRA NEKUONGORORA UMBOO HWAKAWANIKWA MUTSVAKURUDZO....................................53

4.1 Nhanganyaya...................................................................................................................................53
4.2 Ruzivo pamusoro pevabvunzwi.......................................................................................................53
4.3 Tsananguro yechinonzi tsumo.........................................................................................................54
4.4 Tsananguro yechinonzi tsika nemagariro........................................................................................55
4.5 Kunobva tsumo................................................................................................................................56
4.6 Zvinokosheswa mutsika nemagariro avaShona...............................................................................59
4.7 Hochekoche netsumo......................................................................................................................62
4.8 Zvingaitwe kuti pave nehochekoche mukudzidziswa kwetsika nemagariro avaShona
pachishandiswa tsumo..........................................................................................................................68
4.9 Ruzivo maererano nebasa rinopiwa vadzidzi...................................................................................72
4.10 Umboo hwakakwashiwa kubva mukuongorora masikimu............................................................75
4.11 Mhedziso.......................................................................................................................................77
CHITSAUKO CHECHISHANU.......................................................................................................................78

5.0 PFUPISO, MHEDZISO NEZVINGAITWE..............................................................................................78

5.1 Nhanganyaya...................................................................................................................................78
5.2 Pfupiso.............................................................................................................................................78
5.3 Mhedziso yezvakabuda....................................................................................................................78
5.4 Zvingaitwe.......................................................................................................................................79
JERERO:.....................................................................................................................................................81

NHAMATIDZWA 1......................................................................................................................................91

NHAMATIDZWA 2......................................................................................................................................92

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NHAMADIDZWA 3.....................................................................................................................................93

NHAMATIDZWA 4......................................................................................................................................94

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CHITSAUKO CHEKUTANGA

1.0 NHEYO YETSVAKURUDZO

1.1 Nhanganyaya

Bazi rezvidzidzo zvePuraimari neSekondari rakaumba bumbiro idzva (2015-2022) iro

rinokurudzira kudzidzwa kwetsika nemagariro pamatanho ose edzidzo kunyange zvazvo kune

zvimwewo zvingadzidzwa kubudikidza nebumbiro rakavandudzwa iri, izvo zvinotsigirwawo

naMagwa nevamwe (2016). Vavariro yekudzidzwa kwetsika nemagariro mubumbiro idzva iri

ndeyekuti vadzidzi varemekedze tsika nemagariro avo uye kuti vazive nekuremekedzawo tsika

nemagariro emamwewo marudzi. Nyoni, Nyota naZivenge (2013) vanoti, tsika nemagariro

ndizvo zvinopa musiyano pakati pemarudzi nekudaro zvinopa vanhu pfungwa yekuremekedza

vanhu vane maitire akasiyana neatinotarisira tichinzwisisa kuti ndidzo tsika dzavowo sezvo isu

tine tarisiro yekuti mamwe marudzi akoshese nekunzwisisa dzeduwo tsika. Nekudaro,

chinangwa chebumbiro idzva sekutsigirwa kwachinoitwa naNyoni, Nyota naZivenge (2013)

ndechekusiya vadzidzi vachiziva tsika nemagariro avo nekuremekedza maitire emamwewo

marudzi. Imwewo vavariro yebumbiro idzva iri ndeyekubura vanhu vane unhu hunoyemurika

hunova chipandi pakati pezvimwe zvose zviri mutsika nemagariro. Magwa nevamwe (2016)

vanoti, dzidzo dzetsika nemagariro dzakakosha asi nyika zhinji dzemuAfrica dziri kutarisira pasi

zvetsika nemagariro. Nyoni, Nyota naZivenge (2013:6) vanoti, “Tsika nemagariro kune

vanodzitorawo sekusarira shure”. Zvakadaro hazvo Magwa nevamwe (2016) vane muono umwe

chete newebumbiro idzva redzidzo rine vavariro yekumutsidzira tsika namagariro idzo

dzingangopinda dambudiko rekutsakatika. Bumbiro idzva redzidzo rinokurudzira kudzidzwa

kwetsika nemagariro pamatanho ose ekusekondari izvo zvasiyana nekare kwekuti vadzidzi

vaingozodzidza zvetsika nemagariro pavanoita uvaranomwe padanho re ‘A’ level izvo

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zvinobuda mutsvakurudzo yaViriri naViriri (2018: 107) avo vanotapa mudzidzi akati, “zvetsika

nemagariro takazviwanira ku “A” level”. Sezvo tsika nemagariro zvichifanira kudzidzwa kune

mbongorori dzakawanda dzakanyora pamusoro penzira kana zvombo zvingashandiswa

kudzidzisa tsika nemagariro semuenzaniso Viriri naViriri (2018) avo vakaita tsvakurudzo

yeuvaranomwe mukudzidzisa unhu hunova chipandi chezvetsika nemagariro. Zvino tsvakurudzo

ino ichanangana nekuongorora ukama hungangodaro huripo mukushandisa tsumo mukudzidzisa

tsika nemagariro. Zvichireva izvo kuti tsvakurudzo ino ichaongorora tsumo sechipandi

cheuvaranomwe, chetsika nemagariro kana kuti chirungamutauro mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro

avaShona padanho re ‘O’ level mudunhu reMasvingo pachikoro chakasarudzwa.

1.2 Zvakaunza musoro

Mutsvakurudzi akasarudza musoro wetsvakurudzo yetsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro

avaShona padanho re ‘O’ level. Akaona kuti vadzidzisi veChiShona vari kudzidzisa tsumo

dzakamira dzoga uye tsika nemagariro zviri zvogawo. Izvo zvakaita kuti mutsvakurudzi aone

kuti vadzidzisi ava vanogona kunge vasiri kuziva kuti zvingangodaro tsumo sechirungamutauro

kana chipandi cheuvaranomwe husakanyorwa chiri chiwoniwoni kana chiringiro chetsika

nemagariro avaShona. Fayeni (2009) anoti, tsumo kutaura kwakavanda kune ungwaru

kunobatsira pakuumba unhu nekuunza budiriro munharaunda. Nekudaro, tsumo dzirimowo uye

dzinotoverengwa mutsika nemagariro asi dzichishanda sechiringiro chezvimwewo zvirimowo

mukati metsika nemagariro avaShona.

Chimwe chakatunzva mutsvakurudzi kuti ave nechidokwadokwa chekuita tsvakurudzo ino

yekuongorora tsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona ndechakuti vamwe vadzidzi

vairatidza kuti vane unhu hwakadyiwa nembwa uye havana ruzivo rwezvetsika nemagariro

avaShona. Izvi zvakaita kuti mutsvakurudzi aone kuti pamwe nzira dziri kushandiswa

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nevadzidzisi mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona dzinogona kunge dziri kuita

musiyapaduku. Mutsvakurudzi akaona kuti vadzidzi vepachikoro ichi vamwe vacho havachina

rukudzo, vosema ruvara rwavo vachizora mafuta ekutsvukisa, havachina pfungwa

yemushandirapamwe uye voita mafukuranhembe nguva isati yakwana vasati varoorana izvo

zvakaonekwa kubudikidza nevamwe vakasiira chikoro panzira mushure mekunge vaita pamuviri.

Kurasa gwara retsika nemagariro avaShona ikoko ndiko kumwe kwakaunza musoro

wetsvakurudzo. Mutsvakurudzi akamboona chidziro chekunyorera chakanyorwa mashoko

ekunyomba vadzidzisi zvinova zvakamuratidza kuti tsika yekuremekedza vakuru haisi

kukosheswa zvikazoita kuti mutsvakurudzi aone kuti dzimwe nguva tsumo dzinogona kuva

chombo chakanaka kupinda zvimwe mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona. Kuva nehunhu

hwakadyiwa nembwa ikoko ndiko kwakapa mutsvakurudzi chido chekuda kuongorora hukama

hungangodaro huripo mukudzidziswa kwetsika nemagariro avaShona kubudikidza netsumo.

Viriri naViriri (2018: 103) mutsvakurudzo dzavakaitira mudhorobha reMasvingo vanotapa

mumwe mudzidzi akati, “Zvetsika nemagariro izvi isu hatitombozviziva”. Mashoko emudzidzi

iyeye itsigiro yemuono wemutsvakurudzi kuti vadzidzi havana ruvivo rwezvetsika nemagariro

avaShona.

Mutsvakurudzi akaona kuti panguva yekudzidzwa kwetsika nemagariro vadzidzi vazhinji

vairatidza kusafarira chididzwa. Izvi zvakaita kuti mutsvakurudzi aone kuti kungodzidzisa tsika

nemagariro zviri zvega ndiko kuri kuisa chido chekudzidza kure. Westwood (2008) anoti,

vadzidzi vanobata zvavanodzidzisa kubudikidza nenzira dzakawanda kana dzakasiyana-siyana.

Nekudaro, mutsvakurudzi akaona kuti pakati pedzimwe nzira dzose dzingashandiswa

pakudzidzisa tsika nemagariro tsumo dzinogona kuva dzakakosha mukukwevera vadzidzi pedyo

munguva yezvidzidzwa zvetsika nemagariro evaShona izvo zvinoita kuti vakwanise kunzwisisa.

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Izvi ndizvo zvakare zvakaita kuti mutsvakurudzi auye nemusoro wetsvakurudzo yetsumo

mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro aine vavariro yekudawo kuziva ukama hungangodaro huripo

pakati petsumo netsika nemagariro.

1.3 Dambudziko riripo

Tsumo hadzisi kudyidzaniswa nekudzidziswa kwetsika nemagariro kusekondari.

1.4 Zvinangwa zvetsvakurudzo

Zvinangwa zvetsvakurudzo ino ndezvinotevera:

1.4.1 Kujekesa ukama huripo pakati petsumo netsika nemagariro avaShona.

1.4.2 Kudonongodza zvingaitwa kuti pave nehochekoche mukudzidziswa kwetsika nemagariro

avaShona pachishandiswa tsumo.

1.4.3 Kupa zviitwa zvingashandiswe kudzidzisa tsika nemagariro kubudikidza netsumo.

1.5 Mibvunzo yetsvakurudzo

Tsvakurudzo ino inovavarira kupindura mibvunzo inotevera:

1.5.1 Ndehupi ukama huripo pakati petsumo netsika nemagariro avaShona?

1.5.2 Zvii zvingaitwe kuti pave nehochekoche mukudzidziswa kwetsika nemagariro avaShona

pachishandiswa tsumo?

1.5.3 Ndezvipi zviitwa zvingashandiswe kudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona kubudikidza

netsumo?

1.6 Komberedzo

Tsvakurudzo ino yakaitirwa pachikoro chesekondari chakasarudzwa mudhorobha reMasvingo.

Mutsvakurudzi akaitira tsvakurudzo yake pachikoro ichi nekuti ndipo paakamboshandira

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achidzidzisa udzidzisi saka akaziva kuti hazvimbomunetsi kunzwanana nevadzidzisi varipo

sezvo vakamboshanda vese vanozivana. Izvi zvakaita kuti mutsvakurudzi akwanise kuwana

umboo hwaaida nekuti kushandidzana kwaakamboita nevadzidzisi vepachikoro ichocho

kwakaita kuti vadzidzisi ivavo vasununguke kupa umboo hwaitsvakwa. Mutsvakurudzi

akasarudza chikoro ichi nekuti chiri pedyo nekwaanogara izvo zvakazoita kuti asadhurirwa

pakufambira tsvakurudzo.

Tuckman (1994) anoti, komberedzo yetsvakurudzo inobetsera kupa muganhu wepanotangira

nekugumira tsvakurudzo. Tsvakurudzo yakanga yakanangana netsumo mukudzidzisa tsika

nemagariro avaShona chete kureva kuti hapanazve zvimwe zvakabatwa kunze kweizvozvo.

Mutsvakurudzi akashandawo netsvakurudzo dzakaitwawo nevatsvakurudzi avo vaingobudisawo

ukama patsumo netsika nemagariro. Akashandawo nezvimwe zvinyorwa zviri mairirano

netsumo netsika nemagariro zvakamira zvogawo. Izvi zvakabetsera kuti tsvakurudzo ibude

zvakanaka sekutarisira kwaiitwa nemutsvakurudzi sezvo zvinyorwa izvozvo zvakashandawo

sebakwa reruzivo.

Tsvakurudzo ino yakanga yakanangana nevadzidzisi veChiShona vatatu vanodzidzisa danho re

“O” level chete nekuti ndivo vanofanira kuva neupangami hwekudzidzisa vadzidzi vatarisana

nekupinda munyika, kuenda kumabasa nekumakoreji uko kunodawo kuti vadzidzi vazoratidzika

sevanhu vakasanganawo nechidzidzo ichi, vane unhu. Ogebebor (2011) anoti, rudzi

rwakakosherwa neruzivo rwarwo pachezvarwo nekuti ruzivo irworwo runoita kuti vanhu

vagarisane nevamwe munharaunda. Brown nevamwe (1989) uye Lave naWenger (1991) vanoti,

dzidzo dzinofanira kugadzirira vadzidzi zambuko pakati pechikoro chavanodzidzira nenyika

yavanozoraramira vari pavanozopedzera zvidzidzo zvavo kusvika padanho ravanoda kusvika.

Nekudaro, tsvakurudzo iyi yakaitwa yakanangana nevadzidzisi vedanho re “O” level nekuti

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ndivo vanovaka zambuko rekuti vadzidzi vapinde munyika vachinogamuchirika sevanhu vane

unhu uye vanokwanisa kugarisana nevamwe zvakanaka.

1.7 Vachabatsirwa netsvakurudzo

Tsvakurudzo ino ichabatsira vadzidzi veChiShona pachikoro chakasarudzwa mudhorobha

reMasvingo avo vachakwanisa kusangana nemutsvakurudzi, vadzidzi veChiShona padanho re

“O” level vepachikoro chakasarudzwa, bato reCurriculum Development Technical Service

(CDTS) uye mutsvakurudzi.

Vadzidzisi veChiShona vepachikoro chakasarudzwa nemutsvakurudzi mudhorobha reMasvingo

vachabatsirikana zvikuru apo vachasangana nemutsvakurudzi. Mutsvakurudzi achagoveranawo

ruzivo nevamwe vadzidzisi veChiShona pachikoro ichi rwuri maringe nezvingaitwe kuti tarisiro

yekushandisa tsumo mukudzidziswa kwetsika nemagariro kubudirire uye kuzadzikiswe

muzvikoro nekudaro vadzidzisi vachasangana nemutsvakurudzi vachabatsirikana zvikuru.

Vadzidzi veChiShona kusekondari padanho re ‘O’ level pachikoro chakasarudzwa

vachabatsirikawo. Chinoita kuti vabatsirikane netsvakurudzo iyi ndechekuti kana vadzidzisi

veChiShona vakajekerwa neukama huripo pakati petsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro

avaShona uye zvingaitwa kuti pave nehochekoche, vadzidzisi ivavo ndivo vanozoshandisa

unyanzvi ihoho kudzidzisa tsika nemagariro. Naizvozvo, ruzivo rukavandudzika rwevadzidzisi

mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro vadzidzi vanobetserekawo sezvo vanenge vodzidziswa

pachishandiswa ruzivo irworwo rwakawanikwa mukuita tsvakurudzo.

Tsvakurudzo ino ichabatsirawo vadzidzi vanodzidzira udzidzisi veChiShona vepaGreat

Zimbabwe Yunivhesiti kana yabudirira zvichaita kuti rimwe gwaro riiswe mudura remabhuku

reYunivhesiti iyi. Richashanda sehwaro hwedzimwe tsvakurudzo dzingada kuzoitwa nevadzidzi

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veChiShona vepaYunivhesiti iyi kunyanya kana vachiita tsvakurudzo ine ukama netsvakurudzo

ino. Tsvakurudzo ichabatsira vatsvakurudzi ava kuti vave nemuonero wakakosha uri maringe

netsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona. Izvi zvinozoita kuti vave nechiedza uye

chidokwa-dokwa chekudawo kuzvibatira umbowo hune chekuita neukama huripo pakati

petsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro.

Kozouyawo, bazi rinoona nezveurongwa hwezvidzidzo nekushandiswa kwazvo muzvikoro

reCurriculum Development Technical Service (CDTS) ndiro rimwe richazobatsirikanawo. Bazi

iri richabatsirikana kana tsvakurudzo ino yazosvika kumagumo, yaongororwa uye yapfupiswa

zvekuti inenge yava kukwanisa kusvika mumaoko mebazi iri. Izvi zvichavabetsera kuti vagone

kuona ukama hungavepo pakati petsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro. Izvi zvichaita kuti

vaone kana zvichiita kuita hurudziro yekusasiyanisa tsumo netsika nemagariro mukuita

zvidzidzwa zviri mairirano netsika nemagariro.

Mutsvakurudzi achabetsereka nemazano aachazowanawo pakutsvaka umboo huchabatsira kuti

ave neruzivo rweukama huripo pakudzidzisa tsika nemagariro pachishandiswa tsumo. Uchava

mukana mukuru kwazvo wokuti mutsvakurudzi azvivandudze zvekuzosarawo ave

pakakwirirawo muunyanzvi hweudzidzisi sezvo pachizova negoverano yeruzivo pakati

pemutsvakurudzi nevachashandwa navo mutsvakurudzo.

1.8 Matambudziko akasanganikwa nawo

Tuckman (1994) anoti, tsvakurudzo yega yega ine zvibingaidzo zvayo. Tsvakurudzo ino ine

zvibingamupinyi zvaiidzivaidza zvichida kutadzisa kubudiswa kwezvakawanikwa nenzira

yaitarisirwa nemutsvakurudzi. Kunyangwe zvazvo mutsvakurudzi aisangana nezvibingaidzo

akazama napose kutsvaka nzira dzekuti akunde zvibingaidza izvozvo.

7
Dambudziko guru rakasanganikwa naro nderekuti mbongorori zhinji dzakashandiswa

mutsvakurudzo ino dzaiwanikwa dziri mururimi rweChiRungu naizvozvo rakava dambudziko

guru kumutsvakurudzi kuti ashandurane nechirudzi ichocho kuchiisa kuChiShona runova irwo

rurimi rwaamai. Mutsvakurudzi akaedza napose kuverenga nekunzwisisa mutauro uyu

weChiRungu icho chakashandiswa nembongorori dzakasiyana-siyana achinyora zvirevo

semuenzaniso waanenge aita neChiShona asingatori mazwi acho sezvaari. Mamwe mazwi

eChiRungu asina mazwi anomamiririra kuChiShona akapereterwa sezvaari achinyorwa

neChiShona.

Chimwe chigozhero chakasanganikwa nacho ndechenguva shoma nekuda kwekuti nguva

yakaitwa tsvakurudzo, mutsvakurudzi akanga achivavarira kufambisawo zvidzidzo zvekuchikoro

kwaanodzidzira udzidzisi. Mutsvakurudzi akazama napose paanogona napo panguva iyo yaainge

asina zvidzidzo kuita chipatapata kufambira mberi nebasa rake rekuita tsvakurudzo.

Mutsvakurudzi akazamawo zvakare napose kuita basa raaipiwa kuchikoro nenguva uye

zvaaiudzwa kuti aite nemubatsiri nenguva izvo zvakabetsera kuti akwanise kumhanyidzana

nenguva kusvika azobudirira patsvakurudzo yaakaita.

Tsvakurudzo yakapindiridzawo munguva yekuti vadzidzisi vedanho re ‘O’ level vakanga vari

bishi kukohomedza vadzidzi vedanho re ‘O’ level kuti vagadzirire kuzopinda muzama/bvunzo

dzavainyora vane ruzivo runovayambutsa. Izvi zvakaita kuti vadzidzisi ava veChiShona

vashaiwe nguva nemutsvakurudzi apo paakamboenda pachikoro chakasarudzwa musi

wekutanga. Sezvo, mutsvakurudzi achigara pedyo nepachikoro chakasarudzwa akatora nhamba

dzenhare achiitira kuti agare achifonerana nevadzidzisi achinzwa musi nenguva

dzavakasununguka izvo zvakaita kuti amanyirane nebasa rake retsvakurudzo achishandisa

kamukana kaakawana.

8
1.9 Jekeso yemazwi

Tsika:

Magwa nevamwe (2016: xv) vanoti, “Tsika maonero, mafungiro nemaitiro ose evanhu

anosanganisira dzidzo, magariro, mutauro, zvitendero nezvimwe zvakawanda panguva

yekurarama kwavo”. Nekudaro, tsika zvinhu zvekuti zvikabatanidzwa zvakawanda zvinoumba

unhu neupenyu hwavaShona.

Tsika nemagariro:

Gombe (2000) anoti, tsika nemagariro zvinhu zvekuti zvikabatanidzwa zvakawanda zvinoumba

unhu neupenyu hwavaShona zvinosanganisira mitupo nezvidau, zvitendero, zveunamati,

zvitevedzwa pakuroora, ukama, utongwi nezvimwe zvakawanda-wanda. Nekudaro, tsika

nemagariro ndezvose zvatinoita sevanhu zvinoita kuti pave nemarudzi akasiyana.

Kozotiwo, Nyoni, Nyota naZivenge (2013: 1) vanobudisa Haralambos, Holbon naHeald (2008),

Henslin (1998) naAtkison (1992) avo vanoti, “Tsika nemagariro dzinotsanangurwa semararamiro

orudzi anobata zvitendero maonero arwo oupenyu, mutauro, tutsika, zvinhanho maitiro, kaitiro

nezvose zvigadzirwa zverudzi zvinova nhaka yematambidzanwa yezvizvarwa zverudzi”.

Tsumo:

Mandova naChingombe (2013), Ngwaru (2012), Chimhundu naChabata (2007), Chimhundu

(2001), Moyo naNcube (2010), Nyota naNyoni (2013) uye Pongweni (1989) vanotsanangura

tsumo sendevo ine ungwaru neudzamu inopa nepapfupi zvose zvakararamiwa mazviri nevene

vayo, ichibudisa maonero avo avanoita zvinhu mukurarama kana kuti ichibudisa zviitiko

zveupenyu. Netsananguro dzakapiwa nenyanzvi idzi zviri pachena kuti tsumo chirevo

chinowaridza pachena chokwadi pamusoro poupenyu uye mararamiro evanhu.

9
1.10 Mhedziso

Chitsauko chino changa chakanangana nekubudisa chapa nheyo yetsvakurudzo. Chabudisa

nhanganyaya, zvakaunza musoro wetsvakurudzo, mibvunzo yetsvakurudzo, komberedzo,

vachabatsirwa netsvakurudzo, matambudziko angasanganikwe nawo uye jekeso yemazwi.

Chitsauko chinotevera chichapa ongororo yehunyorwa huripo

10
CHITSAUKO CHECHIPIRI

2.0 UNYORWA HURIPO

2.1 Nhanganyaya

Chitsauko chino chakanangana nekupa ongororo yeunyorwa huripo maringe nematsanangurirwo

etsumo netsika nemagariro, kunobva tsumo, ukama pakati petsumo netsika nemagariro uye

zviitwa zvingashandiswe kudzidzisa tsika nemagariro kubudikidza netsumo. Chitsauko chino

chakakosha nekuti chichaongorora unyorwa huripo hune ukama netsvakurudzo chichijekesa

kusiyana kwazvo netsvakurudzo ino nekupa kukosha kwepfungwa idzi nekubatsira kwadzo

mutsvakurudzo ino.

2.2 Tsananguro yetsumo netsika nemagariro

Sezvo tsvakurudzo ino iri mairirano netsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro zvakakosha

chaizvo kuti tsananguro yetsumo netsika nemagariro ive inozivikanwa kubudikidza

nekushandisa unyorwa huripo huri mairirano nedudziro yemazwi iwaya.

2.2.1 Jekeso yechinonzi tsumo

Sekutaura kwaChimhundu (2001), tsumo chirevo chine ungwaru chinotaura zvakadzama

namazwi mashoma chichitaridza zvinowanzoitika muupenyu. Kozotiwo, Ngwaru (2012: 5)

anopa tsananguro inoenderana neyaChimhundu (2001) achiti, “Tsumo chirevo chine ungwaru

chinotaura zvine udzamu nemazwi mashomane chichicherechedza zvinowanzoitika muhupenyu

nemagariro evanhu.”. Mandova naChingombe (2013) vane muono wekuti, tsumo

dzinotsanangurwa sechirevo chinoshanda seungwaru kana chombo chinobudisa pachena

zvinokosheswa mutsika nemagariro. Nekudaro, tsumo chirungamutauro hacho asi chinoshanda

kuyanika tsika zhinji dzinotarisirwa navaShona. Kubva patsananguro dzembongorori idzi tsumo

chizevo chinowaridza pachena chokwadi pamusoro peupenyu uye kuyambira

11
nyakuchishandisirwa kana kuti zvazoita kuti ashandisirwe tsumo idzodzo. Zvoreva izvo kuti

tsumo hadzingangoshandisirwi kurunga mutauro chete asi kuti dzinoshandiswawo kupawo

yambiro kune vanenge vachishandisirwa tsumo dzacho kunyanya vanenge vorasa tsika

nemagariro avo.

Chimhundu naChabata (2007) naMoyo naNcube (2010) muna Nyota naNyoni (2013: 9) vanoti,

“Tsumo dzinobwerengedza zvose zvakararamiwa nokushanganikwa nazvo mukurarama nerudzi

runodzishandisa.” Finegan (2012) anotsanangura tsumo sendevo pfupi ine maumbirwo

asingashanduki yakagashirwa nevanoishandisa kuti ive chokwadi mune zvainoreva

zvakahwanda. Mukupawo tsananguro yetsumo Pongweni (1989) anoti, tsumo ipfupiso

yezvinoitika mumararamiro erudzi uye maonero arwo arunoita zvinhu mukurarama nemumaitiro.

Mukubatanidza pfungwa dzehunyorwa huripo huri maererano nechinonzi tsumo zvinoratidza

kuti tsumo nemararamiro evanhu mukombe nechirongo hazvisiyani.

2.2.2 Jekeso yetsika nemagariro

Kuvawo neruzivo rwakaringana rwuri maererano netsananguro yetsika nemagariro kwakakosha

mutsvakurudzo ino uye ruzivo urwu rwunogokewa kubva kuhunyorwa hwakaitwa nembongorori

dzakasiyana-siyana. Haralambos naHolborn (2000), Giddens (1997) naHenlin (1998) muna

Nyoni naNyoni (2010) vanoti, tsika nemagariro ndiwo mararamire anoita vanhu vemunharaunda,

zvichisanganisira ruzivo nemaitire avanodzidza, kupakurira vamwe achibva pamizera mikuru

kusvika kumizera midiki. Gombe (2000) anoti, tsika nemagariro zvinotsanangurwa sezvinhu

zvipi nezvipi zvazvo zvinoitwa nevanhu vakasiyana-siyana izvo zvinokonzera kuti pazonyuka

marudzi akasiyana-siyana munyika dzose. Gombe (2000) anopawo tsananguro dzizere

nezvetsika dzavaShona dzakaita sedzekuroorana, kupira mudzimu, zviera nedzimwewo

dzinogamuchirwa nerudzi rwavaShona. Sekutaura kwake zvakare Gombe (2000) anoti, tsika

12
mubatanidzwa wezvinhu zvakawanda zvinoumba unhu neupenyu hwavaShona. Zvimwe

zvezvinhu izvi ndezvinoti mutupo nezvidau, zveunamati, zvitevedzerwa pakuroora, ukama,

utongwi nezvimwe zvakawanda-wanda. Gombe anoti zvakare, tsika dzinogona kuiswa

mumapoka maviri anoti zvinhu zvinogona kubatika namaoko kana kuoneka nameso kouyawo

zvinhu zviri mupfungwa dzevanhu, zvinoita kuti vaShona vatevedze kumwe kuita kwavanofunga

kuti ndiko kunounza ugaro nendaramo yakanaka.

Pfungwa idzodzo dzinotsigirwa nekambani yeRio Tinto (2011) naGondo naNyoni muna Magwa

(2016) inoronga nhaka yetsika nemagariro mumipanda mikuru miviri yezvinobatika zvichioneka

nameso nezvisingabatiki. Vanoti ivo, nhaka yetsika nemagariro inogona kuiswa

muzvikwatanyana zvakaita senhaka yetsika namagariro yezvigadzirwa zvakaita sezvipfeko,

midziyo nezvombo zvichingodaro. Kozotiwo nhaka yetsika nemagariro yenzvimbo inobatanidza

zvakaita semasvingo eGreat Zimbabwe, nzvimbo dzinoyevedza seMatoposi, makomo eNyangani

eChimanimani, zvivezwa nezvitarwa. Imwe mhandonyana ndeye maitiro orudzi sekutaura

kwaGondo naNyoni muna Magwa (2016). Vanoti, apa ndipo panopinda nhoroondo

dzamagamuchidzanwa kubva kuzvizvarwa nezvizvarwa zverudzi, mitauro, mabira, zvitendero,

ruzivo rwezvemishonga, nziyo, zvitambo, zvekudya nemitambo yakasiyana-siyana. Kana iri

mitambo vatema vemuZimbabwe vanoziva mbakumba, mbende, jiti nehumbakumbe,

muchongoyo nemimwewo sokutaura kwaGondo naNyoni muna Magwa (2016).

Gombe (2000) anoti, tsika dzinoshanduka-shanduka nekufambawo kunoita nguva, kusangana

kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana avatema neavachena. Zvoreva kuti tsika dzinokosheswa

navaShona dzinopera sesipo kuwacha nekuda kwepasizenderekwa. Kusangana ikoko

kwemarudzi ndiko kunonzi naGombe kunoita kuti tsika imwe isiyane zvishoma kunzvimbo

dzakasiyana nechikonzero chekuti panosangana marudzi nezvizvarwa zvakasiyana panobuda

13
humwe unhu hutsva. Tsika ndidzo dzinoumba unhu hwevanhu uye chinonzi munhu unhu, kurasa

unhu kuzvirasa kubva mune verudzi rwako sekutaura kunoita Gombe (2000).

Lebron (2013) anoti, tsananguro yechinonzi tsika nemagariro yakakosha zvikuru mune

zvemagariro nemararamiro evanhu, mafungiro evanhu, zvematongerwo, zvehupfumi uye

mukufungawo nekunzwisisawo tsika nemagariro emamwe marudzi. Lebron (2013) uyu anoti

zvakare, tsika nemagariro zvakakosha pane zvinhu zvose zvinoitwa nevanhu pasi rose uye tsika

nemagariro zvinosanganisira manzwire nemafungire evanhu vemunharaunda imwe pamwe chete

nemararamire avo. Lee (2006) anotsanangura tsika nemagariro achiti, ndezvose zvinokosheswa

nevanhu, verudzi zvakaita sezvitendero, unhu nemaitire anodzidziswa kubva kune vamwe mune

vanhu verudzi rumwe chete zvakare zvichitipa kuva pamwe nevamwe verudzi zvichinongedza

kuti uyu ndewerudzi rwupi. Semuenzaniso, mutauro weChiShona ndechimwe chezvimwe zviri

mutsika nemagariro avaShona chinopaura vanhu verudzi rwavaShona kubva kune mamwe

marudzi. Zvakare Lee (2006) anotutsira achiti, zvakanyanyisa kukosha kuti munhu ave neruzivo

rwezvetsika nemagariro nekuti tinosangana nevanhu vemarudzi akasiyana-siyana kubva kune

dzimwe nzvimbo nedzimwe nyika. Zvakaita semutauro weChiShona une mapazi akawanda

anotaurwa nemarudzi akawanda. Mapazi emutauro aya anobudiswa naDoke (1931) uyo anoti,

vaShona vanotaura vachishandisa mapazi mashanu akaita seZezuru, Karanga, Manyika, Ndau

uye Korekore. Magwa (2007) anowedzera uwandu hwemapazi aya kuti azosvika

pamapfumbamwe achiti, kune Kalanga, Barwe, Hwesa uye Nambya. Naizvozvo, ndizvo zviri

kunzi naLee zvakakosha kuziva izvozvo nekuti vanhu vanosangana vane tsika dzinogona kunge

dzakati siyanei seavo vanotaura ChiShona chine mapazi akawanda.

Bodley (1999) anowedzera zvakare achiti mutsika nemagariro mune zvinhu zvakakosha

zvinofanira kuzivikanwa zvitatu zvinoti vanhu vanombofungei kana kuti vanombofunga sei, zvii

14
zvavanomboita muupenyu hwavanorarama uye zvavanozobuda nazvo zviri mumaoko ndezvipi

kubudikidza nekuita kwavo kwezuva nezuva. Hofstede (1991), Trompenaars (1993) naCzinkota

naRomkainen (1993) muna Kanungo (2006) vose vanotenderana kuti tsika nemagariro

dzakazendamira pamutauro, zveupfumi, zvitendero, mitemo inodzora vanhu, mararamiro

evanhu, utongi, zvinokosheswa, maitiro, zvigadzirwa pamwe chete nedzidzo dzine chekuita

nezvinokosheswa nemarudzi. Kanungo (2006) anoti zvakare, kune tsika nemagariro anotarisirwa

nenyika yose anotambirika kunyangwe ukaendepi munyika iyoyo, kozoti tsika nemagariro

enzvimbo nematunhu emunyika zvichidzika kusvika kutsika nemagariro emhuri. Zvichireva izvo

kuti tsika nemagariro anokosheswa padanho remhuri anogona kunge asiri iwo anotambirwa

padanho remunyika. Miono yembongorori idzi yakakosha zvikuru mukuitwa kwetsvakurudzo

ino sezvo dziri kutaura nekupatsananguro dzinobetsera pamusoro pechinonzi tsika nemagariro.

Zvisinei tsvakurudzo ino hainei zvayo zvakanyanya nekuongorora tsika nemagariro pamatanho

ose iwawo akaita seemunyika asi kuti yakanangana netsika nemagariro avaShona chete.

2.3 Kunobva tsumo

Mukuhwerengedza tsanangudzo dzose dzetsumo netsika nemagariro, panoratidza kuti pane

kudyidzana kuripo pakati petsumo netsika nemagariro semuenzaniso kana munhu akabata

chinyorwa chaNgwaru (2012) naGombe (2000) anobuda nemuono mumwe chete

newemutsvakurudzi. Naizvozvo, zvakakosha chaizvo kuti tinzwewo pfungwa dzedzimwe

mbongorori dzinobudisa ukama huripo pakati petsumo netsika nemagariro. Asi tisati tabata

ukama huripo pakati petsumo netsika nemagariro zvakakosha kuti titange taziva kuti idzo tsumo

dzacho dzinombobvepi chaizvo.

Scheneider (1981) muna Mieder (2014) anoti, matangire akaita tsumo chaiwo anonetsa kuti pave

nechokwadi chakakwana, asi kubva muzvinyorwa zvakawanda tsumo dzakavako kubva kare

15
vanhu vasati vava kuita zvekunyora. Zvoreva kuti tsumo dzaingovako asi kuti dzaichengetedzwa

kubudikidza nekudzitaura dzichitorarama kubva pamizera mikuru kusvika kumizera

yevachazozvarwa. Mielder (2014) anotapa Firth (1927) uyo anoti, tsumo dzakagadzirwa

dzikavapo kubudikidza nezviitiko zvinoitika muvanhu uye dzinotambirika sedzakakosha

pakubudisa mafungire nemanzwire.

Schapira (2000) anotiwo, tsumo sezvimwe zvirungamutauro zvakaita semadimikira

nezvimwewo zvakaita sengano hazvina kugadzirwa zviri zvemanyepo ekungofadza vanhu chete.

Nekudaro, tsumo dzinonzi naSchapira (2000) dzagara dzaingogadzirwa nevanhu vaine

chinangwa. Zvinangwa izvozvo ndizvo zvakaita sezvokuyambira vanhu nekuvadzora. Zvoreva

izvo kuti tsumo dzinobva pakuti vanhu vanenge vane vavariro yei mukurarama kwemunhu.

Schapira (2000) anoti, kana chirevo chikava chakatakura chokwadi neungwaru mukati macho

chiine chiratidzo chezviga zvetsumo chinotorwa chotanga kushandiswa kutangira mumhuri

shoma, chichipinda mudunhu, zvichienda muguta, munyika kusvikira chatekeshera pasi rose.

Anoti, zvakare, muupenyu hwanhasi kubudikidza netekinoroji yavako tsumo itsva dzinonyuka

dzinopararira kubudikidza nemadzangaradzimu, zvivhitivhiti nezvimwewo zvinyorwa

zvinoverengwa. Chirevo chinotanga chakaumbwa nemumwe mutoo chozosiyaniswa

zvichienderana nemugamuchirirwe wachinoitwa nevanhu chichinatsurudzwa kusvika chatova

chirevo chine zviga zvetsumo dzinotozorangarirwa kubva kune varipo kusvikira kune

vachazouya panyika. (Mieder, 2004a; Mieder, 2007b).

Mieder (2014) anoti, tsumo itsva dzinoramba dzichitutsirwa zvichifambirana nenguva uye

zvinofanira kuzivikanwa nevanhu kuti tsumo dzechinyakare dzinogonawo kunyangarika kana

kupera kukosha kwadzo kana dzisingachaindirani nezvinenge zvavapo panguva iyoyo. Hongu

Chimhundu (1980) muna Nyota naNyoni (2013) anoti, tsumo dzinopfekedza mutauro zvichiita

16
kuti unakidze sokuti padzvetsva mukomana nomusikana vanokonesana nenzira inonakidza

vachishandisa tsumo, asi mukurarama kwatiri kuita kwechizvinozvino tsumo hadzichanyanyi

kushandiswa pamusambo wekupfimbana. Semuenzaniso, zvava kutorwa sezvinonyadzisa kana

kuti zvakasara kushandisa tsumo dzakaita sa “musikana chihambakamwe, asvika anokanda

chibwe” na “mwana nyangonaka sei haagusvi musoro usiku” pamusambo wekupfimbana. Asi

izvozvo zvavakuonekwa sezvakasara zvinofanira kuzivikanwa kuti mutsika nemagariro

avaShona ndizvo zvairatidza shwiro neutsome hwavo padzvetsva.

Nyota naNyoni (2013:11) vanoti, “Tsumo dzinobata zvose zvinoitika mumararamiro evanhu,

napo zvichizonzi ukaziva tsumo dzorudzi watowana dzidziso yezvarunokoshesa mutsika

nemagariro arwo. Zvinobva pakuti tsumo sekutsanangurwa kwadzinoitwa nembongorori

dzakawana saNgwaru (2012) hadzina chadzisingabati pane zviitiko zvose muupenyu hwerudzi

Nyota naNyoni (2013). Kunobva tsumo kunojekeswa naHamutyinei naPlangger (1987) muna

Nyota naNyoni (2013) avo vanoti, enzaniso nefananidzo dziri mutsumo dzinobva pakuongorora

kuita kwevanhu, kuita kwemhuka nezvinhu zvose zviri munharaunda uye mutsika nemagariro.

Vanotizve, tsumo dzakawanda dzinobudisa zvinoitika muvanhu serudo nedzvetsva, udzvinyiriri,

makaro, undingoveni, usimbe, ukama, nezvose zvinonzi zvinoyemurika nezvisingayemuriki zviri

mukurarama kwevanhu. Izvi zvimwe zvezvinhu zviri mutsika nemagariro erudzi rwevaShona

zvinova zvinoita kuti tsumo dzivepo. Yu (2019) anotiwo, tsumo dzinobvira pane

zvinosanganikwa nazvo nevanhu zuva nezuva mukurarama. Zvinosanganikwa nazvo zvacho

izvozvo ndizvo zvacho zviri kunzi naNyota naNyoni (2013) ndezvose zvinoitika mumararamiro

evanhu. Semuenzaniso Yu (2013) anoti kune tsumo dzinoti, “bhiza rinoendwa naro kurwizi,

harivigirwi chekumwa”, “mbada ingashandura ruvara rwayo?” kureva kuti munhu haashanduriki

pamaitire ake aagara achingoita. Tsika nemagariro ake zvaakakura achiziva hapana angakwanisa

17
kuzvishandura. Munhu haasiyani nemaitire ake sezvaanongoitanawo nemumvuri wake

unongomuteverera papi nepapi paanoenda.

Tsumo dzinobva mukudavada kwevane zvipo zvokushandisa mutauro semabudisirwe azvinoitwa

naNyota naNyoni (2013). Zvine tsigiro inobva kuna Nyembesi (1990) uyo anoti, kune vanhu

vanozivikanwa kuti vane chipo chekutaura mashoko ane ungwaru naizvozvo vanhu vakadaro

vanogadzira zvirevo zvakagukuchira uchenjeri zvinotozopararira muvanhu zvototorwa setsumo

mumutauro wevanhu. Ndizvo zvinonzi naNyota naNyoni (2013) vamwe vane unyanzvi

hwekutaura nekudaro vanoumba nhaurwa dzinofadza idzo dzinopedzisira dzava kushanda

setsumo sekuti ane marengenya haachariki moto/ changu chandiwana kutorerwa jumbo nejaya.

Nhaurwa idzi dzinonakidza vanhu sezvo mupfungwa dzavo nemaziso avo munotanga kuuya

chiratidzo chemunhu atanyanga vivi remoto akapfeka marengenya, kana kuti munhu achiwira

mudambudziko ega ega pakati peruzhinji (Nyota naNyoni, 2013).

Pfungwa dzaNyota naNyoni (2013) naNyembesi (2000) dzine wirirano nedzaYu (2019) uyo

anoti, tsumo dzinobva kuzvinyorwa zvakanyorwa nedzimwewo nyanzvi. Mbongorori iyi inoti,

dzimwe tsumo dzevaRungu dzakabva kumabasa makuru aWilliam Shakespeare’s awo akava

chitubu chetsumo dzakawanda. Tsumo idzodzo nendevo dzakapfuma nemutauro wakadzika-

dzika dzakabva dzaramba dzichishandiswa mukutaura kwavanoita mumararamiro avo

nemuzvinyorwa zvavowo pamwe pacho vasitorinawo ruzivo rwekwakatangira tsumo dzacho.

Muenzaniso wetsumo dzakatorwa kubva kubasa raShakespeare ndeunoti “rudo

rwemazvirokwazvo, harufambi zvakatsetseka”. Tsumo iyi inojekesa kuti hakuna vanodanana

nemoyo wese pasina matambudziko avanosangana nawo akaita sekumbomarana

vachimbokonana, kutukana uye pamwe kutomboparadzana kwekanguva. Rudo rwechokwadi

ikwirire dzike uye kutombonetsana izvo zvinozopedzisira zvasunganidza vaviri negashu risina

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ani anodambura (Yu, 2016). Unyorwa hwaMieder (2014) hunomirawo sechapupu cheunyorwa

hwaYu (2019) chekuti dzimwe tsumo dzakatanga zvingoriwo zvirevo zvakadzama kubva

kuvanyori vane mukurumbira vakaita saCicero, Geoffry Chauncer, William Shakespeare, Miguel

deCervantes Saavedra, Friedrich Schiller, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Bertolt Brecht zvichingodaro.

Zvinonzi zvirevo zvavo zvakaramba zvongoshandiswa zvichitapiwa zvichidzokororwa kutaurwa

nevanhu zvikazopedzisira zvotenderera muvanhu setsumo, ivo vacho vakazvitanga

vachikangamwikwa zvishoma nezvishoma zvinova zviri kuitika chero mukurarama kwanhasi

(Mieder, 2014). Semuenzaniso, William Shakespeare anobudisa tsumo yekuti, “hapana chinouya

pasina zvaitwa”. Kureva kuti munhu haangawani zvaanoda asina kuzvishandira. Dzimwe

nyanzvi dzine mbiri dzakaita saWinston S. Churchill, John F. Kennedy, Mikhail Gorbachev,

Willy Brandt, Martin Luther King nevamwe vane zvirevo zvavakaumba izvo zvakatorwa

zvikakosheswa kuitwa tsumo dzinogamuchirika mukurarama kwevanhu (Mieder, 2009). Pamwe

pacho vanyori vanototapa zvirevo zvenyanzvi idzi muzvinyorwa kana mukutaura kwavo

vasingazivi kuti idenhe reungwaru (Taylor (1931) muna Mieder (2014)). Zvirevo izvozvo

zvinonyorwa nenyanzvi idzodzo vanozviwana mumararamiro evanhu nezvavanoona izvo

zvinova izvo zvacho zvatinoti tsika nemagariro evanhu.

Zvakare Nyota naNyoni (2013) vanoti, tsumo dzinobva muzvitendero. Vanhu vane zvitendero

zvakasiyana-siyana semuenzaniso vaShona vanotenda mune zvemidzimu naizvozvo vane tsumo

dzakawanda dzinobata zvemidzimu. Muna Ngwaru (2012) mune tsumo yekuti “mudzimu

wakupa chironda wati nhunzi dzikudye” izvo zvinonzi naNyota naNyoni (2013) zvinobva

pamafungiro avaShona ekuti vadzimu vane chekuita navapenyu, ndivo vanotungamirira vapenyu

nekuvachengeta nekudaro vakakufuratira matambudziko anokuwira. Nyembesi (1990) anotsigira

maonero aNyota naNyoni (2013) achiti, murudzi rwevatema maZulu kana midzimu

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ikatsamwiswa vanotendera kuti inobvisa ruoko rwayo rwaivachengeta izvo zvinozoita kuti vanhu

vapiwe zvirango zvezvirwere, nzara nezvimwe zvinoshungurudza vanhu kusvika vapfidza

matadzo kubudikidza nekuita mutambo wekukumbira ruregerero apo panotofanira kuurawa

mombe kuti vachenurwe. Nekudaro, Nyembesi anototiwo tsumo dzavatema dzinobvira

pazvitendero zvavo zvemidzimu ndokusaka akabudisa tsumo yeChiZulu inoti “hakuna mudzimu

usingadzoki kumba”. Mushakabvu aiva muimbi Tongai Moyo anoimbawo kuti, “Mudzimu

weshiri uri mudendere” chinova chiratidzo zvakare chekuti tsumo dzinobva kuzvitendero.

Chitendero ichocho chinosakisa kuti pave netsumo chinoverengwa mutsika nemagariro

avaShona. Yu (2019) ndeimwewo zvakare mbongorori inoti tsumo dzinobva muzvitendero

zvevanhu. Yu (2019) anoti, zvitendero itsime rakakosha rakaita kuti pave netsumo dzakawanda

munyika yeChina nekunyika dzevaRungu. Yu (2019) anoti, ChiKristu ndicho chitendero

chakatekeshera kumavirira naizvozvo vaRungu vanotenda kuti chitendero ichi chakavakoshera

mumararamiro avo izvo zvakaita kuti pazova netsumo yekuti “Muti unozivikanwa nezvibereko

zvawo”. Yu (2019) anoti Matiyo 12, chikamu chemubhaibheri, Jeso anoti, muti wakanaka

unoberekawo michero yakanakawo uye muti wakashata unobereka michero yakashata naizvozvo

muti unozivikanwa nemichero yainobereka. Mumararamire evanhu tsumo iyi inonzi naYu

(2019), inoreva kuti munhu anozivikanwa nemabasa ake aanoita angave akashata kana akanaka.

Zvoreva izvo kuti haungazivi munhu nekungomuona chete usati waziva unhu hwake. Kuti

pazove netsumo zvakanga zvatoonekwa kuti kune vamwe vanoratidzika sevakanaka mukuvaona

asi zviri mumoyo nemupfungwa zviri zvikunun’unu. Unyorwa hwembongorori idzi hunopa

chiedza chekuti tsumo netsika nemagariro zvakadengezerana kuzvipatsanura kungatova kuita

nharo dzekuda kunyurura tsvigiri iri musvutugadzike. Chikonzero chinoita kuti mutsvakurudzi

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ape muono iwowo ndechekuti, kwacho kuri kunzi kunobva tsumo ndiko kune zvatinoona

nekusangana nazvo mumararamire evanhu.

Yu (2019) anoratidza kunobva tsumo dzeChiRungu nedzekuChina achiti dzinobva

pakudzvanyirirwa kana mabatirwe anoitwa vanhukadzi mukugarisana kwavanoita nevanhurume.

Mukadzi uyu anonzi Yu anoona mukugarisana muvanhu musina kuenzanirana kwemikana,

rukudzo uye mabatirwe anoitwa vanhu akanyanya kutarisa vanhukadzi. Yu (2019) anonyora

chinyorwa chake chaanobudisa kunobva tsumo pfungwa dzake dzakatsamhirana nemuono

wefeminisimu achiyanika kuti maonerwo anoitwa vanhukadzi akatosiyana neanoitwa

vanhurume. Semuenzaniso, Yu (2019) anobudisa tsumo yevanhu verudzi rwekuChina yekuti,

“bvudzi ndiro refu, pfungwa pfupi” kuri kureva kuti vanhukadzi vangori nebvudzi rakareba chete

asi pfungwa dzavo ndidzo shoma pane dzevanhurume. Zvichireva izvo kuti vanhukadzi

vanotorwa sevasina zvavanoziva izvo zvinozoita kuti vashaye mikana yakaenzana

neyevanhurume mune zveupfumi, matongerwo enyika uye mukugarisana. Yu (2019) anobudisa

zvakare tsumo yekuti “Mukadzi akanaka haana chipo” achiyanika pfungwa dzeudzvinyiriri

hwaiitwa kare vakadzi vachityorerwa kodzero dzavo dzekudzidza. Imwe tsumo inobuda

muchinyorwa chaYu (2019) ndeyekuti “mukadzi asingarohwi, haashanduki pamaitire ake”

kujekesa kuti vakadzi vairarama muChina kare vainzi vari pasi mumhuri uye vaishungurudzwa

nevarume vavo pamwe chete nevabereki vemurume. Varume vaingoona kurova iriyo nzira

yekuranga nayo vakadzi kuti vasiyane nekuita zvavanoti havagamuchiri achiita zvinodiwa

nevarume vavo. Imwe tsumo ndeyekuti “varume vanofamba pasi rose, vakadzi chavo imba

yekubikira” kureva kuti vakadzi vaibatwa sevanhu vakasikirwa mabasa epamusha nekuda

kwekuti vaitorwa sevanepfungwa, unhu nemiviri yakavota. Pfungwa idzi dzaYu (2019)

dzakakosha chaizvo mutsvakurudzo ino sezvo dziri kuratidza kuti tsumo dzinobva

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mukudzvinyirirwa nemabatirwe anoitwa vakadzi mumagarire evanhu. Muono wake Yu (2019)

kunyange zvazvo wakakosha patsvakurudzo ino haana kuzokwanisawo kubata kunobva tsumo

akanangana nevatema vanosanganisira vaShona iro rinova basa richaitwa nemutsvakurudzi

kutangira ipapo achienda mberi kunzwawo kubva kune maonero evaShona zviri mairirano

nekunobva tsumo.

Nhoroondo yeupenyu zvakare hwaro hwekunobva tsumo sekutaura kwaNyota naNyoni (2013)

avo vanoti, pane dzimwe tsumo dzinobata nhaurwa dzinojekesa kushanduka kwezvinhu nokuuya

kwavachena. Semuenzaniso, “Dasva watasva bhiza repahofisi” itsumo yakavambwa kubudikidza

nenhoroondo yekuti mabhiza ndiwo aishandiswa kufambisa mashoko pakati pemahofisi

nekudaro zvaingoti vachena kana voda kutumira mashoko vototasva zvisinei nekuti ndiani

atasva. Nyembesi (2000) anotiwo, maZulu aipedzera nguva yavo zhinji mukuvhima. Anoti, iye

vanhu vaimutsa tsuro yotiza asi yaizoona yagarirwa nevamwe kumberi ndokusaka kune tsumo

inoti “Haibaiwi newaimutsa”. Saka, nekutaura kwaNyembesi naNyota naNyoni zvinoratidza kuti

tsumo dzinonyuka kubva munhoroondo ine chekuita nemararamiro evanhu, zveupfumi uye

zveutongi.

Zviitiko zvemungano zvinonzi zvakare naNyota naNyoni (2013) ndizvo zvinoitawo kuti

paumbike tsumo. Vaviri ava vanoti, zviri paviri kuti ngano ndiyo inogona kuva yaita kuti pave

netsumo kana kuti tsumo ndiyo inenge yavamba ngano zvose zviine chinangwa chekujekesa

dzidziso yeupenyu. Vanopawo muenzaniso wengano yemhuka dzakaenda kunogoverwa miswe

mbira ikazoshaiwa muswe chikonzero yakanzwa usimbe hwekufamba ikaita zvekutumira

zvinova zvinonzi zvakanyusa tsumo yekuti “mbira yakashaya muswe nokutumira” nechinangwa

chekuda kupa dzidziso yekuti munhu ngaazviitire zvinhu zvake kwete kujairira zvokutuma

vamwe. Naizvozvo, vanhu vanogona kucherechedza zvinoitika mumana vachizvienzanisa

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nezvinoita mhuka zvinozotunzva kuti vaumbe chirevo chine ungwaru chine enzaniso dzevanhu

kana mhuka.

Nyota naNyoni (2013) zvakare vanoti, vanhu vatema vanorima nekuchengeta zvipfuwo hunova

ndihwo hupfumi hwavo, naizvozvo kune tsumo dzinobata zvekurima, zvemombe nezvokuvhima.

Tsumo idzodzo dzinobudiswawo naNgwaru (2012) dzinosanganisira “Simba mukaka

rinosinira/sango rinopa waneta/mombe yekuronzerwa kama wakaringa nzira.” Tsumo idzi

dzinonzi naNyota naNyoni (2013) dzinokurudzira kushanda nesimba, kushingirira, kudzidza

kusavimba nechisi chako zvichingodaro. Nyota naNyoni (2013) vanobudisa zvakare tsumo

yekuti “Totenda dzamwa dzaswera nebenzi” kureva kuti zvipfuwo mune zveupfumi zvinoda

kungwarirwa saka kana mafudzisa benzi dzinogona kusatoendeswa kunomwa mvura dzosvika

pakufa nenyota. Zvimwechetezvo naNyembesi (2000) anoti, vanhu vatema vanoda mombe

dzavo zvakanyanya naizvozvo hazvishamisi kuti maitiro emombe ndiwo akavhura nzira yekuti

pave netsumo dzeChiZulu. Nyembesi (2000) anoti, mombe dzine manzwire adzinoita sevanhu

kuti vakawana chavatsamwisa vanotsamwa vakawana chavafadza vanofara. Nekudaro, anopawo

tsumo yekuti, “Inofarira anoifarirawo, ichikava anoikavawo”. Netsananguro dzakapiwa Nyota

naNyoni na Nyembesi zvinoratidza kuti tsumo dzinobvawo mune zveupfumi. Zvoreva izvo kuti

tsumo netsika nemagariro zvinosengana zvichifambirana pamwe sezvo zvehupfumi zviripowo

pane zvose zvinoitika nekuwanikwa mumararamiro evanhu.

Nyembesi (2000) zvakare anoti, tsumo zhinji dzinobva paongororo inoitwa nevanhu yeunhu

nemaitire evanhu, maitire emhuka uye ongororo yezvinhu zvimwewo zvakawanda-wanda

mundaraunda. Nyembesi uyu anoti, zvose izvi zvine chapupu chetsika nemagariro evanhu

neunhu hwavo. Hamutyinei naPlangger (1987) naNyembesi (2000) muna Nyota naNyoni (2013:

17) vanoti, “Muupenyu vanhu vanoona kuti kune vanhu vanoita zvakanaka, vanoita zvoundyire

23
neumbimbindoga, vanoita utsotsi, varombo, vanoda runyararo, vakashinga, makwara

nezvimwewo. Saka zvirimo nemaitire ose iwawa anobva atovapa mukana wekuumba tsumo

sekuti “murombo haarovi chine nguwo/ ndambakuudzwa akaonekwa nembonje panhanza

zvichingodaro”.

Tsumo dzinobva munharaunda nezvakatikomberedza sekutaura kwaNyota naNyoni (2013) avo

vanoenderera mberi vachiti, nharaunda nezvakatikomberedza zvinhu zvakaita semichero, miti,

makomo nezvimwe. Vanoti, zvakatikomberedza izvi ndizvo zviumbiso zvetsumo zvakaita kuti

pave netsumo dzinoti, “Totenda maruva tadya chakata/ kudada kwevari mugomo kukumbira vari

pasi mapfihwa/ sango rinopa waneta/ matanda mazungunuswa unosiya nerakaora nedzimwewo”.

Nyembesi (2000) zvakare anoti, zvakavakomberedza ndizvo zvinovapa kuti vafunge.

Semuenzaniso, vanoona maonde kana aibva aine mudanira mukuru kwazvo wekuti adyiwe asi

vanozoona kuti kunyangezvazvo akanaka achiyemurika kunze, mukati mawo mune makonye.

Izvo zvinovadzidzisa kuti ngavasamhanyira kurumbidza izvo zvavanoona kunze nameso nekuti

onde rakanaka kunze asi vanofanira kutanga varipenengura kuti vaone kuti rakanaka here mukati

nekuti kumanyira kuritsenga ungatsenga nemakonye. Ndokusaka Nyembesi (2000) achiti kune

tsumo yekuti, “Vonde kutsvuka zvaro, mukati muzere masvosve”. Tsananguro idzi dziri

kubudisa kuti zvakatikomberedza zviri munharaunda zvakaita semhuka, makomo, miti, shiri

nezvimwewo ndizvo zvinoita kuti pazova netsumo.

Nyota naNyoni (2013) vakazazanura kwakawanda chaizvo kunobva tsumo kwakaita

sekunezvekudya, nemidziyo sedzinoti, ngoma inorira ichiti pangu pangu/ maoko maviri haatsvi

nenyimo zvichingodaro. Vanotiwo, tsumo dzinobva pazviitiko zvepamusha, wanano kuti dzimba

dzinomiswa sei? Uye ukama nekugarisana navamwe. Dzimwe dzetsumo idzi ndedzinoti

“rooranai vematongo/ seka urema wafa/ kupa kuturika mangwana unoturunura/ ukama igasva

24
hunozadzikiswa nekudya” nedzimwe zvichibva muongororo inenge yaitwa kwenguva refu.

Tobva ipapo Nyota naNyoni (2013) vanoti, tsumo dzinobva pakushanduka kweupenyu kunyanya

panyaya yeupfumi neurombo sokuti, “chisingaperi chinoshura/ chaitemura chava kuseva/ rugare

tange nhamo kana chakanya chatotsa”. Vanoti, tsumo idzi dzinenge dzichijekesa mhesanwa

dzinowanikwa muupenyu uye kuratidza zvinotenderwa navanhu nezvisingatambiriki zvinobva

zvakwanisa kugamuchirika sekuti, “seka urema wafa kana chakawana hama hachisekwi”.

Mukubatanidza hunyorwa huripo huri maringe netsanangudzo yetsumo netsika nemagariro

nekunobva tsumo kachiedza kanoratidza kuti kavapo keukama hungangodero huripo pakati

petsumo netsika nemagariro kana kuti sungawirirano yetsumo netsika nemagariro. Nepaduku,

tsumo dziri kuratidza kuti dzinobva mukurarama kwevanhu nemhuka dzesango, zvipfuyo,

midziyo, wanano, ukama, mune zveupfumi, nhoroondo yeupenyu, kushanduka kweupenyu uye

dzinobva kune zvose zvinobatika zvinowanikwa mukurarama kwevanhu. Izvi zvinokwanisa

kusiya mumwe munhu asingakwanisi kuramba kuti tsumo dzine ukama netsika nemagariro

nekuti sekutsanangura kwazvamboitwa naGondo naNyoni muna Magwa (2016) tsika nemagariro

dzinowanikwa muzvikwata zvikuru zviviri zvinoti, tsika nemagariro ezvinhu zvisingabatiki

kozotiwo tsika nemagariro ezvinhu zvinobatika zvichioneka nameso. Nekudaro, zvakakosha

chaizvo kuti paitwe ongororo yehunyorwa hwakanyatsojekesa ukama huripo pakati petsumo

netsika nemagariro.

2.4 Ukama pakati petsumo netsika nemagariro.

Nyoni, Nyota naZivenge (2013) vanoti, tsika nemagariro zvinojekeswa mumutauro sokuti

muzvirungamutauro zvakaitsa setsumo, madimikira, enzaniso, nefananidzo. Vanyori ava vanoti,

tsumo dzinobudisa zvinotarisirwa mutsika nemagariro avaShona sekuti mushandirapamwe itsika

inokurudzirwa mumararamiro evanhu kubudikidza netsumo dzakaita sa “rume rimwe karikombi

25
churu kana kuti chara chimwe hachitswanyi inda”. Tsinhidziro yepfungwa dzevatatu ava inobva

kuna Nyota naNyoni (2013) avo vanoti, tsumo hadzigoni kubviswa muupenyu nemagariro

evanhu vanodzishandisa. Pfungwa dzaNyota naNyoni (2013) dzinotidzosera kumubvunzo

wekuti, idzo tsumo dzacho dzinombobvepi zvambokurukurwa kumashure. Kozotiwo, Mudzanire

naNyota (2017) vane muono wekuti, tsika dzinosanganisira kukoshesa zvatiri, kukudzana,

kushanda nesimba, mwoyochena, kushandirapamwe izvo zvinobuda kubva mune

zvavakacherechedza muupenyu. Semuenzaniso, kushanda nesimba kwakataurwa naMudzanire

naNyota (2017) kuti kunokurudzirwa netsumo dzekuti “maoko maranda anozorora musi wekufa

kana kuti simba mukaka rinosinira” sekutaurawo kwaNyoni, Nyota naZivenge (2013) uye

muimbi Aleck Macheso anotaurawo tsumo idzodzo. Zvinotsigirwa zvakare netsumo

yakabudiswa naNgwaru (2012: 22) yekuti, “hama maoko” achidudzira kuti munhu ane maoko

anofanira kuashandisa kuti awane zvinomuraramisa kwete kutarisira kushandirwa nevamwe.

Maoko ndidzo hama kana varanda vake vanomupa raramo. Zvoreva izvo kuti tsumo dzinobudisa

kuti munhu anofanira kudya cheziya nekuti hapana angadya akatandavara. Nyoni, Nyota

naZivenge (2013) vanoti mashandisirwe emutauro iwaya anobatsira kuramba achirangaridza

zvinokosheswa mutsika nemagariro orudzi. Zvoreva izvo kuti tsika nemagariro avaShona

netsumo zvinodyidzana nekuti zvose zvaunoda zvinotarisirwa nezvisingatarisirwi mutsika

nemagariro avanhu zvakagukuchirwa netsumo. Tsumo idakuro retsika nemagariro avaShona

sekutaura kwembongorori idzi. Unyorwa hwavo hunobetsera chaizvo mutsvakurudzo ino nekuti

yakanangana nekuongorora tsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona padanho re ‘O’

level nekudaro hunojekesa kuti tsika nemagariro netsumo mukombe nechirongo. Mutsvakurudzi

ane chinangwa chekushandisa ukama uhu hwetsumo netsika nemagariro avaShona kuzadzisa

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zvinangwa zvetsvakurudzo zvinova izvo zvakasiiwa nevanyori ivavo sezvo chinangwa chavo

chekunyora zvinyorwa izvozvo chaiva chisina kunangana nezvinodiwa netsvakurudzo ino.

Kidwell (2020) anobudisa kubatsirikana kunoita vadzidzi kuumba unyanzvi huri maringe uye

kufunga zvakadzama nezvefanano nesiyano yakaita tsika nemagariro emarudzi kubudikidza

netsumo. Mukuda kuongorora fanano nesiyano yetsika nemagariro emarudzi kubudikidza

netsumo ndipo pacho panoratidza kuti tsumo dzine ukama netsika nemagariro uye Kidwell

(2020) netsanangudzo dzake anoratidza kuti tsumo dzinogona kushanda kudzidzisa tsika

nemagariro. Mphande (2007) anopa pfupiso yegoho raakawana kubva mutsvakurudzo yaakaita

akanangana nebasa retsumo dzeChiTonga mukudzidzisa nekuparidza. Muunganidzwa wetsumo

dzirimo imomo netsananguro dzirimo munoratidza unhu nezvitendero, ungwaru neruzivo

rwavaTonga zviri mumutauro weChiTonga. Ungwaru neruzivo runotaurwa naMphande (2007)

ndidzo tsumo dzairatidza kukosha neukama hwadzo mukudzidzisa nekuparidzira zvinoumba

unhu hunova bandiko retsika nemagariro. Tchimboto (2015) anoongorora chinyorwa chaHeda

(1971) uyo anotsanangura tsumo semafuta kana girisi rinoiswa pamavhiri emushini wemagariro

emarudzi. Naizvovo Tchimboto (2015) anoti, tsumo dzinopa chengetedzo yetsika nemagariro

nerunyararo murudzi rupi nerupi zvarwo. Nekudaro hapana pazvinganzi tsumo dzinochengeta

tsika nemagariro kana dzisina ukama netsika nemagariro acho. Tchimboto (2015) akaratidza

wirirano iripo pakati petsumo nedzimwe tsika nemagariro evanhu vendudzi dzakasiyana. Mimiso

(2008) muna Tchimboto (2015) anotsanangura tsumo sechombo chinoshandiswa pakudzidzisa

unhu nezvinokosheswa nerudzi. Sefa Dei (2009) anotenda zvakare kuti tsumo dzinopa mukana

wekudzidza zvakawanda zvetsika nemagariro. Adon nevamwe (2021) vanokurudzira hurumende

dzenyika dzemuAfrica, gurukota rezvidzidzo, masangano anoona nezvetsika nemagariro pamwe

nevamwe vanoona nezvekutapa nekufambiswa kwemashoko kuti vaite tsvakurudzo

27
yezvingaitwa nechinangwa chekuchengetedza tsika nemagariro kubudikidza netsumo.

Mbongorori idzi dzakakosha nekuti dzinozadzikisa chinangwa chekuda kuongorora ukama

huripo pakati petsumo netsika nemagariro avaShona sezvo dzakaona kuti tsumo netsika

nemagariro mukombe nechirongo pasi rose kurudzi rupi nerupi zvarwo. Zvisinei, tsvakurudzo

ino inovavarira kuita ongororo yetsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona chete izvo

zvisina kunge zvabatwawo nembongorori idzi dzakaita tsvakurudzo dzeukama hwetsumo netsika

nemagariro emamwe marudziwo asinei navaShona. Zvakare, tsvakurudzo ino ine vavarivo

yekuona kuti sezvo mbongorori idzi dzakaona ukama patsumo netsika nemagariro zvino

dzingashandisikawo here mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona padanho re ‘O’ level.

Chimhundu (1980) anoti, tsumo dzavaShona dzinofambirana nezviitiko zvese zvinoitika

murudzi. Chimhundu (1980) uyu anobudisa tsumo dzakawanda dzakaita sa “natsa kwawabva

kwaunoenda usiku/ kugarika tange nhamo/ mbeva zhinji hadzina marise/ nazano ndega

akaonekwa nembonje pahuma kana kuti mbimbindoga akawira mumasese”. Mukucherechedza

tsumo idzi dzimwe dzinobudisa tsika dzinopikisana asi dzimwe dzinobudisa tsika dzakafanana

asi tsika dzose idzodzo dzichitambirika mukurarama kwevanhu. Semuenzaniso, Nyoni, Nyota

naZivange (2013) vanoti kune tsumo yekuti “rume rimwe harikombi churu” iri hurudziro

yemushandirapamwe asi Chimhundu (1980) anoti, “mbeva zhinji hadzina marise” kuri kuyanika

tsika yekuzviitira zvinhu zvako pauzima pasina kukoka vamwe kana kuita makawanda. Tsika

idzodzo dzinopikisana asi chokwadi ndechokuti dzine nzvimbo mukurarama kwavaShona.

Chimhundu (1980) zvakare anoti, tsumo dzinobatsira pakudzidzisa vechidiki nemamwe mazera

asina ruzivo nekuyeuchidzana nevakuru vanenge votsaudzira mune zvinotarisirwa mutsika

nemagariro anofanira kucherechedzwa mumarudzi akasiyana-siyana. Chimhundu (1980) anoti,

kubvira kare kare vanhu vaikurudzira tsika yekubatana pasina kurwa nekuitirana utsinye zvisinei

28
nekuti ane simba ndiani ndokusaka kune tsumo inoti “gudo guru peta muswe maduku akutye”.

Tikadzoka kumashure zvakare kwataurwa zvekunobva tsumo uye tsanangudzo yetsumo netsika

nemagariro tinoona kuti kune tsumo dziri muna Ngwaru (2012) dzakaumbwa nemazwi anodoma

zvinhu zvinobatika zvinokosheswa mutsika nemagariro. Semuenzaniso, Ngwaru (2012)

anobudisa tsumo dzekuti “chimwango cheumwe hachina ndima/ mombe yekuronzera igama

wakaringa nzira/ kudada kwevari mugomo kukumbira vari pasi mapfihwa uye mapudzi anowira

kune vasina hari”. Chimwango kureva badza, mombe, mugomo, mapfihwa, madziva, zambuko,

mapudzi nehari zvakashandiswa kuumba tsumo idzo ndizvo zvacho zviri mubandiko renhaka

yetsika nemagariro ezvinobatika sekutaura kwaFurusa (1998) naHenslin (1998) avo vanoti

dzinosanganisira zviumbwa zvivezwa, zvipfeko, zvokudya kana zvivakwa. Izvozvo zvinoumba

tsumo zvinobatika zvinonzi naHenslin (1998) zvinotopawo nhoroondo yemaitire nemararamire

erudzi. Semuenzaniso ukanzwa tsumo yekuti “mapudzi anowira kune vasina hari nachimwango

chemumwe hachina ndima” zvinobva zvatobudisa tsika yekurima mapudzi nezvimwewo

zvirimwa vachishandisa mapadza vachiumba hari dzekubikira zvirimwa zvanenge vakohwa tisati

tatarisa zvimwewo zvitsika zvayakagadzirirwa kuvanhu. Nekudaro ukama hwetsumo netsika

nemagariro huripo kubvira pane zvinodziumba zvinobatika zviri mutsika nemagariro avaShona

kusvika kune zvadzinoreva kuvanhu vanodzigadzira. Ndizvo hazvo, Chimhundu, Ngwaru,

Furusa naHenslin vakazazanura ukama pakati petsumo netsika nemagariro asi tsvakurudzo ino

ichatangirawo ipapo ichizoona kuti zvavakati pane ukama pazviviri izvi ko idzo tsumo dzacho

dzingava dzakakosha zvakadii mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona padanho re ‘O’ level

izvo zvinova zvakasarawo mukuita kwavakaita tsvakurudzo dzavo.

Mudzanire naNyota (2017) sezvo vachiti, tsika dzavaShona dzinosanganisira kukoshesa zvatiri

Gwaravanda (2011) anoita tsvakurudzo dzake mudhorobha reMasvingo mairirano nezvinotaura

29
tsumo pamusoro pekatsika kari kuitwa nevakadzi nevamwewo varume kekuzora mafuta

ekushandura ruvara rweganda ravo kuti rive rakatsvuka serevaRungu. Mudzanire naNyota muna

Magwa (2016: 54) vanoti:

“Vanhu vatema vakamuka vari vatema paganda. Kunyange zvazvo vanhu vachena

vachishandisa ganda dema semucherechedzo wezvakaipa zvakakosha kutambira nzwisiso yekuti

ganda dema ragara uri mucherechedzo wedu sekureva kwaLeopold Senghor. Naizvozvo

pfungwa yeganda inofanira kupembererwa pane kunyara kuti uri munhu mutema. Munhu

wemuAfrica anotambira ganda rake kwete kushatiriswa naro.”

Mudanire naNyota muna Magwa (2016) vanoti zvakare, vazhinji vari kumwa mishonga

nekuzora mishonga yekuti vatsvuke izvo zvinozoita kuti mushakabvu Oliver Mutukudzi aimbe

achiti, “Kusvikira riini tichitiza mimvuri yedu? Izvozvo zvekusema ruvara rwedu sevatema

runova ruri mutsika nemagariro avatema ndizvo zvakatokonya Gwaravanda (2011) kuti aite

tsvakurudzo yake achiongorora tsumo dzevaShona dzinovengana netsika isingatambiriki

murudzi rwavaShona yekusema zvatiri tichida zvevamwe izvo zvinonzi nemuimbi Thomas

Mapfumo, “Tinochema vakarasika magariro evatema”. Tsvakurudzo dzaGwarivanda

dzakazendama pamuono wechitema unokurudzira tsika yekuzvida nezvatiri tisingachivi

zvevamwe izvo zvinonzi zvakare naMapfumo, “Dada nechako”. Gwaravanda (2011) anoti, kune

tsumo dzavaShona dzinokurudzira nekuyemura runako rwemumoyo kwete runako rwekunze

kana rweruvara rweganda. Tsumo idzi ndedzinoti, “vonde kutsvukira kunze mukati muzere

masvosve/ chakanaka chakanaka mukaka haurungwi munyu/ gunguwo nyangwe rikageza sei

idema chete uye kunaka kwemunhu kuri mumoyo”. Iyo tsumo yekuti, gunguwo nyangogeza sei

idema chete inowirirana nezvakarehwa naMudzanire naNyota (2017) kuti vamwe vakaita

saMichael Jackson akazoshaya ava kufufunyuka ganda rake nekudaro kurasa tsika dzedu idzo

30
dzinobudiswa netsumo kwakashata zvikuru. Unyorwa hwaGwarivanda naMudzanire naNyota

hwakabata kukosha kwetsumo mukukurudzira kuvimba nerudzi rwedu chete zvinoreva kuti

chinyorwa chake chakasiya vende rinoda kuzadzikiswa. Chinyorwa chake hachina

kuzobudisawo zvimwe zvinokosheswa mutsika nemagariro zvinobudiswa netsumo. Zvakare

tsvakurudzo yake yakanga isina kunangana nekudzidziswa kwetsika nemagariro padanho re ‘O’

level. Nekudaro, ibasa retsvakurudzo ino rekuongorora tsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro

avaShona padanho re ‘O’ level pachikoro chakasarudzwa mudhorobha reMasvingo.

Masaka naMakahamadze (2013) vanotenda kuti mutsika nemagariro avaShona mune

kukosheswa kwemidzimu chinova chitendero cheverudzi rwechitema. Gelfand (1968) muna

Masaka naMakahamadze (2013) anoti, midzimu inoziva zvose zvinoitika kuvana vayo uye

inogona kuvabetsera kana kuvaranga kubudikidza nemasimba ayo asina ani nani zvake

anorarama. Izvi ndizvo zvakaita kuti kuzove netsumo yekuti “Mudzimu ishiri kutukwa

unobhururuka” iyo inotaurwa naMusaka naMakahamadze (2013: 139) vachizama kubudisa

kukosheswa kwemidzimu mutsika nemagariro avaShona. Gwarivanda naMasaka (2008) vanoti,

tsumo dzine basa rekudzidzisa vechidiki dzichivapa ruzivo nekuvapinza mugwara. Hongu

Masaka naMakahamadze naMasaka naGwarivanda vanopupura kuti pane ukama patsumo

netsika nemagariro asi havanawo kuzokwanisa kuita wongororo yekukosha kungangovapo

kwetsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro. Zvino tsvakurudzo ino ichadawo kuongorora kuti

sezvo pane kudyidzana pakati petsumo netsika nemagariro, tsumo dzacho hadzingavi chombo

here chekudzidzisa nacho tsika nemagariro avaShona padanho re ‘O’ level.

Mutsvakurudzo dzaChadamoyo naDumbu (2012) dzavakaitira mudunhu reMasvingo

kuvaKaranga vakaona kuti, pane kudyidzana kuripo pakati pemashandisirwe anoitwa ruzivo

rwenyika dzekumadokero neruzivo rwakagara ruine vanhu vatema pakudzidza nekudzidzisa

31
zvose zveupenyu zvinotarisirwa mutsika nemagariro. Chinyorwa chaChadamoyo naDumbu

(2012) chakabudisa ukama huri pakati peruzivo rwevatema nepfungwa dzinoshandiswa

nevachena mukudzidza nekudzidzisa. Zvavakawana mutsvakurudzo zvinoratidza basa retsumo

mukushandura unhu hwemunhu nekumuita kuti achengetedze tsika nemagariro erudzi rwake.

Chadamoyo naDumbu (2012: 99) vanopa muenzaniso wetsumo yekuti “rega zvipore akabva

mukutsva” iyo yavanoti inokurudzira kuti vanhu vadzidze zvinhu kubudikidza nekuongorora

nekuzvionera pamhino sefodya nekuita nzwira pamuviri tsvimbo yarova dapi. Ukabata moto

unobva watova neruzivo rwekuti unopisa naizvozvo hauzoiti tsika yekusateerera paunenge

uchidzorwa. Zvakangofananawo neruzivo rwakabva nevenyika dziri kumadokero vachena vane

ruzivo rwePsychology saBandura naSkinner anoti, vana vanofanira kudzidza kubudikidza

nekuona nekuongorora nekuzvinzwira vachishandisa njere dzavo shanu. Zvakare, Chadamoyo

naDumbu (2012) vanoti, mukurarama kunoita vanhu zuva nezuva, vaya vanoonekwa vave

kurasa gwara retsika yekuremekedza nekuitira hama neshamwari zvakanaka vanodzorwa

kubudikidza netsumo yekuti “natsa kwaunobva kwaunoenda usiku”. Zvichiitirwa kuti munhu

ave neunhu hunoyemurika zvekuti kwaanoenda zvikamuipira anodzoka achitambirwa nomufaro.

Nekudaro, yambiro kune vadzidzi vanenge vorasa unhu inopiwa kubudikidza nekushandisa

tsumo mukuongorora chinyorwa chaChadamoyo naDumbu (2012). Unyorwa hwembongorori

idzi hwakakosha chaizvo mutsvakurudzo ino nekuti hwakabata ukama huripo pakati peruzivo

rwevachena nerwevatema rwevaShona rwetsumo mukudzidza nekudzidzisa. Izvi zvinopa

chiyedza chekuti tsumo dzinogona kuva chombo chekudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona

padanho re ‘O’ level pachikoro chakasarudzwa mudhorobva reMasvingo zvinova zvisina

kuzobatwawo nembongorori idzi sezvo zvakanga zvisiripo pazvinangwa zvavo.

32
Tsumo idzo dzinonzi shumo nevakaranga ipfupiso inobudisa chokwadi cheupenyu

sezvinongoitawo zvimwe zviri muruzivo rwavatema uye dzinobva pamizera mikuru kusvika

kune inotevera kubudikidza nekushandisa muromo nenzira yakasununguka (Hill, 2004; Matereke

naMapara, 2009 naChimhundu, 1980). Matereke naMapara (2009) vanoti zvakare, mutsika

nemagariro avaShona tsumo dzinobudisa zvitendero, zvinokosheswa uye ruzivo rwenharaunda

inova ine vanhu vanodzigadzira. Naizvozvo Chadamoyo naDumbu (2012) vanoti, tsumo

dzinoshanda mukudzidzisa vakuru nevadiki. Hamutyinei and Plangger (1974) muna Chadamoyo

naDumbu (2012) vanoti tsumo, dzaingotorwa sebakwa reruzivo neungwaru sezvo tsanangudzo

dzezviitiko zvese dzaiwanikwa madziri. Mapara (2009) anoti, tsumo dzaitaurwa uye dzichiri

kungotaurwa apo munhu anoda kudzishandisa mukuraira anotanga achiti, vakuru vedu vakati,

vakuru vedu vaiti kana kuti vakuru vedu vanoti. Chimhundu (1980) anopa muenzaniso wekuti,

pakuparura tsumo nechinangwa chekupa mafungiro, kugadzirisa paita zvinetso, kuyananisa uye

kuyambira vaya vanenge vorasa gwara retsika nemagariro avaShona anoshandisa tsumo yacho

anotanga nemashoko akapiwa naMapara (2009) aratidzwa pamutsara uri pamusoro.

Semuenzaniso, Chadamoyo naDumbu (2012) vanoti, mumatare evatema, paionekwa vechikuru

vachidzora murume anenge achiramba mukadzi waakaitisa nhumbu nechikonzero chekuti

mukadzi iyeye imvana vachiti, “Iwe muchinda, vakuru vakati wakweva sanzu wakweva

nemashizha aro”. Kurevawo kuti tsumo dzinoshanda pakuyananisa avo vanenge vaita

kusawirirana pakati pavo nekuvapa dzidziso yekuti kurambana hakutambirwi mutsika

nemagariro. Chadamoyo naDumbu (2012) anoti, tsumo runotovawo ruzivo rwakakosha

rwakanaka sezvakangoitawo ruzivo rwekumadokero rwakaita semiono yanaPiaget, Freud kana

Skinner nekuti ruzivo irworwo rwavatema rwakatsamhira pakudzidza kubudikidza

nerucherechedzo, kuzvinzwira uye ekisiperimendi. Battiste (2005) anoti, chakangosiyana chete

33
paruzivo rwevatema nerwevachena ndechekuti ruzivo rwevatema rwakaita setsumo idzodzo

rwaisachengetwa nenzira yekugadzira zvinyorwa asi rwevachena avo vekumadokero

rwaichengetwa nenzira yekunyora mumabhuku asi kusanyorwa kwetsumo idzodzo hakusiko

kunoreva kuti zvadzinotaura hazvina kuitika kana kuti hadzina kukosha. Chadamoyo naDumbu

(2012) vanoti, musiyano uripo paruzivo rwevekumadokero nerwevatema rwetsumo ndewekuti

tsumo hadziratidzi munhu chaiye akatanga nadzo kana mbongoriri dzinozivikanwa kuti

dzakatanga nadzo. Miono yembongorori idzi yakakosha mutsvakurudzo ino sezvo ichiratidza

kuti tsumo dzinoshanda kudzidzisa vanhu zvese zveupenyu. Saka rava basa retsvakurudzo ino

rekuongorora kuti kana tsumo dzichishanda pakudzidza nekudzidzisa unhu nekunzwisisa zviri

pasi rese, idzo tsumo dzacho dzingatadza here kushanda sechombo mukudzidzisa tsika

nemagariro avaShona padanho re ‘O’ level pachikoro chakasarudzwa mudhorobha reMasvingo.

Sezvo, paitwa ongororo yehunyorwa huripo hwakanyorwa nembongorori dzakawanda zvikuru

chasara kuita tsvakurudzo yekushanda kungaita tsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona.

Zvinyorwa zvembongorori dzakaongorora ukama huripo pakati petsumo netsika nemagariro

zvakawanda chaizvo kuzvidonongodza zvose nezvadzakataura ringatopera gore. Zvakakosha

ndizvozvo kuvepo kwechiedza chekuti tsika nemagariro avaShona zvine kudyidzana

kwazvinoita sekutaurwa kwazvinoitwa nevakaita ongororo yetsumo mutsika nemagariro. Sezvo,

tsvakurudzo iri yetsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona padanho re ‘O’ level

pachikoro chakasarudzwa mudhorobha reMasvingo zvakakosha chaizvo kuti pave neongororo

yezviitwa zvingashandiswe kudzidzisa tsika nemagariro kubudikidza netsumo.

2.5 Zviitwa

Nyanzvi dzezvokudzidzisa nokudzidza dzinoti vadzidzi havanganyanyi kunakidzwa nokuramba

vachingoita chinhu nomutoo mumwe chete asi vanoda kupota vachitoshamisikawo kuti hezvo

34
heya takanangana nokudzidza izvi (Cohen naMarion, 1989; Farrant, 1980 naNderecha 1995

muna Nyota naNyoni (2013: 17). Zvoreva izvo kuti pane zviitwa zvakawanda chaizvo

zvinokodzera kuti zvinge zvichishandiswa pakudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona kubudikidza

netsumo.

Nyota naNyota (2013: 23) vanoti, kupa tsumo dzinokodzerana nezviitiko zveupenyu ndeimwe

nzira yekudzidzisa nayo tsumo. Hapana pangasiyaniswa zviitiko zveupenyu netsika nemagariro.

Nyota naNyoni (2013: 23) vanoti:

“Pachiitwa ichi panopiwa zviitiko zvoupenyu vadzidzi vachipa tsumo dzinokodzera kushandiswa

pazviri sekuti padzvetsva- rinonyenga rinowarara rinosimudza musoro rawana/ rume

risinganyepi hariroori/ mwana nyangonaka sei haagusvi musoro usiku. Pakutsiura ny’anya- tsuro

haiponi murutsva kaviri/ dziva rine ngwena idiva kamwe ukadzokorora unowana ngwena

dzasvinura/ muroyi royera kure vomuzinda vagokureverera. Kukurudzira- sango rinopa aneta/

simba mukaka rinosinira zvichingodaro zvakadaro”

Vadzidzi vanofanira kujekeserwa kuti zviitiko izvozvo zvedzvetsva, kutsiura, kukurudzira

nezvimwe zviitiko zveupenyu zvavanonanganisa netsumo zviri mutsika nemagariro avaShona

nekudaro ndipo pakasara kujekeswa nevanyori mairirano nezviitwa zvingashandiswa.

Mutsvakurudzi achaita tsvakurudzo ine chekuita nekuongorora idzodzo tsumo dziri kunzi

dzinodzidziswa kubudikidza nekudzidondanisa nezviitiko zvenyika kuti dzingava chombo

chakakosha zvakadii mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona. Kudada, Manyuchi naPatsanza

(1994) vanoti, tsumo dzinoshandiswa kukurudzira, kurumbidza, kusimbaradza, kuyambira,

kunyaradza, kudzora pfungwa dzomunhu, kuranga kana kutuka nhubu, kutyisidzira, kudzivirira

nyadzi, kuyananisa bongozozo zvisina ganyabvu nezvimwewo zvichingodaro. Zvose

zvakarehwa naKudada, Manyuchi naPatsanza (1994) zviitiko zveupenyu zvinowanikwa mutsika

35
nemagariro evanhu saka hazvigoni kuti tirege kutaura zvetsika nemagariro avaShona panguva

yekudzidzisa tsumo.

Gurukota rezveDzidzo dzePuraimari neSekondari (2020) rinokumikidza bhuku reChiShona

rinonzi “Dada Nerurimi Rwaamai Danho 2 vol 1” rinova bhuku revadzidzi. Mubhuku umu

munobuda kuti tsumo dzinogona kudzidziwa kubudikidza nekupa vadzidzi zvokuita kana basa

rekuzadzisa tsumo dzinenge dzakapiwa dziri zvidimbu zvisina kuzara. Bhuku iri rinoti tsumo

dzinogona kushandiswa dzakagurisirwa sekuti tsumo yokuti, moyo muti unomera paunoda,

kazhinji vanhu vanoishandisa vanowanzoti, moyo muti. Nekudaro, vanoti zvakafanira kuziva

kupedzisa tsumo yoga yoga. Dube (n.d) mubhuku rake redanho retatu bhuku remudzidzisi

“Ngatidzidzei ChiShona” anokurudzirawo kudzidzwa kwetsumo kubudikidza nekuzadzisa.

Nyota naNyoni (2013) vanoti tsumo dzinogona kunge dzakapiwa dzakashota kwekutanga, pakati

kana kuti kumapeto kwadzo vadzidzi vonzi vazadzise. Semuenzaniso, tsumo inogona kuuya

yakanzi “______ kwegava hakuna mutsubvu. Chara chimwe_____. Kana kuti, gudo guru _____

maduku akutye”. Ichokwadi chaizvo kuti kuzadzisa tsumo chiitwa chingangoshandiswa

pakudzidzisa tsumo asi zvinyorwa izvi hazvina kuzobudisawo kukosha kwetsumo idzodzo

mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona izvo zvaonekwa nemutsvakurudzi sezvakakosha

chaizvo kuti aite ongororo yekuti idzo tsumo dzacho dzinodzidzwa dzichiitwa zvekuzadziswa

dzingava dzine basa rakadii mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona. Ishuviro yemutsvakurudzi

kuti awane umboo hunovhara vende rakasiiwa nevanyori ava zvisingarevi hazvo kuti zvinyorwa

zvavo hazvina kukosha muchinyorwa chino.

Nyota naNyoni (2013: 23) vanoti, “Vadzidzi vanodzidza nekuita kwete mhakwa ivo vasina kana

kushangazhika nekumiramira kwavaita mukudzidza kwavo ndokusaka vachitauri nezvechiitwa

chekudzidza tsumo kubudikidza nekupa tsumo dzinopikisana. Semuenzaniso, Mudzingwa

36
nevamwe (n.d) mu ‘O’ level Shona Study Pack ravo papeji 23 vanopa basa rekunyora tsumo

dzinorandurana nedzakapiwa dzinosanganisira, “ura mapako hunozvara mbavha nemuroyi/

chinono chinengwe bere rakadya richifamba/ murombo haarovi chine nguwo/ kupa mweni

wakanda tsapo mhiri kworukova”. Nyoni naNyota (2013) vanoti tsumo dzinoratidzawo

mhesanwa kana mhikisano yezvinoitika muupenyu saka vadzidzi vanogona kunzi vatsvake

tsumo dzinopikisana sezvo muupenyu muzere zviitiko zvakadaro. Semuenzaniso,

Rume rimwe harikombi churu____ mbeva zhinji hadzina marise.

Tsvaru wakadana tivu _____ potsi haarwirwi anorwirwa ndipiri.

Aita chake ndihombarume _____ mazano marairanwa.

Dzose idzi tsumo dzinobudisa kupikisana kwetsumo dzinobudisa zviitiko zveupenyu izvo zvacho

zvinonzi zviri mutsika nemagariro avaShona naizvozvo zvakaoma kuti vadzidzisi vatsaure

zvidzidzwa zvetsumo kubva mune zvidzidzwa zvetsika nemagariro. Vanyori ava vakasiirira

kuratidza tsumo nebasa radzo mukudzidzisa tsika namagariro avaShona izvo zvichazadzikiswa

netsvakurudzo ino yekuda kutonongora umboo huri maringe netsumo mukudzidzisa tsika

nemagariro avaShona.

Zvakare pazviitwa ipapo pane kudzidzwa kwetsumo dzinova dakuro retsika nemagariro

kubudikidza nekupa tsumo dzinoreva zvakananana. Nyota naNyoni (2013) vanoti, vadzidzi

vanogona kuiswa muzvikwata, chikwata chimwe nechimwe chopiwa yacho tsumo yokutsvakira

dzinoreva zvakafanana sekuti:

Chara chimwe hachitswanyi inda.

Patsika remberi ndipo panotsika reshure.

37
Totenda maruva tadya chakata.

Vadzidzi vanenge vachifanira kupa tsumo dzinoreva zvakafanana nedzapiwa pamusoro sekuti:

Chara chimwe hachitswanyi inda ____ rume rimwe harikombi churu.

Totenda maruva tadya chakata ____ totenda dzamwa dzaswera nebenzi.

Zvimwechetezvo naMudzingwa nevamwe (n.d) vanotaura nezvechiitwa ichi vachiti vadzidzi

vanogona kunzi vanyore tsumo dzakafanana nedzinoti:

Murombo haarovi chine nguo.

Kune wako hakuna kurefu.

Chashe chinodyiwa nowagara padare.

Afira nyora haachemwi.

Vadzidzi pavanopa tsumo dzakafanana vanetenge vafunga zvacho zvinoitwa nerudzi

zvinodudzirwa netsumo idzodzo zvakafanana, naizvozvo unyorwa hwavo hwakakosha chaizvo

mutsvakurudzo ino. Chinongodiwa chete nemutsvakurudzi kuvheneka kudyidzaniswa kungaitwa

tsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro izvo zvisina kunge zvakwanisa kuongororwa

nembongorori idzi sezvo unyorwa hwavo hwaiva husina kunangana nechinangwa

chetsvakurudzo ino.

Kunyurura tsumo kubva mundima ndiko kumwe kunonzi naNyoni naNyota (2013) kwakakosha

zvikuru mukudzidzisa tsumo dzinova chipandi chetsika nemagariro avaShona zvakare

chakatakura dzimwewo tsika dzinotarisirwa navaShona. Muna Dada nerurimi Rwaamai

munobudiswa kuti tsumo dzinogona kudzidzwa kubudikidza nekunyora tsumo ine tsananguro

yakapiwa. Izvi zvinonzi zvinoda une ruzivo rwakakwana rwetsumo. Semuenzaniso, Mudzingwa

38
nevamwe (n.d) mu ‘O’ level Shona study pack anopa tsananguro dzinoda kuti vadzidzi vape

tsumo dzinoenderana nadzo seinoti: vanhu vanotevera ishe ndivo vanosakisa kuti pave

nehumambo. Tsananguro dzacho dzinobva dzajekesa zveutongi hunoonekwa nehuvepo

hweumambo neuranda. Naizvozvo, vana vanenge vachitozivawo zvimwe zviri mutsika

nemagariro avaShona izvo zvingaita kuti umwe munhu azvibvunze kuti nei tsumo netsika

nemagariro zvisingadyisaniswi pakudzidzisa. Ibasa retsvakurudzo ino rekuongorora kukosha

kungavapo pakutora tsumo sechombo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona izvo zvisina

kunyatsojekeswa nevamwe vanyori.

Gozpinar (2014) anoti, kana tsumo dzikashandiswa nenzira kwayo panzvimbo yadzo chaiyo

zvinobetsera. Gozpinar (2014) anoti, tsumo dzinopa zvidzidzo pachezvadzo kana kupa muono

wezvinotarisirwa kunge zvichiitwa kana kuti zvisingatarisirwi kuitwa nemunhu. Nekudaro,

Gozpinar ane muono wekuti mudzidzisi mupangami wemutauro anofanira kudzidzisa tsumo

nenzira inonzwisisika pamwe chete netsika nemagariro asi mumutauro iwoyo kuti vadzidzi

vakwanise kunzwa nekuita izvo zvinotarisirwa kunge zvichiitwa. Gozpinar (2014) anoti, nekuita

izvozvo mudzidzisi anenge asingangobatsiri vadzidzi kuti vazive tsika nemagariro chete asi

zvinopa upenyu hwekuvepo kwetsumo kwemakore akawanda anotevera nekuti kunzwa

kwavanenge vaitawo tsumo idzodzo kunoita kuti vazoramba vachidzirangarira. Kunyange

zvazvo unyorwa kwaGozpnar (2014) hwaiva hwakanangana nezviitwa zvinoshandiswa

mukudzidzisa nekuvandudza mutauro kubudikidza netsumo hwakakosha zvikuru nekuti mutauro

utoriwo mutsika nemagariro. Mutauro idakuro redzimwe tsika nemagariro idzo dzinoda

kuongororwa kuti dzingadzidzisika sei kubudikidza netsumo.

Gondo naNyoni muna Magwa (2016) vanobudisa nzira idzo dzinova zviitwa zvingashandiswa

kudzidzisa tsika nemagariro zvakaita semharidzo, kudana vakokwa kuzvidzidzo, kushandisa

39
vadare, kutaridzira, hurukuro, gakava, mapoka, tsvagurudzo, kuzvionera zvinhu zvichiitika,

mubvunzo nemhinduro uye kuita zvekuyedzesera. Semuenzaniso, hurukuro sekirasi vadzidzi

nemudzidzisi vachibetserana kupa tsika nemagariro dzinoenderana netsumo. Kana kuti

tsvagurudzo yetsika dzinoenderana netsumo dzakasiyana-siyana zvichingodaro. Vanyori ava

vanonyatsotsanangura nemo nemo nzira dzekudzidzisa nadzo tsika nemagariro evatema izvo

zvinova zvinobetsera pakuda kuziva zvingashandiswe pakudzidzisa tsika nemagariro

pachishandiswa tsumo. Vanyori ava vakaziva kuti tsika nemagariro avatema zvinoda

kudzidziswa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana kwete nenzira imwe chete asi havanawo kuratidza kuti

tinogona kushandisawo tsumo idzodzo pamwe nenzira dzavakapa kudzidzisa tsika nemagariro

avaShona sezvo zvaisavapo pazvinangwa zvavo. Zvino tsvakurudzo ino inoda kuona kuti nzira

dzavakapa hadzigoni here kushanda pamwe netsumo kuti tsika nemagariro avaShona zvigone

kudzidzisike zvinonzwisisika.

2.6 Mhedziso

Chitsauko chino chajekesa unyorwa huripo hune ukama netsvakurudzo pamusoro petsumo

mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona. Chazazanura hunyorwa huripo huri mairirano

nechinonzi tsumo netsika nemagariro, kunobva tsumo, ukama pakati petsumo netsika nemagariro

uye zviitwa. Chitsauko chinotevera chakanangana nekupa nzira dzetsvakurudzo.

40
CHITSAUKO CHETATU

3.0. NZIRA DZETSVAKURUDZO

3.1. Nhanganyaya

Chitsauko chino chichatsanangudza nzira huru yakashandiswa mukuita tsvakurudzo.

Chichajekesa nzira iyi nekuratidza wirirano yayo netsvakurudzo ino. Pachadomewa nzira huru

yetsvakurudzo pamwe chete nezvombo zvakashandiswa kuunganidza umboo uye masarudzirwo

akaitwa vakashandwa navo. Nzira huru yetsvakurudzo yakashandiswa ndeyekwaritetivhi iyo

yakashanda pamwe nezvombo zveongororo yezvinyorwa pamwe nehurukuro yembonano.

Chitsauko chino chakakosha nokuti tsvakurudzo yega yega inoitwa ine nzira nezvombo

zvinofanira kunge zvichishandiswa nokudaro chichapa nekutsanangura nzira nezvombo

zvakashandiswa chichipa kunaka nezvigozhero zvenzira huru yetsvakurudzo nezvombo

zvekuunganidza umboo zvakashandwa nazvo. Nzira idzi dzakashandiswa dzine chinangwa

chekugoka ruzivo pamusoro petsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona padanho re ‘O’

level pachikoro chakasarudzwa mudunhu reMasvingo.

3.2. Nzira huru yetsvakurudzo

3.2.1 Nzira yekwaritetivhi

Hoffman (2003) naCresswell naMiller (2000) muna Cresswell naClark (2018) vanoti, kuitwa

kwetsvakurudzo kunoenderana nechimiro uye mhando yemibvunzo yetsvakurudzo yacho.

Gullivan naDejong (2010) vanotsanangura nzira dzetsvakurudzo sezviitiko uye zvombo

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zvokuunganidza nazvo umboo. Nzira yekwaritetivhi inzira inopa mutsvakurudzi maonero matsva

mune zvaanenge achitsvakurudza nezvazvo pachishandiswa maonero akadzama (Silverman 2011

naMerriam, 2009).

Fraenkel naWallen (2003) vanoti, nzira yetsvakurudzo inoita zvokutsanangura isingashandisi

manhamba ndiyo yakakodzera patsvakurudzo dzezvekugarisana kwevanhu uye tsika.

Kubudikidza nezvizvi mutsvakurudzi akasarudza kushandisa nzira yetsananguro sezvo

tsvakurudzo yake ine chekuita netsika nemagariro. Mutsvakurudzi akashandisa ongororo,

kuverenga nekunzvera zvinyorwa zvakaita semasikimu nemabhuku ebasa rinonyorwa nevadzidzi

kuti awane umboo hune chekuita nemusoro wetsvakurudzo.

Denzin naLincoln (2011) muna Cresswell naClark (2018) vanoti, nzira yekwaritetivhi inoita kuti

mutsvakurudzi awane mukana wokuongorora chese chaangada chiri zvachiri izvozvo pasina

kushandurwa nokuti pava kuitwa tsvakurudzo. Izvi zvakaita kuti mutsvakurudzi ashandise nzira

yekwaritetivhi kuongorora tsumo sechimwe chombo pakati pezvimwe chingashandiswa

mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona. Nzira yekwaritetivhi yakasarudzwa mutsvakurudzi

achidaira kuti ine zvayakanakira kana ichikwikwidzana nedzimwe nzira uye yakakosha chose

mukuongorora madzidzisirwe etsika nemagariro avaShona padanho re ‘O’ level kubudikidza

netsumo.

Nzira yekwaritetivhi inonzi naCohen, Manion naMorrison (2018) yakanyanya kunaka kana

pachiitwa tsvakurudzo ine chokuita nezvedzidzo pachiongororwa zvinyorwa namagwaro.

Fraenkel naWallen (2003) vanotiwo, nzira yetsananguro inoshandiswa pakutapa umboo

pachiitwa hurukuro pakati pemutsvakurudzi nevabvunzwi. Creswell (2015) anoti, nzira

yetsananguro inzira yakatekeshera zvikuru mukuitwa kwetsvagurudzo dzakawanda kunyanya

idzo dzinobata zvedzidzo kana dzimwe dzine chekuita nevanhu. Nekudaro, mutsvakurudzi

42
akashandisa nzira yekwaritetivhi ikamupa mukana wokuita hurukuro nevadzidzisi vakamupa

umboo huri maererano netsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona padanho re ‘O’ Level

pachikoro chakasarudzwa, kupa maonero avo ari maererano neukama huripo pakati petsumo

netsika nemagariro avaShona, zvingaitwe kuti pave nehochekoche mukudzidziswa kwetsika

nemagariro avaShona pachishandiswa tsumo uye kupawo zviitwa zvingashandiswe kudzidzisa

tsika nemagariro kubudikidza netsumo. Mutsvakurudzi akashandisa nzira yetsananguro sezvo

aiita ongororo yezvinobata madzidzisirwe angaitwa tsika nemagariro pachishandiswa tsumo

sechimwe chombo pakati pezvimwe zvinoshandiswa pakudzidzisa tsika nemagariro zvichisiya

vadzidzi vanzwisisa.

Umbowo hwakawanikwa huri maringe netsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona

hwakaita zvekutsanangurwa. Kubudikidza nekushandisa nzira yetsananguro mutsvakurudzi

akakwanisawo kutsanangura ukama huri pakati petsumo netsika nemagariro avaShona,

zvingaitwe kuti pave nehochekoche mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro pachishandiswa tsumo uye

kutsanangurawo zviitwa zvingashandiswe kudzidzisa tsika nemagariro kubudikidza netsumo

sekutsanangurwa kwazvakaitwa nevadzidzisi vakasanganikwa navo mukuita tsvakurudzo.

Nzira yekwaritetivhi yakaita kuti vadzidzi varatidze nekupa pfungwa dzavo kubudikidza

nekubvunzwa nemutsvakurudzi. Cresswell (2014) anoti, nzira yetsananguro inoita kuti zviri

kutsvakurudzwa zvibude asi panofanira kuva nekutaurirana nevanhu vari kushandiswa kupa

humboo mutsvakurudzo. Izvi zvakaita kuti mutsvakurudzi ashandise hurukuro sechombo

pakuferefeta maonero evanhu pamusana petsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona

padanho re ‘O’ level vakapawo maonero avo akazadzikisa zvinangwa zvetsvakurudzo yetsumo

mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona.

Zvakanakira nzira yekwaritetivhi

43
Patton (2002) anoti, chakanyanya kunakira nzira yekwaritetivhi ndechekuti, mutsvakurudzi

ndiye anenge ari chombo chikuru mubasa iroro naizvozvo zvakaita kuti nzira yekwaritetivhi ive

musimboti mutsvakurudzo ino.

Clarke naBraun (2013) vanoti, umboo hunowanikwa nekushandisa nzira iyi hunogona kuratidza

udzamu hwezvinobuda nezvazvinoreva pakuitwa kwetsvakurudzo. Mutsvakurudzi akashandisa

zvaakawana kubva kuvadzidzisi vakaitwa hurukuro navo kwete zvaanofunga iye. Clarke

naBraun (2013) vanoti zvakare, nzira yekwaritetivhi yakanakira kuti umboo hunokurumidza

kunzwisisika, huchitendeseka uye kutambirika seumboo hwekufakaza zvakawanikwa. Barbour

(2013) anoti nzira yekwaritetivhi yakanakira kuti inobudisa manzwiro evanhu vanoshandiswa

mutsvakurudzo. Izvi zvakaita kuti mutsvakurudzi abude neumboo hwakazara zvikaita kuti

tsvakurudzo yake ibude zvakanaka achiwana umboo kubva pamaitiro, mafungiro nemanzwiro

evanhu pamusoro peukama hwetsika nemagariro avaShona netsumo, kuwana mafungiro evanhu

pamusoro pezvingaitwe kuti pave nehochekoche mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona

pachishandiswa tsumo uye maonero avo pazviitwa zvingava zvakakosha mukudzidzisa tsika

nemagariro kubudikidza netsumo.

Barbour (2013) anoti zvakare, nzira iyi yakanakira kuti hainyanyi kuda ruzivo rwemasvomhu

awo anonetsa vazhinji. Nzira iyi inoshandisa mazwi kutsanangura zvinenge zvawanikwa

mutsvakurudzo saka hainei nezvemasvomhu. Mutsvakurudzi akashandisa nzira yekutsanangura

zvinangwa zvake zvose zvikazadziswa nokuti hazvinei nemasvomhu nokudaro akatsanangura

umboo hwaakawana patsvakurudzo yetsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona

pachikoro chakasarudzwa.

Nzira yekwaritetivhi yakapa mutsvakurudzi mukana wokusarudza uwandu hwevakapa umboo

zvichienda nenguva yakashandiswa mukukwasha umbo. Ndizvo zvinonzi naDenzin naLincoln

44
(2000) nzira yekwaritetivhi yakanakira kuti muiti wetsvakurudzo anosarudza uwandu hwevapi

veumboo hunoshandika naho uye hunoenderana neurefu hwenguva inenge ichitarisirwa kuitwa

tsvakurudzo yacho. Mutsvakurudzi akawana nguva yakakwana yokusangana nevadzidzisi pasina

zvokumhanya-mhanya, nekuti mutsvakurudzi akashanda neuwandu hwevabvunzwi huri pakati

nepakati. Zvichireva izvo kuti mutsvakurudzi akawana nguva yokuwana pfungwa netsanangudzo

dzine udzamu kubva kuvadzidzisi vachipa maonero nemafungiro avo pamusoro petsumo

mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona padanho re ‘O’ level pachikoro chakasarudzwa

mudhorobha reMasvingo.

Zvigozhero zvenzira yekwaritetivhi

Nzira yekwaritetivhi ine dambudziko rekurerekera kune rimwe divi rezvinobuda mutsvakurudzo

pasina tsigiro yakakwana uye inogona kutadza kupa umboo hunodiwa kana mutsvakurudzi

akatadza kutungamirira gwara rehurukuro neuchenjeri. Creswell (2014) anoti, nzira

yetsananguro ine dambudziko rekurerekera kune rimwe divi. Savin - Baben naMajor (2013)

vanoti, zvinoda ungwaru kuti mutsvagurudzi anoshandisa nzira yetsananguro aite basa rakanaka,

uye nzira iyi inogona kuita kuti umboo huwanikwe huri hwemanyepo, hwakaumbiridzwa

zvakanyanya nepfungwa dzemutsvakurudzi kana kuti hwatapwa kumbvunzwi achitsvaka dzvene

kumubvunzi. Izvi zvinozoita kuti zvinangwa zvekuda kuziva ukama huripo pakati petsumo

netsika nemagariro, zvingaitwe kuti pave nekudyidzana kwetsumo mukudzidzisa tsika

nemagariro uye zviitwa zvingaitwe kuti tsika nemagariro zvidzidzisike pachishandiswa tsumo

zvizadziswe neumboo huri nechekure nechokwadi. Mutsvakurudzi achaedza kuti umboo

hunobuda hunge huri hwakanaka uye hunotendeseka pasina zvekutevera zvinoda pfungwa

nemoyo wake.

45
Fraenkel naWallen (2003) vanoti, nzira iyi yakaipira kuti vabvunzwi vanogona kuva vanhu

vanotya zvokutaura pavanhu voguma votadza kubudisa umboo nemazvo. Vadzidzisi vanogona

kutya kana kunyara kubudisa umboo hwavo pane vamwe chikonzero chiri chekuti vanenge

vachida kuti urema hwavangagona kunge vanahwo mairirano nechidzidzo cheChiShona

hungaonekwa nevamwe vakazotarisirwa pasi. Mibvunzo yetsvakurudzo inogona kuvati netsei

kupindura munguva yehurukuro izvo zvinozoita kuti vasakwanisa kupa umboo hwakajeka.

Mutsvakurudzi achaedza kuti mibvunzo yake yehurukuro ijekere vabvunzwi. Mutsvakurudzi

achashandisa zvombo zvake zvetsvakurudzo achishanda nemudzidzisi mumwe mumwe pasina

vamwe vanhu kuti vave vakasununguka kupa umboo. Zvakare mutsvakurudzi achajekesa kuti

umboo nezvavanenege vataura nekunyora ichava tsindidzo ichagara muhana dzemubvunzi

nevabvunzwi chete uye achajekesa kuti itsvakurudzo iri kuitwa saka mumwe nemumwe

ngaasununguke kupa muonero wake. Izvi zvichabetsera pakurwisa zvimhingamupini

zvingatadzisa kuzadzikiswa kwezvinangwa zvetsvakurudzo yetsumo mukudzidzisa tsika

nemagariro avaShona padanho re ‘O’ level.

Marshall naRossman (1999) vanoti nzira yetsananguro inodawo nguva yakawanda chaizvo.

Nguva yakawanda inotorwa pakutsanangurirana nemudzidzisi mumwe panguva imwe chete

kusvika mutsvakurudzi apedza kuita hurukuro nevadzidzisi vaachashanda navo. Kumar (2011)

anoti nzira iyi unopedza nguva pachiitwa hurukuro dzimwe nguva isina umboo hune udzamu

zvakare inoda kushandiswa kwemari zhinji kugadzira zvombo zvekushandisa pamwe

nekushanyira nzvimbo dzinowanikwa vabvunzwi. Musiyapaduku uyu unogona kuzokonzera kuti

mutsvagurudzi awane umboo husingatendeseki pamusoro peukana hwetsumo netsika

nemagariro, zvingaitwe kuti pave nehochekoche pakati petsumo netsika nemagariro uye zviitwa

zvingashandiswa mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona pachishandiswa tsumo.

46
Mutsvakurudzi anoona sekuti dambudziko iri ringapedzwa nekutanga aita sarudzo yevabvunzwi

kuitira kuti arege kubvunza munhu wese wese izvo zvinozomupedzera nguva yakawanda.

Mutsvakurudzi achachenjerera matambudziko ese aya kubudikidza nekushandisa chombo

chehurukuro necheongororo yezvinyorwa panzira yetsananguro sezvo misiyapaduku yose

ichagona kuwanikwa panzira iyi yava kuzivikanwa.

3.3. Zvombo zvekuunganidza umboo

Patton (2002) anoti, kuunganidza umboo kunotongoitwa nemunhu wese anenge achiita

tsvakurudzo. Saka zvombo zvinokosha mutsvakurudzo yega yega nokuti ndizvo zvine basa

rekuhwerengedza umboo hunodiwa nemutsvakurudzi.

3.3.1 Ongororo yezvinyorwa

Chisi nevamwe (2004) vanoti, ongororo yezvinyorwa inobatsira mutsvakurudzi kuti akwanise

kubata chokwadi chehumwe umboo uhwo hwaanenge ambowana. Mcmillan naShumacher

(1997) vanotiwo kuongorora zvinyorwa womene hazvinei nokutsvaga umboo kune vamwe asi

kuti mutsvakurudzi anowana umboo kubva pane zvaaverenga obva azviongorora. Cresswell

(2014) anoti, ongororo yezvinyorwa chombo chinoshandiswa kutsvaga umboo hwetsvagurudzo

pachishandiswa kuverenga kwakanyanya kwezvinyorwa zvakawanda. Anoenderera mberi achiti

izvi zvinobatsira kupa tendeseko yetsvakurudzo inenge ichiitwa. Izvi zvichireva kuti ongororo

yezvinyorwa inzira yokutsvaga nayo umboo kuburikidza nekuzviverengera zvinyorwa.

3.3.6 Zvakanakira ongororo yezvinyorwa

Kothari (2004) anoti, ongororo yezvinyorwa inoedza kukwenenzvera apo panenge pasiiwa

nedzimwe nzira dzekugoka nadzo umboo dzakaita sehurukuro. Mutsvakurudzi ane humwe

47
umboo hwaakawanawo kuburikidza nokungoona zvakanyorwa. Izvi zvakabatsira mutsvakurudzi

kuti abude neumboo hunotendeseka huchishandika nahwo.

Ongororo yezvinyorwa inoita kuti mutsvakurudzi aone mukaha maringe nenyaya iri

kutsvakurudzwa nezvayo (Newman 2000). Mutsvakurudzi akaongorora mabhuku evadzidzi

vedanho re ‘O’ level kuti akwanise kuona madzidzire avari kuita tsumo uye tsika nemagariro.

Mutsvakurudzi akaongororawo masikimu evadzidzisi veChiShona chedanho re ‘O’ level

vepachikoro chakasarudzwa izvo zvakaita kuti akwanise kuona madzidzisirwe ari kuitwa tsumo

netsika nemagariro. Mutsvakurudzi akakwanisa kuongorora kuti vadzidzisi vari kuronga basa

rekudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona vachidzidyidzanisa netsumo here.

3.3.2 Hurukuro

Mutsvakurudzi akaunganidzawo umboo kubudikidza nekuita hurukuro nevadzidzisi. Hurukuro

yakabetsera kusimbaradza zvakawanikwa paongororo yezvinyorwa. Hatch (2002) anoti,

hurukuro kana nhaurirano kutaurirana kwemutsvakurudzi nemubvunzwi kunobudisa pfungwa

dzose dzemubvunzwi kubudikidza nemapinduriro aanoita mibvunzo yemutsvakurudzi. Collins

(2000) anotiwo, hurukuro kuonana chiso nechiso kwevanhu vaviri kana kupfuura apo panenge

pane mubvunzi nevabvunzwi, mubvunzi achibvunza vabvunzwi vachipindura. Creswell (2014)

anoti, hurukuro kana kuti nhaurirano mibvunzo inotangwa nemubvunzi aine chinangwa

chekuwana umboo hunoenderana netsvakurudzo yake kubva kumupinduri. Mutsvakurudzi akaita

hurukuro nevadzidzisi nechinangwa chekutsvaga zviri mupfungwa dzavo nekunzwa maonero

avo. Zvakakwanisika kubudikidza nekufambiswa kwemashoko pakati pemukwashi weumboo

nevadzidzisi vanova ndivo vaitarisirwa kunge vane umboo ihwohwo. Hurukuro yakaita kuti

mutsvakurudzi azive mafungiro evadzidzisi, pamusoro peukama huri pakati petsumo netsika

nemagariro, zvingaitwe kuti pave nehochekoche mukudzidziswa kwetsika nemagariro avaShona

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pachishandiswa tsumo uye zviitwa zvingagone kushandiswa kudzidzisa tsika nemagariro

kubudikidza netsumo izvo zvingagone kusimudzira kudzidziswa kwetsika nemagariro padanho

re ‘O’ level pachikoro chakasarudzwa mudhorobha reMasvingo. Mutsvakurudzi akaonana chiso

nechiso nevadzidzisi vedanho re ‘O’ level vepachikoro chakasarudzwa avo vaaifungidzira kuti

vane umboo hunodikanwa netsvagurudzo ino.

Zvakanakira hurukuro

Chombo ichi chakapa mutsvakurudzi mukana wokusangana nevane umboo hwacho vanova

vadzidzisi veChiShona padanho re ‘O’ level mutsvakurudzo ino vari pachikoro chakasarudzwa

mudhorobha reMasvingo. Shastri (2008) anoti kubudikidza nenhaurirano, zviito zvemubvunzwi

zvinonyatsoonekwa zvinosanganisira izwi rake neuvhizhuvhizhu hwenhengo dzemuviri. Izvi

zvakabatsira mutsvakurudzi kuti agone kubata mafungiro evadzidzisi kubudikidza nemaitiro avo

zvikamubatsira kuwana umboo pamusoro pezvavanofunga maringe neukama huri patsumo

netsika nemagariro avaShona, zvingaitwe kuti pave nehochekoche mukudzidziswa kwetsika

nemagariro avaShona pachishandiswa tsumo uye zviitwa zvingashandiswe kudzidzisa tsika

nemagariro kubudikidza netsumo.

Shastri (2008) anoti, nzira yehurukuro yakanakira kuti mutsvakurudzi anogona kutsanangurira

mubvunzwi paanenge asinganzwisisi sezvo vachionana chiso nechiso. Kunyatsotsanangurira

vadzidzisi pavasinganzwisisi kwakaita kuti umboo hubude zvinogutsa sezvo vakakwanisa kupa

mhinduro inopindura mubvunzo waabvunzwa akanyatsonzwisisa. Mutsvakurudzi akabatsirikana

nekushandisa chombo ichi chose nekuti akakwanisawo kuti atsanangurire vabvunzwi zvinogutsa

apo pane mibvunzo yavakange vasinganzwisisi iri maringe neukama huripo pakati petsumo

netsika nemagariro avaShona, zvingaitwe kuti pave nesungawirirano mukudzidziswa kwetsika

nemagariro avaShona pachishandiswa tsumo uye zviitwa zvingasevenzeswa kurairidza tsika

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nemagariro kubudikidza netsumo izvo zvinogona kuvandudza madzidzisirwe etsika nemagariro

avaShona anotarisirwa.

Pahurukuro pane mukana wekuwedzera imwe mibvunzo zvichibva nemhinduro dzinenge

dzapiwa nevabvunzwi. Babbie nevamwe (2001) vanoti, mubvunzi pahurukuro ane mukana

wekuramba achitokonya vabvunzwi kuti vasvike pakumupa umboo hwaanenge achitsvaga

nemazvo. Mutsvakurudzi akabatsirikawo mukuita hurukuro nekuti akakwanisa kuwana

vabvunzwi vakamboverengawo zvimwe zvinyorwa zvine pfungwa dzine ukama netsvakurudzo

izvo zvakazoita kuti vagone kupawo maonero avo patsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro

avaShona izvo zvakabatsira kuwana humwe umboo hwakanga husina kutarisirwa uye husiri

pamibvunzo yaakanga agadzira iye pachake. Zvakabatsira kuwana umwe umboo hwakanga

husina kutarisirwa nemutsvakurudzi uho hwakabatsira pakumujekesera mafungiro evadzidzisi

pamusoro peukama huri pakati petsumo netsika nemagariro, zvingaitwe kuti pave nehochekoche

mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro pachishandiswa tsumo uye zviitwa zvinobvira kushandiswa

kudzidzisa tsika nemagariro kubudikidza netsumo.

Zvigozhero pahurukuro

Frankel naWallen (2003) naNeuman (2000) vanoti, hurukuro yembonano yakaipira kuti inotora

nguva refu uye haitenderi kuti vabvunzwi vambotsvaga rubatsiro kuhama neshamwari dzavo

pavanenge vachipindura mibvunzo. Mutsvakurudzi akaedza kuderedza matambudziko aya

nekukurudzira vabvunzwi kupa mhinduro vakasununguka zvichienderana nemaonero avo

zvisinei nekuvapo kwemutsvakurudzi. Mutsvakurudzi akatanga ataurirana nevabvunzwi zvikaita

kuti arege kufambira pasina sezvo chikoro chacho chiri kwakati taraukirei uko kwaakaita

zvekufamba netsoka kuti akwanise kuita hurukuro vevadzidzisi vachionana uso. Hurukuro inzira

inoda nguva yakawanda kuti mutsvakurudzi akwanise kubuda neumboo hwaanenge achitsvaga.

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Nekudaro, mutsvakurudzi akashanda achichenjerera nguva sezvo akaita hurukuro nevabvunzwi

munguva yakanga yakatarwa akaramba ari pazvinagwa zvake. Gadziriro yekuita hurukuro

yakarongwawo zvakanaka izvo zvakaderedza mukana wekutambisa nguva yemutsvakurudzi

achiita zvisina tsarukano.

Kumar (2011) anoti, umboo hunowanikwa muhurukuro hunogona kunge huri hwakasiyana-

siyana izvo zvinozoita kuti zvigozhere mutsvagurudzi kubudisa chokwadi chaicho kubva

pahumboo hunenge hwapiwa. Mutsvakurudzi akachenjerera dambudziko iri pakuunganidza

umboo hwehurukuro kubudikidza nekuronga umboo hunowirirana pahwo hwega kuti zvirege

kungoita madirativhange. Zvigozhero zvese izvi zvikanyatsochenjererwa sezvaratidzwa izvo

zvikaita kuti mutsvakurudzi abude neumboo hunotendeseka pakuzadzisa zvinangwa

zvetsvagurudzo yetsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona.

3.4 Masarudzirwo evakashandwa navo

Gall, Gall naBorg (2003) vanoti, vanoshandwa navo mutsvakurudzo ndivo vanhu vanosarudzwa

nemutsvakurudzi kuti vazopindura mibvunzo yetsvakurudzo inenge yakagadzirwa

nemutsvakurudzi.

Best naKhan (1993) vanoti, vanhu vanoshandwa navo mutsvakurudzo vanotarisirwa kupa umboo

hunodikanwa uye ndeavo vanoonekwa kuti zviri mavari zvinoita kuti mutsvakurudzi anzwe kuda

kubatsirwa navo. Nekudaro mutsvakurudzi akasarudza kushanda nevadzidzisi veChiShona

mutauro vedanho re ‘O’ level pachikoro chakasarudzwa. Chikoro chakasarudzwa chakamiririra

zvimwe zvikoro zvakawanda sezvo Best naKhan (1993) vachiti, kachikamu keuwandu

kanomiririra uwandu hwose hunotarisirwa. Pakusarudza vadzidzisi vakashandwa navo

mutsvakurudzi akashandisa nzira yesarudzo ine chikonzero iyo inototaridza kuti mutsvakurudzi

akagara ane boka revadzidzisi vaakanga akanangana navo kwete vese vese vari mubazi

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reChiShona. Naizvozvo vakashandwa navo vadzidzisi veChiShona vedanho re ‘O’ level chete

avo vakasarudzwa kumiririra veruzhinji sezvo zvisiri nyore kuti mutsvakurudzi aite hurukuro

nevadzidzisi vose zvavo veChiShona.

3.5. Mhedziso

Chitsauko chino chagona kujekesa nzira huru yakashandiswa mutsvakurudzo ino, kupa zvombo

zvakashandiswa pakuunganidza umboo pachipiwa zvadzakanakira nezvadzakaipira uye kuti

mutsvakurudzi akangwarira sei paida kungwarirwa pachombo chega chega. Zvakare,

masarudzirwo evakashandwa navo mutsvakurudzo ajekeswa.

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CHITSAUKO CHECHINA

4.0 KUPIRA NEKUONGORORA UMBOO HWAKAWANIKWA MUTSVAKURUDZO

4.1 Nhanganyaya

Muchitsauko chino mutsvakurudzi akanangana nekupira pamwe chete nekuita ongororo

yeumboo hwakawanikwa mutsvakurudzo ino. Mutsvakurudzi achayanika pachena

zvakawanikwa kubva kuhurukuro yaakaita nevadzidzisi vedanho re ‘O’ level veChiShona

pachikoro chakasarudzwa iri maringe netsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona.

Mutsvakurudzi achawaridzawo zvakare umboo hwaakawana huri maererano nezvaakawana

mukoongorora zvinyorwa zvakaita semabhuku ebasa rinonyorwa nevadzidzi vedanho re ‘O’

level uye masikimu evadzidzisi veChiShona vepachikoro chakasarudzwa. Zvose zvakawanikwa

mukuita tsvakurudzo zvichaita zvekutsanangurwa. Pfungwa dzembongorori dzakasiyana-siyana

dzichashandiswa kutsigira umboo hwakakwashiwa nemutsvakurudzi.

4.2 Ruzivo pamusoro pevabvunzwi.

Mutsvakurudzi akaita hurukuro nevadzidzisi vatatu vepachikoro chakasarudzwa. Kuita hurukuro

nevadzidzisi vose ava vari vatatu kwakabetsera kuti mutsvakurudzi awane umboo hwakakwana

sezvo zvichipa kuti pasiirirwa nemumwe pave panozadzikiswa nemumwewo mudzidzisi mukuita

hurukuro. Vadzidzi vose ava vachamiririrwa nemavara anoti A, B naC mukuwaridza umboo

hwavakakwanisa kupa. Mutsvakurudzi akashanda nevadzidzisi vatatu kuti ave nechokwadi

cheumboo hwaaikwasha huri maringe netsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona

padanho re ‘O’ level pachikoro chakasarudzwa mudunhu reMasvingo. Vaviri vaiva vakadzi,

mumwe chete ari murume pavabvunzwi vakakurukura nemutsvakurudzi saka rupau rwese

rwakamiririrwa.

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4.3 Tsananguro yechinonzi tsumo

Mukuita hurukuro mutsvakurudzi akawana mhinduro dzakasiyana-siyana mushure mekunge apa

vadzidzisi mukana wekutsanangura chinonzi tsumo semazivire avo. Mhinduro dzakawanikwa

nemutsvakurudzi dzairatidza kuti vadzidzisi vose ivavo vanoziva kutsanangura chinonzi tsumo

kunyange zvazvo dzimwe mhinduro dzavo dzaiita musiya paduku.

Mudzidzisi A, akatsanangura achiti, “Tsumo kutaura kwemandorokwati kunodzidzisa mazera

ose kuchibudisa mararamire evanhu”. Kotiwo Mudzidzisi B akati, “Tsumo chirevo chine

udzamu chinotendeka zvinoshorwa nezvinokosheswa mutsika nemukurarama kunoita vanhu

vemarudzi akasiyana-siyana”. Mudzidzisi C akatiwo, “Tsumo matauriro anoitwa nemarudzi

akasiyana-siyana pasi rose”. Akatsinhidzira mashoko ake achiti, “Tsumo chirevo chinojekesa

zvinotambirwa nezvisingatambirwi mumararamiro anoita vanhu. Mukuita ongororo yezvakabuda

hurukuro yechinonzi tsumo mutsvakurudzi akaona huvepo hweukama pakati petsumo netsika

nemagariro kunyanya mhinduro yakapiwa nemudzidzisi C. Dambudziko rakaonekwa chete

nemutsvakurudzi nderekuti ivo vadzidzisi vanoziva kuti tsumo nemararamire evanhu

zvinofambirana pamwe, asi chavasina ruzivo nacho ndechekuti tsumo idzodzo dzinogona kumira

sechombo chekudzidzisa nacho tsika nemagariro nepo vanenge vachitofura shiri mbiri nedombo

rimwe chete panguva imwe sezvo vadzidzi vanobva vatosara vachitozivawo tsumo dzakasiyana-

siyana idzo dzavanozosangana nadzo muzamanishoni reChiShona. Tsanangudzo dzakapiwa

nevadzidzisi dzinoenderana nezvinotaura Yu (2019) uyo anoti, tsumo kutaura kunozivikanwa

uye kudzokororwa kuchibudiswa zviri nyore asi zvirevo zvacho zvakatakura chokwadi

chinozivikanwa nevanhu vese verudzi uye chakatakura zvose zvinosanganikwa nazvo

mukurarama. Yu (2019) anoti, tsumo dzinomiririra zvose zvinowanikwa mutsika nemagariro.

Anoti zvakare, tsumo dzine hochekoche nenhoroondo, upenyu hwezuva nezuva nekurarama

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kunoita vanhu munyika izvo zvinova zvisina kunyatsodzikwa nazvo mutsananguro dzakapiwa

nevadzidzisi vose vakakurukurwa navo. Zvichireva izvo kuti umboo hwevadzidzisi mairirano

netsananguro yetsumo hwaita musiyapaduku asi hukabatanidzwa nepfungwa dzaYu (2019)

zvinojeka kuti tsananguro yechinonzi tsumo inogona kuva inojekesa kuvapo kweukama pakati

petsumo netsika nemagariro izvo zvinoita kuti titi tsumo dzinoshanda pakudzidzisa tsika

nemagariro avaShona.

4.4 Tsananguro yechinonzi tsika nemagariro

Mutsvakurudzi akadawo kuziva maonero evadzidzisi vedanho re ‘O’ level pamusoro pechinonzi

tsika nemagariro. Vadzidzisi vose vakaitwa navo hurukuro vakaratidza kuva neruzivo maererano

nechinonzi tsika nemagariro kunyange zvazvo vakasiirirawo zvimwe.

Mudzidzisi A akati, “Tsika nemagariro maitire evanhu anotambirwa nerudzi uye mararamire avo

ezuva nezuva.” Mudzidzisi B akatiwo, “Tsika nemagariro zvinhu zvose zvinotorwa

sezvakakosha uye zvakanakira rudzi. Mudzidzisi B akabva angopawo muenzaniso ipapo ipapo

wekuti, “Kukudza vakuru chaiko kunokosheswa mutsika nemagariro avaShova.” Mudzidzisi C

akapawo pfungwa dzake achiti, “Tsika nemagariro ndeizvo zvinoitwa nevanhu munyika vose

vachitenda kuti izvi ndizvo zvakanaka zvinoyemurwa.” Akaenderera mberi achiti, “Zvaiitwa

kare tisati tavapo panyika vachizvitora sezvakakosha mukurarama kwedu izvo zvatichiri

kungoita ndidzo tsika nemagariro kunyange zvazvo zvimwe zvisingachakosheswi”.

Mukuita ongororo yeumboo hwakapiwa nevadzidzisi vose vari vatatu mutvakurudzi akaona kuti

mudzidzisi C akapa tsanangudzo dzinogutsa asi akabata tsananguro yechinonzi tsika nemagariro

semaitire anotambirika munyika asingacherechedzi kuti munyika imomo zvakaita

semuZimbabwe mune marudzi akasiyana-siyana akaita semaNdebele, vaShona maNyanja

nemamwewo. Nekudaro, tsananguro yake inogona kuonekwa seyakaita dembu tembu sezvo

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marudzi iwawo akasiyana-siyana ane maitire awo asingagoni kuti agamuchirwe nevamwe vasiri

verudzi irworwo. Zvoreva kuti munyika hamungavi netsika nemagariro akafanana asi kuti

zvinosiyana nemarudzi nenzvimbo inogara vemarudzi akasiyana-siyana. Mukuita ongororo

yetsananguro dzavo vadzidzisi ava vari vatatu mutsvakurudzi akaona kuti vadzidzisi vane ruzivo

netsananguro yechinonzi tsika nemagariro uye vadzidzisi ava vane dama rimwe chete rekuti tsika

nemagariro ndizvo zvose zvinoitwa nevanhu zvichikosheswa nekutambirwa sezvinhu zvakanaka.

Tsananguro dzose dzevadzidzisi A, B naC dzine tsigiro inobva kuna Atkinson (1992) muna

Nyoni, Nyota naZivenge (2013) avo vanotsanangura tsika nemagariro semararamiro anoitwa

neverudzi rumwe rune maonero nemafungiro mamwe kusanganisira zvitendero, mutauro, tutsika,

zvinhanho, maitiro nezvimwe.

Zvakare mutsvakurudzi akaita ongororo yetsanangudzo dzakapiwa nevadzidzisi vaakaita

hurukuro navo akaona kuti hongu vakatsanangura chinonzi tsika nemagariro asi vakasiirira

kubudisawo kuti tsika nemagariro dzine mhando zvinova zvakaitwa naGondo naNyoni muna

Magwa (2016) avo vanoronga tsika muzvikwata zvikuru zviviri. Gondo naNyoni muna Magwa

(2016) vanoti, kune chikwata chetsika nemagariro chezvinobatika zvichioneka nemaziso

kozouya chikwata chetsika nemagariro ezvinongozivikanwa chete kuti zviriko zvichitokosheswa.

Zvinobatika zviri mutsika nemagariro sekuti zvivezwa, zviumbwa nezvivakwa uye

zvisingabatiki zvakaita semafungiro, nziyo uye tsumo. Zvakadaro umboo hwakawanikwa kubva

kuvadzidzisi ava hwakakosha sezvo hwaipa chiedza chezvaitsvakwa kuti zvizivikanwe

nemutsvakurudzi zvechinonzi tsika nemagariro.

4.5 Kunobva tsumo

Mukuita tsvakurudzo mutsvakurudzi akadawo kuziva kuti vadzidzisi ava vane ruzivo here ruri

maringe nekuti tsumo dzinombobvepi. Vadzidzisi vakapawo mafungiro avo vachipa mienzaniso

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awo akatorwa sehumboo hwakakosha nemutsvakurudzi. Izvi zvakaitwa nemutsvakurudzi yaiva

nzira yekuda kuona kuti ko kana ivo vagona kupa tsananguro yetsumo vachiti dzinobudisa

chokwadi cheupenyu nemararamiro evanhu zvino vangazivawo here kwadzinobva.

Mukuita hurukuro, mudzidzisi A akati, “Tsumo dzinobva muvanhu, tichidziwana kubva kune

vakuru vedu.” Mudzidzisi uyu akawedzera maonero ake achiti, “Tsumo dzinobva mune

zvinoitika muupenyu zvakaita sezvinetso nezvidzidzo zveupenyu.” Mudzidzisi A akati,

“Zvimwe zvinoitika ndezvekuti hauremekedzwi kwese kwaunenge waenda ungave une chigaro

chaunacho kwaunogara ndokusaka kune tsumo yekuti mwana washe muranda kumwe.”

Mhinduro yemudzidzisi A akabva yabudisa kuti tsumo dzinobva kune zveushe neuranda izvo

zvinova zvirimowo mukurarama kwevanhu. Mudzidzisi A akati zvakare, “Parudo kana dzvetsva

ndipo pamwe panobva tsumo yekuti rudo ibofu”. Muono wemudzidzisi A unowirirana

newaNyota naNyoni (2013) avo vanoti, tsumo dzinobata zvose zvinoitika mukurarama.

Mudzidzisi A haana kuzokwanisawo kubata zvimwe zviitiko zveupenyu zvinowanikwa zviri

zvinoumba tsumo izvo zvakarehwa naNyota naNyoni (2013) zvakaita sezvitendero nenhoroondo

yeupenyu. Tsananguro dzakapiwa nemudzidzisi A dzinowirirana nedze mudzidzisi B uyo akati,

“Tsumo dzinobva mune zvatinoona mumararamire edu sekuti, rugare tange nhamo tinenge

tatoona vakabudirira asi ivo vaimbotambura”. Matsanangurire akaita mudzidzisi B anoratidza

kuti kusimukira kunoita vanhu ishanduko inoverengwa sezvinhu zvinoitika muupenyu

zvichiyemurika. Mudzidzisi C akawedzerawo apo pakasiiwa nemudzidzisi A naB achiti, “Tsumo

idzi dzinobva pakucherechedzwa kunoitwa zvinhu zvinoshandiswa nevanhu semuenzaniso

pakuita mibato wemaoko. Tikatarisa tsumo dzakaita sachimwango chemumwe hachina ndima

zvinoratidza kuti dai pasina badza iroro ingadai pasina tsumo iyoyo”. Mudzidzisi C akataura

zvinoenderana nezvemudzidzisi A achiti, “Tsumo dzinobva kuhutongi tichitarisa tsumo dzakaita

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saushe madzoro hunoravanwa.” Mudzidzisi C akati, “Chinoitika ndechekuti dzimwe tsumo

hatitozivi kuti dzakabva nekupi sezvo tanga tisati tambosangana nemubvunzo wakadaro hatina

kumbobvira tazvicherechedza.” Mudzidzisi C akatsinhidzira achiti, “Dzimwe tsumo

dzinongonyuka takavarairwa tisingazivi kuti chirevo ichocho chakatanga nani uye chakabva

nekupi chaizvo.”

Mukuita ongororo mutsvakurudzi akaona kuti vadzidzisi ava vane ruzivo rushoma rwuri maringe

nekunobva tsumo zvichireva kuti vanongodzidzisa tsumo dzacho vasingazvibvunziwo kuti

dzinobvepi chaizvo. Mutsvakurudzi akaona kuti pasiiwa zvimwe zviri maererano nekunobva

tsumo. Semuenzaniso, kune mbongorori dzakawanda dzakaita ongororo yekunobva tsumo saYu

(2019) naNyembesi (2000) avo vanoti, tsumo dzinobva kune zvinotaurwa nekunyorwa

nenyanzvi dzine chipo chekutamba nemashoko dzakaita sana Shakespear izvo zvinova zvisina

kumbofungiwawo nevadzidzisi vakaita hurukuro nemutsvakurudzi. Mieder (2014) anoti, zvirevo

zvenyanzvi idzi zvinotozotapiwa nevamwe vanyori kana kushandiswa nevanhu mukutaura

vasingazivi kuti zvirevo izvozvo zvizere neungwaru. Chakacherechedzwa zvakare

nemutsvakurudzi ndechekuti zvakataurwa nemudzidzisi A naC zvekuti, tsumo dzinobva kune

zveumambo neuranda zvinowirirana nemuono waNyota naNyoni (2013) wekuti tsumo dzinobva

mune zvematongerwo enyika uye zvematongerwo enyika izvozvo hazvingabviswi mune zviitiko

zvemunyika kureva kuti ndechimwe chikamu chezvinoitika muupenyu hwevanhu munyika kana

munharaunda.

Mukubwerengedza umboo hwese hwaakawana kubva kuvadzidzisi vose vari vatatu

achidzienzanisa nepfungwa dzembomgorori dzakaita basa rekuongorora kunobva tsumo

mutsvakurudzi akaona kuti vadzidzisi ava vanotoziva kuti pasina tsika nemagariro hapana tsumo

uye pasinawo tsumo hapanawo tsika nemagariro. Semuenzaniso, pakaongororwa mhinduro

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yemudzidzisi A uyo ane pfungwa dzakanodondekana nedza Nyota naNyoni (2013) dzekuti

tsumo dzinobva pane zvekupfimbana zvinoratidza kuti mudzidzisi iyeye anotoziva kuti tsumo

dzinobva mune zvetsika nemagariro awo anotsanangura sazvose zvinoitwa nevanhu

zvichigamuchirwa kuti zvakanaka. Zvekupfimbana zvirimo mutsika nemagariro avaShona izvo

zvakatunzva kuti pazoumbwa tsumo dzakaita sana “rudo ibofu narinonyenga rinowarara

rinozosimudza musoro rawana” idzo dzinobudiswawo naNgwaru (2012). Umboo hwavo

hwakajekesa chaizvo kuti tsika nemagariro angava zvinobatika kana zvisingabatiki ndicho

chitubu chinosinira tsumo dzakasiyana-siyana. Zvino chakashamisa mutsvakurudzi ndechekuti

kana iko kwacho kwavari kuti kunobva tsumo kuri zviwanikwa zvemutsika nemagariro saka sei

vadzidzisi vasingashandisi tsumo dzacho idzodzo kudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona anova

hwaro hwekunobva tsumo. Zvakataurwa nevadzidzisi zvakaisa chiedza chekuti tsumo

dzinoshandisika mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona.

4.6 Zvinokosheswa mutsika nemagariro avaShona.

Mutsvakurudzi akadawo kuwana ruzivo rwevadzidzisi rwuri maererano nezvinokosheswa

mutsika nemagariro avaShona. Akada kuona kuti sezvo vakapa tsananguro yechinonzi tsika

nemagariro sezvinhu zvose zvinokosheswa nevanhu vemarudzi akasiyana-siyana zvino vane

ruzivo here ruri maererano nezvacho zvinokosheswa mutsika nemagariro avaShona.

Mukuitwa kwehurukuro yezvinokosheswa mutsika nemagariro avaShona, mudzidzisi A akati,

“Mutsika nemagariro avaShona munosanganisira zvipfeko kunyanya kupfeka kwakatsiga.”

Kutaura kwake kuti kupfeka kwakatsiga mudzidzisi uyu aida kuratidza kuti mutsika nemagariro

avaShona vanhu vanotarisirwa kunge vakapfeka zvipfeko zvisingatangiri pazvakagumira zvisiri

pedo nekushama sezvavakupfekwa nevanasikana variko mazuvano uye vakomana kuti

vanotarisirwa kupfeka zvipfeko zvakaita nemitodo vakazviisa panzvimbo kwete kupfekera

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mitodo iyoyo muzasi mechiuono sezviri kuonekwa mazuvano apo vanhu vari kutora zvipfeko

nemapfekero emamwe marudzi seavo. Zvakataurwa nemudzidzisi A uyu zvakakosha chaizvo

nekuti zvakazadzisa apo pakasiiwa nembongorori dzakaita saGondo naNyoni muna Magwa

(2016) avo vanongodoma zvipfeko zvinova chipandi chetsika nemagariro evatema muZimbabwe

vasinganyatsojekesa mapfekero uye chimiro chezvipfeko zvinofanira kunge zvichipfekwa.

Nekudaro, muono wemudzidzisi A wakakosha chaizvo nekuti wakatendeka kuti kana tichiti

zvipfeko nemapfekero ndezvipi zvatinotarisa kana tava mune zvetsika nemagariro avaShona.

Mudzidzisi A akawedzerawo achiti, “Mutsika nemagariro avaShona mune kubetserana, zviera,

midzimu, matare, zvekuroorana sebarika, kutema ugariri uye kutizisa.” Mudzidzisi A akagona

kupa tsika dzekuroorana nemienzaniso yenzira dzekuroorana kunyangezvazvo asina kuzodoma

dzese nzira dzekuroorana nadzo. Nzira dzekuwanana nadzo idzi dzinobudiswawo naGombe

(2000) uyo anopawo dzimwe dzisina kudomewa nemudzidzisi A dzakaita sekuzvarira,

musengabere, kubvunzira kana kutumira, chigadzamapfihwa, bondwe kana chitsaramvi,

chimhurira uye kuganha. Chaakatadza kuzivawo chete ndechekuratidza zvikwata zvezviera

zvichienderana nebasa razvo izvo zvakabudiswawo naTatira (2000) uyo anoti, kune zviera

zvakanangana nekuchengetedza nharaunda kuti igare yakachena zvinokurudzira undere, zviera

zvakanangana nekuchengetedza unhu hwevanhu, zviera zvekuchengetedza mhuka kuti

dzisaitirwa utsinye nevanhu zvichingodaro. Mudzidzisi A zvakare haana kuzopawo mienzaniso

yezviera zvacho zvakaita sekuti ukagara mumugwagwa unoita mamota, ukagara guyo kana duri

unofirwa nemukadzi kana murume nezvimwewo zvakabudiswa naTatira (2000) asi chakakosha

ndechekuti akabudisa kuti zviera zvirimo mutsika nemagariro avaShona uye zvinokosheswa.

Chimwe zvakare chakakangamwikwa nemudzidzisi A ndechekuratidza kuve nenzvimbo kana

kusava nenzvimbo kwedzimwewo dzika nemagariro avaShona mukurarama kwatiri kuita nhasi.

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Semuenzaniso, tsika dzekuwanana nadzo dzakaita sekutema ugariri hazvichina nzvimbo

mukurarama kwevanhu muzuva ranhasi. Tinongoverenga tsika idzi dzisingachaonekwi

dzichiitwa sedzinokosheswa navaShona nekuti yava nhoroondo yekuti kare vanhu vairoorana

nenzira dzakadai izvo zvinotsigirwa naGondo naNyoni muna Magwa (2016) avo vanoti, mutsika

nemagariro avaShona mune nhoroondo dzemagamuchidzanwa kubva kuzvizvarwa nezvizvarwa

zvemarudzi. Nekudaro, hazvingazoiti kuti vanhu vati tsika dzakasara kana kuti hadzikosheswi

nekuti panotaurwa nhoroondo yemararamire evaShona tsika idzodzo dzinowanikwa dzirimo

dzichitotaurwawo.

Mutsvakurudzi akadawo kunzwa mafungiro emudzidzisi B uyo akazozadzisawo gasva rakasiiwa

nemudzidzisi A achiti, “Mutsika nemagariro munokosheswa ukama, mutauro, zvekuroorana,

rukudzo, mushandirapamwe, kudanana uye kuteerera.” Pfungwa dzemudzidzisi B

dzakaongororwa nemutsvakurudzi akaona kuti dzakafanana nedza mudzidzisi A uyo

anodomawo kuti vaShona vanokoshesa nyaya dzekuroorana asi kuti mudzidzisi B uyu haana

kuzokwanisawo kudoma kana mienzaniso miviri zvayo yenzira dzekuwanana nadzo. Pfungwa

dzemudzidzi B dzinowirirana nedza Gombe (2000) uye Magwa nevamwe (2016) avo vanotobva

varatidzawo mapazi emutauro weChiShona unova unokosheswa mutsika nemagariro avaShona.

Mukuita ongororo yezvakataurwa nemudzidzisi B mutsvakurudzi akaona kuti akangozoita

musiya paduku nekuti haana kuzobatawo tsika nemagariro ezvinobatika zvichioneka zvinova

zvinobudiswa naMagwa nevamwe (2016). Kuroorana, mushandirapamwe, dzvetsva uye

kuteerera itsika dzinotambirika dzakabudiswa nemudzidzisi B asi kuti zvinorongwa mumupanda

umwe chete wezvisingabatiki uye zvisingaoneki. Semuenzaniso, rukudzo rwunokosheswa

mutsika nemagariro asi kuti hazvigoneki kuti unzi bata kana kuti nongedza rukudzo. Nekudaro,

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umboo hwakapiwa nemudzidzisi A hwakanga huri gasva sezvo hwakasiya zvimwewo

zvinobatika zvichioneka zvinobuda muna Magwa nevamwe (2016).

Mudzidzisi C akati, “Mutsika nemagariro avaShona munokosheswa utongi, midzimu, masvikiro,

zvivakwa, zviumbwa, kuteerera, zvekushandisa zvakaita sezvekuvhimisa nekurimisa, zvipfeko,

kushanda nesimba, mushandirapamwe uye kuroorana.” Mudzidzisi C akati zvakare, “Ini

nemaonero angu dzimwe tsika hadzichanyanyi hadzo kukosheswa mukurarama kwavaShona”

zvinova zvakazadzisa pakasiirirwa nevadzidzisi A naB avo vasina kuzoratidza izvozvo.

Semuenzaniso, pazvombo zvekuvhimisa zvimwe zvacho hazvichina nzvimbo mukurarama

kwavaShona kana kuti zvavakushandiswa zvishoma uye kutovhima kwacho hakuchatenderwi

sezvo mhuka dzacho dzavakugara dzakarindwa nevanoona nezvadzo.

Mukucherechedza mhinduro dzakapiwa nevadzidzisi vose zvadzo mutsvakurudzi akaona kuti

kunze kwemudzidzisi B, vadzidzisi A naC ndivo vega vakakwanisa kupa zinowanika mutsika

nemagariro avaShona vachibata mienzaniso yemapoka ose ezvinowanikwa mutsika nemagariro

ezvinobatika zvichioneka nameso uye zvinozivikanwa asi zvisingabatiki. Mutsvakurudzi

akaenzanisa zvakare mhinduro dzaakawana kubva kuvadzidzisi vose vaakaita hurukuro navo

akaona kuti vese vane wirirano yekuti mutsika nemagariro avaShona munokosheswa kuroorana.

Achiongorora zvakare umboo hwaakakwasha huri maererano nezvinokosheswa mutsika

nemagariro mutsvakurudzi akava nemuono wekuti zvakataurwa nevadzidzisi zvinokosheswa

mutsika nemagariro ndizvo zvacho zviri mumararamire evanhu zvavakati zvinoyanikwa netsumo

mukutsanangura kwavakaita chinonzi tsumo. Izvi zvakaita kuti mutsvakurudzi ave nemubvunzo

wekuti saka chinovatadzisa kushandisa tsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro chii?

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4.7 Hochekoche netsumo

Mutsvakurudzi akavawo nechidokwa-dokwa chekuda kuzivawo hochekoche iri pakati

pezvadomewa zviri mutsika nemagariro avaShona netsumo dzavakatsanangura. Zvoreva kuti

mutsvakurudzi akada kuziva kuti zvakadomewa nevadzidzisi ava zviri mutsika nemagariro

avaShona zvinobudiswawo here mutsumo. Vadzidzisi vakayanika kubudiswa kunoitwa

zvavakadoma zviri mutsika nemagariro avaShona vachitsigira netsumo dzakakodzera.

Mudzidzisi A akati, “Hongu zvandadoma zvinowanikwa mutsika nemagariro zvinobudawo

mutsumo.” Akaenderera mberi netsanangudzo dzake achiti, “Tikatora muenzaniso

wezvemudzimu zvirimo mutsika nemagariro avaShona izvo zvinobudiswa kubudikidza netsumo

dzakaita sa “gonzo mhini mumhango chemudzimu chikuwaniremo”. Mudzidzisi A zvakare akati,

“Tsumo yekuti chindiro chinopfumba kunobva chimwe inojekesa kuti mukugarisana

kwavaShona munokosheswa kudyidzana pamwe nekubetserana munhamo nemumatambudziko.”

Mukududzira kwake kwaanoita tsumo dzaakaunganidza Ngwaru (2012) anotobudisawo, tsumo

yekuti chindiro chinopfumba kunobva chimwe iri inoratidza kukosha kwekupanana rubatsiro

pachigarisano. Mandova naChingombe (2013: 103) anopa imwe tsumo inoenderana

neyakataurwa namudzidzisi A yekuti chindiro chinopfumba kunobva chimwe achiti, “Kupa

kuturika”. Mandova naChingombe (2013) vanotsanangura tsumo iyoyo yekuti “kupa kuturika”

vachiti kana munhu akapawo mangwana anenge achitarisirawo kuzopiwawo. Zvoreva izvo kuti

munhu haafaniri kungova wekungoti kana awirwa nedambudziko anobetserwa asi iye

asingabetseriwo vamwe. Izvi zvinojekesa kuti zvakataurwa nemudzidzisi A zvine wirirano

nepfungwawo dzevamwe vaongorori.

Kozotiwo mudzidzisi B akawedzerawo achiti, “Mushandirapamwe wandambodoma kuti

unokosheswa mutsika nemagariro avaShona unoenderana netsumo yekuti, chara chimwe

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hachitswanyi inda.” Mudzidzisi B anotutsira mafungiro ake achiti, “Isu sevaShona tinokoshesa

ukama izvo zvinoita kuti pazova nekusimbaradzwa kweukama ihwohwo pachishandiswa tsumo

yekuti, ukama igasva hunozadziswa nechokudya.” Zvakare mudzidzisi uyu akati, “Kune imwe

tsumo zvakare yekuti “chawawana idya nehama mutorwa ane hanganwa” iyo yekuti ukatoinzwa

wega unotobva waziva kuti vaShona vanonyanyisa kukoshesa hama kudarika mutorwa.”

Chikonzero chekuti nei vaShona vachikoshesa ukama zvakanyanya kudarika hama chinobudiswa

naNgwaru (2012: 12) uyo anoti, “Batsira vanhu veukama newe nokuti ndivo vanozokubatsirawo

panguva yenjodzi.” Zvichireva izvo kuti tsumo yekuti chawawana idya nehama mutorwa ane

hanganwa inopa pfungwa yekuti hama dzinomira newe kana wazowirwa nedambudziko zviome

zviite sei asi mutorwa nyangwe ukamubetsera sei kana zvasvika pakuti zvakuomera chaizvo

vanokanda mapfumo pasi vachiti izvi zvavakudawo veukama semuenzaniso panguva yeurwere.

Mukuita hurukuro imomo mudzidzisi B akati, “Kuteerera kwandadoma uku pakutanga ndichiti

kunokosheswa mutsika nemagariro avaShona ndiko kumwe kunobudiswa netsumo yekuti,

chikomo chamusinzwi chakazoguma naTaisireva.” Izvi zvakaratidza mutsvakurudzi kuti

mudzidzisi B anoona kuteerera mhangwa dzaunopiwa nevamwe chiri chinhu chakakosha

mumararamiro avaShona. Kureerera uku kunobudiswawo naNgwaru (2012: 41) uyo anobudisa

tsumo dzekuti, “Ndambakuudzwa akaonekwa nembonje pahuma uye zano ndoga akasiya jira

mumasese.” Chinangwa chake ndechimwe chete nechamudzidzisi B chekuda kuratidza

hochekoche iri pakati petsika yekuteerera netsumo idzodzo dzavakadoma. Mudzidzisi B akati

zvakare, “Takatarisa dzvetsva randambotaura kuti rinokosheswa rinobatwa netsumo yekuti, rudo

harutumi anoramba.” Pfungwa iyi yamudzidzisi B inotsigirwa netsumo dzakanyorwa

nekududzirwa naNgwaru (2012: 9) dzinoti, “Chada mwoyo hachikoni nekuti moyo chiremba

kana kuti chada mwoyo hachikoni, mwoyo ndishe kureva kuti kana pane chinoda moyo, munhu

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anotoshingirira kuti achiwane.” Mudzidzisi akatora tsumo iyoyo yekuti rudo harutumi anoramba

izvo zvakaratidza mutsvakurudzi kuti mudzidzisi uyu anoona rudo chiri chinhu chekuti kana

chabata moyo wemunhu hapana zvimwe zvingaitwa kunze kwedudza manzwire ake. Kududza

ikoko kwaanozoita ndiro rinenge ratove dzvetsva raaireva kuti rinobatwawo netsumo.

Tsanangudzo dzemudzidzisi B dzinoratidza kuti pane hochekoche pakati petsumo netsika

nemagariro avaShona kubudikidza nezvishoma izvozvo zvaakabata.

Mudzidzisi C akataurawo zvinoenderana nemudzidzisi A achiti, “Zvemidzimu zvirimo mutsika

nemagariro avaShona zvichionekwawo zviri mutsumo yekuti, gonzo mhini gara mumhango

chemudzimu chikuwaniremo.” Nemhinduro iyoyi zvinoratidza kuti mudzidzisi akaona

kushandiswa kwakaitwa izwi rekuti mudzimu mutsumo yaakadoma kuri kunoratidza

kukosheswa kwemidzimu mutsika nemagariro avaShona. Mudzidzisi C akangodoma tsumo

imwe chete zvake inobata zvemidzimu asi kune imwewo tsumo inobata izvozvo inotaurwa

naNgwaru (2012: 18, 36) dzinoti, “Dzingidzi gonyera pamwe, chomudzimu chikuwanirepo uye

mudzimu wakupa chironda wati nhunzi dzikudye.” Mukucherechedza pfungwa dzamudzidzisi C

nedzaNgwaru (2012) panobuda pfungwa inotidzosera kune chikamu chataurwa zvekunobva

tsumo kuti dzinobva kuzvitendero kureva kuti tsumo netsika nemagariro hapana

pazvingapatsanurwa kuti zvidzidziswe zvakamira chimwe nechimwe pacho chega. Mudzidzisi C

uyu akatsinhidzirawo zvakare zvakataurwa nemudzidzisi A kuti mutsika nemagariro avaShona

munokosheswa kuteerera uko kunokurudzirwa netsumo yekuti, “Ndambakuudzwa akaonekwa

nembonje pahuma.” Mudzidzisi C zvakare akati, “Kune tsumo yekuti chimwango chemumwe

hachina ndima inozama kubudisa kuti mumararamire avaShona munokosheswa zvombo

zvekurimisa.” Iyo pachezvayo tsumo iyi tisati tabata zvainoreva nepakuru mukurarama

kwevanhu takatarisa zvakaiumba zvacho zvinobva mune zvatinoti zviri mutsika nemagariro

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evaShona kunyangezvazvo zvisina kunyatsoyanikwa pachena nemudzidzisi C. Semuenzaniso,

kungoti chimwango chete chitori chombo chinomiririra zviri mutsika nemagariro avaShona

zvinobatika izvo zvinonzi ndeimwe mhando yetsika nemagariro nembongorori dzakaita saGondo

naNyoni muna Magwa (2016). Chombo ichocho ndicho chakashanda sehwaro hwekuti pave

netsumo iyoyo yekuti “chimwango chemumwe hachina ndima” izvo zvakaita kuti mudzidzisi A

ati mutsika nemagariro munokosheswa zvombo izvo zvakaumba tsumo iyoyo, iyo tsumo yacho

ichizoshandawo basa rekutiratidza zvinokosheswa mutsika nemagariro kutangira pane

zvakaiumba tisati tabata zvainonyatsoreva mukurarama kwevanhu. Mudzidzisi A akati,

“Takatarisa tsumo iyi inojekesera vanhu kuti vakoshese katsika kekuva nemidziyo yavo pachavo

ingave yekurimisa nekuti ringava badza chairo kana risiri rako muridzi anokutorera uchiri pakati

pekusakura.” Mukuongorora tsananguro iyi yetsumo inobudisa kukosha kwetsika yekuvimba

nezvako kwete zveumwe mutsvakurudzi akaona kuti pfungwa dzemudzidzisi C dzinotsigirwa

naNgwaru (2012: 13) uyo anopawo tsumo yakafanana neiyoyo achiti:

“Chisiri chako rembedza maoko, regera kukungira hata sechako, kureva kuti usavimba nechinhu

chisi chako, kana chekukwereteswa, nokuti muridzi wacho anogona kuzokutorera chero nguva

ipi zvayo yaanenge ave kuda chinhu chake. Munhu wese ngaavimbe nezvinhu zvake chete.”

Izvi zvinoreva kuti tsumo netsika nemagariro avaShona zvine ukama nekudaro zvakashamisa

mutsvakiurudzi kuti saka sei ivo vadzidzisi veChiShona vasingadzidzisi tsika nemagariro

avaShona vachishandisa tsumo.

Mudzidzisi C akatiwo zvakare, “Kushanda nesimba itsika inoonekwa kubudikidza netsumo

yekuti, chinokura usipo imombe munda unokura nekuona nzira.” Mudzidzisi C akawedzera

kusimbaradzwa zvaakataura achiti, “Tsumo iyi inokurudzira vanhu kuti vashande nesimba kwete

kuita mbiri yeusimbe nekuti hapana chinouya wakagara.” Akati zvakare, “Tsumo yekuti rume

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rimwe harikombi churu inobudisawo mushandirapamwe uchionekwa wakakosha mutsika

nemagariro avaShona.” Izvi zvinotsigirwa naMandova naChingombe (2013) avo vanotaurawo

dzimwe tsumo dzinobudisa kukosha kwetsika yekushandira pamwe. Tsumo idzi ndedzinoti,

“Imbwa mbiri hadzitorerwi nyama uye gumwe rimwe haritswanyi inda” (Mandova

naChingombe, 2013: 101). Mandova naChingombe (2013) vanoti, mukugarisana kwavaShona

vanokurudzira mushandirapamwe vachivenga mazvake zvake kana undingoveni. Mandova

naChingombe (2013) vanoti, tsumo idzo dzavakadoma dzinoratidza ungwaru hwavaShona

hurimowo mutsika nemagariro hwekubatana. Mbongorori idzi dzinoti zvakare munhu wega

wega anotowirirana nerudzi rwake naizvozvo chese chaitika ringave dambudziko rawira uyo

rinenge ratowira chikwata chese. Tsananguro dzose dzakapiwa namudzidzisi C uye Mandova

naChingombe (2013) dzikabatanidzwa dzinobudisa pfungwa imwe chete yekuti tsumo

dzakatakurana netsika yekushandirapamwe vanhu vakabatana. Ndokusaka kumaruwa vachiti

kana mvura yanaya vanobika doro remageja vanhu vemunharaunda vouya vachirima munda

weuyo anenge asina mombe dzekusunga kana kuti panoitwa majakwara vanhu vopura zviyo

vachimwa zvavo mupeta vachifara.

Muhurukuro dzakaitwa nemutsvakurudzi nevadzidzisi vese A, B naC, vakajekesa kuti tsumo

dzinobudisa tsika nemagariro avaShona. Izvi zvine wirirano nemuono waHamutyinei naPlangger

(1987) avo vanoti, tsumo dzinovambwa kubva paongororo inoitwa nevanhu pazviitiko zvose

zvinoitika munharaunda. Mhinduro dzevadzidzisi dzakabatana nepfungwa dzedzimwe

mbongorori dzinongoratidza dzega kuti tsumo netsika nemagariro zvine ukama hwakasimba

hazvipatsanuriki. Izvi zviri kuita kuti mutsvakurudzi azvibvunze kuti kana ivo vadzidzisi

vachiziva kuti tsumo idakuro retsika nemagariro nemhaka yei vasiri kudzishandisa pakudzidzisa

tsika nemagariro? Nemhaka yei vachidzidzisa tsumo netsika nemagariro zvakamira rumwe

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rumwe? Sefa Dei (2009) naMphande (2007) vanoti, tsumo dzinoita kuti pave nekudzidzisika

kwetsika nemagariro evanhu pamwe nekuparidza. Takanangana neumboo hwakakwashiwa

kubudikidza nehurukuro pakati pemutsvakurudzi nevadzidzisi uye mukuongororawo pfungwa

dzenyanzvi mukunyora mabhuku mutsvakurudzi akaona kuti tsumo dzinofanira kushandiswa

sechombo chekudzidzisa nacho tsika nemagariro avaShona padanho re ‘O’ level pachikoro

chakasarudzwa mudhorobha reMasvingo.

4.8 Zvingaitwe kuti pave nehochekoche mukudzidziswa kwetsika nemagariro avaShona

pachishandiswa tsumo.

Mutsvakurudzi akadawo kuziva zvingaitwa kuti pave nehochekoche mukudzidziswa kwetsika

nemagariro evaShona pachishandiswa tsumo. Mutsvakurudzi aida kuti aone kuti vadzidzisi

zvavaratidza kuti vane karuzivo kewirirano iripo pakati petsumo netsika nemagariro, vangavawo

here nematanho angatorwa kuti pave nehochekoche mukudzidziswa kwetsika nemagariro

avaShona padanho re ‘O’ level.

Mukuita hurukuro mutsvakurudzi akatapa umboo kubva kumudzidzisi A uyo akati, “Ini

semuonero wangu kuti pave nehochekoche mukudzidziswa kwetsika nemagariro avaShona

pachishandiswa tsumo panofanira kudanwa mukokwa ane ruzivo nazvo.” Pfungwa

dzemudzidzisi uyu inototsigirwawo naGondo naNyoni muna Magwa (2016) avo vanoona

kutsvaka mukokwa iri imwe nzira pakati pedzimwe yakanaka kushandisa pakudzidzisa tsika

nemagariro. Izvi zvakaonekwa nemutsvakurudzi kuti zvakanyanya kunaka kana vadzidzisi ava

vachiona kuti havana ruzivo rwekushandisa tsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona.

Zvinodaro nekuti kana mudzidzisi asati ava neruzivo rwakakwana rwekushandisa tsumo idzi

mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro haakwanisi kuita kuti pave nehochekoche. Paongororo yaakaita

mutsvakurudzi akaona kuti mudzidzisi A akatanga kufunga zvemukokwa nekuti haasati ava

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neruzivo rwacho saka anenge achida kumboona maitire evane ruzivo. Mudzidzisi A akati

zvakare, “Chimwe chinoita kuti pave nehochekoche mukudzidziswa kwetsika nemagariro

avaShona pachishandiswa tsumo kunyorwa kwemabhuku anoratidza zvekudzidziswa kwetsika

nemagariro avaShona pachishandiswa tsumo.” Ndizo zvimwe chetezvo nepfungwa dzakapiwa

nemudzidzisi B uyo akatiwo, “Panofanira kuva nemabhuku anotiratidza kuti tsumo dzine basa

rekudzidzisa tsika nemagariro isu hatisati tambomboona mabhuku akadaro.” Mhinduro iyi

inoratidza kuti vadzidzisi havasi kuziva kukosha kwetsumo mukudzidziswa kwetsika nemagariro

avaShona nechikonzero chekuti hakuna kana munyori wemabhuku eChiShona edanho re ‘O’

level akambonyora zvinoratidza izvozvo. Kune mabhuku akawanda chaizvo eChiShona asi

anoratidza kudzidziswa kwetsika nemagariro kwakamira koga kouya tsumo dzakamira padzo

dzoga. Semuenzaniso bhuku rakanyorwa naNyota naNyoni (2013) rinongonangana

nekutsanangura zvemadzidzirwo nemadzidzisirwe ezvirungamutauro zvose zvinosanganisira

tsumo kureva kuti amuna kana pamwe panoratidza kuti tsumo dzacho idzodzo dzinoshanda

kudzdzisa tsika nemagariro. Pfungwa dzevadzidzisi ava zvakare dzakaongororwa

nemutsvakurudzi zvikamuratidza kuti pamabhuku ose anoshandiswa kusekondari akauya

pakutanga kwebumbiro idzva hapana kana rimwe zvaro rine chikamu chinoratidza kuti tsika

dzinogona kudzidziswa kubudikidza netsumo asi imo mubumbiro macho mune hurudziro

yekudzidziswa kwetsika nemagariro. Mamwe emabhuku aya anoti Ngatidzidzei ChiShona,

Rurimi Rwaamai, Gona ChiShona, Dada nerurimi rwaamai zvichingodaro. Mudzidzisi A

zvakare akati, “Panofanira kuitwa masemena izvo zvinoita kuti isu sevadzidzisi tigoverane

ruzivo maererano nezvingaitwe kuti tsika nemagariro avaShona zvidzidzisike kubudikidza

netsumo.” Izvi zvinoratidza kukosha kwemaungano evadzidzisi veChiShona vanobva kuzvikoro

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zvakasiyana-siyana awo anoita kuti vaite hurukuro iri maererano nenzira dzakakosha dzinoita

kuti pave nehochekoche mukudzidziswa kwetsika nemagariro avaShona pachishandiswa tsumo.

Mudzidzisi C akatiwo, “Vana vanofanira kupiwa basa rekunyurura tsika nemagariro mutsumo

sekuti vanogona kupiwa basa rekuita kumba vachitsvaka tsika dzinobuda mutsumo dzavanenge

vapiwa.” Izvi zvinofambirana nepfungwa dzaGondo naNyoni muna Magwa (2016) avo

vanokurudzira kudzidzwa kwetsika nemagariro avaShona kubudikidza nekuita tsvakurudzo idzo

dzinogona kuitwa nevadzidzi vari kumba vachitsvaka mhinduro yezvavabvunzwa pamusoro

petsika nemagariro. Zvakare mudzidzisi C akati, “Vana vanogona kupiwa basa rekunyora nyaya

ine musoro wetsumo inoyanika zvinokosheswa mutsika nemagariro avaShona. Semuenzaniso,

vana vanogona kupiwa tsumo yekuti, chivi chinodya mwene wacho kuti vanyore nyaya

inoyanika zvinokosheswa mumararamiro evanhu vachiruka nyaya.” Pfungwa dzemudzidzisi uyu

dzakatunzva mutsvakurudzi kuti ave nemufungo wekuti sezvo muBumbiro rezvidzidzo

zvemitauro yemuZimbabwe peji 20 muchiratidza kuti vana vanofanira kuva neunyanzvi

hwezvinyorwa zvakaita senhetembo, ngano, nyambo nezvimwe vadzidzisi vanogona kupa

vadzidzi basa rekuruka nhetembo kana ngano yavo pachavo ine musoro wetsumo inoyanika tsika

nemagariro anowanikwa murudzi rwavaShona. Semuenzaniso, vadzidzisi vanogona kungopa

vadzidzi basa rekunyora nhetembo ine musoro wekuti “kupa kuturika” vachibudisa

zvinokosheswa mutsika nemagariro avaShona zvinorehwa netsumo iyoyo. Pfungwa

dzemudzidzisi C dzinoenderana nedzaNyota naNyoni (2013) avo vanoti, vadzidzi vanogona

kupiwa zviitiko zveupenyu izvo zvavanozonyora vachipa tsumo dzinobudisa zviitiko zveupenyu

izvozvo. Zvichireva izvo kuti rondedzero idzodzo dzavanenge vachinyora vanenge

vachitotsanangura zviitiko zveupenyu vachitoshandisa nyaya iyoyo zvakare kududzira zvinoreva

tsumo.

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Vadzidzisi vose vakasangana nemutsvakurudzi mukuita hurukuro vabudisawo mafungiro avo

maererano nezvingaitwe kuti pave nehochekoche mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona

pachishandiswa tsumo kunyangwe zvazvo vasina kubatawo zvimwe zvakawanda. Umboo

hwavakapa hwose hukabatanidzwa hunoratidza kuti tsumo dzine basa guru mukudzidzisa tsika

nemagariro avaShona asi kuti vadzidzisi vakanga vasina kumbozviisa mumusoro pamwe imhaka

yekuti kuzvikoro kwavakaitira zvidzidzo zvavo zveudzidzisi hweChiShona havana

kumbosangana nazvo. Mbongorori dzakaita saGondo naNyoni muna Magwa (2016) dzakabudisa

nzira dzinoshandiswa mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro. Nzira idzodzo dzinogona kushandiswa

semushini unoita kuti pave nehochekoche mukudzidziswa kwetsika nemagariro avaShona

pachishandiswa tsumo. Gondo naNyoni muna Magwa (2016) anoti, vadzidzi vanogona kudzidza

tsika nemagariro vachiita zvekuedzesera. Vadzidzisi vanogona kuita kuti vadzidzi vadzidze tsika

nemagariro avaShona kubudikidza nezvitambo. Sekuti pakubudisa tsika yematare edzimhosva

vadzidzi vanoita kamutambo kavo vari vashanu vashanu pova namambo, musungwa,

mumhan’ari nevamwe vanenge vakamira sechaunga padare apo mumwe nemumwe anenge

achibudisa pfungwa dzake achishandisa tsumo. Kuedzesera ikoko zvinoitwa padare vadzidzi

vachishandisa tsumo ndiko kunoita kuti chidzidzwa chinakidze vadzidzi vachitobata zvavanenge

vachidzidza. Zvekuedzesera pachiitwa zvitambo zvinoita kuti pave nehochekoche mukudzidzisa

tsika nemagariro avaShona pachishandiswa tsumo kubudikidza nekuita kuti vadzidzi vadzidze

vachizvionera zvinoitwa patsika iyoyo yapiwa semuenzaniso yematare edzimhosha izvo

zvinotsigirwa naGondo naNyoni muna Magwa (2016).

Gondo naNyoni munaMagwa (2016) vane dzimwe pfungwa dzakasiirirwa nevadzidzisi vakaitwa

hurukuro navo idzo dzine chekuitawo pazvingaitwe kuti pave nehochekoche mukudzidziswa

kwetsika nemagariro avaShona pachishandiswa tsumo. Mbongorori idzi dzinowirirana kuti

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hurukuro negakava inzira dzakanaka kushandisa kana pachidzidzwa zvetsika nemagariro. Nzira

idzodzo dzinoshandisika pakuita kuti pave nehochekoche mukudzidza nekudzidziswa kwetsika

nemagariro avaShona pachishandiswa tsumo. Semuenzaniso, mudzidzisi anogona kupinda

muchidzidzwa akaronga tsumo dzine chitsama votanga kuita hurukuro sekirasi kana kuita

gakava pakati pemapoka maviri evadzidzi mukirasi vachitaura tsika dzavanofunga kuti

dzinokosheswa dzinobudiswa netsumo idzodzo. Mukuongorora zvese zvakataurwa nevadzidzisi

zvichienzaniswa nepfungwawo dzembongorori dzakaita saGondo naNyoni, mutsvakurudzi akava

nechokwadi chekuti kana zvose zvakataurwa nevadzidzisi nembongorori idzi zvikaitwa nemazvo

zvinobetsera kuti pave nehochekoche mukudzidza nekudzidziswa kwetsika nemagariro

avaShona pachishandiswa tsumo. Zvinopazve chiedza chekuti tsumo dzinoshandisika

mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona asi kuti ruzivo ndirwo runenge rusipo chete.

4.9 Ruzivo maererano nebasa rinopiwa vadzidzi

Mutsvakurudzi akaona zvakakodzera kuita ongororo yemabhuku evadzidzi kuti ave neruzivo ruri

maringe nebasa rinopiwa vadzidzi vedanho re ‘O’ level pachikoro chaakaitira tsvakurudzo.

Akaita izvi nechinangwa chekuda kuona mapuwirwe avanoitwa basa rine chekuita netsumo

netsika nemagariro uye kuona kana pane kushandiswa kwetsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro

avaShona sezvo tsanangudzo dzevadzidzisi dzichiratidza kuti tsumo dzinoyanika mararamire

evanhu. Mudzidzisi akashanda nemabhuku mana chete evadzidzi ve ‘O’ level. Mabhuku maviri

akatorwa ndeevadzidzi vegwaro rechitatu kouya mamwe maviri ndeevadzidzi vegwaro rechina

kureva kuti magwaro ose edanho re ‘O’ level akaongorororwa. Zvakaonekwa pamabhuku aya

zvaiva zvisina kumbosiyana zvakanyanya chaingosiyana chete izuva rinenge rakanyorwa basa

mumabhuku ose iwawo evadzidzi vedanho re ‘O’ level nekuda kwekusiyana kwavakaita kuti

umwe ari parugwaro rwepamusoro umwe ari parugwaro rwepasi.

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Zvakabuda pakuzvionera

Umboo hwakakwashiwa nemutsvakurudzi mukuita ongororo yemabhuku evadzidzi veChiShona

vedanho re ‘O’ level zvinoratidza kuti vadzidzi vari kutodzidziswa tsumo dzichingotorwa

sezvirungamutauro zvisina chekuita netsika nemagariro avaShona asi mukuita hurukuro

zvakaratidza kuti vadzidzi vanoziva kuti tsumo netsika nemagariro zvine wirirano. Kureva kuti

tsumo hadzisi kudyidzaniswa nezvidzidzwa zvetsika nemagariro avaShona mukudzidziswa

kwavanoitwa nevadzidzisi vavo veChiShona izvo zviri kutoita kuti vasavawo neruzivo rwekuti

tsumo idzodzo idakuro retsika nemagariro avaShona.

Zvimwe zvakabuda ndezvekuti vadzidzi vari kudzidza tsumo netsika nemagariro kubudikidza

nenzira kana zviitwa zvakasiyana-siyana izvo zvinotsigirwa naNyota naNyoni (2013) avo vane

pfungwa dzekuti, vadzidzi vanofanira kudzidziswa kubudikidza nekushandisa zviitwa

zvakawanda izvo zvinoita kuti vafarire chidzidzwa uye vashangazhike kwete kungopakwa

semwana mucheche. Mutsvakurudzi akaongorora umboo hwaakawana kubva mumabhuku

evadzidzi vedanho re ‘O’ level akaona kuti vadzidzi vari kudzidziswa tsumo kubudikidza

nekudzizadzisa kwekutanga, pakati kana kumucheto kwadzo izvo zvinova zviri kuvandudza

ruzivo rwavo rwezvetsumo. Sekuti ____ ndokusina mutsubvu, Ndambakuudzwa____pahuma,

Kukurukura hunge____. Vadzidzisi vari kudzidziswa kubvisa tsumo kubva kuChiShona

chechizvino-zvino chine mutaurosvorwa vachidziisa mumutauro weChiShona chekare

chakatsetseka. Semuenzaniso, tsumo yechizvino-zvino yekuti, “kure kwejaya ndiko kusina

chimoko” yodzoka yava “kure kwegava ndiko kusina mutsubvu”. Tsumo dzechizvinozvino dziri

muchinyorwa chaChimhundu (1980) dzakaita sakudedera mupurisa hunge une mbanje

muhomwe, ane wigi ane bvudzi hazvienzani neane muparavara, chinokura chinokotama

bhurugwa chave chikorobho nedzimwewo. Idzodzo tsumo dzechizvino-zvino dzinenge

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dzichiiswa kuChiShona kwacho. Vadzidzi vari kutopiwawo basa rekunyora nyaya inodudzira

tsumo (rondedzero yetsumo). Semuenzaniso, mumabhuku akaonekwa evadzidzi vegwaro rechina

makaonekwa kuti vadzidzi vakatombopiwa basa rekunyora nyaya inoenderana netsumo yekuti

“chivi chinodya mwene wacho”. Vadzidzi vari kupiwawo basa rekupa tsumo dzinoreva zvimwe

chete nedzinenge dzakapiwa sekuti, “chara chimwe hachitswanyi inda” vadzidzi vopa inoreva

zvimwe chetezvo neiyoyo zvichireva kuti vanenge vachitokwanisa kuziva zvinoreva tsumo

zvinozogara zviri mumusoro mavo. Izvi zvinoratidza kukosha kwetsumo dzechinyakare

mukuchengetedza mutauro weChiShona kuti usatsakatika nekuti inhaka yematambidzanwa iri

mumupanda wezvisingabatiki mutsika nemagariro avaShona. Mutsvakurudzi akaonawo kuti

mumabhuku evana vezvikoro imomo ndimo mune zviitwa zvetsika nemagariro. Tsika

nemagariro avaShona zviri kudzidzwa kubudikidza nekupindura mibvunzo uye kuita

tsvakurudzo izvo zvinoita kuti pave nekunzwisisiwa kwetsika nemagariro. Semuenzaniso,

mumabhuku evadzidzi makabuda umboo hwekuti vadzidzi vari kupiwa basa rekupindura

mibvunzo yemisambo yekutaura yakasiyana-siyana yakaita sewemhiramudzimu, kubata maoko

uye wekupfimbana. Vadzidzi vari kupiwawo basa rekuita tsvakurudzo yetsika nemagariro

ekuroorana asisisina nzvimbo mukurarama kwevaShona vanhasi uye tsika dzavaShona

dzinoenderana nedzemamwe marudzi. Zvakabuda zvakare ndezvekuti vadzidzi vanotopiwawo

makomendi anoenderana nemaitire avo ebasa ravanopiwa retsumo netsika nemagariro zvinova

zvakanaka asi chakangozoshamisa mutsvakurudzi ndechekuti vadzidzisi vanogodzidzisirei

tsumo dzakamira padzo dzega uye tsika nemagariro zviri pazvo zvegawo kana ivo

vachitsanangura tsumo sechirevo chinobudisa mararamire evanhu. Chokwadi

chakazotonongorwa kubva paumboo hwakakwashiwa mumabhuku achienzanisa

nematsanangurirwe akaitwa tsumo uye tsika nemagariro nevadzidzisi mukuita hurukuro

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yembonano, ndechekuti tsumo dzinofanira kushandiswa mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro

avaShona padanho re ‘O’ level. Naizvozvo kuti pave nehochekoche iyo yakaonekwa

nemutsvakurudzi kuti haipo vadzidzisi vanofanira kuziva nzira dzekudzidzisa nadzo tsika

nemagariro avaShona pachishandiswa tsumo. Semuenzaniso, kupa vadzidzi basa rekunoita

tsvakurudzo yetsumo netsika dzinokosheswa kubudikidza netsumo iyoyo. Panofanirawo kuva

neongororo yebasa rinenge ranyorwa nevadzidzi pachipiwa makomendi akakodzera kuti

kudzidziswa kwetsika nemagariro avaShona kubudikidza netsumo kuendeke.

4.10 Umboo hwakakwashiwa kubva mukuongorora masikimu.

Mutsvakurudzi akaitawo ongororo yemasikimu evadzidzisi vatatu vaakashanda navo mukuita

hurukuro. Nekudaro, mutsvakurudzi akazviita kuti aone marongero anoitwa basa nevadzidzisi

pasvondo rega rega. Mutsvakurudzi akaita ongororo yemasikimu nekuti ndiro dura rezvidzidzwa

repachikoro regadziriro yavo yebasa saka ongororo iyoyo yakaita kuti mutsvakurudzi

acherechedze kuenderana kwebasa rinoitwa nevadzidzisi nebasa rinonyorwa nevadzidzi rinova

basa rese rine chekuita nekudzidziswa kwetsika nemagariro avaShona uye tsumo.

Zvakabuda pakuzvionera

Mutsvakurudzi akava nemuono wekuti vadzidzisi veChiShona vanoziva kuti tsumo netsika

nemagariro zvine ukama asi dambudziko riri pakuti, tsumo vari kuronga kudzidzidzisa dziri

padzo dzoga uye tsika nemagariro zvichirongwa kudzidziswa pazvo zvegawo. Izvi zvinoratidza

kuti vadzidzisi ava havatozivi kuti tsumo dzinogona kushandiswa sechombo chekudzidzisa

nacho tsika nemagariro avaShona. Tsumo dziri kungotorwa sezvirungamutaurowo hazvo zvisina

chekuita netsika nemagariro avaShona.

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Zvakabuda zvakare ndezvekuti vadzidzisi vanoronga kushandisawo zviitwa zvakawanda

pakudzidzisa tsumo uye tsika nemagariro izvo zvinototsigirwawo naYellin (2002) uyo anoti,

tsumo dzinofanira kudzidziswa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana idzo dzinoita kuti vadzidzi vave vane

chekuita mukudzidza kwavanenge vachiita. Dance (2002) anoti, nzira dzinoshandiswa

mukudzidzisa tsumo dzinofanira kuva dzinonzwisisika uye dzinoyanika chokwadi cheupenyu.

Zvichireva izvo kuti kana dzichitoyanika chokwadi cheupenyu vadzidzisi veChiShona

havatofaniri kusiyanisa tsumo netsika nemagariro mukudzidzidzisa kwavanoita zvinhu izvozvo

zviri zviviri. Yellin (2002) anoti, vadzidzi vanogona kunzi vadudzire tsumo vachitsanangura

zvadzinoreva. Yellin anoti zvakare, vadzidzi vanogona kudzidziswa kuumba tsumo dzavo

pachavo kubudikidza nezvavanoona mukurarama kwavanoita munharaunda izvo zvinova zviitwa

zvisiri kushandiswa nevadzidzisi. Kuruka tsumo ikoko kubva mumararamiro avo zvinotoreva

kuti kuvapo kwetsumo hunge paitwa cherechedzo yetsika nemagariro zvakare tsumo dzacho

ndidzo dzinozoshanda kubudisa tsika nemagariro anokosheswa akaita kuti dzivepo. Yellin

(2002) anoti zvakare, tsumo dzinogona kudzidziswa kubudikidza nekushandisa mucherechedzo

wemhuka, vanhu nezvimwewo zvinenge zviri munharaunda zvinova zvakare zvisina kumbobvira

zvaitwa nevadzidzisi mukuronga kwavakaita zvidzidzwa zvavo zvetsumo. Simeone (1995) anoti,

nzira iyi inonzi Chalkboard Pictionary iyo inokwanisa kushandiswa pakudzidzisa tsumo

dzemuAfrica apo vadzidzi vanenge vachiona mufananidzo, kudoma tsumo inoenderana

nemucherechedzo iwowo kana kuumba tsumo dzavo pachavo. Semeone (1995) anoti vadzidzi

vanogona kupiwa tsumo kuti vagadzire mucherechedzo unoshanda pakutsanangura tsumo iyoyo.

Simeone akashandisa tsumo dzemuAfrica dzakaita sa “Shiri iri mumaoko yakakosha kupinda

mbiri dziri musango” kukurudzira vadzidzi kuti vashandise pfungwa dzavo kubvisa tsumo iyoyo

kuiisa kumucherechedzo unongoreva zvimwe chete nayo. Kureva kuti nenzira iyi vadzidzisi

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vanokwanisa kuziva zvinoreva tsumo voshandisa ruzivo irworwo kudhirowa mifananidzo.

Semuenzaniso, patsumo yekuti “Shiri iri mumaoko yakakosha kupinda mbiri dziri musango”

mudzidzi anogona kufunga kudhirowa munhu akabata gwenhure mumaoko uye njiva dzinenge

dzichitobhururuka zvadzo musango. Izvi zvinenge zvichitoita kuti vadzidzi vave neunyanzvi

hwakawanda hunozovabetsera mukurarama kwavo.

Zvakabuda zvakare kuti tsika nemagariro dziri kurongwa kudzidziswa nenzira dzakada

kungoenderana nedzinoshandiswa patsumo. Semuenzaniso, hurukuro, gakava nezvimwe izvo

zvinobudiswawo naGondo naNyoni muna Magwa (2016). Saka mukuona izvi mutsvakurudzi

akashamisika kuti kana zviitwa zvichingori zvimwe mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro uye tsumo

ko sei zviitwa izvozvo zvisingashandiswi pakuita kuti pave nehochekoche mukudzidziswa

kwetsika nemagariro avaShona pachishandiswa tsumo. Yellin (2002) anoti, tsumo dzaiva uye

dzichiri chombo chakakosha chekudzidzisa vana mutsika nemagariro emarudzi ose pasi rose.

Anokurudzira vadzidzisi kuti vanzwisise matangire akaita tsumo uye kuti tsumo dzemarudzi

akawanda-wanda dzingashandiswa sei kukwevera vadzidzi kuti vashangazhike panodzidzwa

zvetsika nemagariro. Diener naLieber (2001) anoti, tsumo ibhiza rinotakura munhu

richinomusvitsa pakuona zvakakosha mukurarama kwake. Tsumo dzinobata zvose zvinoitika

mumararamiro evanhu, saka ukaziva tsumo dzorudzi watowana dzidziso yezvarunokoshesa

mutsika nemagariro arwo zvichibva pakuti tsumo hadzina chiitiko chadzisingabati cheupenyu

hwerudzi (Nyoni, 2013). Nekudaro, tsumo dzinofanira kukosheswa nevadzidzisi munguva

yavanodzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona. Zviitwa zviri kushandiswa nevadzidzisi

pakudzidzisa tsumo netsika nemagariro zvakapatsanurana zvinofanira kushandiswa segavi

rinosunganidza tsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona.

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4.11 Mhedziso

Chitsauko chino chawaridza nekuongorora umboo hwakawanikwa kubudikidza nekuita

tsvakurudzo iri pamusoro petsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona padanho re ‘O’

level pachikoro chakasarudzwa mudunhu reMasvingo. Chitsauko ichi chawaridza umboo

hwakakwashiwa kubudikidza nekuita hurukuro nevadzidzisi iri maringe nechinonzi tsumo, tsika

nemagariro, hochekoche netsumo uye zvingaitwe kuti pave nehochekoche pakudzidzisa tsika

nemagariro pachishandiswa tsumo. Chitsauko ichi zvakare chawaridza umboo hwakawanikwa

mukuongorora mabhuku evadzidzi avanonyorera basa uye masikimu. Mukuongorora umboo

hwose hwakawanikwa zvinoratidza kuti tsumo chombo chakakosha mukudzidzisa tsika

nemagariro avaShona.

CHITSAUKO CHECHISHANU

5.0 PFUPISO, MHEDZISO NEZVINGAITWE.

5.1 Nhanganyaya

Chitsauko chechina chakabudisa zvakawanikwa mutsvakurudzo maringe netsumo mukudzidzisa

tsika nemagariro avaShona padanho re ‘O’ level pachikoro chakasarudzwa mudunhu

reMasvingo. Zvino chitsauko chino chichabudisa pfupiso yetsvakurudzo, mhedziso yezvakabuda

uye zvingaitwe.

5.2 Pfupiso

Tsvakurudzo ino yanga yakanangana nekuongorora tsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro

avaShona padanho re ‘O’ level pachikoro chakasarudzwa mudunhu reMasvingo. Muchitsauko

chekutanga buda nheyo yetsvakurudzo apo pakapiwa zvakaunza musoro, dambudziko riripo,

zvinangwa zvetsvakurudzo, mibvunzo yetsvakurudzo, komberedzo, vachabetserwa

netsvakurudzo pamwe chete nejekeso yemazwi. Muchitsauko chechipiri makabuda hunyorwa

78
huripo maringe neukama huripo hune wirirano nemusoro wetsvakurudzo. Muchitsauko chepiri

ichi ndimo makabatwa hunyorwa huripo mairirano nechinonzi tsumo, tsika nemagariro, ukama

pakati petsumo netsika nemagariro, kunobva tsumo nezviitwa. Kozotiwo, chitsauko chechitatu

chakapa nzira huru yakashandiswa pakuita tsvakurudzo inova yetsananguro pamwe nezvombo

zvakashandiswa zvinova hurukuro neongororo yemabhuku anonyorwa basa nevadzidzi

nemasikimu. Zvino chitsauko chino imhedziso yezvakabuda yezvakabuda mutsvakurudzo.

5.3 Mhedziso yezvakabuda

Zvakabuda mutsvakurudzo zvinoratidza kuti vadzidzisi vanoziva kuti pane ukama pakati

petsumo netsika nemagariro sezvo vachikwanisa kudoma zvinokosheswa mutsika nemagariro

zvinobudiswa netsumo. Zvakabuda zvakare ndezvekuti kunyangwe vadzidzisi vachiziva kuti

tsumo dzinoyanika zvinokosheswa mutsika nemagariro havasi kudyidzanisa tsumo dzacho

idzodzo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro avaShona. Zvichireva izvo kuti vadzidzisi vari

kudzidzisa tsumo dzimire padzo dzega uye tsika nemagariro zviri padzo zvegawo. Izvo

zvakaratidza kuti zvingangova zviri kukonzerwa nekusaziva kuti tsumo dzinotoshandawo

pakudzidziswa kwetsika nemagariro avaShona. Zvinoratidza zvakare kuti vadzidzisi havasi

kudzidzisa tsika nemagariro vachishandisa tsumo nekuda kwekuti mabhuku avanoshandisa

eChiShona kusekondari akanyorwa ane zvikamu zvetsumo zviri pazvo zvega uye zvetsika

nemagariro zviri pazvo zvegawo. Zvakabuda zvakare zvinoratidza kuti vadzidzisi havana

kudzidza nezvekudzidzisa tsika nemagariro vachishandisa tsumo panguva yavakadzidzira basa

ravo reudzidzisi nekuti pabasa rinopiwa vadzidzi haparatidzi kuti tsumo netsika nemagariro zviri

kudyidzaniswa.

79
5.4 Zvingaitwe

Tsvakurudzo ino inodawo kupa mazano ezvingaitwe mukuedza kuti pave nekudyidzaniswa

kwetsumo nekudzidziswa kwetsika nemagariro padanho re ‘O’ level. Zvimwe zvezvingaitwe

ndezvinotevera:

 Gurukota rinoona nezvedzidzo dzePuraimari neSekondari pamwe nanamazvikokota vane

unyanzvi mune zvekunyorwa kwemabhuku eChiShona ekusekondari, vanofanira kunyora

mabhuku anoratidza kukosha nemashandisirwe etsumo mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro

avaShona. Izvi zvinoitirwa kuti vadzidzisi vazive kuti tsumo chombo chakakosha

mukudzidziswa kwetsika nemagariro avaShona. Mabhuku ariko akaita saNgatidzidzei

ChiShona naRurimi Rwaamai akanyorwa achingoratidza kudzidziswa kwetsumo padzo

dzega nezvetsika nemagariro zvakamira zvega.

 Panofanirwa kuitwa mawekishopu ekuita hurukuro mairirano nekudzidziswa kwetsika

nemagariro avaShona pachishandiswa tsumo. Panoitwa wekishopu ipapo panofanira kuva

nenyanzvi dzinoziva nezvetsika nemagariro uye zvese zviri maererano netsumo

zvakadzama kwete kungotorawo vanhu vasina chavanoziva, vanozogumirwa kana vava

kubvunzwa mibvunzo.

 Vekumakoreji nekumayunivhesiti vanofanira kudzidzisa zvine udzamu zvetsika

nemagariro vachivaratidza kuti tsumo dzakakosha mukudzidziswa kwetsika nemagariro

pavanobika vadzidzisi izvo zvinoita kuti vazove nyanzvi mukudzidzisa tsika nemagariro.

 Vadzidzisi veChiShona vanofanira kuve vanhu vanofarira kuverenga zvinyorwa

zvenyanzvi dzakawanda izvo zvinotaura nezveukama huripo pakati petsumo netsika

nemagariro zvakaita sezva Tchimboto (2015), Chadamoyo naDumbu (2012), Mandova

80
 naChingombe (2013) zvichingodaro. Vadzidzisi vanofanira zvakare kuverenga

zvakadzama mabhuku anotaura nezvetsika nemagariro akaita seana Gombe (2000),

Magwa (2016) nemamwe mabhuku akanyorwa tsumo dzakawanda dzeChiShona akaita

seana Ngwaru (2012). Izvi zvinoita kuti vakudze ruzivo rwavo rwekudzidzisa tsika

nemagariro vachishandisa tsumo.

 Tsika nemagariro avaShona dzinofanira kudzidziswa pachishandiswa tsumo kubudikidza

nemitoo yakasiyana-siyana kuitira kuti vadzidzi vanzwe kufarira zvidzidzwa zvacho.

Imwe yemitoo iyi ndeyekuita zvitambo, hurukuro, kushandisa mukokwa, gakava uye

kunyora zvinyorwa zvakaita senyaya, nhetembo, ngano zvine chekuita neukama

hwetsumo netsika nemagariro. Kuti vave vane ruzivo nezvemitoo iyi vanogona kubata

Magwa (2016) uye Nyoni naNyota (2013)

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NHAMATIDZWA 1
MUDONZVO WEHURUKURO

1) Semazivire enyu chii chinonzi tsumo?

2) Semaonero enyu chii chinonzi tsika nemagariro?

3) Semaonero enyu idzo tsumo dzacho dzinombobva kupi?

4) Semazivire enyu ndezvipi zvinokosheswa mutsika nemagariro avaShona sekuziva

kwenyu?

5) Sekuona kwenyu zvamadoma pane pazvinobudiswawo here mutsumo? Ipai muenzaniso

wetsumo dzakakodzera.
6) Sekuona kwenyu ndezvipi zvingaitwa kuti pave nehochekoche mukudzidziswa kwetsika
nemagariro evaShona pachishandiswa tsumo.

91
NHAMATIDZWA 2
MUDONZVO WEONGORORO YEMABHUKU EVADZIDZI

CHIONWA ZVAONEKWA ONGORORO

1) ZVIITWA
ZVETSUMO
2) HOCHEKOCHE
YETSIKA
NEMAGARIRO
NETSUMO

3) MHANDO
DZETSUMO

4) ONGORORO
INOITWA

92
NHAMADIDZWA 3
MUDONZVO WEONGORORO YEMASIKIMU

CHIONWA ZVAONEKWA ONGORORO

1) ZVIITWA

2) KANGANI
PAVHIKI

3) PANE
HOCHEKOCHE
HERE PABASA
RETSUMO

93
 NETSIKA
NEMAGARIRO
MUURONGWA
HWACHO

4) ZVIITWA
ZVAKARONGWA

5) ONGORORO
YEZVIITWA
INOPIWA

NHAMATIDZWA 4
TSAMBA YEYUNIVHESITI

94
95