Baboon Spiders

Tarantulas of Africa and The Middle East •

Andrew M Smith
Fitzgerald Publishing London ISBN 09510939-7-5
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Ac k now l ed g emen t s .
A Revision Of The Theraphosidae Family From Africa And The Middle East. I am i ndebted to many for the i r as s i s t ance - but spec i a l than k s mus t be reserved
for Mr . Paul H i l l yard , Curator of The Arachno l og i c a l Col l ec t i o n at The Br i t i sh Mu seum
of Natural H i s tory . Mr . H i l l yard has g i ven me unst i n t i ng he l p and support over a
period of some three years and i n f l uenced me great l y i n the s phere of the i l l ustra­
t i o n s . I a m very gratef u l for h i s conf i dence .
I wou l d a l so l i ke to thank the l i brary s t af f at the BMNH for trac k i ng down many ob­
scure papers - a l so the Hope Co l l ec t i on , The Horni man Museum London , The London Zoo­
Publ i shed by F i tzgeral d Publ i sh i ng l og i c a l Soci ety and The Transvaal Museum.
PO Box 804 , London SE13 7JF I wou l d a l so l i ke to express my grati tude to fri ends , f e l l ow amateur and profess­
i on a l arachno l og i sts a l i ke , who from a l l over the wor l d , have as s i sted me i n the f i rst
Engl and part of t h i s s e r i es - g i v i ng freely of thei r t i me w i th great generos i ty . My good
fri end V i ncent H u l l -Wi l l i ams , Dr . Mart i n F i l mer , Or . Embden , Or . R . R aven , Or . Ans i e
Di ppen aar , Or . Mar i e C e l er i e r , R i ck Wes t , John H ancock , I an W a l l ac e , Peter K i rk , P a u l
Copyri ght Andew M . Smi th C arpenter , Ann & Frank Webb, R a l ph F i tchett , John & Franc i s Murphy, T i m Bento n , D i eter
Scho l z , M i chael Z i eg l e r , Roy Dunn and Peter K l ass .
A l l r i ghts reserved . No p ar t of t h i s p ub l i c a t i o n Both myse l f and the pub l i sher are i ndebted to Peter K i rk , Paul Carpenter , Frank
may b e reproduced , s t ored i n a retr i eval system o r Mar t i n and Franc i s Murphy for the b l ack and wh i te photographs wh i ch they h ave g i ven so
transmi t ted i n any f o r m o r b y a n y mean s , e l ec tron i c , free l y for pub l i ca t i on . I wou l d a l s o l i ke to thank my mother for her many hours of
mech an i ca l , photocopy i n g , record i ng o r o therw i s e , pati ent typ i n g .
wi thout perm i s s i on of t h e pu b l i sher and copyr i ght
hol der . Permi s s i on w i l l be granted for research
Ded i c ated
purposes.

I SBN 09510939-7-5 ( soft back ) to

Reg i n a l d I nnes Pocock

Bri t i sh L i brary Catal og u i ng i n Pub l i c a t i on Data
( 1863 - 1 9 4 7 )
Smi th . Andrew M. 1955
The more research I undertake , t h e more I marvel a t h i s g r a s p of the subjec t .
Therapho s i d S p i ders Of The O l d Wor l d

Vol . 1 . Tarantu l as O f Afr i c a And The M i d d l e E a s t

1 . Taran t u l a s

1 . Ti t l e 1 1 . Ser i es

595 - 44

09510939- 7 - 5 ( pbk . )

Front And Back Cover Photographs .

Front. Ceratogyrus darl i ng i

Back . Stromatope l ma cal ceata

Photographs Jed Edge .

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A Revision Of The Theraphosidae Family From Africa And The Middle East. Preface.

In l ate 1985 I had , as now , reached the stage of putt i ng the f i n a l touches to the
Tarantu l a C l as s i f i c at i on and I dent i f i c at i on G u i d e , a book wh i c h has been repub l i shed
Contents. Page three t i mes , but on wh i ch , in rea l i ty , I h ave s i nce spent l i tt l e t i me , desp i te be i n g
cont i nuou s l y asked t o d o so by my pub l i sher . Why you may ask? Why not update a popu­
l ar bestse l l i n g format .
Preface 2 The answer i s s i mp l y that on comp l et i on of the Tarantu l a I D Gu i de - I knew t h at I
Introduction 3 h ad become i nvol ved i n a h i gh l y unsati sfactory s i tuat i on of regurg i tat i ng o l d i nfor­
Taxonomic Characters 6 mat i o n , wh i c h I knew cou l d best be descr i bed as i n need of urgent rev i s i on . To con­
t i nue research on the Taran tu l a ID G u i d e wou l d have been to progress further up a cu l l
Methods Of Study 7 de-sac .
Methods Of Identification 9 The Tarantu l a I D G u i de was s i mp l y a surrmary of the s c i en t i f i c papers of the sub­
Equipment 10 fami l i e s , genera and spec i es of the Theraphos i d ae as l i sted by Carl Roewer ( 1881 - 1963 )
11 i n h i s Katal og der Araneen 1 954 . I n t h a t i t was the f i rst pub l i ca i on to do thi s , meant
Illustrated Anatomical Guide And Glossary
that i t was a usefu l book for those work i ng on t h i s par t i cu l ar group of s p i ders . Use­
Theraphosidae Classification 14 ful but f l awed by h av i ng to use dated taxonom i c too l s and descr i pt i on s , wh i ch a l though
Illustrated Key To Subfamilies 15 of h i stor i c a l v a l ue were of l i m i ted s c i en t i f i c v a l ue . But it was i nv a l u ab l e to me , i n
Diagnosis Of The Theraphosidae Family 17 that i t en ab l ed me t o bui l d u p what i s probab l y the l argest co l l ec t i on o f sc i en t i f i c
papers ( on the Therap ho s i dae ) i n Europe outs i d e a sc i en t i f i c i ns t i tu t i on . These have
Eumenophorinae Subfamily 18 g i ven me i mmed i ate access to primary data - wh i l e the preparat i on for the ID Gu i d e
Harpactirinae Subfamily 62 gave m e t h e groundwork f o r the t a s k ahead .
Ischnocolinae Subfamily (Part One) 104 I n the spr i ng of 1986 , I approached Mr . Pau l H i l l yard at the Br i t i sh Museum of Nat­
Selenogyrinae Subfamily (New) 135 ural H i story, and asked if I cou l d have perm i s s i on to beg i n a comp l ete rev i s i on of the
Therapho s i dae mater i a l i n the BMNH col l ec t i on - in three stages , based on the app l i ca­
References - Bibliography - Societies 141
(Genera)
t i on of modern taxonom i c too l s . A rev i s i on wh i ch wou l d i nvol ve s tudyi ng every spec i men
Index 141 i n the col l ec t i on , draw i n g and d i ssec t i n g each spec i men i n turn so that gener i c and
Index ( Species ) 142 spec i es i dent i f i c at i on cou l d be read i l y ascert a i ned . I am gratef u l that Mr . Paul H i l l ­
yard read i l y agreed to . such a request and over the fol l ow i n g three years hel ped w i t h
construct i ve cri t i c i sm - i nf l uenc i ng much of m y approach t o taxonom i c artwork wi th the
exampl e of h i s own exce l l en t draw i n g techn i ques .
Pau l H i l l yard , I hasten to add , i s not respon s i b l e for some of the more controvers ­
i al theories wh i c h I have propounded i n t h i s f i rs t vo l ume . The creat i o n o f a new O l d
Wor l d Theraphos i d ae subfam i l y for examp l e i s i nev i t ab l y goi n g t o attract muc h atten­
t i on - but I feel stron g l y , even as I pen t h i s preface and the heady j oy of d i scovery
has d i s sjpated , that i t i s a much needed c ategori s at i on i n narrowi ng down t he ramb l i ng
I schnocol i nae subfam i l y . Equa l l y so , the suspend i ng of so many of Strand ' s spec i e s ,
f a l l s upon my head and was done w i t h regret - for I am above al l a conservat i ve tax­
onomi s t and i t was only when faced with no spec i men , no , or poor l oca l i ty d at a , only a
dated paper t h at I f i n a l l y found myse l f dec l ar i ng them to be temporari l y suspended .
I s i ncerely hope that th i s access to the redescr i p t i ons of pri mary type mater i a l
wi l l g i ve European arachno l og i sts , i n terested i n the Therapho s i dae , the mot i vati on to
exp l ore museum col l ec t i on s and l ocate type mater i a l wh i ch I am sure has been m i s p l aced
after the i nevi t ab l e confus i on of movi n g and stor i ng such materi al dur i ng the l as t
war . I n some c a s e s the l oc a t i on i s known a n d i s s i mp l y i n need of redesc r i pt i o n . W i t h
d i scovery a n d redescr i p t i on - Strand I a m s u r e wi l l take h i s r i ghtful p l ace o n c e aga i n
amongst the i mportant arachno l o g i s t s wor k i ng o n the Therapho s i d ae a t the turn o f the
century .
I am a l so i ndebted to Dr Robert R aven for i nf l uenc i ng and s t i mu l at i ng me w i t h h i s
wr i t i ngs and for h i s abi l i ty t o def i ne prev i ous l y l i tt l e used taxonom i c too l s , such as
the l ab i o - sternum mounds wh i c h I have found i n val uab l e in redesc r i b i ng genera and spe­
c i es wh i ch l ack read i l y def i n a b l e trad i t i on a l taxonom i c character i s t i c s . I have found
h i s research s t i mu l at i ng and i t has i ne v i t ab l y acted as a catalys t for my own i deas .
Where I f i nd mys e l f i n d i s agreement w i t h Dr Raven ' s rev i s i on of the Myg a l omorphae - i t
i s probab l y much to do w i t h my own taxonom i c conservat i sm .
I n order t o redef i ne th i s 1 arge ramb l i ng F ami l y i n manageab l e proport i ons , I have
d i v i ded the Therapho s i d ae i nto O l d Wor l d and New Wor l d subfami l i es and i n turn sub­
d i v i ded t hese i nto three p arts on a geograp h i c a l d i stri but i on .
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Part 1 . Baboon Spi ders - The Theraphos i dae of Afr i ca and The M i d d l e Eas t .
Introduction
Part 2 . E arth T i gers - The Therapho s i dae o f The Far Eas t .
The presence of Myg a l omorph spi ders i n Afr i c a , f i rst bec ame app arent to the s c i en t ­
Part 3 . Tarantu l as - The Therap ho s i d ae o f North And South Amer i c a . i f i c wor l d i n 1 8 3 2 - when i n t h a t year P i erre L atrei l l e ( 1 762 -1833 ) pub l i shed a paper
( Nouv . Ann . Mus . H i s t . Nat . 1 p . 70 ) on a new Myg a l e from the C ape reg i on in South Af­
I h ave trave l l ed many thousands o f mi l es over the l ast four years , w i t h my fri end r i c a , wh i c h he n amed Myg a l e atra. ( Note the term Myga l e d u r i n g t h i s per i od was a bed
and trave l l i n g compan i on V i ncent Hu l l -W i l l i ams . Mos t l y i n the Far Eas t , but a l so to and breakfast group wh i ch housed much of the l arge primi t i ve four l unged spi ders , that
North and South Afr i c a , in order to d i scover habi tat and behav i our data - much of were bei n g brought back from overseas by trave l l ers and expl orers . In fact the gener i c
wh i ch i s m i s s i ng in the sci enti f i c papers of earl i er wr i ters . The p a i r of us have made n ame i n wh i c h i t res i des was not to come about u n t i l 1871 - when Dr . Anton Ausserer
a sma l l i nroad i n thi s sphere and I am gratefu l to Mart i n F i l mer for as s i s t i ng and or­ redescri bed another spec i es from the same reg i on , cafrer i ana (Wal ckenaer 183 7 ) and e s ­
gan i s i ng my F i e l d t r i p to South Afr i ca - but muc h , much more i s needed to be don e . The t ab l i shed the Harpac t i ra genu s ) . T h u s Myga l e a t r a i n 1832 , w a s t o j o i n Myg a l e l e b l ondi
rea l i ty is that we v i rtual l y know next to not h i n g about the behav i our and habi tat of Latre i l l e 1804 , from South Amer i c a , and Myg a l e v a l entinu s Dufour 1820 , from Spa i n as
much of the Theraphos i d ae . another i nteres t i ng cur i os i ty from a d i stant p art of the wor l d .
I s i ncere l y hope that the data contai ned w i t h i n t h i s work wi l l s t i m u l ate renewed As the Cape Col any expanded i nto the h i nterl and d u r i n g the 1830s , i t bec ame poss­
i nterest amongst other amateur and professi onal arachnol ogists - to rev i se and rede­ i b l e for natura l i s ts and trave l l ers to col l ec t more new fauna exposed by l and c l ear­
f i ne the materi a l wh i ch I h ave not been ab l e to l oc at e . To def i ne synonymous spec i es ance and the farmers hoe and , with the comi n g of steam s h i p s , despatch them back to
and d i scover the i nev i tab l e new spec i es wh i c h l urk i n museum basements i n exped i t i on var i ou s E uropean centres of l earn i ng with i nc reas i ng e as e . To the extent that w i t h i n
spec i men j ar s , l abel l ed "undescri bed E t h i op i an mater i a l " . D i scover i es wh i ch wi l l i n ­ f i ve years o f Latre i l l e ' s descr i p t i on of atra,W a l cken aer ( 1 77 1 - 1852 ) was t o desc r i be
crease our know l edge o f both spec i f i c genera and the d i s t r i b u t i on o f many spec i es . At no l ess than two new spec i es , Myg a l e funebra and Myg a l e c afreri an a . Unfortun ate l y My­
present our k nowl edge of many of these i s l i mi ted to what i s wr i tten on a sma l l c ard g a l e funebra was to turn out to be synonymous wi th L atrei l l e ' s Myg a l e atra, as was My­
i n the i r spec i men j ar . g a l e corac i n a wh i ch Ludwi g Koch ( 1825-1908) was to descr i be i n 1842 , from the same
regi on .
Andrew M . Smi t h London 1990 . A prob l em wh i c h g i ves the reader both a c l ear i dea of how nebu l ou s many of these
e ar l y s c i enti f i c descr i pt i ons were and the u nderstandab l e des i re , by many of t hese
ear l y arachno l og i sts to rush i nto a head l ong n am i n g of new spec i es , espec i a l l y exc i ­
t i ng new cur i os i t i es from ou t s i d e Europe - often fai l i ng to exami ne ex i st i ng spec i ­
mens ( wh i e h t o be fai r was not an easy propos i t i on before the estab l i shment o f the
rai l ways made i nter uni versi ty/museum research more feas i b l e ) or even correspond wi th
other arachno l o g i sts of the peri od . Arachno l og i sts who in turn were work i ng on s i mi l ar
l i s ts of European s p i ders , ( s upp l emented w i t h the occas i on a l paper on exo t i c spec i mens
sent from ever expand i ng co l o n i a l sett l ements ) w i t h a l l the obv i ous probl ems of dupl i ­
cati on wh i ch was i ne v i t a b l y g o i n g to resu l t from such fragmented research . Dup l i c a t i on
wh i ch meant that by 1842 , of the four new Myga l omorph spi ders , from the Cape reg i o n of
South Afr i c a , two were synonymou s . A prob l em ari s i ng from s i mpl i st i c t axonom i c des ­
cri p t i ons wh i ch was not to bode we l l for the future .
From the 1870s , new mater i al began to be despatched from the conti nent of Afri c a
i n i ncreas i ng numbers . T h e f i rst wave , after the i n i t i a l curi o s i t i es of t h e 1830s , be­
i ng sent to vari ous German co l l ec t i on s where an Aus tr i an arachno l og i s t , Dr . Anton Aus­
serer ( 1843-89 ) from the V i enna Musuem , h ad access and whose pu b l i shed research on
Theraphos i ds dur i ng the 1870s did muc h to establ i s h the i n i t i al c l as s i f i cati on s truct ­
ure of the Theraphos i dae F ami l y . Research wh i ch i t must be s a i d was to be the key to
much of the French arachno l o g i s t Eugene S i mon ' s work on Therapho s i d s from the 1880s .
Unfortunately based at V i enna , Ausserer was to become i ncreas i ng l y i so l ated from the
mai n f l ow of spec i mens wh i ch by the 1880s , were bei ng despatched to Br i ta i n and F rance
from expand i n g c o l onial emp i res in Afr i c a , The Far E as t and mi l i tary and s c i ent i f i c
exped i t i on s t o Central and South Ameri c a . H e was t o d i e , i n 1889 , a t the t r ag i c a l l y
young age of 46 , the l ast years of h i s l i fe wracked b y i l l heal th - yet he d i d much
important i n i t i al work on the organ i s at i on of the Therapho s i d ae F ami l y and one can­
not help feel i ng that fate robbed him of the opportun i ty to pub l i sh and expand on a
group of arac hn i d s wh i ch obv i ou s l y i n terested h i m great l y .
By 1875 Ausserer had recei ved and descri bed a new spec i es from the Cape , t i g r i n a ,
redescri bed a t r a a n d estab l i s hed , i n 187 1 , the genus H arpacti r a to house t h i s new
South Afr i can mater i a l . He a l so d i d much important work on the new mater i a l b e i n g d i s ­
covered i n the Medi terranean are a , establ i s h i ng i n 1871 the genera I schnocolus and
Chaetopelma. In that year Ausserer ex tended the Med i terranean l i s t to i nc l ude Chaet­
opelma aegyptaci um and o l i vaceum from Cyprus and Egypt , I s chnoco l u s hol oseri ceus from
Spai n , tri ang u l i fer from S i c i l y and syri acus from Syr i a .
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Up unt i l 187 1 the on l y Med i terranean Therapho s i d known to sci ence was d i scovered by Pocock wi th the acqu i s i t i o n o f the Mocquery co l l ec t i on ( mate r i a l from Sao Tome } and
Leon Dufour { 1 780-186 5 ) who served i n Napol eon's army i n Spai n d u r i n g the Napol eon i c spec imens col l ected by the natural i st , exp l orer and surveyor Mr . Bates , a l so rev i sed
war , a s a f i e l d doctor . O n return t o h i s n a t i v e Sai nt-Sever , he resumed both h i s prac­ much of the Equator i a l reg i on - e s t ab l i sh i ng the Eumenophor i nae subfami l y w i th d e s ­
t i ce and h i s hobby - natural h i s tory , descr i b i ng many of the spec i mens wh i ch he h ad c r i p t i on s o f n e w genera a n d spec i es from S i erra Leone , Cameroon , N i geri a , Chad , C e n ­
col l ected d u r i n g h i s mi l i tary serv i c e , i nc l ud i ng Myg a l e v a l e n t i nus from Spai n i n 1820 . t r a l Afri c a a n d l ater E a s t Afr i ca a n d Yemen . Ut i l i s i ng the various forms of s t r i d u l at­
I n 1884 the Theraphos i dae fami l y was extended , by Karsch , w i t h the establ i s hment of i ng organs wh i c h he found on d i ssec t i o n of the che l icerae , p a l p and ante r i or l eg s , Po­
the Phoneyu s a genus to house spec imens despatched to h i m from Equ ator i a l Afr i ca - spe­ cock estab l i s hed three subfami l i es for the Afr i can sub-con t i nent , I schnoco l i n ae in the
c i f i c a l l y Gabon , Central Afr i ca and the Cameroons . Dr . F . Karsch , in 1884 , was the as­ North , Eumenophor i nae in Equatori a l , Central and East Afr i c a and the H arpact i r i n ae
s i stant curator to the Department of Zool ogy at the Berl i n Museum and the mater i a l subfami l y i n the South .
sent t o h i m was a d i rect resu l t o f Germany ' s p l an s for Imper i a l Co l on i a l expan s i on and W i t h the Boer war ( 1899 - 1 g o 2 } and the estab l i shment of a strong Bri t i s h mi l i tary
the subsequent occupat i on of Dou a l a in 1883 . Shor t l y before th i s peri od Karsch had e s ­ and subsequent Co l on i a l Off i ce presence { l i nked i n turn to the extens i ve engi n eer i ng
tabl i s hed t h e i n terest i ng genus Heterothel e t o house t h e spec i men honesta from the projects and i n d i v i du a l d i gg i ng undertaken to fac i l i ate the d i scovery of g o l d and d i a­
Congo . W i th its l ong anteri or s p i n nerets it cou l d be eas i l y be m i s taken for a member mond s } meant that the Bri t i sh Museum was to recei ve a great deal of exc i t i ng new
of the D i p l ur i dae F ami l y . Yet K arsch rea l i sed that w i th i ts tarsal c l aw tufts and the mater i a l from South Afr i c a , from the m i d 1 880s onward s . Mater i a l wh i ch Pocock was to
pos i t i o n of the med i an s p i nnerets i t cou l d only be an unusual Theraphos i d . A genus use exten s i v e l y i n rev i s i ng the Theraphos i ds of the reg i o n , creat i ng three new genera
wh i c h the reader wi l l see has produced some unusual spec imens . Karsch ' s research on and f i fteen spec i es , two of them be i ng the new horned baboon s p i ders from Z i mbabwe and
Therapho s i ds was to be overshadowed at the Berl i n Museum, by Strand - but in many ways Mashon a l and . Pocock was a l so the f i r s t to appreci ate the d i fference , based on the str­
Karsch ' s work can be v i ewed as the most endu r i n g . d u l at i ng organ between the H arpacti r a Aus serer 1871 and P t er i noch i l u s Pocock 1897. and
The di rect l i nk wi th Co l on i a l expan s i on and a n i nfl ux o f new spec imens can b e ob­ did a great deal in rev i s i ng much of the ear l i er mater i al a s s i gned to Ausserer's genus
s erved t i me and t i me aga i n over the next t h i rty years - the fi rst wave bei ng the d i ­ erroneous l y by l ater workers .
rect resu l t of mi l i t ary expans i on and the need for engi neers to bu i l d roads , the s e ­ Both Pocock and Strand were of the c l as s i c a l arachnol o g i c a l school of thought wh i ch
cond d i rect l y l i n ked t o the need f o r a co l o n i a l admi n i strat i ve i nfrastructure a n d t h e rema i ned f i rm l y at the n a t i o n a l seat of l earn i ng and wh i ch expected spec i mens to come
estab l i s hment o f rai l ways . to them . Eugene S i mon on the other hand spent much of the 1860s and 1870s scou r i ng
The end resu l t of th i s great deal of d i gg i ng meant that hundreds of Theraphos i d France and Med i terranean Europe i n seach of spec i mens for two great object i ve s , one a
s p i ders ( amongst a vast wea l t h o f a l ternat i ve fau n a } were be i ng despatched t o the taxonomi c , systemat i c work of s p i ders of the wor l d , the other a deta i l ed account of
maj or seats of l earn i ng in Bri t a i n , France and Germany. Mater i a l wh i ch i ro n i c a l l y , by s p i ders i n F r ance .
i ts very secret i ve nature . wou l d not have been d i scovered i n s uch numbers i f i t was Eugene S i mon was i n many ways the mos t i mportant arachno l og i s t of the peri od { a l ­
not for these engi neers - for Theraphos i d s p i ders , un l i ke but terfl i es , do not l end though i n the sphere of the Theraphos i dae , Pocock ' s taxonom i c and systemat i c work has
thems e l ves for easy d i scovery by the trave l l i ng co l l ector with net and ether . better s tood the test of t i me } the two thous and page , H i s to i re N atural l e des Arai gnees
Awai t i ng t h i s wea l th of mater i al were two outstand i ng arachno l og i sts , Reg i n a l d l i st i ng forty thousand spec i es to a gener i c l evel - a testamen t to h i s i ndustry and
Pocock ( 1863 - 1 94 7 } and E ugene S i mon ( 1848 -1925 ) . A t h i r d , Embr i k Strand born i n Nor­ gen i u s . On h i s death in 1925 , the S i mon col l ec t i on at the Museum of N atural H i s tory ,
way in 187 6 , a l so shou l d h ave been remembered as the l ead i ng arachn o l og i s t of thi s Par i s contai ned over twenty t housand t ubes .
per i od - but unfortu n ate l y , he appears to have had a somewhat cava l i er atti tude to the Much of S i mon ' s research i nto the Theraph o s i dae resul ted not o n l y from mat-
es tab 1 i s hment of type specimens and been f l awed by an aspect of h i s ch aracter , eri a l col l ected by trave l l ers and natural h i s tory enthu s i asts abroad - but from h i s
w h i ch has been descri bed as "mora l tarantu l i sm " - Savoury-Sp i ders , Scorp i ons And own f i e l d work . I n 1871 h e h ad v i s i ted Morocco and i n 1877 A l g er i a and Tun i s , col l ect­
Men . An overwh e l m i n g des i re to e s t ab l i sh as many new genera and spec i es w i th h i s name i ng spec i mens of the genus I schnocol us . He broadened the scope of these i n i t i al forays
appended to as many as human l y pos s i b l e . out of France by embark i n g on a tr i p to Venezue l a i n 1887 , where he d i scovered spec­
Savoury be l i eved that Strand ' s gen i u s l ay i n the systemat i c work wh i ch h e under­ i mens of Avi cu l ar i a v e l u t i n a and mater i a l for the e s t ab l i s hment of a number of genera
too k , exam i n g and reorgan i s i n g the co l l ec t i on s at Marbury , Stuttgart { 1905 ) , Tubi ngen , over the next ten years . He a l so d i scovered hummi ng b i rd s , wh i c h became a separate
the Senckenbergi sche museum, Frankfurt-On -Ma i n and f i n a l l y the Mus eum of Zool ogy , Ber­ pas s i on from h i s arachno l og i c a l act i v i t i e s .
l i n in 1 907 . By 1 g o7 Strand h ad e s t ab l i shed n i ne genera and twenty seven spec i e s from I n 1889 h e embarked o n a n exped i t i o n t o Suez and Aden and g athered t h e fo 1 1 owi ng
Afr i c a a l on e . Unfortunate l y unti l many of Strand ' s type spec i mens are l ocated , much of Therapho s i d amongst a wea l th of other materi a l , C h aetop e l ma adenense . Dur i ng the next
h i s Afr i can Theraphos i ds are i mposs i b l e to i de n t i fy from h i s s c i en t i f i c pape1·s al one decade S i mon extended h i s col l ecti ng t r i p s , f i rs t to the P h i l l i p i nes in 1890 , then Sri
( the p apers b e i n g l arge l y det a i l ed phys i c a l descri p t i ons wi th no taxonomic i l l u stra­ Lanka in 1892 and f i n a l l y South Afr i ca in 1893 . He gathered much mater i a l but surpr i s ­
t i on s } and subsequen t l y much of h i s mater i a l can on l y be v i e1•ed , for a l l i n tents and i ng l y few Therapho s i d s - on l y col l ec t i ng the new spec i es Harpac t i r a junodi from the
purposes , as temporari l y su spended - ex i s t i ng in the l i s t as names a l on e . I t is i n ter­ rich col l ect i ng grounds of the Cape reg i on . S i mon above a l l e l s e , was a taxonomi s t and
e s t i n g to note the Raven in 1 985 ( Bu l l . Amer . Mu s . Nat . H i s t . 182) found s i x of al though he was one of the few arachno l og i s t s to col l ect a l l over the worl d and ob­
Strand ' s n i ne Afr i can genera to be synonymous w i t h other estab l i shed genera of the served new materi al in i ts n atural h ab i tat , h i s notes on the behav i our and habi tat of
per i od . Therapho s i d s p i ders are as scanty and , for al l i ntents and purposes , on the s ame l evel
Reg i n a l d Pocock , born i n C l i fton , Bri stol i n 1863 , was a student of the great zoo l ­ as Ausserer , Pocock and S trand ' s t axonom i c s tudi es of spec i mens from j ars of s p i r i t ,
ogi s t E . B . Pou l ton at St Edwards , Oxford . He con t i nued h i s stud i es at Bri stol Uni ver s ­ despatched by co l l ectors . For the l i kes of Pocock , rel i an t o n data supp l i ed by col l ec ­
i ty and for e i ghteen years worked at t h e Natural H i s tory Museum as a jobb i ng a s s i stant tors , i t i s obv i ous t h a t muc h o f h i s research w a s g o i n g t o b e l i mi ted t o systema t i c s
curator , eventua l l y becom i n g curator of the Arachi d a department . There between 1895 and c l as s i f i cat i on , for S i mon wi th h i s v a s t f i rs t h and knowl edge , i t wou l d seem some­
and 1903 { when he moved to the Zoo l og i c a l Soc i ety London to become Di rector} he was to what of a l o st opportun i ty to i ncrease our k nowl edge of the Theraphos i d s p i ders he was
pub l i sh seven i mportant papers wh i ch exten s i ve l y revi sed the Theraphosi d ae subfami l i es descri b i n g .
of the Old Wor l d and estab l i s hed a l arge number of genera ( much of wh i c h has surv i ved
the l ast hundred years i n tac t } wh i ch i ncorporated materi a l h a i l i ng from a l l corners of O n Si mon ' s death i n 1924 and Pocock's career move t o the Zoo l og i c a l Soc i ety , London
the expand i n g Bri t i s h emp i re - but s pec i f i c a l l y Afr i c a , I nd i a and the Ma l ay pen i n s u l a r . in 1903, the f i e l d was open for a new gener at i on of arachno l og i sts , s i x of whom pub-
 5

l i shed papers on the Therapho s i dae F ami l y - w i t h a part i cu l ar l y strong i n terest i n Af ­ Aston i s h i n g l y for much of t he 1920s and 1930s , l i tt l e new was t o b e pub l i shed o n
r i c an Theraphos i d s . ( Note some arachnolo g i s t s s t ud i ed Therapho s i d spi ders from spec ­ African Theraphos i d s , des p i t e a steady stream o f new mater i a l despatched to t h e Bri t ­
i f i c geograp h i c a l areas - these i n d i v i d u a l s such as Thore l l and Mel l o-Lei t ao bei n g i n ­ i sh Museum o f Natural H i story. I n fact o n l y i n North Afr i c a duri ng the 1 930s , w i th the
c l uded i n future vol umes re l event t o thei r own spec i f i c researc h ) . These bei n g H i rs t , expan s i on of Mussol i n i ' s new Rome , did new mater i a l come to l i gh t . The I ta l i an arach­
F age , Ber 1 and , Tu l l gren, Purce l l and Hewi tt . n o l o g i s t Lod i v i co Capori acco descri bi ng a new spec i es of l schnocol u s from L i bya and
L u c i e n Berl and ( 1883- 1 964 ) and Lou i s F age ( 1883-1964 ) con t i n ued S i mon ' s research a t surpr i s i ng l y , a new spec i es of Pter i n oc h i l u s from Eth i opi a . Professor of Zool ogy at
t h e Museum N a t u r a l H i s tory P ar i s - b o t h men work i ng on , amongst other t h i ngs , Thera­ F 1 orence Uni vers i ty , he accompan i ed a number of exped i t i ons , i n the 1930 s , i nto the
phos i d spi ders from Equator i a l Afr i c a and Madagasc ar . Berl and in parti c u l ar found the L i byan desert - much of the mater i a l col l ected generat i n g a number of papers on the
study of these l arge spi ders of i n terest and wrote in 19 1 7 , a f i ne t axonom i c paper for arac h n i d ae of the reg i o n .
the peri od , wh i ch added two new spec i es to the Phoneyusa gen u s and a new jet b l ack ar­ I t i s poss i b l e t o see t h a t much o f t h e research wh i ch h a s t aken p l ace over the l as t
boreal spi der , s atanus to the Scodra/Stromatopelma genus . Unfortu n ate l y after the pub- hundred years has been centred spec i f i c a l l y on taxonomy a n d systemat i cs a n d t h e b e ­
1 i c a t i on in 1922 by F age of an i nteres t i ng new spec i es for the Monocentropus gen u s havi our has at b e s t warranted a brief l i ne based on the col l ectors or i g i na l notes
from Madagascar , no new Theraphos i d papers were to b e pub l i shed i n France u n t i l t h e accompanyi n g t he spec i men . I n truth we know very l i tt l e about the behav i our and h ab i ­
ear l y 1970s , when Edou ard Dresco descri bed a new spec i e s of P honeyusa l essert i from tat o f the maj or i ty o f the Theraphos i d spi ders from the cont i nent o f Afr i c a .
Central Afr i c a . A young I t a l i an arachno l og i s t A l berto F anfan i i n the What l i tt l e data we d o h ave i s l i m i ted t o the admi r ab l e f i e l dwork research of the
s ame year , presented the most detai l ed behav i oural paper yet pub l i s hed , observ i ng French arachno l o g i s t Dr . Mar i e-Lou i se Ce l er i e r ( see Stromatope l ma ) and t o a l esser ex­
P . l es serti i n both the f i e l d and l abori tory . tent the I tal i an arachno l og i st Fanfan i . I am a l so gratefu l for the i n forma t i on , wh i ch
The o n l y i mportant research on Therapho s i d s between these two per i ods , was from the has been supp l i ed to me i n pri vate correspondence , by the South Afr i can amateur arach­
Be l g i an arachno l og i st Raymond Laurent who undertook a great deal of rev i s i on work at nol ogi st Or . Mart i n F i l mer , whose f i e l d work notes appear exten s i ve l y in the Harpac t i ­
the end of the Second Wor l d War , but whose work unfortunate l y , is marred by a tendency r i nae sec t i on of t h i s book . Labori tory and F i e l d Work , over the l ast ten years , wh i ch
to have used the taxonomi c too l s and methods of prev i ou s generat i ons , at a t i me when has , i n some smal l way, l i t the path ahead for the enormous task of redescri bi ng o 1 d
mos t arachno l og i sts were mov i n g beyond phys i c a l descr i p t i on s and c arapace and pat+t i b . museum spec i mens , col l ec t i n g afresh and redef i n i n g the d i s t r i b u t i on and habi tat behav­
equati on s and study i n g the ro l e o f the spermathecae a s a t axonomi c tool w i t h the i n ­ i our or much of the estab l i shed gener a .
creas i ng u s e of i l l ustrat i on s . I r r i t a t i n g when one remembers that the Po l i sh arachno l ­ A t t h i s moment i n t i me we can observe from t h e l i mi ted d a t a w e have , t h at w e appear
o g i s t W l adys l aw K u l c zyn s k i ( 1854 - 1 9 1 9 ) had p i o neered such methods i n h i s br i l l i an t to have a number of sped a l i sed genera , such as C i thari schi u s and Ceratogyr u s wh i eh
s tudy of J avanese Theraphos i d s as e a r l y as 1 908 . have adopted to spec i f i c habi tats and have deve l oped p r i mary burrow i n g patterns of be­
I n South Afr i c a the i n i t i al work of Pocock was f i rs t compl emented by Purce l l i n the h av i our . These spi ders devel op from scratc h . a deep burrow ( the depth one presumes be­
1900s and l ater after the 1914-18 war , cont i nued by Hewi t t - two arachno l ogi sts who i ng d i c tated by the soi l cond i t i on s and the need t o mai n t a i n a cert a i n humi d i ty l ev e l )
d i d much to rev i se and extend the estab l i s hed genera of the regi on . w i th a s i ng l e chamber at or near the base . Th i s i s seen at i ts mos t devel oped s t ate ,
Freder i ck Purcel l , born i n London i n 1866 was educ ated at The South African Col l ege i n the burrowi n g act i v i t i e s of the Moroccan spec i es , l sc h nocol us marocca nu s , wh i ch has
and l ater a t several u n i vers i t i e s in Germany between 1887 and 1894 . I n that year he been observed i n a burrow made up of para 1 1 e 1 t ubes , an escape ex i t and nursery
returned to South Afr i ca and became a s s i stant at the South Afr i can Museum, where he chamber .
embarked on a number of f i e l d tri ps w i t h h i s w i f e , add i ng enormous l y to the museum The maj or i ty of· Afr i can and M i d d l e East spec i es , on the o�her hand , can be deemed
col l ec t i on and to our sc anty knowl edge of the habi tat and behav i our of the wor l d s mos t to be opportu n i s t i c burrowers - whose burrowi n g act i v i t i e s range from extend i ng mo l e
i nterest i ng Theraphos i d spi ders . and l i zard hol es , excavat i ng a chamber beneath rocks or l ogs , u t i l i s i ng tree s tumps or
I n 1 902 he pub l i shed a paper wh i ch estabi shed the new genu s Coel ogen i um wh i ch ho l l ows beneath tree root s and , as has been observed in a Tanz a n i an town sh i p , res i d i n g
recogn i sed a separate grou p , c l osely a l l i ed to the Pteri nochi l u s genus , the d i fference happ i l y beneath the rai sed f l oor of t i n shac k s . These feed o n cockroaches and l i z ards
be i ng a procurved foveal groove in p l ace of the transverse groove common in the major­ attracted by communal and outs i de pri v i es . A poten t i a l r i c h food source .
i ty of the reg i ons mater i a l . He a l so descri bed a new Pteri noch i l u s spec i e s in what i s A sma l l group i n Equator i a l Afr i c a , the Scodra/Stromatopelma h ave become arbore a l ,
a very readab l e paper - but wh i ch i rr i t at i n g l y l acked comprehen s i ve measurements . He constructi ng primi t i ve s i lk tubes or pouches , between the base of p a l m fronds , h i gh a­
f o l l owed t h i s w i t h a second paper in 1903 - but surpri s i ng l y , cons i d er i ng the wea l t h bove the ground . It is l i ke l y that t h i s mater i a l i s a l so part l y opportun i st i c , u t i l i s ­
o f materi a l , produced n o more papers o n the subject - ret i r i n g ear l y i n 1 905 t o h i s i ng ro l l ed up banana l eaves and the eaves beneath n at i ve roofs , a s an a l tern a t i ve
es tate a t Bergo l i et t o concentrate o n the ethno l ogy o f n at i ve peop l es o f Sduth Afr i c a . res t i n g p l ace .
O n Purcel l ' s death i n 1 9 1 9 , John Hewi t t c ame t o the fore . Born i n London he atten ­ Throughout t h i s book I have used the common Afri can name , baboon sp i ders , as an
ded Cambr i dge between 1899 - 1 903 , t ak i n g up a post at the Transvaal Museum i n 1909 as a al ternat i ve to the trad i t i on a l common name t arantu l a . Not , I may add , because the term
curator . I t was not unt i l he was appoi n ted d i rector i n 1910 at the A l bany museum at baboon spi der i s i n common u s age throughout Afr i c a , s i mp l y as an a l ternat i v e , wh i ch i s
Grahamstown , that he began �ork on t h e Theraphos i d s of South East Afr i c a , s tudyi n g and more i n keep i n g w i t h these f asc i na t i n g arach n i d s .
desc r i b i n g many new spec i es in the museum c o l l ec t i o n . I n 1 9 1 9 he publ i s hed a n i mport­ I n rea l i ty , the term tarantu l a has been adopted i n more and more cou n t r i es as the
ant paper wh i ch added two new spec i e s to the Ceratogyrus genus and a s i ng l e spec i es , med i a h as encroached in the l i ves of l oc a l peop l e , to the extent that I often f i nd
breyeri to the Pteri nochi l u s genu s . L ater he was to come to the conc l us i on that the that they now s h ake the i r heads when I use n ames wh i ch were i n common us age when noted
taxonomi c d i f ferences between i nd i v i du a l spec i es of much of the attri buted mater i a l i n by other trave l l ers i n t i mes past and s i mpl y p o i n t to photographs and s ay , tarantu l a .
both the Pterinoch i l us and H arpac t i ra genera was so confu sed that dup l i cat i on was i n ­ The name baboon s p i der appears to h ave or i g i n ated i n Equator i a l and Central Afr i c a ,
e v i t ab l e and from 1 920 concentrated o n rept i l es and amph i b i an s . be i ng bound u p w i t h the Kwaku Ananse stori es from the Ashanti reg i o n . Kwaku i s a very
Two other arachno l og i s t s , who worked on South Afri can and East Afr i can Theraphos i d s d i fferent character from the Aunt N ancy stor i es wh i ch were carr i ed to the West I nd i es ,
f o r a bri ef peri od , were A . S . H i rst of the Br i t i sh Museum N a t u r a l H i s tory a n d Al bert i n the b l ack s l ave s h i ps , to become i n t i me Brer rabb i t . Here we have the baboon of
Tu l l gren of Stockhol m . H i rst i n 1 907 descri bed new materi al from Z i mbabwe and Kenya baboon s - crafty, treacherous , a greedy rasc a l who desp i te a l l , has a down to earth
add i ng two new spec i es to the Pterinochi l u s genu s , wh i l e Tul l gren in 1910 , publ i shed a wi sdom and camp f i re humour . A ch aracter of f ab l e - but one wh i ch ref l ects a n a t i v e
paper on the d i scoveries of a Swed i sh exped i t i o n to the K i l l i manj aro reg i on of Tanzan­ respect f o r t h e 1 arge, l ong 1 i ved h a i ry occupants o f deep burrows , a 1 ongs i d e v i 1 1 age
i a/Kenya , add i n g a further two new spec i es to the gen u s . pathways .
6

I shou l d add , has i nf l uenced my own work great l y .

I subseque n t l y set out i n 1g35 , t o comp l e te l y redescr i be t h e Theraphos i dae i n three
The term baboon i s s a i d to h ave come abou t , because of the b l ack scapu l ae of the comp l ete vo l umes - p l aci ng emphas i s on modern taxonomi c too l s and when ever poss i b l e
spi ders l ower l egs resemb l i ng the b l ack vel vet fi ngers of a baboon . In West Afr i ca , drawi ng the spec i men to scal e and comp l ete l y d i ssec t i ng and drawi n g the r e l evant t axo­
away from the warmth and humour o f f i re s i de stor i es , the baboon spi der has a d arker nomi c feature s .
ro l e to p l ay , in the b l ack mag i c of the r i tes of wi tch doctors - whose spel l s p l ay up­ These taxonomi c too l s can be l i s ted as fol l ows : -
on the common n at i ve fears . For desp i te a l l of the data we now h ave , wh i ch i nd i cates
that the maj or i ty of Therapho s i d s have the venom potent i a l of the b l ack Afri can bee , Primary Taxonomi c Too l s
i t i s s t i l l a common bel i ef that a b i te wi l l prove fat a l . To the extent that there are
a number of spec i mens i n the Bri t i s h Museum of Natural H i story , despatched back to 1 ) The structure o f the stridu l a t i ng organ , i f rel evant t o that p art i cu l ar subfami l y .
E n g l and by doctors - wh i ch have notes i nd i c at i n g , t h at t h i s mater i al is greatly feared
by the l ocal peop l e . Not one doctor records that he has ever wi tnessed such a death - 2 ) The presence/absence o f a d i v i d i ng l i ne of setae o n t h e under s i d e o f t h e scap u l ae
but that the l ocal peop l e bel i eve that on bei ng bi tten , a man wi l l waste away - d i ei ng of the tarsa l segments .
many months l ater. I h ave heard s i mi l ar stori es i n Sri Lanka and need it be sa i d , the
fate of the d amned can o n l y be resci nded by the swi f t act i on of the l ocal snake doc­ 3) Spermathecae and the s h ape o f the sem i n a l receptac l e s .
tor - for a c h arge .
I n South West Afr i c a , i n the wastes of the K a l ahari desert , baboon spi ders are i r ­ 4) P a l p a l bu l b , sh ape and structure .
ri ted by stal ks of grass u n t i l they l eave the i r burrows . They are then p l aced on a
skewer over a f i r e , l ow enough to s i nge the h a i r . Amongst the bus hmen such prac t i ce i s 5) Shape and s p i n at i on of the t i b i al spur.
v i ewed as an i mportant i n i t i at i on r i te for you n g men about to embark upon the hunt .
Further E a s t , the Matabe l e and Zu l u peop l es , enjoy the sport of baboon bai t i n g , the 6) S p i ne s of l eg s , part i cu l ar l y of the t i b i a and metatars us of l egs 3 , 4 .
spi ders b e i ng p l aced i n a c i rc l e of stones , by bored herd boys guard i ng catt l e . They
then wh i l e away the l on g hours of an Afri can even i ng wi th sma l l bets . I t wou l d seem 7) Cuspu l es/gran u l es on the l ab i um and coxa o f the pal p .
that for a short whi l e in the l ate n i neteenth century , South Afr i c an mi ners i ntroduced
the " sport of herd boys" i nto the gamb l i ng s a l oon , as an a l tern a t i ve to cock f i gh t i n g , 8) Presence/absence o f l ab i a/sternum mounds o n the d i v i d i ng s u ture .
wh i ch for a peri od was banned . T h e " bobbej aan s " , i t i s sa i d , g i v i n g s t i r l i ng sport for
men eager to wager go l d and uncut d i amond s . 9 ) C l ypeus , the d i stance between the ocu l ar tuberc l e and anterior f ace of the c ar­
T o the North , i n E gypt , the term baboon has no mean i ng . Here i n a l and wh i ch har­ apace .
bours coun t l e s s mounds of f a l l en s tone , d ark tombs and deep we l l s , the "Abu-Sh abat " is
great l y feared , a l arge Therapho s i d of the C haetope l ma genus wh i ch by medi terranean 1 0 ) Foveal groove the shape of the groove , trans verse or procurved and the presence
standards i s of formi d ab l e stature . I n Syr i a and I raq , i t i s known by the name of i n one Afr i can genera of a foveal horn or mound .
"Shabath " . Al as , I suspect that before many a year has passed the Abu-Shabat wi l l have
pas sed away in f o l k l ore , to be repl aced w i t h the u b i q u i tous t arantu l a .

Secondary Taxonom i c Tool s

Taxonom i c Characters. Note These taxonom i c too l s , a l though v i ewed as important at var i ous peri ods of t i me
i n the h i s tory of arachnoogy , have been p l aced i nto th i s c ategory by the au thor as un­
For the l ast hundred years the maj or i ty of Theraphos i d s p i ders have been defi ned on stab l e or potent i a l l y unstabl e .
a spec i es l evel pure l y by a phys i c a l desc r i p t i on and c arapace p l u s pat .+ t i b. equa­
t i on s . The phys i cal descr i pt i on has tended to evol ve around the pos i t i on of the e i ght 1 1 ) Ocul ar arrangement - The l ayout of the eyes as a taxonom i c tool i s of l i mi ted va­
eyes on the ocu l ar tuberc l e , the spi nes on the l egs and the col our of the pubescence l ue - much of the ser i es of mater i a l wh i ch I h ave stud i ed varyi ng great l y .
and setae . Many of the arachno l o g i sts dea l i ng wi th Therap ho s i d s p i ders ( r i ght up unt i l
L aurent i n the 1 940s ) a l so tended to p l ace great emphas i s o n carapace , p l us pat+t i b 12) Che l i ceral teeth - I i n i t i a l ly used t h i s taxonom i c feature and i nc l ude i l l l us ­
equat i ons wh i ch b as i c a l l y compared the l ength o f the pate l l a and t i b i a o f l egs 1 , 4 , a­ trat i ons o f i t i n some sec t i on s o f the book . I h ave become i ncreas i ng l y doubtful of
gai n s t the l ength of the c arapace . Much of Strand ' s spec i es were def i ned on the c o l our i ts v a l u e .
of the speci men and the above equat i o n .
Obv i ou s l y the pal p a l bu l b , when rel evant was v i ewed as a concrete taxonom i c tool , 1 3 ) Scapu l ae of metatarsus - The vary i n g l engths o f t h e scapu l ae on met , of l egs 1 , 2 ,
but except for the Pol i sh arachno l og i s t , W l adys l aw Ku l c zyn s k i i n 1908 , no other arach­ 3 , 4 , i s of taxonom i c v a l u e and i s cons i s tent - but tends to be i denti cal i n many s pec ­
n o l og i s t , unt i l the work of the Costa R i can arachno l og i s t V a l e r i o was pub l i shed i n i es and i n some spec i es i s d i f f i cu l t to ascert a i n correc t l y .
19BO , appears to have v i ewed the spermathecae a s a usefu l t axonomi c too l . A l so after
the s u i c i de of Freder i ck Octav i us P i ckard-Cambr i dge at W i mb l edon in 1 905 at the tragi ­ 1 4 ) C arapace p l us p a t + t i b equati ons - Very popu l ar i n t i mes p a s t a s a taxonomi c
cal l y young age of 45 - no other arachno l og i st was to come to the subject w i t h h i s too l , the compar i n g of the l ength of the pat+t i b of l egs 1 , 4 , aga i ns t the l ength of
sk i l l s as a natural h i s tory art i s t . I n fact the general stand ard o f the i l l ustrati ons the c arapace . I n some materi a l i t does , surpr i s i ng l y , have a l i mi ted v a l ue - but used
of Theraphos i d papers throughout the next 85 years , can best be descri bed as a l most unsu pported by other taxonom i c too l s , as in the past , l eads i ne v i t ab l y to an exp l o s i on
u n i versa l l y appa l l i n g . Wi t h the excep t i on of R i t a Sch i ape l l i and Berta Gerschman . of synonymous spec i es .
I n fact on l y duri n g the l as t twenty f i ve years have three arachno l og i sts work i ng on
Myga l omorphs ( bu t unfortunate l y rare l y on Theraphos i d s ) produced taxonomi c i l l ustra­ 1 5 ) Phys i ca l co l our/mark i ngs - A useful taxonomi c too l - but one whi ch must b e u sed
t i ons w h i c h shou l d be the norm . These b e i n g the New Zeal and natural h i story i l l us tra­ wi th caut i on . Remember phys i ca l descri pt i ons are often of dri ed or s p i r i ted spec i men s ,
tor Mr. Barry Weston , i l l us trat i ng some p arts of the works of R R Forster and C L Wi l ­ wh i c h may be months , years or decades o l d . Sp i r i ted speci mens i ne v i t ab l y become a uni ­
ton ( Sp i ders of New Zeal and ) and the Austral i an arachno l og i st Robert Raven. The l atter form brown and after a per i od mark i ngs fade . A drawi ng of a spec i men thus may b e accu-
 7

rate i n every way - but for the absence of mark i ngs on the dorsa l surface of the abdo­
men or b r i g h t l y col oured setae not men t i oned in the col our descr i p t i on . Keep an open
mi nd , study the spec i men uti l i s i n g the pri mary taxonom i c too l s and wei gh u p the number
of corre l at i ng pos i t i ve and negat i ve taxonom i c features .

Methods Of Study.
1) Structure Of The Str i d u l at i ng Organ ( For use as a t axonomi c too l , see k ey to sub­
fami l i e s )
J n order t o i dent i fy t h e subfami l y , i n wh i ch t h e spec i men before you res i des , i t i s
i mportant t o s tudy the key phys i c al p r i mary taxonom i c zones o n wh i c h a str i du l at i ng Method Of D i s sect i o n
organ i s l i ke l y to appear .
T h e method , wh i ch I a t present advoc ate , i s o n e of cutt i ng o u t a wi ndow o f ti sue wh i ch
Stage one Remove wi th a sma l l sharp seal p a l the che l i cerae , the p a l p ( i nc l udi ng the encompasses the ent i re gen i ta l reg .i on - tak i ng care to cut through the muse l e wh i ch
coxa and troch anter ) and the f i rst l eg ( i n c l ud i ng coxa and trochanter ) . I t is often makes up the epi gastr i c furrow . Remove a wi ndow of t i ssue and p l ace th i s i n a petri
necess ary to force the b l ade through the musc l es wh i ch ret a i n the coxa to the sternum, d i sh of a l cohol or surg i cal spi r i t . Th i s is best done under a l ow powered b i nocu l ar
s l i c i ng down and around the segme n t . mi croscope u s i ng 10 x 20 x mag n i f i c at i on .
2) D i vi sion Of Tarsal Scopul ae .

Th i s taxonomi c tool i s a i mportant one w i t h the J schnoco l i n ae and Eumenophor i nae sub­
fami l i es .
Remove l egs 2 , 3 , 4 , from the same s i de wh i c h you removed the p a l p and l e g 1 . P l ace the
l egs on your d i ssec t i on board - on a p i ece of paper - and wri te down bes i de each one
the i r order - P a l p , l egs ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) , ( 4 ) . Th i s wi l l prevent you from gett i ng the
segments mi xed up. P l ace each l eg under the mi croscope , tak i n g care to ho l d them up by C arefu l l y p are away the l ayers of t i ssue and cut away the fl ap wh i ch makes u p the out­
the femur wi th tweezers to prevent damage to any s p i nes on the t i b . and met . of l egs er hou s i ng of the uterus externus , unti l the s permathecae is v i s i b l e .
3 , 4 . The scopu l ae on the under s i de of the tarsus can then be s t ud i ed - not i ng i f the
tars a l scopu l ae is d i v i ded by a l i ne of s t i ff setae , parted or whol e .

: ::: :: The shape of the spermathecae can be used a s a taxonom i c tool and i n some cases , wi th
.
.·
. very old and frag i l e spec i mens I have h ad to stop at th i s s tage . A more thorough ap­
: · ·
· .:
.
. .
.
. . .
.
. proach is to remove the outer t i ssue of the sem i n a l receptac l e and reveal the cut i c l e
... . of the recep t ac l e w i th a probe . When the spermathecae/sem i n a l receptac l es are drawn
.. .
· : · : · ··
. ' . . .
it shou l d be p l aced in a smal l g l ass tube of s p i r i t and stoppered , w i t h a bung/cork or
cotton wool ( Note p a l pal bu l bs i f removed from the palp of a ma l e shou l d also be
p l aced in tubes to prevent l os s ) . The tube shou l d then be p l aced i nto a l arger g l as s
j ar w i t h the spec i men from wh i ch t h e spermathecae w a s removed .
,·,· :·: :: D i v i ded by setae p arted who l e
"
...··. :- :·.',
. . .
.

3) Spennathecae ( semi nal receptac l es)

When ever poss i b l e , depend i ng o n the cond i t i on of the type spec i men or congene r , I
have d i s sected out the s permathecae and exposed the semi n a l receptac l es . The sh ape of
wh i ch c an be u s ed as a key taxonom i c tool on a spec i es l evel .
The d i ssect i o n draw i n g of the spermathecae/sem i n a l receptac l es are a l ways from a dors­
a 1 aspect .
8

:J-:�: ;.:li:i .".· ·:.:jF

4) P alpal Bulb

The pal pal bu l b i n the mal e i s best removed from the p a l p and p l aced i nto a d i sh ot .... .... .........· ·. .. . . ...
a l cohol to s tudy under the mi croscope . Note the embo l u s , the l ong s p i ne wh i ch arches
off of the bu l b . Does i t h ave k ee l s runn i ng alon g i ts l ength ? Note the pos i t i on of
such features . ls the apex of the embo l us s p l ayed? Record such d at a .
6 ) Spi n e s - The spi nes on the t i b i a and metatarsus of l egs 3 , 4 , are a useful taxono­
mic tool and have been used as such with varyi ng degrees of emph as i s for mos t of the
century .
I n order t o make th i s tool more usef u l for amateurs , I have n o t used a notat i o n system
of record i ng the pos i t i o n of the s p i nes - but s i mp l y drawn the segments . Note It i s
i mportant to be f l ex i b l e - remember spi nes are e as i l y l o s t and i n o l d alcohol hardened
spec imens , it i s not al ways poss i b l e to spot the smal l ho l e where they were or i g i n a l ly
attached . There c an a l so be a sma l l vari a t i on i f a l arge number of s p i nes are present .
Note t r i c hoboth r i a are found o n l y on the dorsal surface and have not been recorded .

l he p a l pa l b u l b i s a useful primary taxonom i c tool , b u t unfort u n ate l y the O l d Wor l d

Theraphos i ds o f the Afr i can cont i nent o n the who l e tend t o h ave very s i mple pal p a I
b u l b s wh i ch l ac k obv i ou s taxonom i c features . Note the s h ape of the embo l u s and the way
i n wh i ch i t arche s .

5) T i b i al Spur
Found at the apex of the t i b i a , i t is often a useful taxonom i c too l on a gener i c l evel
i ts presence or absence and s h ape i f present - as s i st i ng pos i t i ve i dent i f i cati on
great l y .

Illustrat i on s

T i b i a l spur (pri mary & second ary s egments )

7 ) Cuspules/granu l e s - The l ayout of the cuspu l es/granules on the l ab i um and the

poster i or end of the ventral surface of the coxa of the pal p , is a u s eful s econdary
taxonom i c tool . The latter cuspu l es espec i a lly, formul ate a d i s t i nc t t r i angul ar s h ape ,
wh i ch var i es from spec i es to spec i es . As yet , wi th few long s e r i e s of spec i mens stud­
i ed , it is d i ff i c ult to ascertai n how stabl e t h i s taxonom i c feature i s .

�
8 ) Labi o/sternum mounds - Raven, I bel i eve , was the f i rs t to d i scover two d i s t i nc t
mounds o n t h e s uture ( d i v i d i ng l i ne ) between t h e l ab i um and t h e sternum. Th i s taxono­
mic feature i s apparent in much of the E umenophori nae and I schnoco l i nae genera and
must be v i ewed as hav i ng been l ost in the H arpact i r i nae . Its absence in some genera

y
and d i s t i nct s h ape as in the Heterscodra gen u s , means that i t i s useful as a s econdary
T i b i a l spur ( s i ng l e pri mary segment , c apped wi th a comb ot s p i nes ) .
taxonom i c too l on a gener i c l eve l · ..·+k :-.·
.;
:r:.:-

't;'.,�.:;·,./? '.;"
T i b i al spur (sin g l e primary segment wi th s i ng l e s p i ne ) .
 9
Figs. 386 - 395 ) E . l on g i ceps ( 386 ) Fema l e Note swo l l en t i b i a of l eg 4 . ( 38 7 )
Troch . coxa of pal p . ( 388 ) Che l i cerae , external f ace . ( 389 ) Chel i cerae , i nternal
face . ( 390 ) Che l i ceral teeth . ( 39 1 ) S p i nneret ( 392 ) L ab i um/s ternum and coxa of
pal p . ( 39 3 ) Sp i nes , Met . of l eg 4. ( 394 ) Spermathecae , semi n a l recept ac l e revea l ed .
( 39 5 ) C l ypeus , ocu l ar tuberc l e .

JJ/)W \\\,\\� 39s

9 ) C l ypeus/ocu l ar tuberc l e - Trad i t i on a l l y i n the past the l ayout of t he the eyes on

the ocu l ar tuberc l e has been v i ewed as a pri mary taxonomi c feature . Descri p t i ons of
the l ayout of these eyes take up a l arge proport i on of the p apers of S i mon and Strand .
My own research i nd i c ates that the ocu l ar arrangement i n rea l i ty i s o n l y part i al l y re­
l i ab l e in some spec i es and i n the majori ty of materi al i s unstab l e .
A con s i derab l y more re l i ab l e taxonom i c feature i s the c l ypeus , the d i s t ance between
the ocul ar tuberc l e and anterior edge of the carapace . Th i s can be used on a subfami l y
gener i c and i n some mater i a l o n a spec i e s l e ve l . I n one subfami l y , t h e Harpac t i r i n ae ,
the w i d t h o f the c l ypeus i s a key taxonom i c feature . I t can a l so be used o n a gen­
eri c l evel , the c l ypeus be i n g absent i n the Cha.etopelma genus , but present i n the
c l os e l y rel ated I schnoco l u s .

1 0 ) Foveal groove - A usefu l pri mary taxonomi c too l , wh i ch shou l d a l ways b e assessed .
Ask yourse l f - i s the foveal groove transverse/stra i gh t , transverse short/deep/rounded t i bi a l e g 3 .
or procurved . (The l atter is crescent shaped , the poi nts of the horns f ac i ng towards
the ocu l ar tuberc l e ) . I n one genera of the H arpac t i r i n ae subfami l y - the foveal groove
is absent and i n i t s p l ace is a horn , mound or protuberence wh i c h ri ses above the car­
apace.
391
Summary - I t must be remembered that the use of many of these taxonom i c tool s on l y be­
come re l evant i f used in conjunct i o n w i t h the others in an overal l programrrte of e l imi ­
n at i o n . You w i l l need to appl y each uf the ten pri mary taxonomi c too l s to the g i ven 393
\> �•• ,,,,,:,
speci men , s l ow l y , pat i en t l y comp i l i ng your data unti l an overa l l p i cture begi n s to 390
emerge .

Methods of Identification

Beg i n w i t h P ri mary t axonomi c tool One - the s tr i d u l a t i n g organ . Th i s wi l l i mmed i ately

pin down the subfami l y . I f there i s no s tr i du l at i ng organ and the tarsal scapu l ae of
l eg 4 is d i v i ded - you know you h ave mater i a l from the I schnoco l i n ae subfami l y .

Before u s w e h ave a spec i me n n e a t l y d i ssected. Let us f i rs t l ook a t key p r i mary taxon­

omi c features .
10
Before u s w e h ave a spec i me n neatl y d i s sected . Let u s f i rs t l ook at key pri mary taxon­
omi c feature s . Drawi ngs/Measurement s .

1 ) Che l i cerae ( 388 ) a d i s t i nc t pad of p l umose setae on the out s i de of the chel i cerae . Al l o f the draw i ngs o f the spec i mens are drawn t o s c a l e . I n the maj or i ty o f cases t h i s
On the troch anter of the pal p , more p l umose setae c an be observed . Th i s i s a c l as s i c i s the or i g i na l type spec i men o r a congener . I n some cases the type/or congener has
Harpactar i nae s ubfami l y feature . not been avai l ab l e or is l os t - in wh i ch case I have t r i ed to l ocate a spec i men of the
spec i es col l ected more recent l y . Th i s has been compared carefu l l y with the or i gi nal
2 ) Let us l ook at the c l ypeus ( 395 ) to con f i rm the subfami l y . I t i s wi de . We now k now sc i ent i f i c descr i p t i on . If I am doubtfu l it h a s not been i nc l uded . Note Because spec­
we have a spec i men from a genus w i t h i n the Harpac t i r i nae subfami l y . i mens have been drawn to sca l e I h ave not i nc l uded det a i l ed l eg segment measurements
in the descr i pt i on . If th i s data is needed - the scale drawi ngs c an be measured .
3 ) A l ook at t h e suture , between t h e l ab i um and sternum ( 3g2 ) reveal s no l ab i o - ster­ Di s sect i on drawi ngs i l l u s trat i ng spec i f i c taxonom i c features , have been drawn u s i ng a
num moun d s . These are not present �n the genera of the Harpac t i ri nae subfami l y . You s � uared eyep i ece reti c u l e . T h i s has meant that the features have been drawn to propor­
now turn to the Harp act i r i n ae c h apter of the book . We are now seek i ng the genu s . t i on - but note I have made no attempt to keep to rel ati ve sc a l e . T h i s i s speci a l l y
apparent i n drawi ngs of l eg segments i l l ustra t i n g s p i n at i o n . T h e drawi ngs ro l e i s l i t­
4 ) Let u s l ook a t the foveal groove ( 386 ) i t i s tranverse o r stra i ght . We thus know eral l y to i nd i c ate s p i n at i on - no other data shou l d be i nferred u n l e s s spec i fi ca l l y
that i t i s not Coel ogeni um or Ceratogyrus . L i ke l y to be Harpacti re l l a Pteri nochi l u s or s t ated i n t h e desc r i p t i on .
Eucratosce l us . a l l of wh i c h h ave transverse foveal grooves . We thus beg i n a s l ow pro­
cess of e l i m i n a t i o n . I have t r i ed hard w i th i n the framework of the s c a l e drawi n g and t axonomi c d i s secti on
drawi ngs , to project as much data as pos s i b l e - avoi d i ng deta i l ed phys i ca l descr i p ­
5 ) Harpacti ra h a s d i s t i nc t l on g stout setae arranged i n a row beneath t h e p l umose pad t i ons wh i c h i nevi t ab l y l ack t h e c l ari ty of a s i ng l e drawi n g . B u t i t must b e remem­
on the s i de of the che l i cerae . Our spec i men has no such feature beneath i ts p l umose bered that draw i ngs c an a l so be f l awed .
pad ( 388 ) . Spec i mens i n s p i r i t for over a hundred years i nev i tab l y beg i n to expand i n s i ze as
musc l es deteri orate and l eg segments s tretch at the i r j o i nts . Thus a l eg measured to­
6 ) On exami n i ng the Generi c keys we see that one genus has a key taxonom i c feature - d ay is i nev i tab l y 4 or 5 mi l l i metres l anger than when i t was measured by Pocock i n
a swol l en t i b i a on l eg 4 ( 386 ) . On exami n i ng our spec i men we can see that th i s feature 1897 . The abdomen a l s o stretches i f the spec i men i s l arge and s tand i ng upri ght i n the
i s apparen t . Our spec i men thus bel ongs to the Eucratosce l u s genus .
jar . I nevi t ab l y any pattern wh i ch i s s t i l l apparent a l so s tretches and subt l e c h anges
can take p l ace .
7 ) On consu l t i ng the notes on th i s genu s , i t becomes apparent that there i s on l y one
spec i es . Study the spi nes ( 393 ) on the met . of l eg 4 . Remove and s tudy the spermath­ Al l measurements are i n mi 1 1 i metre s . The measurements of the chel i cerae , carapace
ecae ( 394 ) . Compare thes e , p l u s the l ayout of the cuspu l es/granu l es ( 392 ) o n the ( l ength/w i d t h ) , abdomen , pa l p and total l ength of each l eg is i nc l uded in the descr i p­
l abi um and coxa of the p a l p . t i o n . But p l ease note the l ength of t he abdomen i s a var i ab l e factor and has been
i nc l uded on l y as a genera l gu i d e .
The l eg s h ave been measured from t h e end o f t h e trochanter and t h e rel at i ve l engths
h ave been expressed as a formu l a eg . 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 , wh i ch means that l eg 4 i s l o nger than
l eg 1 . Leg 2 l onger than l eg 3 .
SUlllllary
A) S t r i d u l a ti ng organ . ( turn to page 1 4 )
Remove c h e l i cerae, trochanter/coxa o f p a l p and trochanter/coxa o f l eg 1 . Study the
surface of these segments and compare them wi th the i l l u s t r at i o n s . Th i s t axonom i c tool E q u i pmen t .
wi l l i mned i at e l y t e l l you in wh i c h s ubfam i l y your s pec i men bel ongs .
Speci men J ar s . Al l spec i mens on death shou l d be p l aced i nto a j ar of s p i r i t . I f f i ­
B ) Turn to the appropri ate s ubfami l y s ec t i on i n t h i s book and s tudy t h e i l l u st r ated n ances are l ow , p i c k l e j ars wi l l s u ff i c e , f i l l ed wi th surg i ca l s p i r i t . I t i s best o n l y
generi c keys wh i ch can be found at the beg i n n i ng of each subfami l y c h apter . Look at t o have one spec i men i n each j ar o r confu s i on wi l l resu l t . Al l j ars s hou l d h ave a
the s i x key t axonomi c feature s . Study your spec i men c arefu l l y compar i ng e ac h of key cardboard l abel i ns i de the j ar i nd i c at i ng Gen us/spec i e s name , country/area of o r i g i n ,
taxonomi c too l s wi th the d i s s e c t i o n i l l u s t r at i on s . col l ec t i on d at a , s e x , date and a number . Th i s can be wri tten on w i t h a l e ad penc i l or
i n I nd i an i n k . Do p l ace al l data i n the j a r . Note books are next to u s e l e s s i f the
C ) When you h ave l oc ated the genus turn t o the appropri ate page i n the c h apter i n
wh i ch the generi c t i t l e appears and beg i n t o compare the vari ous speci e s . spi r i t spec i men becomes separated from the notebooks , and a spec i men wi thout data i s
of l i mi ted v a l ue. Note I f f i n ances a l l ow , i t i s better t o purchase genu i ne g l ass
D ) Speci es i dent i f i ca ti on i s i n many ways a process of e l i m i mat i on . Good fortune a l so spec i men j ars and g l as s tubes for smal l er spec i men s . Do not buy p l as t i c contai ners -
p l ays a part i f on l y t h e ma l e or femal e h a s been descri bed and you i nev i ta b l y have the as the a l cohol wi l l d i sso l ve the p l as t i c .
oppos i te sex . Study t h e desc r i p t i on and taxonom i c draw i n g s and c arefu l l y compare your Note a l cohol can be ordered from a chem i s t and al though very expen s i ve i s i nf i n i te l y
notes - remove the spermathecae or p a l p a l bu l b . If you h ave c o l l ec t i on s i te data use super i or , over the l on g term , t o surg i c a l s p i r i t .
t h i s t o n arrow down you r opt i o n s . Use a l l of th i s taxonomi c too l s in a thoughtful pro­
cess of taxonom i c e l i m i n a t i o n and l og i c a l dedu c t i on . You w i l l event u a l l y l oc ate the Mi croscopes . F i rst o f a l l you w i 1 1 need a bas i c l ow powered b i nocu l ar m i c roscope -
spec i es . If you are u n ab l e to do so - go back and check the i l l u s trated generi c key . w i th a genera l mag n i f i cati on range of 1 5 x20x30 . ( Note for smal l therapho s i ds such as
I f you are p a s i t i v e you h ave t h e correct gen u s - b u t t h e spec i es el udes you , then i t I schnoco l u s , h i gher magn i f i cati ons are of v a l u e - but I have found that wi t h my own
i s l i ke l y to be a new spec i es . P l ease draw and publ i sh your notes i n the BTS Journ a l - m i c roscopes , wh i ch have a magn i f i cat i on range of between 9x - lOOOx I i nevi t ab l y u s e ,
so that appropri ate me asures can be taken to s tudy the spec i men and poss i b l y , descr i be 9 0 per cent o f t h e t i me , lOx -30x ) .
i t as a new spec i e s . One must a l so remember that h i gh magn i f i c at i on and cheap mi scroscopes - eg . any­
t h i ng l es s t h an £270 do not go together . Good l enses have t o p a i d for and there i s no
more frustrat i ng beas t i e than wres t l i ng wi th the poor c l ari ty of a cheap l en s . O n the
otherhand cheap l enses of 10x30x are u s ab l e .
 11
The cost of a b i nocu l ar mi croscope v a r i e s from £95 for a b as i c Brunel mode l ( Bru­ I l l u strated Anatom i c a l G u i de And G l o s s ary
nel M i c roscopes , 113 Henbury Road , Henbury, Bri stol BSlO ?AA) wh i ch is a good beg i n ­
ners buy, to £ 1 7 5 - £450 for a very user fri end l y Japanese Me i j i mi croscope ( Hampsh i re
M i c ro s , The Mi croscope Shop , Oxford Road , Sutton Scotney, Hants . S021 3JG ) . I t i s a l so
pos s i b l e to buy some exce l l ent Bri t i s h m i c roscopes second h an d ( Watson/Baker ) for be­
tween £ 1 00-£300 wh i ch can be exce l l en t , but c are must be t aken as spares for these i n ­
struments are now a l most non exi stant .
Note A l l eye p i eces and opt i cs - pre J ap anese - are standard and many R u s s i an i nstru­
ments are s i mi l ar to Watson . There are a l so some very good E a s t German and Russ i an m i ­
croscopes avai l ab l e - between £200-£400 ( Broadhurst C l arkson & F u l l er Ltd . Te l escope
Hou s e , 63 F arri ngdon Road , London ECl 3JB ) . I fear none of the Bri t i sh comp an i es men ­
/;If/
�
t i oned a r e n o w trad i ng a n d as the proud owner of two Watsons I l ament the i r p a s i n g .
They were very good . T h e b e s t externa l l i gh t i ng systems are manufactured b y Hamps h i re
mi cros ( cost £40-£90 ) .
Note I t i s often usef u l to study segments i n a l cohol under your mi croscope. To ho l d a
speci men i n p l ace i n a petri d i sh you can purchase g l ass bead s .

D i ssecti on K i t . I t i s worthwh i l e spend i n g a few pounds and purchas i ng a decent d i s ­ Chel i cerae, i n tern a l fac e .
sec t i o n k i t , wh i ch can be purchased a s a comp l ete set i n a c l oth rol l o r as i nd i v i d u a l C he l i cerae , ex tern a l fac e . Prol ateral f ac e
i tems .
R etrol ateral f ace
You wi 1 1 need .
Scapel s - a number of f i ne, n arrow , poi nted s c a l pe l s , e i ther f i xed or of the d i s pos ­
ab l e b l ade vari ety . I f f i xed you wi l l need a s h arpen i ng stone .
Need l e s - stai n l ess steel are best wi th e i ther met a l or wooden hand l es . These can be Chel i ceral teeth
used as probes , or for ho l d i ng down segments wh i l e studyi ng them.
Forceps - I t is best to h ave a number - both l ong arm forceps for ret r i ev i ng spec i mens
from spec i men j ars , b l unt forceps for ret ai n i ng segments under the mi croscope and f i ne
forceps for peel i ng back t i ssue .
Sci ssors - very f i ne s harp s c i ssors can often be u sefu l for cut t i n g al cohol h ardened
musc l es reta i n i ng l eg segment s .
Petri d i shes - These come i n al l s i zes and shapes and i t i s best to get a number of Raste l l um/rake
good q u a l i ty g l ass petri d i s hes , rang i ng from a l arge shal l ow d i sh ( capab l e of ho l d i n g
a l arge spec imen for s tudy) to deep d i shes for observ i ng spec i mens or segments i n
al cohol under the mi croscope . Do not waste your money on cheap p l as t i c d i s hes - wh i c h
become q u i c k l y tarn i shed and scratched .
You wi l l a l so need watch g l asses and g l ass petri l i ds to prevent a l cohol evapor­
ati ng from open a l cohol f i l l ed petri d i shes - when you l eave your bench or are wr i t i ng
note s . Remember i t i s often better to study segments , wh i c h h ave tufts of setae of
vary i n g shapes and s i zes , u nder your mi croscope i n a l coho l . You wi l l f i nd the setae
stands up in the l i qu i d and greater detai l c an be observed . chel i cerae L ab i um
Note a l cohol i s best transferred from a central store contai ner i n to a petri d i sh v i a
washbott l e .
A d i s sect i on k i t and petri d i shes can be purchased from Watk i ns & Doncas ter , P O Box L a b i a - sternum mounds
5 , Cranbroo k , Kent TN18 5EX for about £ 1 5 .
An a l tern ati ve source i s Broadhurst & F u l l er Ltd . Tel escope Hou s e , 68 F arri n gdon Rd
London EClM SJE .
Ocul ar arrangement

The eyes are arranged i nto two approxi mate l i nes , Sternum
anter i or and poster i or . Those on the i n s i de are
referred to as med i an eyes ( AME and PME ) and those C arapace
on the out s i de as l ateral eyes (ALE and PLE ) . Combi ned ALE
we h ave anter i or med i an , poste r i or med i an , anter i or groove
l ater i a l , posteri or l ateral . Sigi l l a
PLE
AME Anteri or med i an eyes
PME Posteri or med i an l i nes Dorsa l v i ew
ALE Anteri or l ateral l i nes
PLE Poster i or l ateral eyes Clypeus - d i stance between ocu l ar tuberc l e . and anteri or edge of c arapace . v i ew
L2
Prol ateral spi nes I l l ustrated Anatomi cal Guide And Gl ossary Trochanter/coxa of l eg 1

Femur Trochanter
Femal e
Palpa l / t i bi al spi nes

Palp/Femur d i s t i nct f r i n g e . �
Dorsal

Opi sthosoma/abdomen
Prosoma/cephal othorax
\
Cox a
Suture

�� Metatars us
Trochanter/coxa of palp

Anteri or spi nneret

�; \
Api cal segment
Semi nal receptac l es

�� T i b i al spi nes

\ M i ddl e segment

Opi sthosoma/abdomen
segment
Sp i nnerets
Retrol ateral spi nes
T i b i a/metatarsus of l eg 4

Spennathecae
Poster i or spi nneret
Tarsus - scapu l ae d i v i ded by setae . Spi nneret

Tarsal scapu l ae - c l aw

Abdomen Patterns

Tarsal c l aw - toothed

Tarsus - scapu l ae parted . Tarsal c l aws - weak th i rd c l aw

 13
i l l ustrated g l ossary
Ti b i a

Metatarsus Tarsal scopu l a/c l aw

Leg 1 - Metat arsal fri nge metatarsus - bowed/fri nge
Scopu l ae

Tarsus/cymbium

··
,'

· · ----- __ Fri nge

Ped i pa l p/palp
d' Tarsus/cymbium
Male

Primary/secondary spurs

Ped i p a l p
11�
Hai r/setae

Embol us Hooked pal pal bu l b

Palpal / t i b i a l spi nes

Tibia Tibi a
Ped i p a l p
Primary palpal bu l b

Basal d i v i s ion
Oval p a l pa l bu l b

Spur absent-spi nes

Middle d i v i s i on

Keel

Embo l us/sp l ayed api cal end

Spur absent - spi nes

Hook
14
Raven came t o the conc l u s i on i n 1985 , that t h e t a s k o f redef i n i ng a l l o f t h e genera
Theraphosidae C l assification in Pocock ' s somewhat sweep Theraphos i nae s ubfami l y and S i mon ' s equal l y ramb l i ng I schn­
oco l i nae subfam i l y was outs i de the bri ef of h i s rev i s ion of the Myga l omorphae and he
Theraphos i dae Fami l y Thore l l 1869 . temporari l y s u s pended some of the Theraphos i n ae genera ( redef i n i ng the s u bfami l y as a
who l e ) and much of the Ischnoco l i nae s u bfam i l y , i n c l ud i ng the fami l y n ame i tsel f . Th i s
Ref . Therapho s i dae Thore l l 1869 . Nov . Acta . Regi as Soc . Sci . Upsal . 3 ( 7 ) p . 16 . Note was t o b e unt i l the opportun i ty arose when th i s l arge group o f genera cou l d b e rede­
ear l i er u s e of a der i v i t i ve of the name , i n a wi der context , by Wal ckenaer 1805 . scri bed and recategori sed .
Avicul ari i dae S i mon 1864 . H i s t . Nat . Ara i gns p . 16 .
S i mon 1892 . H i s t . Nat . Ara i gn Vol . 1 . 1 .
Aus serer 1871 . Verh . Zoo l . Bot . Ges W i en p . 122-224 . My own research i nto the Theraphos i d s of Afr i ca , the M i dd l e East , I nd i a and the
Aus serer 187 5 . Verh . Zoo l . Bot . Ges W i en p . 125-204 . F ar East i nd i c ates that the O l d Wor l d genera can be grouped i n to the fol l owi ng sub­
Pocock 1895 . Ann . Mag . Nat . H i s t . ( 6 ) 15 p . 165 . fami l i es - comb i n i ng Pocock ' s/Raven ' s s ubfami l y catego r i s a t i on wi th a ruth l es s l y
Pocock 1897 . Proc . Zoo l . Soc . Lond . p . 742 . pai red down I schnocol i nae a s defi ned by S i mon - based o n the absense o f a s tr i d u l a t i n g
Petrunkev i tch 1 922 . Trans . Con n . Acad . Art s . Sci . ( 2 5 ) organ a n d the controvers i al d i v i s i on o f t h e tars a l scapu l ae . I wou l d a l so l i ke t o pro­
Petrunkev i tcn 1 923 . Ann . Acad . Sc i . New York ( 29 ) p . 145 . pose a new s ubfami ly - based on the key taxonom i c feature of a s tri d u l at i n g organ
Petrunke v i tc h 1928 . Tran s . Con n . Acad . Art . Sc i . ( 29 ) p . 1 -2 7 0 . between the chel i cerae - to be c a l l ed the S e l enogyrinae.
Warburton 1923 . The Cambri dge Nat . H i s t . Vo l . 4 .
Raven 1 98 5 . Bul l . Amer . Mus . Nat . H i st . p . 182 . Subfami l i e s ( as determi ned by Pocock/Raven and Smi th ) . Note subfami l y names have been
pri nted b o l d to h i gh l i ght text .
Re11a rks . O l d Wor l d Subfami l i e s .
Pocock wri t i ng i n 1897 had come to the conc l u s i on that much of h i s research at the
Bri t i sh Museum N atural H i s tory was veer i ng sharpl y away from S i mon ' s work concern i n g Africa
t h e c l as s i f i cat i on o f the Theraphos i dae fami l y .
Even t h e fami l y name cou l d not b e agreed upon , S i mon opt i ng for Avi c u l ari i dae wh i l e Eumenophori n ae
Pocock fel t that Thore l l ' s Theraphos idae was a more s u i tab l e veh i c l e for a reconsti ­
tuted and restructured fami l y d i v i ded i nto a number of c l ea r l y defi ned subfami l i es Harpac t i r i nae
based on the absense or s tructure of a s t r i du l at i ng organ . Sel eno g yri nae ( New subfami ly - s tr i du l at i ng organ between the chel i cerae con­
s i sti ng of c l avate , or peg and thorn setae ) .
Subfami l i e s ( as determ i ned by Pocock 1897 ) .
Afr i c a , M i dd l e E as t , I nd i a , Far East
Africa
Eumenophori n ae ( Stri du l at i ng organ between the trochanter and cox a of l egs I s chnoco l i nae (No s t r i du l at i ng organ between the che l i cerae , pal p or l eg 1 .
1,2). Tarsal scopu l ae of at l east l eg 4 , d i v i ded by normal setae ) . New Wor l d genera suspen­
ded/i ncertae s ed i s .
Harpacti ri nae ( P l umose pad on the external face of the che l i cerae and p l umose
setae on the trochanter of the p a l p . ) . I nd i a , F ar E a s t - Oriental regi on
Far East Orni thoctoni nae
Orni thoctoni nae ( P l umose pad on externa l face of chel i cerae - with e n l arged Sel enocosmi n ae
p i umose padd l e setae beneath . Thorns or short spi kes on coxa of pa l p . ) . Thrigmopoei n ae
Sel enocosminae ( A ser i es of s p i nes at the base of the chel i cerae wi th l yra on
the coxa of the p al p ) . New Wor l d Subfami l i es
Thri !JllOp oe i nae ( A ser i es of spi nes at the base of the che l i cerae w i t h thorns or Avi cul ari i na e ( Leg tars a l scapu l ae broader than metatar s i . Few s p i nes and ma l e s
s hort spi kes on the coxa of the pal p ) . w i th a spi nose l obe between l obes of cymb i um . N o s t r i du l at i ng organ - R aven ) .
Tropical and Sub-tropical Ameri c a , Madagascar, North Afri c a and the M i d d l e E as t . Theraphosi nae ( Leg tar s i narrower than metatars i - s p i nes v ar i ab l e - no l obe on
cymbi um of mal e pal p . In some genera , Prol ateral face of scap u l ae with d i s t i nct scopu­
Theraphosi nae ( W i thout a s t r i d u l at i ng organ between the chel i cerae and the l a . - Raven ) . Raven has a l so defi ned two further New Wor l d groups .
trochanter and coxa of pa l p ) . Acanthopel ma ( A l l tarsal scap u l ae d i v i ded by r i g i d s p i ne - l i ke setae - R aven ) .
Pocock ' s c l as s i f i cati on of Therapho s i d su bfami l i es i s aston i s h i ng l y c l ose to what Spel opelma ( Eyes absent or reduced . Therapho s i d s adapted to the twi l i ght ex i st ­
we now accept as a l o g i c a l c l ass i f i cat i on as proposed by Raven in 1989 - w i t h on l y one ance of l i v i ng i n caves - Raven ) .
real area of content i on - the Theraphos i nae subfami l y . In fact it is i n t r i gu i ng to
note that most of Pocock ' s contempor i e s and such Twenti eth century arachno l o g i sts as Note the Grammo s to l i na e subfami l y i s for the most part i ncorporated i nto the Therapho­
Petrunkev i tc h , Warburton and Roewer - were con s i derab l y more i nfl uenced by S i mon , to s i nae. New Worl d Ischnoco l i n ae genera at present are deemed i ncertae sed i s . - R aven ) .
the extent that Roewer ' s c l as s i f i c at i on scheme i n 1 954 reduced the Harpacti r i n ae sub­
fam i l y to a group w i th i n the Sel enocosmi nae s ubfami l y - cal l ed Harpact i re a .
 15

My new tarantu l a c l as s i f i cat i on g u i des are d i v i ded i nto three vol umes - cove r i ng
spec i f i c geograph i ca l areas .
Vol umes 1 and 2 . O l d Wor l d Su bfami l i es .
Vol ume 3 New Wor l d Subfami l i es .
Padd l e setae
Volume 1 . Tarantu l as Of Afr i c a And The M i d d l e Eas t .
Subfami l ies i ncl uded Eumenophori n ae , H arpac t i r i n ae , Sel enogyr i nae ( New sub­
fami l y and the I schnoco l i n ae. - Part 1 .

Vo l ume 2 . Tarantu l as Of I nd i a And The Far East ( i nc l ud i ng Austral i a ) .

Subfami l ies i nc l uded I schnoco 1 i nae - Part 2 , Orn i thocton i n a e , Sel enocosmi nae
Thri gmopoe i n ae .

Vo l ume 3 . Tarantu l as O f The New Wor l d .

Subfami l i es i ncl uded Av i c u l ar i i nae , Therapho s i nae , Raven ' s Spe l ope l ma and Ac an­
thopelma . ( Note new wor l d genera , forma l l y i n the I schnocol i nae , w i l l a l so be re­
descr i bed .

Part 1 .

I l l ustrated Key t o the O l d Wor l d Subfami l i es o f Afr i ca And The M i d d l e East . Troch/coxa of l eg 1 . Troch/coxa of l eg 2 .

A) Eumenophori nae
( Note subfami l y names have been pri nted bo l d to h i gh l i ght tex t ) 1) N o p l umose pad o r st i ffened setae o n the extern al face o f the chel i c erae . No c l a­
v ate or thorn setae on the i n ternal face .

2) N o lyr a p l umose setae or thorn- l i k e setae o n t h e trochanter a n d coxa o f t h e p a l p .

Che l i cerae, external face . 3) Stri dul a t i ng organ Pad d l e and sp i ke setae/or j u st s p i k e setae o n the coxa o f l egs
1 , 2 . . Hooked/stout setae on the trochanter of l egs 1 , 2 .

• • • • • . • • • • . • . • . . • . . . • . • . • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . . . . . • • • • . • . • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • Eumenopho r i nae.
Troch/coxa of

Che l i cerae , i nternal fac e .

P l umose/feathery setae

Che l i cerae , i nternal face .

Chel i cerae , externa l

- --

Cl ypeus
/ II
I (
I /I

Troch/coxa of l eg 1 .

Harpac t i r i nae ( P l umose pad on the external face of the che l i cerae and p l umose
P/f . coxa of l eg 1 .
setae on the trochanter of the pa l p . ) .
16

B) Harpactiri nae
C l ypeus
1) No padd l e or spi k e setae on the coxa of pal p . No hooked/stout setae on the troch­
anter .

2) N o c l avate o r thorn - l i ke setae o n the i nternal face o f the che l i cerae .

3) Stri dul ating organ P l umose p a d o n the outer face o f the chel i cerae . I n one genera
a row of l ong stout setae , Harpac t i r a , beneath p l umose pad .

Note I n some genera p l umose setae on the i n s i de of the che l i cerae .

4) P l umose setae on trochanter of pal p .

Note I n one genus , Harpac t i ra , l ong p l umose setae on coxa of p a l p .

Chel i cerae , i nternal face .

P / f . coxa of l eg 1 .

Troch/coxa o f pal p .

'
'-.
Chel icerae , i ntern a l face .

... .... - Thorn setae Troch/coxa of l eg 1 .

-
-
- C) Selenogyri nae ( New Subfami l y )
.....
-
1) No stridul ating organ between the che l i cerae and the trochanter and coxa o f p a l p
... ... o r between the troch . /coxa o f l egs 1 , 2 .
...... � ....... ......
.... ..... .... 2) Stri du l at i ng organ - c l av ate or peg- l i ke and thorn setae on the i n tern a l face of
the che l i cerae .
- -
- .... - ...... 3) C l ypeus - absent or very narrow .
.... .... .....

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • . • • . • • . . . • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • . . . . . S e l enogyr i nae .
 17
Tarsus - scopu l ae d i v i ded by setae . Tarsus - scopu l ae parted .

Che l i cerae - i nternal face

Che l i cerae , extern a l fac e .

D) I schnoco l i nae

1) No str i du l at i ng organ between the che l i cerae troch . /coxa of p a l p and between the
troc h . /coxa of l egs 1 , 2 .

2) No p l umose pad o n extern a l face of che l i cerae and no c l avate o r peg - l i ke setae on
i nternal face .

3) Tarsal scopul ae ( i n the majori ty of gener a ) of at l east l egs 3 , 4 , d i v i ded by a

band of normal setae .

4) Spi nes T i b i a and metatarsus of l egs 3 , 4 , heav i l y s p i ned .

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . . . . . • . • . . • • . • . • • • • • • • • • • . . . • . . . . . . . • • . • . • • • • • • • • • • I schnoco l i nae.

D i agnos i s of the Theraphos i dae Fami l y .

1) Coxa o f pal p ( Maxi l l as ) h a s a d i s t i nct l obe o n the anteri or fac e .

2) S i g i l l a on sternum p a i red , moderate l y smal l and oval , wi th marg i n a l to s u b ­

-

central poste r i or s i g i l l a - Raven .

3) C l aw tufts present Note Raven def i nes c l aw tufts ( AAS News l etter November 1 989
No . 40 p . 9 ) as " c l aw tufts are d i screte pad s of h a i r or i g i n a t i n g from pai red
s c l eroti sed zones bes i de each c l aw and not or i g i n at i ng from the c u t i c l e of the tar­
si i ts e l f . " Hai rs of c l aw tufts are u s u a l l y f l attened wi t h f i mbri ated t i ps . H a i r s
t h a t a r e exten s i ons of tarsal scopu l ae are u s u a l l y rounded wi thout f i mbri ated t i ps
Troch/coxa of pal p . - Raven .

4) Spi nnerets Ap i c a l segment of Poster i or Lateral s p i nneret d i g i t i form. eg . l on g

a n d f i nger l i ke .

5) Rastel l um - o n anter i or face of che l i cerae , weak o r absent .

6) Eyes/ocul ar arrangement - e i gh t eyes i n two rows - form i ng a rectangu l ar group -

Troch/coxa of l eg 1 . Raven . The excep t i o n to th i s ru l e i s Spel opelma where the eyes are reduced or ab­
sen t . eg. b l i nd cave spi der .
18
B) Secondary group - Stromatopelma
Heterscodra
EUMENOPHORI NAE su bfam i l y 1) No stridu l at i ng organ - l os t . S t i ffened setae on trochanter
1 eg s 1 , 2. but
2) Brush o f s t i ffened s etae present o n femur o f p a l p .
Ref. Pocock 1897 . Proc . Zool . Soc . Lond . p . 7 72 .
S i mon 1 902 . H i s t . Nat . Ara i gn . p . 94 9 .
Raven 1985 . B u l l . Am . Mus . Nat . H i s t .
3)
4)
Lab i o/sternum mounds on suture .
Tarsal scopul ae d i v i ded/not d i v i ded . \
Di agnos i s
I t i s h i gh l y l i ke l y that the E umenophor i n ae s ubfami l y i s the key pri mary genet i c
group from wh i ch the New Wor l d Therapho s i nae and the O l d Wor l d I schnoco l i n ae h ave
deve l oped . ( see Remark s ) . Subseque n t l y there has a l so been some secondary deve l opmen t
w i th i n t h e Eumenophor i nae subfami l y i tse l f and there are genera Stromatop e l ma and
Heterscodra wh i ch are obv i ou s l y 1 i nked to t h i s subfami l y - but wh i c h h ave l os t the
d i s t i n c t i ve s tr i d u l at i n g organ - wh i l e reta i n i n g l abi o-sternum mounds and the d i s t i n c ­
t i ve b r u s h of setae on the femur of the pal p . These s i m i l ar c haracteri st i cs were f i rst
noted by Raven 1985 - who suggested remov i ng the genera Stromato p e l ma and Heterscodra
from the Av i cu l ari nae s ubfami l y ( as proposed by Roewer 1954 ) and p l ac i ng them i n the
Eumenoph ori nae subfami l y . My own research concurs wi th R aven . Note Roewer seems to
h ave i nc l uded the arboreal ( tree s p i ders ) genus Stromatopelma i n to the South Ameri can
subfami l y Av i cu l a r i n ae ( wh i ch tends to have a preponderance of arborea l gener a ) o n the
m i s taken assumpt i on that a l ac k of a str i du l at i ng organ and arborea l behav i our i s an
automat i c taxonom i c c l ass i f i c at i on . Genera I nc l uded
I l l ustrated d i agnos i s . Anop loscel us Pocock 189 7 . Bates i e l l a Pocock 1903 . C i thar i sc h i u s Pocock 1900 .
Encyocrates S i mon 1892 . Eumenophorus Pocock 1897 . Heterscodra Pocock 1 900 . Hyst ­
A) Pad d l e and s p i ke setae/or just s p i ke setae o n the coxa of erocrates S i mon 1892 . Loxomphal i a S i mon 1888 . Loxophobema S i mon 1 907 . Loxoptygus
l egs 1 , 2 . Hooked setae or s tout setae on trochanter of l egs S i mon 1 903 . Honocentropus Pocock 1897 . Hyosto l a S i mon 1 90 3 . Phoneyusa Karsch 18-
1,2. 84 . Stromatope l ma K arsch 1881 .
Synonymy
Note R aven i n 1985 found Anop losc e l u s to be synonymous wi th P honeyu s a and Bates i e l l a
w i t h E n cyocrate s . O n study i n g the types I bel i eve that they have genu i ne taxonom i c
character i s t i c s w h i e h shou l d e n ab l e them t o remai n separate genera . Subsequent 1 y I
h ave res tored them i n th i s new c l as s i f i c a t i on scheme .
Raven 1 985 .
Loxophobema Phoneyusa
Loxoptygel l a Loxoptygus
Honocentropel l a C i thari sch i u s
P e l i no b i u s Phoneyu s a
Umang i ana Phoneyu s a
Encyocratel l a Chaetopel ma ( I schnoco l i nae subfami l y )
Scodra Stromatopel ma
Di stri but i on
The Eumenophor i n ae subfami l y i s d i s t r i buted t hroughout Central Afr i ca - ran g i n g
1) Brush of s t i ffened s etae i n the femur of the p a l p of some gen­ from the rai nforests of t h e W e s t to t h e savanne/forests of the E as t . A f e w i so l ated
era . examp l es can be found in the South ·and in Arab i a and Madagascar .
2) Tarsus scopu l ae of l egs 3 , 4 , d i v i ded i n some genera . Rem�f k �
s l i ke l y that the Eumenophor i nae subfami l y i s the p r i mary group from wh i ch the
3) Labi o/sternum mounds on the Labi um/sternum suture i n some gen­ Therapho s i n ae and I schnoco l i nae subfami l i es deve l oped .
era . Appro x i mate l y 1 36 mi l l i on years ago ( Cretaceous p er i o d ) the Amer i can con t i nent
4) Legs not heav i l y spi ned - some s p i nes at apex of t i b . and met . s p l i t away from Afr i c a - t ak i n g wi th it exampl es of the Eumenophori nae subfami l y . I t
i s from t h i s materi a l that I b e l i eve the New Wor l d su bfami l y Theraphos i n ae has deve l o­
5) T i b i a l spurs absent i n mos t genera present i n Encyocrates . ped .
The I schnoco l i n ae subfami l y i n turn i s a more soph i s t i c ated form h a v i n g deve l oped
1) Encyocrates . from but i ndependently in Northern and Central Afr i c a - i nf l uenced by and retai n i ng
some Eumenophori nae character ist i cs but neverthe l es s l os i ng many of the pri mary t axon­
2) mounds wi th combs omi c features of the more p r i mi t i ve form . eg . The s t r i du l at i ng organ and comb of setae
Honocentropus . on the femur of the pal p , wh i l e reta i n i ng l ab i o/s ternum mounds and i n some c ases the
Eumenophorus dou b l e t i b i a l spu r .
 19

S impl i f i ed .
1) Foveal groove - procurved .
I l l ustrated key to the genera o f the E umenophor i nae suhfami l y .
2) Tarsal d i vi s i on - Tarsus of l eg 4 parted but not d i v i ded
A) Stri d u l ati ng organ , padd l e and spi k e setae o n coxa o f l eg s by setae .
1 , 2 . Hooked setae o n troch . of l eg 1 , sometimes l eg 2 .
3) C l ypeus - n arrol'I .
1) Foveal groove - trans verse/stra i gh t .
4) Carapace - ra i sed .
2) Tarsal d i v i s i on - tarsal scop u l ae of l eg 4 d i v i ded by a
t h i n l i ne of setae . 5) L ab i um - norma l / l ong as l'li de . Note Mal e has not been
descri bed .
3) C l ypeus - n o gap o r very n arrow .
• • . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . • . . . . . • • • • . • • • • • • . . . . . . . • . • • • Bates i el l a .
4) Tibi al spur - ( Ma l e ) No spu r .
1) Foveal groove - procurved .
5) Pal pal bul b - s i mp l e taper i ng embo l u s - n o k ee l s .
2) Tarsal d i v i s i on - Tarsus o f l eg 4 d i v i ded b y a l'l i d e band
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anop l osce l u s . of setae . .
�··�. ·::::.·:::?? ?
1) Foveal groove - transverse/ s t r a i ght . 3) C l ypeus - n arrow/w i d e .
�£/•:::;.:::::�
!·: : · ·:·: .
2)

3)
Tarsal d i v i s i on - l egs 3 , 4 d i v i ded by setae .

Clypeus - n arrow.
4)

5)
Lab i o/sternum mounds o n suture .
'
Ti b i al spur - s i ng l e spur w i t h comb of s p i nes :- ;:>
�--
=+��� ' · ! '.' ! .. ; : .. . · '

4) Metatarsal scopu l ae - l eg 4 , three-qu arters scopu l at e . 6) Pal pal bul b - l ong taperi ng embo l u s . Note hooked setae on
Note debatab l e t axonomi c feature . troch . of l egs 1 , 2 d i spersed .

5) Long s p arse , erect h a i rs . 7) Brush of s etae - on femur of p a l p .

6) Ti b i al spur - doubl e spur . • . . • • • • • • . . . . • . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . . . • . • . . . . • • • • E u menoph o rus .

7) Pal pal b u l b s i mp l e t aperi n g embo l u s - no keel s .

· : ·. ·

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Encyocrate s .

1) Foveal groove - deep transverse/str a i g h t .

2) Metatarsal scopu l ae - met . of l eg 4 fu l l y scopu l ate . 1) Foveal groove - procurved .

2) Metatarsal scopu l ae - met . of l eg 4 fu l l y scopu l at e .

3) No t i b i a l /me t . spi nes .
3) Ti bi a of l eg 4 i ncrassate i n mos t spec i es - l'li dth equal t o
4) Ti bi a of l eg 4 - not swol l en - norma l .
wi dth of pat .
5) Tarsal scopul ae - not d i v i ded by setae .
4) C l ypeus - moderat e l y n arrow t o l'l i de .
. • . • . • • . . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loxomp h a l i a .
5) Tarsal scopu l ae - not d i v i ded by setae .
1)

2)
Foveal groove - deep , s l i gh t l y procurved .

Labi um - much l onger t h an w i de . � 6)

7)
Spermathecae - comp l ex wi t h many l obes and

Labio/sternum mounds - No mounds on suture .

3) C l ypeus - w i d e .
8) T i b i a l spur - no t i b i al spu r .
4) Tarsal d i v i s ion - n o t d i v i ded b y setae .
9) Palpal bul b - bu l b oval w i t h l ong taper i ng embo l u s and
secondary hook .
5) Leg 4 - con s i derab l y t h i c ker than l eg 1 .

Ci thar i sch i u s . • . . . . • • • • • • . • • . • • • • • . . • • • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hy s t e ro c ra te s .
20

1) Fove a l groove - procurve d .

2) Metatarsal scopu l ae - three-qu arters to f u l l y scopu l ate .

3) Leg hai rs - short and c l ose to c u t i c l e ( Raven ) .

4) Tarsal scopu l ae - not d i v i ded .

5) Labi um - l onger than w i de . C) Stri d u l ati ng organ . No padd l e setae - o n l y s i mp l e

setae on coxa o f l eg s 1 , 2 .
• • • • • . . • . • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • . . . . . • • • • . • . • • . • Loxoptygus .
1) Fovea l groove - transverse/stra i gh t .

2) Tarsal scapu l ae - parted not d i v i ded by setae .

3) C l ypeus - modera tely n arrow to w i d e .

4) Labi o/sternum mounds - present o n the suture o f

sternum o f some spec i es .

5) Ti bi a 1 spur - s i ng 1 e short spur or mound capped

1 ) Fovea l groove - procurve d . comb of s p i nes .
2) Metatarsal scopul ae - met . of l eg 4 , one-t h i rd/h a l f scopu­ 6) P a l p a l bul b - s i mp l e t aper i ng embo l u s .
l ate. Not f u l l y scopu l at e .

3) Tibi a o f l eg 4 - n o t i ncrassate . • . . • • . • • • • • • . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . • . . . . . • . • . . • . . . . • . . . . Monocentrop u s .

4) c l ypeus moderate l y narrow t o w i d e .

5) Tarsal scopu l ae - not d i v i ded b y setae . D) Str i d u l at i ng organ . No p add l e and s p i ke setae ( l os t ) scat­
tered s t i ffened setae on troch . o f l egs 1 , 2 .
6) Spermathecae - s i mp l e sem i n a l recept ac l e s .

7) Ti b i al spi nes - spi nes at apex i n varyi n g number .

8)

9)
Brush o f s etae - o n femur of p a l p .

No t i b i a l spur. \
10) P a l p a l bulb - 1) taperi n g embo l u s wi th s h i e l d of bu l b . 2)
l on g and short embo l us w i th keel . 1) Foveal groove - trans vers e .
• • • • • • . • •. • • • . • • . • . • • • . • • • • • • . . . • • • • • • • . . . . . . • . . . . . • . Phoneyu s a . 2) Brush o f setae - o n femur of p a l p .

\
B) Stri dul at i ng organ , padd l e and s p i ke setae o n c o x a o f l eg 1 3) Labi o/sternum mounds - on l ab i um/ s ternum su ture .
O n l y s p i ke setae on coxa of l eg 2 .
4) C l ypeus - narrow .
1) Foveal groove - procurved .

, \\
5) Tarsal scopu l ae - l eg s 3 , 4 d i v i ded by a t h i n l i ne of
2) Metatarsal scopu l ae - met . of l eg 4 , h a l f/on e - th i rd scopu­
l at e . 6) Leg 4 - t h i cker than l eg 1 .
3) Labi um - as w i de as l ong . 7) Femur of l eg 4 - i ncrassate .
4) Tarsal scopu l ae - not d i v i ded . 8) No t i b i a l spur .
5) Tibi a of l eg 3 - i ncrass ate . • • • • • • • • • . • • . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . • • . . . . . . . . . . Heterscodra .
• • . • • • • • • • • . . • • • • . • • . . . • • . • • • . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Myo s to l a .
 21
Generi c key
1) Coxa of l egs 1 , 2 , h ave l ong stout s p i kes and poss i b l y on leg 1 padd l e s h aped setae

��
( cox a of l eg 1 damaged ) . Trochanter of l eg 1 has a dou b l e row of hooked setae .
Trochanter of l eg 2 has a s i n g l e l i ne of hooked setae .
2) Foveal groove transverse/strai ght .
3) Tars a l d i v i s i on . Tarsal scopu l ae of l eg 4 i s d i v i ded by a t h i n l i ne of scopu l ae .
( Note debatab l e taxonomi c feature , i n t h at i t i s o n l y poss i b l e to anal yse a s i n g l e

�-.
spec i men - not a ser i es ) .
4) Ocu l ar arrangement . ALE and AME strai ght . Anter i o r l i ne transverse

.. �
5) C l ypeus - no gap or very n arrow .
6) T i b i al spur . No t i bi a l spur on mal e .
7) P a l p a l bu l b . Round bu l b w i th s i mp l e l ong t aper i ng , curved embo l u s wh i ch i s wi thout
1) Foveal groove - strai ght and round . keel s .

2) Brush of setae - on femur of p al p . Spec i es i nc l uded c e l eri pes ( Pocock 189 7 )

l esserti ( L aurent 1946)

Q�·'J
3) Lab i o/ s ternum mounds on l ab i um/sternum suture .
,'
4) C l ypeus - n arrow. '
lo •,'

5) No t i b i a l spur.
Zaire
6) Tarsal scopul ae - not d i v i ded by setae. (2)
(1)
7) P a l p bul b - s i m p l e taper i ng embo l u s .

8) Met . and t i b i a l scopu l ae - setae w i d e . Key

(1) l es serti ?- - -
Tanzan i a

\:�
. • • . • . . • • • • • • • . • • • . • • • . . • • • • . . . • • . • • • . . . . . • . . . . . Stromatop e l m a . (2) cel eri pes

p
'

I I r '"'
I' I , - .. •I
,'\ I .. .. .., .,,.

oJ \ \ ..,I �
' ,\J
GENUS ANOPLOSCELUS Pocock 1 8 9 7 '
"'
'
,
I
,.. ...... ..) \.,."'\ I
Ref . Pocock 1897 . Proc . Zoo l . Soc . London . p . 760 . Map o f D i str i but i o n . ( "" I
I
I
JI
Raven 1 985 . B u l l . Am . Mus . Nat . H i s t . ( 182 ) p . 1 4 9 . , .. I

Generic type A . ce l er i pe s BMNH 0 5 - 5 -3 1 - 1 5 . ( Ma l e ) . D i s tr i bu t i on/Hab i t a t . C o l l ec t i on s i tes i nd i cate t h a t i t i s d i s t r i bu ted throughout

Western Tan z an i a and Uganda a l ong a wide band of h i l l and p l ateau gras s l and . Note I
Remarks . h ave been unab l e to l ocate the exact l ocati on of the col l ec t i on s i te , Kombo l i . One
T h e genus Anopl oscelus was created i n 1897 by Pocock , t o house a s i n g l e ma l e spec i ­ mu s t thus presume that it was a sma l l v i l l age on the eas tern s i de of Lake Tankany i k a
men despatched t o h i m by Mr W H Nutt from Kombo l i , Lake Tang anyi k a . Other spec i me n s a t the turn of t h e century . Ugandan spec i men - N o behav i oural dat a .
were d i scovered i n Uganda at En tebbe i n 1906 . C l os e l y rel ated to t h e common genus of
the area Phoneyusa, Karsch 1884 , Anopl osce l u s is i nt r i gu e i n g in that it has a trans­ (Figs. 1 - 12)
verse or strai ght foveal groove . I t a l so has a narrow c l ypeus , u n l i ke the genera Phon­
yusa and Hysterocrates . Spec i e s celeri pes ( Pocock 1 89 7 ) T anzani a/Ugand a .
Ref. Pocock 18 g 7 . Proc . Zoo l . Soc . London . p . 760 .
Synonym/Revi s i on . Phoneyu sa C . Raven 1985 . Am . Mu s . N at . H i s t . ( 182 ) p . 1 4 9 .
I n 1 985 Raven argued that the genus Anoplosce l u s i s synonymous wi th Phoneyus a , but Specimens . BMNH . Mal e 05-5-31 - 1 5 . ( c o l l ector W H Nutt ) . Fema l e 1 906 - 1 - 3 1 - 1 . ( co l l ec ­
on studyi ng the type and a congener I f i nd mys e l f d i s agreei n g on the bas i s that a l l
spec i e s of the Phoneyusa genus have a procurved foveal groove , a moderate l y w i de c l y­ t o r Hector Hunter ) .
Di s tr i bu t i on . Lake Tan ganyk a , Tanzan i a and Entebbe , Ugan d a .
peus and a tarsus ( l eg 4 ) w h i c h i s not d i v i ded by setae . Subsequen t l y the strai ght/
Co11111on n ame . Ochre ye 1 1 ow baboon .
transverse foveal groove , n arrow c l ypeus and d i v i ded tarsus ( l eg 4) of Anop l osce l u s i s
Descri p t i o n . ( Ma l e ) l ength 27mm . Carapace 1 3xl0mm . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Leg 1 ( 40mm . ) Leg 2
�eemed to warrant gener i c s t atus . ( 36mm . ) Leg 3 ( 36mm . ) L eg 4 ( 4 7mm . ) . Pat+ t i b of l eg 1 ( 1 5mm . ) Leg 4 ( 1 6 . 5mm . ) C ar ap ace
Di agnos i s . l ess t h an pat+t i b pf l egs 1 , 4 . Legs 2 , 3 equ a l . Note : Pocock e x aggerated the w i d t h of
The s tr i du l at i ng organ i s s i mi l ar t o Phoneyu s a and Hysterocrates , but d i ffers i n the femur of l eg 3, wh i ch a l though swo l l en is not great l y so. T i b i a l spur No spur s i m­
that the hooked setae o n the trochanter o f l eg 2 ( F i g . 5 ) ex i st s i n a strong form - p l y two s p i nes ( F i g . 2 ) . Pa1 pal bu l b , bu l b round i sh w i t h a s i mp l e taperi ng curved emb ­
whi l e i n the former genera i t i s weak or l os t . o l u s . No k ee l s . ( F i g . 3 ) . Co l our Redd i sh brown , the h a i ry c l ot h i ng of the body a u n i ­
T h e c l ypeus o f Anopl os c e l u s i s a l so substant i a l l y reduced when compared w i t h Phone­ form ye l l ow ochre . Wh i te bands on l eg j o i nts . Fema l e . l ength 50mm. Carapace 20xl 7mm .
yusa and Hysterocrates and is one of three genera of the subfami l y wh i ch have a trans­ Che l i cerae 9mm . P a l p 32mm . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Leg 1 ( 4 7mm . ) Leg 2 ( 45mm . ) Leg 3 ( 4 5mm . )
verse foveal groove i nstead of the usual procurved foveal groove . Note the tarsal seg­ Leg 4 ( 56mm) Legs 2 , 3 a l most equa l . Leg 4 con s i derab l y l onger than l eg 1 . Stri du l at i ng
ment of l eg 4 i s a l so d i v i ded by a f i ne l i ne of setae ( F i g . 1 0 ) , a feature wh i ch was organ ( see F i g s . 4 , 4 a , 5 , 6 for detai l s . Note : t roch of l eg 2 has a row of hooked s et a .
mi ssed by Pocock and i s not present i n the genera, Phoneyusa and Hysterocrates . Labi um/sternum. For l ayou t o f cuspul es/gran u l es and s i g i l l a ( F i g . 6 ) . Tarsal d i v i s i on
22
Note : t arsus of l eg 4 i s d i v i ded by a f i ne l i ne of setae ( F i g . 1 0 ) . Chel i cerae s t i ff ­
ened setae on i n s i de o f chel i cerae , probab l y t h e l as t trace o f a n i nternal s tr i du l ­
at i ng organ ( F i g 3 ) . Che l i ceral teeth , 1 1 teeth . 1 sma l l tooth ( F i g . 9 ) Col our ( s p i r i t )
u n i form redd i s h brown . Habi tat see d i s t r i b u t i o n

F i gures 1-12 . Anop l osce l us cel eri pes ( 2 ) Mal e , t i b i a l eg 1 . ( 3 ) P a l p a l b u l bs . ( 4 ) An t .

face , troch/coxa l eg 1 . ( 4a ) pos ter i or f ace coxa l eg 1 . ( 4b ) Poster i or f ace coxa/ troch
p a l p . ( 5 ) troch/coxa l eg 2. ( 6 ) l ab i um/sternum. ( 7 ) chel i cerae , extern a l face . ( 8 )
che l i cerae i n ternal f ace . ( 9 ) che l i ceral teeth . ( 10 ) Tarsus l eg 4 . ( 1 1 ) ocu l ar arrange-

... -
(8) -
.... =-.. =-=:.

� :::::---....
----

(2)

Spec i es l esserti L aurent 1 946 . Rwanda .

Ref . L aurent 1946 . Rev . Zool . Bot . Afr i c a . X X X l X 4 p . 301 .
Spec i men Mus . du Congo . Fema l e . RG14389 .
D i stri buti o n . K i g a l i ( Rwand a ) E as tern Z a i re on T a n z a n i an border . Type not exam i ned .
Descri pt i on . Length . No d a t a . Ceph 2 3 . 5x2lmm . Sternum 1 0x9mm . L ab i um 4x4mm . P a l p
3 7 . 5mm . Leg 1 ( 58 . 5mm . ) Leg 2 ( 54 . 5mm . ) Leg 3 ( 54mm . ) Leg 4 ( 6 7 . 5mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 .
Legs 2 , 3 , a l most equal . Ocu l ar arrangemen t , anter i or l i ne s l i gh t l y procurved . Col our
Redd i s h brown . Habi tat No data
Note L aurent tended to p l ace too much emphas i s on c arapace = pat+t i b equat i on s and I
am far from con v i nced that l esserti i s not synonymous w i t h c e l er i pe s .

G E N U S BATE S I E LLA ( Po c o c k 1 903)

Ref . Pocock 1903 . Am . Mag . Nat . H i s t . ( 7 ) 1 1 p . 258 .
Raven 1 985 . Bul l . Am . Mus . Nat . H i s t . ( 1 82 ) p . 150 .
( 10) Generi c type B . cri n i ta 1903-6-30- 23-25 . BMNH
Remarks .
The genus Bates i el l a was created by Pocock i n 1903 to house a spec i men co l l ected by
Mr G L Bates from the Efu l en reg i on of the Cameroons , wh i ch Pocock deemed to be a l l i ed
( 12) to Phoneyusa - but wh i eh neverthe l ess h ad s i gn i f i cant d i fferences . Pocock based gen­
er i c recogn i t i on on the f act that the anter i o r met atarsus was only h a l f scopu l ate and
that the rear l egs had suberect curved br i s t l es wh i ch " g ave it a bot t l e-brush appear­
ance" ( Pocock 1 9()3 , p . 258 ) . He seems to have been unaware ( or recogn i sed other taxon­
omi c d i fference s ) that Encyocrates raffray i , S i mon 1892 , has s i mi l ar setae on t h e rear
l egs .
 23

Synonymy/Revi s i o n .
I n 1 985 Dr Raven came to the conc l u s i on , after study i n g the type mater i a l at the
BMNH and the MNHP , that Bates i e l l a was synonymous w i th En cyocrates - the pri mary taxo­
nom i c feature in h i s s i mpl i f i ed gener i c key be i n g the l on g sparse erect h a i r s of l egs
3,4.
H av i ng stud i ed the mater i a l i n the BMNH I have come to the conc l u s i on that the two
genera are not synonymous - des p i te the s h ar i ng of some features such as the bott l e­
bru s h h a i rs on the rear l egs and the h a l f scopu l ate anter i or metatarsus .
The s i gn i f i cant d i fferences are that Bates i e 1 1 a has a rai sed carap ace wi th a pro­
curved foveal groove and the tarsal segments are not d i v i ded by a l i ne of setae . The
genus Encyocrates , S i mon 189 2 , on the other hand has a l ow , l on g c arap ace wi th a tran­
sverse/stra i ght foveal groove . The tarsal segments of l egs 3 , 4 are d i v i ded by a band
of setae .
The ma l e of Bates i e l l a has yet to be descri bed .
D i ag nos i s .
Bates iel l a has a rai sed carapace w i t h a precu rved foveal groove . As i n many genera
of the subfam i l y the hooked e n l arged setae on the trochanters of l egs 1 , 2 is i n a
strong form . The metatarsus of l eg 4 i s h a l f scopu l ate and the tarsal segment s of a l l
l egs are not d i v i ded by setae . Pos ter i or s i g i l l a of s ternum, i so l ated from edge . H a i rs
on rear l egs are s uberect curved br i st l e s wh i ch have a bott l e -brush appearance.
Generic key
1 ) Str i du l at i n g organ ( coxa troc . of l egs 1 , 2 ) both p added and stout spi ked setae o n
coxa of b o t h l egs . S t i ffened hooked setae present on b o t h trochanters .
2 ) C arapace r a i sed .
3 ) Foveal groove procurved .
4 ) Tarsa l scapu l ae not d i v i ded by setae .
5 ) Metatar s a l scapu l ae of l egs 1 , 2 h a l f d i v i ded ( debatab l e gener i c feature ) .
6 ) Suberect curved br i st l es on l eg s 3 , 4 ( bott l e -brush effect ) .
7 ) C l ypeus n arrow.
8 ) Hale T i b i a l s pur/pa l p yet to be descri bed .

Spec ies i nc l uded cri n i ta ( Pocock 1903 ) .

F i gs . 13-27 Bat esi e l l a cri n i t a ( 1 4 ) coxa/ troc h . l eg 1 . ( 1 5 ) coxa/troch . l eg 2 .

( 16 ) Labi um/ sternum . ( 1 7 ) c arapace/ra i sed . ( 18 ) Poster i or face o f femur o f p a l p
( 19 ) Dor s a l surfac e . Met . of l eg 1 ( Bott l e brush h a i r s ) . ( 20 ) Ventral s u rf ace , met . /
tarsus of l eg 1 . ( 21 ) Met/t arsus of l eg 2 . ( 2 3 ) Met/tarsus o f l eg 3 . ( 24 ) Met/
tarsus of l eg 4 . ( 25 ) Spermathecae . ( 26 ) S p i nneret .
24

GENUS CITHARISC H I US ( Pocock 1 900

Ref. Pocock 1900 . Am . Mag . Nat . H i s t . ( 7 ) 6 p . 25 8 .

Raven 1 985 . ( 1 82 ) p . 1 1 7 .
Gene r i c type 1899- 1 - 1 3 - 1 . ( Fema l e ) .
Remark s .
The s i ng l e spec i es o f the genu s , crawshayi , was despatc hed to R . Crawshay from K i n ­
ani , Kenya i n 189 9 . He was great l y i mpres sed by the s i ze of the spec i men wh ich was i n ­
i a l l y bel i eved to be the l argest spi der in A f r i ca . I n Sep tember of the same year , L t .
Abad i e d i scovered ttysterocrates hercul es i n Upper N i ger wh i ch was even greater i n s i ze
than Crawshay ' s spec i men .
A second spec imen of C . crawsh ayi ex i s ts i n the Br i t i s h Museum co l l ec t i on wh i c h was
found in Febru ary ' 84 by a Mr S . Trevor in the Tsavo Nat i on a l Park , Keny a . Mr . Trevor
notes that i t was fed m i ce i n c ap t i v i ty before be i ng despatched as a wet spec i men by a
Mr . Dewhurst to the BMNH . S i ze w i s e i t i s a l most i dent i c a l i n s i ze to the or i g i na l
spec i men ( as are t h e two s pec i mens i n t h e VHWS co l l ec t i o n ) w h i c h i n i t i al l y i nd i cates
th i s to be an average s i ze of a fu l l y mature spec i men .

D i agno s i s .
Read i l y ascertai nabl e from the other genera of the subfami l y by the l ong l ab i um and
gre a t l y enl arged rear l eg .
.
Generi c key
1) Stri du l at i ng organ , stout sp i ke setae on coxa of l egs 1 , 2 . Hooked setae on troch-
anter of l eg 1 , but absent on trochanter of l eg 2 .
2 ) L ab i um con s i derab l y l on ger than w i d e . H a l f the l ength o f the sternum .
3 ) Leg 4 cons i derab l y stouter than l egs 1 , 2 , 3 .
4 ) Fove a l groove, deep and s l i gh t l y procurved .
5 ) Metatarsus of l eg 4 , a t h i rd scopu l a te . - Note Short s tout h a i rs cover the face of
the met of l eg 4 and p ar t of l eg 3 .
6 ) Hal e Yet t o b e descri bed . C i thari s ch i us crawshay i Peter K i rk
Spec i e s i nc l uded crawsh.ayi Pocock 1 900 ( F i g s . 28 - 3 7 )
Spec i es crawsh ayi Pocock 1 900 Kenya .
D i stri bution The two spec i mens wh i ch we h ave i n the BMNH co l l ec t i on were both found Ref . Pocock 1 g oo . Ann . Mag . Nat . H i s t . ( 7 ) 6 p . 49 3 .
in S . E . Kenya , the f i rst in 1899 at K i nani , the second in 1 984 at Tsav a . Both s i tes
are acac i a scru b l and/gras s l and - much of wh i ch has been c l eared for graz i ng and sub­ Specimens Type BMNH 1899 - 1 - 1 3 - 1 ( Fema l e ) 18-6 -84 ( Fema l e ) Two spec i mens i n VHWC AF212
s i stance agr i cu l ture . Habi tat . crawshayi are norma l l y to be found i n deep burrows , ( Fema l es ) .
amongst the roots of acac i a scrub bushes . These have open i ngs of appro x i mately 6cm . Commom name. K i ng baboon .
and a var i ab l e depth of about 50cm . - s l i gh t l y angl ed w i t h a chamber at t he base . The D i stri b u t i on . Type K i nani , Kenya . Tsavo N a t i o n a l Park .
temperature in the burrow in June was ( 7 9F ) Ref . Di eter Scho l z and Mi chael Z i eg l er . Descri p t i o n . ( AF 2 1 2 -Fema l e VHWC ) Length 78mm . C arapace 3lx25mm . Che l i cerae lOmm .
p r i vate correspondence . P a l p 44mm. Leg 1 ( 63mm . ) Leg 2 ( 60mm . ) Leg 3 ( 60mm . ) Leg 4 ( 84mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Legs
·� 2 , 3 equ a l . Leg 4 very stou t , con s i derab l y wi der than l egs 1 , 2 , 3 and covered wi th s hort
sp i ky h a i rs wh i ch Pocock l i kens w i th " mo l e s k i n " . ( F i g 29 ) Labi um/maxi l l ae and s ternum
For pos i t i on of cuspul es/gran u l es and s i g i l l a on s ternum ( see F i g . 3 5 ) . Note l ength of
l ab i um , wh i ch i s con s i dera b l y greater than a l l other k nown genera . ( Note some s pec i es
of the genus Phoneyusa have a l ong l ab i um ) . Stri d u l a t i n g organ stout s p i ke setae on
coxa of l egs 1 . Note , comp l et e l y absent from trochanter of l eg 2 . ( F i g s . 3 1 - 34 ) .
Spermathecae Outer cas i ng of semi n a l recept ac l es h ave two d i s t i nct cases - wh i c h when
opened reveal a dou b l e branch . Colour Redd i s h brown w i t h rusty red h a i rs . These have
a s i l ky appearance on the l eg s .

Cl i mate . Kenya ( Mombas a ) . Rai nfal l - February 18mm . March 320mm . September 64mm. Nov­
ember 97mm. Humi d i ty/temperature . March 7 7% ( 88F ) June 82% ( 82F ) September 81% ( 82 F )
December 78% ( 86F ) .
 \

J
J

h a i rs . ( 30 ) S p i n ­
s ch i u s cra wsh ayi ( 29 )
Leg 4 , not e sho rt ere ct ( 33 ) Tro ch/ cox a
F i gur es 28- 37 . Ci tha ri o f tro ch/ cox a l eg 1 .
et . ( 3 1 ) Tro ch ante r/c oxa l eg 1 . ( 32 ) Rev ers e . Not e l ack of hoo ked set ae on tro ch­
ner 2
. ( 34 ) Tro ch/ cox a of l eg l ar arr ang e-
of p a l p , pos ter i o r fac e a i rs . ( 35 ) Lab i um , max i l l ae and ste rnu m. ( 36 ) Ocu
jus t a f r i n ge of h
ante r ,
.
men t . ( 3 7 ) Spe rma the cae
26
( F i g s . 38 - 5 0 )

Spe c i e s raffrayi S i mon 189 2 . Madagascar .

GENUS ENCYOCRATELLA Stra n d 1 907
Re f . S i mon 1892 . Ann . Soc . France 6 1 p . 280 ( Fema l e ) .
Ref . Str and 1 907 . Zoo l . Anz . 31 p . 55 6 . ( Fema l e ) S i mon 1892 . H i s t . Nat . Arai gn ( 1 ) p . 1 54 .
Strand 1 90 7 . Zei tschr F . Naturw . 1 g . p . 25 7 . Ber l and 19 1 7 . Bu l l . Mus . H i s t . P ar i s 2 3 ( 7 ) p . 47 7 ( Ma l e ) .
Note. p l aced i n E umenophori n ae subfami l y by Roewer 194 2 . Bremen p . 258.
Spec i mens BMNH Fema l e 90- 7 - 1 - 6 . Type , S i mon c o l l ec t i on Pari s . Mal e/Fema l e MNHP .
Raven 1 985 . Am . Mus . Nat . H i s t . 182 p . 152 .
Gene r i c type . l os t . Synonym Raven after study i n g congeners i n the MNHP has deemed Col!ITion n ame . Common Madagascan T i ger Baboon .
that t h i s genus is synonymous wi th chaetopelma . The s i ng l e spec i e s of the genu s , D i stri bu t i o n . W i de l y d i s tri bu ted , Senbendran a , Tananar i v e , Soal a l a , I mer i n a , Nos s i - Be
ol i vacea ( S trand 1907) can subsequen t l y be found descri bed i n the I s chnoco l i n ae sub­ Madag ascar .
fami l y ; genus chaetopel m a Descr i pt i on . ( Femal e ) l ength 6 l mm . Ceph . 26x22mm . P a l p 50mm . Leg 1 ( 751!1TI . ) Leg 2
( 70mm . ) Leg 3 ( 68mm . ) Leg 4 ( 82mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Metatarsal segments of l egs 1 , 2 , 3
fu l l y scop u l at e . Leg 4 , three-quarters scopu l ate. T ar s a l scopu l ae of l egs 3 , 4 , d i v i ded
GENUS EN CYOCRATES Simon 1 8 9 2 by a w i de band of setae ( F i gs . 4 7 - 48 ) . Str i du l at i n g organ s p i ke and p add l e setae on
coxa of l egs 1 , 2 . Hooked setae o n trochanters ( F i g s . 4 1 - 43 ) . Labi um/Max i l l ae/Sternum.
Ref . S i mon 1892 . Ann . Soc . E n t . F rance ( 6 1 ) p . 280 . for l ayou t of c u s p u l es/gran u l es and s i g i l l a see F i g . 4 5 . Foveal hol e , transverse/deep .
Gener i c type , raffrayi . MNHP ( S i mon col l ec t i on ) . Legs 3 , 4 wi th l on g erect d i spersed h a i r s ( F i g . 4 0 ) . Tar s a l segmen ts , two c l aws ( F i g .
Remarks . 46 ) . Col our . Ceph . dark chestnu t . Legs , t awny-reddy-ye l l ow . Abdomen , l on g d ark brown
The key spec i es , raffrayi �1as f i rst d i scovered by a Mr Grand i d i er i n 1892 at Tanan­ w i t h l ots of cu rved h a i rs . Legs w i th ye l l ow i s h l on g i tudi n a l l i nes , ornamen tal .
ari ve , Madagascar . A second fema l e spec i men was d i scovered in 1 900 by Dr J o l y in B a i e Mal e . l ength 43mm . Ceph . l8xl6T001 . P a l p 34rnm. Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Leg 1 ( 6411lll . ) Leg 2 ( 6l mm )
d e B a l y , Soal a l a . Both spec i mens were despatched t o S i mon i n Par i s who formed a new L e g 3 ( 56mm . ) L e g 4 ( 69mm . ) T i b i a l s p u r ( F i g . 49 ) , d i v i ded i n to major , mi nor segments
genus to house the f i rs t Madagascan spec i es d i scovered . The ma l e was not to be des­ with no s p i nes . P a l p a l bu l b ( F i g . 50 ) , b u l b l on g wi th taper i ng curved embol us - n o
cri bed un t i l 1 9 1 7 , by Berl and from a spec i men found at I mer i n a . kee l s . Habi tat . Savannah , bush . No data but l i ke l y to be burrow i n g .

�)
D i ag n o s i s
.

A d i st i nct genus i n that the ma l e has a t i b i a l spur ( un u s u a l for the s ubfami l y ) and
that l eg 4 in mal e/fema l e has a t hree quarters scopu l ate metatarsus and d i s t i nct l on g
gen t l y curved h a i rs . T h e tarsal scopu l ae of l eg 3 , 4 , a r e d i v i ded by a wide b a n d of
setae .
Generic key

�
1 ) S t r i d u l at i n g organ , stout s p i ke setae on coxa of l egs 1 , 2 . Padd l e setae can be
found o n coxa o f l eg 2 - t h u s i s probab l y on l y mi s s i n g o n l eg 1 o f spec i men
stud i ed . S i n g l e l i ne of hooked setae on trochanter of l egs 1 , 2 . ( 48 )
2 ) Foveal groove transvers e , deep and strai ght .
3 ) Tarsal d i v i s i on , tarsal scopu l ae of l egs 3 , 4 . d i v i ded .
4 ) C arapace , l ow and l on g .
5 ) Met atarsal scopu l ae . Met of l eg 4 t hree q u arters scop u l ate ( Note debat ab l e taxono­
� ( 40 )
m i c feature ) .
6 ) Long sparse erect h a i rs o n poster i o r l egs ( s i mi l ar to Bate s i e l l a ) . (45)
7 ) Ma l e . T i b i al Spur . Doub l e spur on t i b . of l eg 1 . ( Maj or , mi nor segment s ) . ( 47 }
8 ) P a l p a l b u l b l ong , curved and t aper i ng . No kee l s .
Spec i e s i nc l uded . raffrayi ( S i mon 1892 ) .
D i stri buti on . W i d e l y d i stri buted across Central and West Madagascar Key co l l ec t i on
s i tes b e i n g Tananari ve, Soal a l a , Senbendran a . A l s o the i s l and o f Nos s i -Be off o f Mad­
agasc ar . Habi tat of co l l ec t i o n s i te , Savannah and bush wood l and .
C l imat e . Madagascar ( Tanan ar i ve ) . Rai nfal l - J anu ary 300mm . March 1 78mm . June 8mm .
November 135mm . Humi d i ty/Temperature - March 93% ( 79F ) J u l y 93% ( 68F ) September 88%
( 74F ) November 86% ( 8 1 F ) .

Key Madagascar ( 49 ) ( 38 )
( 1) raffrayi

After Be r l an d
.....
(39)
 27
D i ag n o s i s .
The ma l e has a d i s t i nct s i ng l e t i b i a l spur wh i ch i s capped w i t h a comb of s p i nes .
The papal bu l b has a s i mp l e l on g , po i nted embol us wh i ch a l though s l i gh t l y r i d ged a t
i ts b a s e l acks keel s .
A di s t i nct feature o f the genus i s the mounds wh i ch are t o be found between the l a­
b i um and sternum. ( Th i s i s a common feature of the I schnocol i n ae subfami l y } and can
a l so be found i n the genera Heterscodra and Stromatope lma ( former l y Scodra ) . Pocock ' s
gener i c d i v i s i on based on the fourth tarsa l segment o n l y b e i n g d i v i ded i s sti l l v a l i d .
Generic key

\
1 ) Str i d u l at i n g organ , stout s p i ke and p add l e setae on coxa of l egs 1 , 2 . Hooked setae
on trochanter of l egs 1 , 2 tends to be d i s persed and not in a row .
2 ) Foveal groove - procurved .
3 ) Tars a l d i v i s i on - t arsal scopu l ae on l eg 4 i s d i v i ded . No other tarsal segmen t s .
4 ) Labi um/ sternum . Two d i s t i nct mounds separate the l ab i um and sternum .

\
5 ) T i b i a l spur . S i n g l e spur capped w i t h a row of s p i nes .
6 ) Legs wi thout spi nes , except for a few at apex .
:: -.
. .
? Speci es i n c l u ded c l ementsi ( pocock 1897 ) . murphyi ( New speci es ) .
' . Di str i b u t i o n . A l l spec i mens recorded to d ate have been found i n S i erra Leon e . No
. .
h ab i tat data in Pocock ' s paper or i n spec i men j ar s .

\
"
I '
C l i mate. S i erra Leone ( Freetown ) . R a i nfa l l - J anu ary 1 3mm. March 1 3mm . June 302mm .
'<·, September 6 1 0mm. November 1 32mm. H umi d i ty/temperature - March 83% ( 77 F ) June 86 ( 75 F }
September 90% ( 74 F ) November 85% ( 75F ) .

\: ( F i gs . 51 - 6 5 )
Spec i e s c l ementsi ( Pocock 1897 ) S i erra Leon e .
Ref . Pocock 189 7 . Proc . Zoo l . Soc . London . p . 766 .
Spec i men . S i n g l e femal e . BMNH 1896 - 1 2 -20-22 . Note : spec i men i s bad l y damaged - pre­
v i ou s l y dri ed .
Common n ame. S i erra Leone mouse baboon .
F i gures 38-50 Encyocrates raffrayi ( Fema l e ) . ( 38 ) Ocu l ar tuberc l e . ( 3 9 ) Foveal groov e . D i stri but i o n . No data other , t h an the s i ng l e fema l e d i scovered by s urgeon Capta i n
( 40 ) Met of l eg 4 . ( 4 1 ) A/f l eg 2 . ( 4 2 ) Troch , coxa A/f l eg 1 . ( 4 3 ) Troc h , coxa A/f l eg C l ements i n S i erra Leone .
2 . ( 4 4 ) Coxa of p a l p p / f . ( 4 5 ) L ab i um , maxi l l ae , sternum . ( 46 ) tarsal c l aw l eg 4 . ( 4 7 ) Descri p t i o n . ( Fema l e ) l ength 47mm . C arapace 1 7 x l 5mm . chel i cerae 8mm . P a l p damaged -
Tarsus l e g 4 ventral . ( 48 ) Tarsus l eg 3 . ( 4 9 ) Mal e , t i b i a l spur . ( 50 ) P a l p , t i b , p a l ­ e s t i mated 30mm . Legs . Leg 1 ( 44mm . ) Note t arsus mi ss i ng - e s t i mated 52mm Leg 2 mi s s i n g .
p a l b u l b ( after Berl and ) . Leg 3 ( 4 0mm . ) Leg 4 ( 49mm . ) . Pococ k ' s measuremen ts . ( Note : h e i nc l udes coxa/troc h . i n
total l ength and i n the case o f l e g 1 has not noted that the tarsus i s m i s s i ng ) . Leg 1
( 4 7mm . ) Leg 2 ( 43mm . ) Leg 3 ( 39mm . ) Leg 4 ( 52mm. ) . Met . of l eg 1 f u l l y scopu l at e . Met
of l eg 3 two- t h i rds scopu l at e . Met . of l eg 4 one-qu arter scop u l ate . Tars a l segments
GENUS EUMENOPHORUS Pocock 1 8 9 7 of l egs 1 , 3 not d i v i ded ( F i g . 55 , 52 ) . Tarsus of l eg 4 d i v i ded by a w i de band of setae .
Stri du l at i ng organ , s tout s p i k e and padd l e setae on coxa of l egs 1 , 2 . Hooked setae on
Ref. Pocock 1897 . Proc . Zoo l . Soc . London . p . 766 . Fema l e . trochanters of l egs 1 , 2 , i s scattered and not in a vert i c a l row , ( F i g . 59 , 61 ) . Foveal
groove , procurved ( F i g . 5 7 } . Clypeus ( F i g . 6 3 ) . Ocu l ar tuberc l e touches edge of cara­
Gener i c type c l emen t s i_ BMNH 1896 - 1 2-20- 22 .
p ace . Sternum/Labi um ( F i g . 56 ) . C u s p u l es/gran u l es , wi de arc across w i d th of l ab i um .
Re111arks . Two d i s t i nct , l on g mounds o n l ab i um/s ternum suture . These cover the comp l ete wi dth o f
Pocock s tated ( 18g 7 p . 766 ) that h e be l i eved that Eumenophorus was c l ose l y re l a ted t h e l ab i um i n con trast to t h e new spec i es E . m u rphy i . S i g i l l a s e e ( F i g . 5 6 ) f o r pos i ­
to Sel enogyru s - not h av i ng d i scovered the d i s t i nct str i d u l ati ng organ on the i n s i de t i o n . Note : m i d d l e s i g i l l a does not touch edge o f sternum . Pal p , ( F i g . 64 ) . Femur o f
of the che l i cerae of the l atter genu s . I n fact BMNH spec i men 99- 1 1 - 1 5 - 5- 6 , ti cketed as p a l p has a d i s t i nct fri nge o f setae . Spennathecae , ( F i g . 6 5 ) , semi n a l receptac l es are
E . c l eme n t s i on further i nvest i ga t i on turned out to be a new spec i es of Se l enogyrus , made u p of two sets of stout f i ngers , the i n s i de one of wh i ch is s l i gh t l y sma l l er .
wh i ch I h ave n amed aust i n i us after i ts f i nder Mr E E Aust i n . Co l ou r , u n i form mouse-brown . Habitat:, No data .
The genus i s based o n a s i n g l e fema l e spec i men , E . c l ernentsi d i scovered by s urgeon

�
Captai n C l ements in S i erra Leone in 1896 . ( No l oc a l i ty dat a ) . No male was descr i bed by
Pocock and subsequen t l y t he ear l y gener i c key was based pure l y on fema l e c h ar acter­
i st i cs .
I n 1 988 wh i l e work i ng through u n i dent i f i ed Afr i c an mater i a l i n the BMNH col l ec t i on , ( 58 )
I came upon a new spec i es of Eumenophorus from the R i ver Tonko l i l i reg i on of S i erra
Leone , BMNH 101957 , col l ected by Dr Cowan - wh i c h has a d i s t i nct mound arrangement be­
tween the l ab i um and s ternum . Th i s c h aracter i st i c was to turn u p l ater on a u n i den­ � ( 57 )
t i f i ed mal e from N j a l a , S i erra Leone , col l ected by Mr Hargreaves in 1 930 ( BMNH 3 1 - 1 0 -
1930 ) . Subsequent l y i t i s now pos s i b l e to extend t h e gener i c key to i nc l ude mal e char­ ( 63 )
acter i s t i c s .
28

)i)
:,: : .

damaged

( 56 ) (65)

( F i gs . 72 - 80 )

Spec i e s murphyi ( New spec i e s ) S i erra L eon e .

Ref . Smi th 1 9 g o . Tarantu l as Of Afr i ca And T h e Mi d d l e East . F i t zger a l d .
Specimens . H o l otype ( Ma l e ) BMNH 30- 10 - 1 9 3 0 . P aratype ( Femal e ) BMNH 1 - 19 5 7 .
Common n ame . Greater S i erra Leone mouse baboon .
D i stri bu t i on . Mal e , N j a l a , S i erra Leone - co l l ected by E . Hargreaves , 1930. Fema l e ,
R i ver Tonko l i l i , S i erra Leone , col l ected by D . Cowen , 1 95 7 .
Etymol ogy. Named after Br i t i s h amateur arachno l o g i sts John and F rances Murphy
Desc r i p t i on . ( Ma l e ) Length 32mm . Carap ace 1 5x 1 2mm. Chel i cerae 5mm. P a l p 25mm . Leg 1
( 52mm . ) Leg 2 ( 46mm . ) Leg 3 ( 43mm . ) Leg 4 ( 50mm . ) . Legs 1 , 4 , 2 , 3 . Metatarsal segments
of l egs 1 , 2 f u l l y scopu l ate , l eg 3 two - t h i rds scopu l ate , l eg 4 one-quarter scopu l ate .
Note : scopu l ae of l egs 3 , 4 i s read l y d i scern i bl e . Tarsal segments of l egs 1 , 2 , 3 n o t
d i v i ded . Leg 4 d i v i ded ( F i g 76-77 ) . P a l p/Femur ( F i g . 79 ) i n s i de f ace h as a f r i nge of
p l umose l i ke setae wh i ch is d i v i ded hor i zontal l y . Foveal groov e , sma l l transverse .
Labi um/max i l l ae/st ernum ( F i g . 7 5 ) cuspu l es on l ab i um form a d i st i nct crescen t . L ab i um
s u tu re has two d i s t i nct mounds wh i ch are shorter and wi der than E. cl ementsi . These fa­
i l to reach the extreme edge of the anteri or face of the s ternu m . S i g i l l a not read i l y
d i scen i b l e . T i b i a l spur ( F i g . 78 ) . A s i n g l e spur wh i ch i s c apped w i th a comb o f bl ack
spi nes . P a l p a l bul b F i g . 80 ) S i m p l e po i n ted embo l um - l on g and taper i ng w i th no kee l s .
C lypelis g ap between ocu l ar tu berc l e and anter i or edge of carapace i s w i de ( F i g . 6 7 ) .
Ident i c a l to fema l e . Note : c l ypeus of E . c l emen t s i i s n arrow . C o l our ( al coho l ) uni­
form brown . Habi t a t N o data. ( F ema l e ) Length 65mm . Carapace 26x24mm . Che l i cerae 8mm.
P a l p 45mm . Leg 1 ( 72mm . ) Leg 2 ( 63mm . ) Leg 3 ( 60mm . ) Leg 4 ( 73mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Legs
1 , 4 a l most equal . Metatarsal scopu l ae as in ma l e . Tar s a l scop u l ae as in ma l e . Tarsus
·
::.:·::·--.:-....·
of l eg 4 d i v i ded by setae ( F i g . 70-71 ) . P a l p a l Femur ( F i g . 69) d i s t i nct f r i nge . Fovea l
groove , procurved . C l ypeu s , wi de ( F i g . 67 ) . Haxi l l ae/l abi um/ sternum, ( F i g . 68 ) l ab i um s u ­
( 5 5 ) ·:.=·. ·. ture mou nds as i n mal e . Note : l ayout of s i g i l l a/mi d d l e s i g i l l a , touches edge of ster­
. . :: : num. Spermathecae ( F i g . 7 3 ) . Semi n a l receptac l es are made up of two p a i rs of th i n f i n ­
·. : :· :
.. . .

gers , wi th s l i gh t l y swo l l en heads . Co l ou r ( al coho l ) u n i form brown - tarsal segmen t s are

t i pped wi th b l ack l i nes on dorsal surface . H ab i t a t . No d a t a .
: ... .. . :

F i gures 5 1 -65 . Eumenophorus c l ements i ( Fema l e ) . ( 5 2 ) Met and tarsus of l eg 4 , under­

s i d e . ( 5 3 ) Tarsus of l eg 4 . ( 54 ) Tarsal c l aws . ( 5 5 ) Tarsus of l eg 3. ( 56 )
L a b i um/sternum . ( 5 7 ) Procurved foveal groove . ( 58 ) S p i n nere t . ( 59 ) Anter ior face ,
troc h . coxa l eg 1 . ( 6 0 ) Pos ter i or face coxa l eg 1 . ( 6 1 ) Troch . coxa l eg 2 , anter i o r
f ac e . ( 6 2 ) Troch , cox a , poster i or f ac e , p a l p . ( 6 3 ) Ocu l ar tuberc l e - note n arrow c l yp ­
eu s . ( 6 4 ) I n s i de of femur o f p a l p . Note : fri nge . ( 6 5 ) Spermathecae semi n a l receptac l es
and semi n a l sach .
 29

( 75 }

( 76 } (77)

Fi gures 66-73 . Eumenophorus murphyi ( Femal e ) . ( 6 7 ) Ocu l ar tuberc l e . Note : wide c l ypeus
( 68 ) Max i l l ae , l ab i u m , s tern u m . ( 69 ) I n s i de of fem u r , p a l p . ( 70 ) Tarsus of l eg 4. ( 7 1 )
Tarsus of l eg 3 . ( 7 2 ) S p i n neret . ( 7 3 ) Spermathecae . N o te semi n a l receptac l es .
Fi gures 74-80. Mal e . ( 75 ) Maxi l l ae , l ab i um , s tern um. ( 76 ) Tarsus of l eg 4 . ( 7 7 ) Tarsus
of l eg 3. ( 78 ) S i n g l e t i b i al spu r . Note comb of s p i nes . ( 79 ) I n s i de of femur of p a l p .
( 80 ) P a l pal bu l b .

G E N U S H ET E R S C O D RA Pococ k 1 899
Ref . Pocock 1899 . Ann . Mag . Nat . H i s t . ( 7 ) 8 p . 840 ( Femal e ) .
Ber l and 1 91 7 . Bul l . Mus . Nat . H i s t . Par i s 2 3 ( 7 ) p . 4 7 6 .
Generi c type H . macu l at a type not l ocated . Congener BMNH 28-1 stud i e d .
Remarks .
Roewer i n h i s 1 942 c l as s i f i c a t i o n scheme p l aced the genus Heters c odra and i ts s i s ­
ter genus Stromatopelma ( former l y Scodra ) i n to the A v i c u l ar i n ae subfami l y , a prem i se
( 70 } ( 71 ) wh i c h seems to have been based on i ts l ack of a stri d u l at i ng organ and possi b l e arbor­
eal nature .
30
Raven ( Bu l l . Am . Mus . Nat H i s t . p . 1 1 7 ) po i n ted out that due to the presence of a C l imate ( Oou a l a - C ameroon ) . See the genus Bates i e l l a - Eumenophor i n ae .
f r i nge on the i ns i de of the femur of the p a l p and mounds on the s uture between the l a­
b i um and s ternum - he f e l t that both Stromatopelma and Heterscodra were examp l es of ( F i gs . 81 - 91 )
the E umenophor i nae s ubfami l y i n wh i ch the d i s t i nct s t r i du l at i ng organ had been l os t .
Havi n g s tu d i ed the congeners and types at the BMNH I wou l d concur wi th Raven ' s the­ Spec i es crass i pe s H i rst 1907 Cameroon .
ory - l i n k i ng in turn the two genera to the Eumenophori nae genus Eumenophorus - wh i ch Ref. H i rst 1907 . Ann . Mag . Nat . H i s t . ( 7 ) 20 p . 36 . ( Fema l e ) .
has both a p a l p a l fri nge and l ab i um/ sternum mound s . I t i s a l s o i n terest i ng to note Ber l and 19 1 7 . Bu l l . Mus . H i s t . Nat . Par i s 23 ( 7 ) p . 4 76 ( M a l e ) .
that on the fourth tarsal segment on H. macu l at a ( F i g . 82 ) there i s a trace of setae Spec imen s . Femn l e . Type 1 903-6-30- 26 . Female 1670/a 1959 . Ma l e Paratype MNHP 1890 .
i nd i c a t i n g a poss i b l e d i v i s i on i n the p as t . Common name . Greater stout l egged baboon s p i der .
I t i s i ntere s t i n g a t t h i s po i n t t o specu l ate o n the or i gi n of t h e genus Heterscodra Di s t r i but i o n . Fema l e s . E fu l en . C ameroon col l ected by Mr G . L . Bates . Second spec i men
and i ts s i s ter genus Stromatope lma Scodra .
=
B i tye , Ja r i ver , 1959 . Ma l e . Mocquerys Gabon . Congeners , Mayumba , Congo . Note: Two fe­
Studyi n g my d i s s ec t i on notes I feel that Heterscodra i s a break away group from the ma l es in the S i mon col l ec t i on MNHP are t i cketed Togo l and . Th i s data must be v i ewed
genus Eumenophoru s , Pocock 1897 or an ancestral predecessor c l os e l y rel ated to E umeno­ wi th s u sp i c i o n .
phorus . I s u s pect that Heterscodra i s the pri mary genus and that Stromatope l ma i s an Descr i p t i on . Fema l e . Length 62mm . C arapace 23x20mm . , c arapace round i sh . C he l i cerae
arboreal s p l i nter grou p . The powerfu l rear l egs , character i s t i c of the genus Hetersco­ 8mm . P a l p 34mm . Leg 1 ( 50mm . ) Leg 2 ( 47mm . ) Leg 3 ( 46mm . ) Leg 4 ( 67mm. ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 .
dra are present i n many Eumenophari n ae spec i e s and wou l d i nd i c ate a l og i cal evo l u t i on ­ W i dth of femur ?mm . Leg 4 stou t . Femur of l eg 4 gros s l y swo l l en . Metatar s a l scopu l ae s
ary cour s e . of l eg s 1 , 2 , 3 fu l l y scopu l ate . Scopu l ae w i d e . Tarsal scop u l ae of l eg s 1 , 2 parte d . Sco­
Di agnosi s . pu l ae of l egs 3 , 4 , d i v i ded by a t h i n l i ne of setae ( F i g s . 82 - 85 ) . Stridu l at i ng organ
C l os e l y rel ated to the arborea l gen u s Stromatop e l ma ( forme r l y Scodra ) , the major ( F i g s . 88 - 89 ) . No padd l e and s p i k e setae on coxa of l eg s 1 , 2 , a l t hough reduced s tout
d i fference bei n g that the femur of l eg 4 of Heter s c o d r a i s gre a t l y enl arged . Otherw i se setae can be ascert a i ned . No hooked stout setae on trochanters of l eg s 1 , 2 , a l though
the two genera appear to be i den t i c a l i n many taxonomi c feature s i nc l u d i ng gener a l co­ reduced s tout setae can aga i n be ascertai ned . Labi um/Max i l l ae/Sternum ( F i g . 86 ) . Be­
l our/patern and the d i s t i nct mou n d s on the su ture between the s ternum and the l ab i u m . tween l ab i um and s ternum two d i s t i nc t mounds can be seen on suture . Poster i o r s i g i l l a
remote. Cuspu l es on l ab i um few and sc attered . Foveal ho l e , trans verse and w i d e . M a l e .
Generi c key
1 ) Stri d u l at i n g organ . The d i s t i nct Eumenophori nae type s tr i du l at i ng organ ma� e up of
P a l pal bu l b ( F i g . 91 ) . After Ber l and . N o deta i l s . Colour ( Sp i r i t ) u n i form redd i sh ­
brown . H i rst s tates or i g i n a l col our i s s i mi l ar t o macu l at a . Note d i s t i nct patches and
padd l e and spi ked setae of coxa of l egs 1 , 2 , i s mai n l y l o s t , a l though vesti ges may spots on l eg s , wh i ch are s i m i l ar to s tromatopel ma - scod r a . Abdomen bad l y f aded . M a l e .
s t i l l be ascerta i ned . Hooked setae on trochanters h ave become great l y reduced and ( Berl and ' s paper ) . Length 32mm . Ceph . 14xl l mm . Pal p 36mm . Leg 1 (? ) Leg 2 ( 51mm . ) Leg
are now i n the form of l oo s e l y pos i t i oned stout setae . 3 ( 48mm . ) Leg 4 ( 59mm . ) . Note l eg 1 is m i s s i n g . Paper poo r , d at a l i mi ted . Hab i t a t Tro­
2 ) Foveal Groove , sma l l transverse . p i c a l rai nfore s t .
3 ) Femur of l eg 4 , i ncrass ate , s wo l l en .
4 ) L a b i um/s ternum h ave d i s t i nct mou n d s on s uture . Spec i es l at i thorax Strand 1 9 1 9 Bel g i um Congo .
5 ) Tarsal segments - absent . Ref. Stran d 1919 . Arch . N aturg . 85 ( A 1 2 ) p . 107 . ( Fema l e ) .
7 ) P a l p a l b u l b - s i mp l e r a i sed embo l u s . Spec i men Type not l oc ated . P aper poor.
8 ) Metatar s a l scopul ae - wi d e . Di s t r i but i o n . Legund a , Congo . Col l ected by L . Mai res s .
9 ) C l ypeus - n arrow. Descri pti o n . Length 46mm. Ceph . 1 6 . 5x l 6 . 5mm. Leg 1 ( 44 . 5mm . ) Leg 2 ( 39 . 5mm . ) l eg 3
Spec i e s i nc l uded cras s i pes H i r s t 1 907 l at i thorax Stran d 1919 macul at a Pocock 1899 . ( 39 . 5mm . ? ) Leg 4 ( 5 7mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Legs 2 , 3 , equal . Femur of l eg w i d e ( 5mm . ) .
Note : carap ace l ength equal to wi dth - round i sh . C o l our D r i ed spec i me n - s i mi l ar i n
Di s t r i buti on . col our t o macul at a . Remarks . Strand ' s descr i pt i on i s i n adequ ate and much o f i t
N i geri a , Cameroons , Gabon and the Congo reg i on . Not e : '. he two spec i me� s of cra s s i pes
The genus i s con f i ned to Equator i a l South West Afr i ca - pri n c i p l y Togo , Southern sound s very s i mi l ar t o crass i pe s - both o f wh i ch have round i sh carapaces - l eg s 2 , 3
. equal and i f the s i ze of the c arapace i s taken i nto con s i dera t i o n appox imately equa l ­
from the S i mon col l ec t i on MNHP , t i cketed Togo , must be v i ewed w i_ th s u s p i c i. on . l y t h i ck rear l e g s . But data at present i s so l i mi ted i t i s i mpos s i b l e to dev e l op any
f i rm cone l u s i on - thus , at present , the spec i e s shou l d rema i n dormant unt i l the type
I \ or a congener i s l ocated or a ne�t f i nd i nd i cates a t h i rd spec i e s from t h i s reg i on .
I \

N i ge r i a / '(' .
I ( F i g s . 93 - 9 5 )
I
,,'
\
' \.
"' ..... . - "'
, ,....\, ,,'
Spec i e s macul at a Pocock 1899 Wes t Afr i c a .
( 3) Ref . Pocock 1899 . Proc . Zoo l . Soc . London . p . 84 0 . Fema l e .
C ameroon \ Strand 1 906 . Jahresh Ver . Naturk . Wurttbg 6 2 p . 36 . Note Roewer i s i ncorrect

,,'' .
in s t a t i n g ( p . 25 6 ) that Stran d ' s paper i s 1 907 - i t i s 1 906 .
\
,..
Spec imen Type Dri ed - frag i l e congener . 1928-3-28- 1 . BMNH
,'
' , -
-
' Common name Les ser stout l egged baboon .
If I D i stri buti on . Type t i cket West Afri c a . Congener O n i tscha , S . N i geri a . Col l ec ted by
•
- �- - ,._-.. J- .. ... .. .[ I
: D . R . Rosevear . S trand i nc l udes Lome , Togo l and and Ani thah , Go l d Coast .
I
.. - .. I
G abon r'
Descr i p t i o n . Length 55mm. Carapace 22xl7mm. C h e l i cerae 8mm . P a l p 30mm . Leg 1 ( 4 5mm . )
Key.
1 ) c r as s i pe s �� Congo ,/ Leg 2 ( 43mm . ) Leg 3 ( 4 lmm . ) Leg 4 ( 54mm . ) . Carapace l onger than wi de - does not h ave
the round i sh appearance of crass i pes . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Femur of l eg 4 ( 5mm . ) consi derab l y
/
2 ) l ati thorax l es s i ncrass ate t h a n cra s s i pes . Tarsus of l eg 4 d i v i ded b y a b a n d of setae ( F i g . 93 ) .
3 ) macu l ata (�..:-, _: ( 2 ) Metatarsal segments of l egs 1 , 2 , 3 fu l l y scop u l ate. Leg 4 two - t h i rd s scop u l ate . Foveal
( (1) :
J
,' groove transverse , deep . Labi um/Max i l l ae/Sternum ( F i g . 9 4 ) . S i g i l l a on s ternum c l ose
,.. , r·,,.. , to the edge . Cuspu l es on l ab i um s c attere d , but greater i n number than c ra ss i pe s . L ab­
/, - i um more rounded . Two d i rect mounds , on l y l ab i um suture . Ocu l ar arrangement ( F i g . 96 ) .
 31
Anteri or l i ne a l most l eve l . Co l our. S i mi l ar to crass ipes but note d i s t i nct b l ack t i p s
of tars a l segments . Abdomen pattern dubi ous as speci men has been i n sp i r i t for over 50
year s .
F i gures 81 - 9 1 . Heterscodra cras s i pes , Fema l e . ( 8 2 ) Tarsus o f l eg 1 ventra l . ( 83 )
Tarsus of l eg 2 . ( 84 ) Tarsus of l eg 3 . ( 8 5 ) Tarsus of l eg 4 . ( 86 )
Labi um/max i l l ae/ s ternum . ( 8 7 ) Troc h . coxa of l eg 1 . ( 90 ) Ocu l ar tuberc l e . ( 9 1 ) P a l p
bu l b - after Ber l and . F i gs . ( 92 -96 ) Heterscodra macu l at a , Fema l e . ( 93 ) Tarsus of l eg 4
ventra l . ( 94 ) Labi um/ maxi l l ae/ s ternum . ( 9 5 ) s p i nneret . ( 96 ) c l ypeus/ocu l ar tuberc l e .

( go )

(93)

\
\

� (95) '

(83) ( 82 )

\ GENUS HYSTE ROCRATES S i m o n 1 892

Ref. S i mon 1892 . H i s t . N at . Ara i gn 1 ( 1 ) p . 1 5 3 .
Pocock 189 7 . Proc . Zoo l . Soc . Lond . p . 763 .

�
Note Roewer l i s ts Pocock 1899 PZSL p . 84 5 as a pri mary paper w i th gener i c key-
i ncorrect .

\ ( 87 )
After Berl and
Generi c type
R emark s .
H. gresh of f i ( S i mon 1891 ) . S i mon co l l ec t i on P ar i s MHHP .

Une ot the great probl ems wi th th i s genus are the spec i es ass i gned to i t by Strand
between the years 1906 and 1 907 . I h ave been unab l e to l ocate any spec i mens and the
sci ent i f i c papers in wh i ch the spec i mens are descri bed l ack any t axonom i c i l l u s t r a ­
t i ons or co l l ecti on d a t a a n d f o r t h e mo s t p art a r e s i mp l y deta i l ed co l our descr i p t i on s
and carapace - l eg measurement equ at i ons . I t i s t h u s h i gh l y l i ke l y t h a t many o f the
Cameroon spec i es are synonyous wi th Pocock ' s materi a l from that reg i o n . Unt i l type ma­
ter i al of congeners surface from the basements of German col l ec t i ons and can thus be
redescr i bed , much of Strand ' s mater i a l mu st be deemed to exi s t in the twi l i gh t wor l d
o f the nebu l ous sc i ent i f i c descri p t i ons . I have thus t aken the h ard deci s i on to s u s ­
pend t h e t e n spec i e s concerned un t i l new d a t a i s avai l ab l e .
32
I t i s i n terest i n g to note the numbers of spec i es wh i ch have been recorded on Sao Generi c key
Tome ( St Thomas i s l and ) ; fou r , three of wh i ch were purchased in 1 900 by the B r i t i s h 1 ) Stri du l at i ng organ stout s p ade and padd l e setae on coxa of l egs 1 , 2 . Hooked setae
Museum. These were a total of seven spec i mens from the Mocquery col l ec t i o n , a l l of on t rochanter of l eg 1, but weak and scattered on l eg 2 .
wh i c h h ad been prev i ou s l y d r i ed and i n some cases the abdomens s tuffed wi th cotton 2 ) Leg 4 . T i b i a i ncrassate. Femur u s u a l l y o n equal stoutness . Metatarsus short and
woo l . on l y s l i gh t l y l ess stout than t i b i a .
Pocock noted ( 1 900 Ann . Mag . Nat . H i s t . p . 489 ) that al l the spec i mens had been err­ 3 ) Metatar sus o f l e g 4 , fu l l y o r three-quarters scopu l at e .
oneou s l y i d en t i f i ed as Sel enocosmi a g ree f f i ( K arsch ) the only known spec i es in 1 900 4 ) Foveal groove procurved .
that had been recorded from S ao Tome . Pocock admi t ted that K arsch ' s descr i pt i on was so 5 ) Spermathecae . Two semi n a l recep t ac l es wi th d i s t i nct branches and l obes .
nebu l ous that i f the type spec i men was ever l oc ated it cou l d prove to be synonymous 6 ) P a l p a l bu l b l on g t apered embo l us wi th d i s t i nct hook at base . Oval bu l b .
w i t h e i ther H. aposto l i cus or H. s cep t i cus . Equ a l l yso Karsch ' s descr i p t i on i s v ague 7 ) Ped i pa l p o f mal e extends on l y s l i ght l y p assed the patel l a o f l eg 1 .
enough to l eave doubts concer n i n g whether the spec i e s i s l ocated in the genus Hyster­ 8 ) C l ypeus wi de .
ocrates or Phoneyusa.
Spec i es i nc l uded apostol i cus P ocock 1 900 . crassi pes Pocock 1 89 7 . d "idymus Po-
These species are - ( su spended ) . cock 1 900 . g i gas Pocock 1897 . greeffi ( K arsch 1884 ) . greshoffi ( S i mon 1891 ) .
aff i n i s S t r and 1 907 . C ameroon . hercu l es Pocock 1899 . l at i ceps Pocock 1897 . robustus Pocock 1899 . scepti cus Po­
Ref . Strand 1907 . Zool . Anz . 3 1 ( 1 7- 1 8 ) p . 55 5 ( Fem a l e ) . cock 1900 . sever i n i Strand 1 9 1 9 . sjostedti ( Thore l l ) . vosse l er i Strand 1 906 .
affi n i s angusti ceps Strand 1 90 7 . C ameroon . Map of D i stribut i on .
Ref . Strand 1 907 . Zei tscher F . N aturn . 79 p . 25 1 . ( Fema l e ) . r• I

Strand 1 906 . Cameroon . ! N i ger l

haasi
Strand 1 906 . J ahresh Ver Naturk . Wurttbg . 62 p . 3 1 . ( Femal e ) . I :
Ref, I I
'I ( 7) I
maxi mus S tr and 1 906 Cameroon . r(/'"' "' - - ...'
Strand 1 906 . Jahresh Ver Naturk Wurt tbg 59 p . 1 4 . ( Ma l e ) . ,, '"' ""
Ref.
m i n i musS trand 1907 . C ameroon . ( , . - - ., __ (7) , • • •• • • 1\...
Strand 1907 . Zool . An z . 3 1 ( 1 7 - 1 8 ) p . 55 4 . ( Fema l e ) . '• '� \. ., ' �
:
·'
Ref . (7) I

/\
'w•

ochraceus Strand 1 �07 . C ameroon . K ey . _ \,- .., N i ger i a

; J ... �
Ref . Strand 1 907 . Zool . Anz . 3 1 ( 1 7 - 1 8 ) p . 55 5 . ( Fema l e ) .
(l) apos to I i cu s Togo'l / l t.
/ \
,''
..·

l;
L aurent 1 9 4 6 . Rev . Zool . Bot . Afr i c a 34 ( 4 ) p . 302 .
ochraceus congonus ( Strand 1 9 1 9 ) C ameroon . (2) cra s s i p e s ,,' ' ...
Hysterocrate l l a 0 . Strand 1 9 1 9 Arch . Naturg 85 ( 12 ) p . 105 ( Fema l e ) . As s i gned to (3) d i dymu s ;�
,I
,- ..\ I,
Ref . ,'L. .... . - "
genus by Roewer 19942 . ( Fema l e ) . (4J g i ga s ', • (8) / (4)
(5) g r ee f f i '
:'
I
robustus su l c i fer S trand ! 908 . C ameroon . (6) gre s h o ff i ( 8 ) ', ( 2 )
Ref . Strand 1 908 . Jahr b . Nassau . Ver . Naturk 6 1 p . 264 . ( Fema l e ) . ( 7) herc u l e s (12)? \ ,'' ., '
�...... I I

l a t i c eps
-,'
,.- -
(8) :/ ,'
I

spe l l enbergi Strand 1 906 . C ameroon . (4)

Ref . Strand 1 906 . J ahresh Ver Wurttbg 62 p . 2 5 ( Femal e ) col l ected Dual l a , C ameroons . ( 9) robustus ____ , - - .. .., ( I

( 10 ) scept i cus (...9..).,: :_ . ,

I
'• :
I
vossel eri Strand 1906 . W . Afr i c a . (11) severi n i r'
I
Ref. Strand 1906 . J ahresh Ver Naturk , Y/ur ttbg 62 p . £ 7 ( Fema l e ) co l l ected Mal i mb a , ( 12) sjostedt i '
W . Afr i c a? (U} vosse l er i ( 10 ) ( 3 ) ( 1 ) /
'

wei l er i Strand 1 �06 . Cameroon . I

'
Ref . Strand 1 �06 . Jahr b . Nassau . Ver N aturk 5 9 p . 1 0 ( Fema l e ) . '
'
'
Di agnos i s . . .
S i mon and Pocock def i ned the t axonom i c character i s t i c of the genus as a fu l l y scop­
- -- - - - - --
u l ate metatarsus on l eg 4 and that the t i b i a of l e g 4 shou l d be i ncrassate ( greater '
w i d th than the metatars u s ) . Pocock a l so states that the p a l p in the ma l e sho u l d extend ,'
\ I , '..
'- .. ,
on l y s l i gh t l y past the pate l l a of l eg 1 ( wh i ch it wou l d seem in the spec i mens exami ned -- ..1

to be more or l ess so ) . ( 13)

A l 1 of these t axonom i c features tend to be var i ab l e espec i a l l y when one apprec i ates
that the genus has spec i e s in i t wh i ch were prev i ous l y a s s i gned to the c l ose l y re l ated
genus Phoneyusa . In real i ty it i s some t i mes d i f f i cu l t to def i ne between an a l most fu l ­ Di stri buti on . Hysterocrates wou l d seem t o b e con f i ned t o the Gu l f o f G u i nea r e g i o n
l y scopu l ate metatarsus and a two - t h i rds scopu l ate met atarsus as i s present i n some spec i f i c a l l y N i geri a , Cameroons , R i o Mun i a n d t h e Congo . I t i s nterest i ng to n o t e t h e
Phoneyusa spec i e s . Equ a l l y s o , swol l en t i b i as can at t i mes be l ess than obv i ous . number of spec i es w h i eh are present o n Sao Tome ( St Thomas s I and ) . These spec i es
More spec i f i c taxonomi c features are the p a l pa l bu l b s of the m a l e s and the s perm­ do not seem to be present on the ma i n l and . I t wou l d be i n terest ng to survey the f au n a
athecae of the fema l es . A l l Hysterocrates fema l es exami ned have exten s i ve semi n a l re­ of t h e l arger G u l f of G u i nea i s l an d , Fernando Poo .
ceptac l es wi th di st i net l obes . These are not present i n Phoneyusa femal es . Hy stero­ Hab i tat Deep burrows i n gras s l and and forest - often at the base of trees and beneath
. _ not
crates ma l e s al so have a d i s t i nc t hook on the base of the p a l p a l bu l b . Th i s is rotted l ogs . Mr J . Sanderson , i n 1933 , d i scovered H . g i gas BMNH 29-4 - 3 3 ( T i nta V a l l ey ,
present in Phoneyusa ma l es . Ass umb , Man i fe d i s t r i ct , Cameroon s , 2 , 200 feet ) beneath a termi te nest . The spec i men
was a fema l e wi th s p i der l i ngs .
C l i mate See Bates i e l l a.
 33
( F i gs 97 - 1 04 )

Speci e s apostol i cus Pocock 1 900 . Sao Tome .

Ref. Pocock 1 900 . Ann . Mag . Nat . H i s t . ( 7 ) 6 p . 49 1 ( Fema l e ) .
Berl and 1 91 7 . B u l l . Mus . N a t . H i st . Par i s 2 3 ( 7 } p . 480 ( M a l e ) .
Spec i mens Type 1 900 ( Femal e ) BMNH 5 - 1 3 -4 P a r a . 1900- 5 - 1 3 - 5 . ( Fema l e ) 1922 - 1 2 - 2 4 - 1
( Ma l e ) MNHP .
Co111110n name Roco R i o stout l egged baboon .
D i s tri but i on Sao Tome ( S t Thomas i s l and ) , Gu l f of Gu i ne a . Loc a l i ty Roco R i o d o Puro .
Mal e . Monte Macaco .
Descri p t i o n ( F ema l e ) BMNH 1 900- 5 - 1 3 - 5 ) F i g . g1 , Length 68mm . C arapace 28x22 . 5mm . C h e ­
l i cerae 7 . 05mm. P a l p 39mm . Leg 1 ( b5mm . ) L e g 2 ( 55mm . ) L e g 3 ( 56mm . ) Leg 4 (8lmm . J .
Carapace l on g . Fovea l groove gent l y procurved . No l arge b l ack granu l es on dors a l sur­
face ot c he l i cerae . C l ypeus w i th d i v i s i on but narro w . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Legs 2 , 3 a l mo s t
equa l . P a l p a l most equ a l to e n d of t i b ot l eg 1 . L a b i um/sternum l ab i um , rounded edges­
a crescent of gran u l es/capsu l e s . Sternum , for arrangement of s i g i l l a . See i l l u strat i on
( F i g . 98 ) . Str i du l at i ng orga n . Th i ck gen t l y b l u nted padd l e a n d s p i ke setae on c o x a of
l eg 1 . ( F i g . 99 ) . Present on coxa of l eg 2 ( F i g . 100 ) . Spermathecae ( F i g . 1 03 ) . D i s ­
t i nct l on g doubl e-branched semi n a l receptac l es wi th c l u s ters o f l obes o n each bran c h .
Co l our. U n i form redd i sh -brown i n s p i r i t . Ma l e Paratype MNHP . As s i gned by Ber l and .
Spee i men not exami ned - descr i p t i on based on Ber I and ' s pape r . Length bOmm . Carapace
25x�4rrrn . Che l i cerae 8mm . P a l p 48rnm . Leg 1 ( g 5rnm . ) Leg 2 ( 88mm . } Leg 3 ( 7omm . ) Leg 4
( lOZmm. J . Legs very ,l ong . Legs 1 , 4 of a l most equ a l t h i c knes s . Length of P a l p a l most
equ a l to end of t i b of l eg 1 . Carapace rounded . Palp i l l u strat i o n and desc r i p t i o n poor
but Ber l and ' s i l l ustrat i on i nd i c ates that the t i p of the embo l u s curves i nwards - not
ou twards as i n crass i pes , l at i ceps and g i gas .

� 97a
( 102 )
� \
(101)
After Berl and

( F i g s . 9 7 - 104 ) Hysterocrates aposto l i cus . ( F i g . 98 ) L a b i um and s ternum . ( F i g . 9 9 )

Troch/coxa of l e g 1 . ( F i g . 100 ) Troch/coxa of l eg 2 . ( F i g . 1 0 2 ) Spi nneret . ( F i g . 103 )
Spermathecae . ( F i g . 1 04 ) C l ypeus/ocu l ar tuberc l e . ( F i g . 9 7 a ) P a l p a l bu l bs - after Ber­
l an d .
34
( F i g s . 105 - 1 1 2 ) ( F i gs . 105- 1 1 2 ) H . cras s i pe s . ( F i g . 1 0 6 ) Sternum . ( f i g . 107 ) Che l i cerae/dors a l s urface
( F i g . 108 ) Chel i ceral teeth . ( F i g . 109 ) Troch/coxa l eg 1 . ( F i g . 1 10 ) Spi nnere t . ( F i g .
Spec i es crass i pes Pocock 189 7 . Cameroon . 1 1 1 ) P a l p a l b u l b . ( F i g . 1 1 2 ) C l ypeus/ocu l ar tuberc l e .
Ref. Pocock 1897 . Proc . Zool . Soc . Lond . ( 4 1 ) p . 764 .
Speci men s . Type ( Femal e ) BMNH 1890- 3-18- 5-6 ( b ad l y damaged - prev i ou s l y d r i e d , abdomen
broken up ) . ( Ma l e ) BMNH 1890- 3 - 1 8 - 5 - S. Co l l ected by John sto n . ( F i g s . 1 1 3 - 118) .
Conrnon n ame . Cameroon mou se-brown baboon .
D i stri buti o n . Cameroon . No l ocal i ty d a t a . S pec i e s d i dymus Pocock 1 900 . S ao Tome .
Descr i p t i o n . ( Fema l e ) F i g . 105 . Length 56mm. Carapace 25x 18mm . Che l i cerae ?mm. P a l p Ref . Phoneyusa greeffi . S i mon 189 2 . H i s t . Nat . Arra i gn l ( 1 ) p . 1 5 3 .
34mm . Leg 1 ( 58mm . ) Leg 2 ( 5lmm . ) Leg 3 ( 46mm . ) Leg 4 ( b7mm . ) . C arap ace l on g wi th a n t H . d . Pocock 1 900 . Ann . Mag . N a t . H i s t . 7 ( 6 ) p . 489 .
teri or cepha l i c reg i on we l l we l l rounded a n d l o n g . C l ypeus d i v i ded b.u t narrow . Fovea l H . d . S i mon 1 903 . H i s t . Nat . Arai gn 2 ( 4 ) p . 949 .
groove gent l y procurved . P a l p extends beyond end of t i b of l eg 1 . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . L e g 2 Spec i men Type ( Fema l e ) BMNH 1900-236 ( U-6-13- 1 ) . ( Damaged - prev i ou s l y d r i e d - abdomen
consi dera b l y l onger than l eg 3 . Leg 4 consi derab l y wi der than l eg 1 . Chel i cerae l arge s tuffed . Mocquery ' s co l l ec t i on .
b l ack s c attered granu l e s on dor s a l su rface ( F i g . 1 07 ) . Sternum For l ayout of s i g i l l a Common name S t . Thomas i s l and c l ub foot .
see ( F i g . 106 ) . Str i du l at i ng organ { F i g . 1 09 ) . Rounded stout padd l e setae and s p i k e D i stri buti o n . S ao Tome ( St . Thomas i s l and ) . No l oca l i ty d at a .
setae on coxa of l eg 1 . Colour ( Pococ k ) Greyi s h , ye l l owi s h brown . ( Ma l e ) ( Pococ k ) Car­ Descr i pt i on . ( Femal e BMNH 1 900-236 ) . Length 70mm . Carap ace 2 3x�3mm . Che l i cerae 9mm .
apace 1 9 . 5xl 7mm . leg 1 { 57mm . ) Leg 2 ( 52 . 5mm . ) Leg 3 ( 4bmm . ) Leg 4 { 65mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , P a l p 44 . 5mm . Leg 1 ( 73mm . ) Leg 2 ( 63mm . ) Leg 3 ( 58mm . ) Leg 4 ( Blmm . ) . Fovea l groove -
2 , 3 . Legs l onger and t h i nner than fema l e i n re l at i on to s i ze ot c arapace . Length of gent l y procurved . Carap ace l on g but wel I rounded - ceph a l i c reg i on , l on g . C l ypeus d i ­
palp bare l y l on ger then pat . of l eg 1 . P al pal bu l b ( F i g . 1 1 1 ) . Not e : d i s t i nct spur at v i ded - not n arrow . Chel i cerae ( F i g . 1 1 5 ) B l ac k granu l es on dorsa l s urface not l arge -
base of embo l u s . Stout but gent l y curved . Hab i t a t No data . scattered . Tarsus of pal p ( F i g . l l b ) Swo l l en on dorsal s urface - d i s t i nct hump . P a l p
Length extends t o the end o f the t i b . o f l e g 1 . S ternum For l ayout of s i g i l l a . See
'I ' ( F i g . 1 1 4 ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Leg 1 , stout - equa l to �1 i d th of l eg 4. C o l our Deep b l ack­
I '
i sh brown with a r i ch o l i ve-brown c l oth i n g of h a i rs . P a l er t i ps to the l eg s egme n t s
( Pocock ' s c o l our descri p t i on ) . U n i form brown i n sp i r i t .

( 107 ) � { F i gs 1 1 9 - 1 3 3 ) .

Spec i e s g i gas Pocock 1897 Cameroon .

Ref . Pocock 189 7 . Proc . Zoo l . Soc . Lond . p . 762 ( M a l e - Fema l e } .
Strand 1907 . Jahresh Ver . N aturk , Wurttbg 6 2 p . 30 .
Spec i me n s ( Fema l e ) BMNH . Type 86 - 1 1 6 . Col l ector Joh n s ton . Ma l e ( p aratype ) BMNH 7 4 -
3 3 . Col l ector H i ggen s . Femal e . 29-4- 1933 . Col l ector Sanderson .
Common name C ameroon rusty red .
D i stri buti on Cameroon . Mu t i l ated examp l e i n col l ec t i o n from the oi l r i ve r . Spec i men
29-4-33 fou nd by Sanderson , T i nta V a l l ey , Ass umbo , Man i fe d i v i s i o n , C ameroon s .
Descri p t i on Fema l e ( BMNH 86- 1 1 6 ) { F i g . 1 1 9 ) . Length 66mm . C arapace 28x22mm . Che l i c ­
erae 9mm . P a l p 4 lmm . Leg 1 ( 64mm . ) Leg 2 ( 57mm . ) Leg 3 ( 53mm . ) L e g 4 ( 72mm . ) . Legs 4 ,
1 , 2 , 3 . Leg 2 l onger than l eg 3 . Leg 4 l onger and s l i gh t l y s touter t h an l eg 1 . P a l p -
l ength extends past t i b . of l eg 1 . Carap ace l on g , gen t l y rounded at edges . Ceph a l i c
reg i o n not a s extended a s other spec i es o f genu s . C lype u s ( F i g . 126 ) W i de for g en u s .
Foveal groove - procurved , w i d e , gen t l y curved . C h e l i cerae b l ack granu l es - s c at tered
( F i g . 1 22 ) . Sternum/l ab i um ( F i g . 1 2 0 ) S i des of l ab i um s teep , crescent arc of cuspu l e s ­
granu l e s . F o r l ayout o f s i g i l l a - see i l l u strat i on . Stri dul at i ng organ s tout s p i ked
setae with sharp l y taper i ng end on coxa of l e g 1 . Femur o f l eg 4 , d i st i nct depres s i on
{ F i g . 1 23 ) . Spermathecae { F i g . 1 2 5 ) . Sem i n a l recep t ac l e s stout w i th two d i s t i nc t
branche s , the pri mary branch hav i ng a s econd ary branch at t h e t o p ori w h i c h there are
c l ustered l obes . ( See i l l ustrat i on ) . Col our d ark brown wi th rusty-red h a i rs - bri s t l es

�
on l egs greyi sh-red. Mal e BMNH 74-33 . Col l ected by Mr H i gg i ns and a s s i gned to fema l e
by Pocock .
Descr i pt i on { F i g . 1 2 7 ) Length 55mm . Carap ace 22xl 9mm . Che l i cerae 6 . 05mm . P a l p 28m .
{ llO) Leg 1 { 6 5mm . ) Leg 2 { 54mm . ) Leg 3 { 53mm . ) Leg 4 { 7 lmm . ) . C arapac e , rounded wi th pro­
ject i ng cephal i c reg i on ( a short rounded carapace is common in the m a l e s of th i s genus
C l ypeus ( F i g . 133 ) wi de for genus . Foveal groove gent l y procurved . P a l p extends beyond
end of pat . -! of t i b . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Legs 2 , 3 a l mo s t equal . Leg 4 l onger and s l i gh t l y
s touter than l eg 1 . C he l i cerae b l ack gran u l es more noti ceab l e than o n fema l e ( F i g 1 2 9 )
Labi um/sternum ( F i g . 1 28 ) . For l ayou t of s i g i l l a . See i l l u s t r at i on . P a l p a l bul b { F i g .
1 32 ) . Note : d i s t i nct s h a l l ow , notched hook a t base o f embo l u s . Col our See fema l e .
Habi tat Spe c i men 29-4-33 d i scovered i n ho l e beneath term i te nest w i th s p i derl i n g s .
Grass country.
 35
Hysterocrates gi gas - col l ected 29 . 4 . 33 . T i n ta Val l ey , Assumbo , Man i fe Di v . Cameroons .
2 , 200ft . Burrows beneath termi t mounds .

( F i gs . 1 1 3 - 1 1 8 ) H . d i dymus . ( F i g . 1 1 4 ) sternum. ( F i g . 1 1 5 ) che l i cerae/dorsal surfac e .

( F i g . 1 1 7 ) c l ypeus/ocu l ar tuberc l e . ( F i g . 1 1 8 ) spi nneret . ( F i g . 1 1 6 ) Tarsus - i ncrassate/swol l en

( F i gs 1 19 - 133 ) H .g igas . Fe111a l e ( F i g . 120) l ab i um/sternum. ( F i g . 1 2 1 ) Troc/coxa l eg 1

( F i g . 1 2 2 ) chel i cerae/dorsal surface . ( F i g . 1 2 3 ) Femur l eg 4 . ( F i g . 1 2 4 ) spi n nere t .
( F i g . 1 25 ) spermathecae . F i g . 126 ) c l ypeus/ocu l ar tuberc l e . ( F i g . 1 27 ) . Mal e ( F i g . 1 2 8 )
l ab i um/sternum. ( F i g . 1 2 9 ) che l i cerae/dorsal surface . ( F i g . 1 3 0 ) chel i ceral teet h .
( F i g . 1 3 2 ) p a l p a l b u l b . ( F i g . 1 3 3 ) c l ypeus/ocu l ar tuberc l e .
J6

�
Spec i es greeffi ( K arsch 1884 ) Sao Tome .
Ref. Sel enocosmi a g . Karsch 1884 . S . B . Ges . N aturw .
( 12 3 ) Marburg ( 2 ) p . 60 (Mal e ) .
Phoneyu s a g . Karsch 1 886 . Ber l i n E n t . Z e i tschr 30 p . 83 .
P . g . S i mon 1892 . H i s t N a t . Ara i gn 1 ( 1 ) p . 1 5 3 .
Specimens Types presumed t o b e l os t .
Remarks
There i s a great deal of doubt concern i ng the v a l i d i ty of thi s spec i es ( wh i ch
shou l d , by r i. ghts , be su spended ) wi th no type ava i l ab l e i t i s d i ff i c u l t to s ay from

Hysterocrates or Phoneyu s a . There is a l so some conf u s i on over type l oc a l i ty . Po­

K arsch ' s descri p t i o n whether the spec i es shou l d be a s s i gned to the genera

cock a s s i gns the s pec i es to S ao Tome ( St Thomas i s l and ) whi l e Roewer opts for the C am­

can a � mo � t saf� l y s ay is i ncor '. ec t . As K arsch cannot make up h i s mind in h i s spec i e s

( 1 26 ) eroon s . Note Th i s mai n l and l oc a l i ty seems to be based on Strand ' s research wh i c h we

desc '. 1 pt 1 on s , 1 f t h e met . of h i s mal e and fema l e are fu l l y scop u l ate there i s a s trong
poss 1 bl 1 ty t h at the ma l e and femal e are not compat i b l e and that K arsch has a s s i gned a
mal e and fem a l e from two separate gener a . From Karsch ' s descr i pt i on h i s fema l e h a s
very short l egs , l eg 4 stouter than l eg 1 .
Descri pti on Carapace 30mm . Leg 1 ( 62mm . ) Leg 4 ( 6 5mm . ) . Not e : l eg s 1 , 4 a l most equal -
wh i ch i s common wi th Phoneyu s a spec i e s .

( 1 22 ) ( F i g . l33a)

Spec i e s greshoffi ( S i mon 1891 ) Congo .

Ref . Phoneyus a g . S i mon 1891 . Ann . E n t . France 60 p . 2 g 3 ,

})
H . g . S i mon 189 2 . H i s t . Nat . Ara i gn 1 ( 1 ) p . 1 5 3 .
S i mon 1 903 . H i s t . N a t Ara i gn 2 ( 4 ) p . 94 9 , p . 95 1 . Note : gener i c type .
Specimen S i mon col l ec t i on MNHP .
Di stri b u t i on Congo .
( 1 20 )
_Descr i pt i on May be i dent i f i ed by the swo l l en t i b i a ( F i g . 1 3 3 a ) of l eg 4 ( see i l l u s tra­
t i o n . Str i du l at i ng organ padd l e setae on coxa of l eg 1 i n S i mon ' s i l l u s tr at i on ( 1 903
p949 ) are very stout and rounded .

After S i mon

( F i g . 1 3 3 a ) H . greshoff i . ( F i g . 1 3 3 a ) swo l l en t i b . of l e g 4 .
( 124 )

( F i g s . 134 - 1 4 1 )

Spec i e s hercu l e s Pocock 189 g Upper N i ger

Ref . Pocock 189 9 . Proc . Zoo l . Soc . Lond . p . 84 4 .
Specimen Type BMNH 9- 189 9 . Col l ected by L t . Abad i e .
Common name Go l i ath baboon .
Di stri but i on Jebba , Upper N i ger .
Descri ption ( F i g . 134 ) Length 90mm. Carapace 36x30mm. Che l i cerae 1 3mm . P a l p 52mm . Leg
( F i gs . 1 1 g - 1 3 3 ) Hysterocrates g i gas . ( Femal e ) ( F i g . 120) Labi um/ sternum ( F i g . 1 2 1 ) 1 ( 8lmm . ) Leg 2 ( 72mm . ) Leg 3 ( 7 lmm . ) Leg 4 ( 90mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Legs 1 , 4 of approx ­
Troch/coxa l eg 1 ( F i g . 1 2 2 ) Chel i cerae/dorsal s urface ( F i g . 123 ) Femur l eg 4 i mate t h i ckness . P a l p l ength extends beyond t i b . o f l eg 1 . Legs 2 , 3 a l mo s t equal . Car­
( F i g . 1 2 4 ) Spi nneret ( F i g . 1 2 5 ) Spermathecae ( F i g . 126 ) C l ypeus/ocu l ar tuberc l e apace oval in s h ape . Foveal groove stron g l y procurved . C l ypeus ( F i g . 1 4 1 ) w i de . Ocu l ar
M a l e ( F i gs . 1 2 7 - 1 3 3 ) on prev i ou s page . tuberc l e o v a l . C he l i cerae ( F i g 1 3 8 ) B l ack granu l es sc attered . Labi um/sternum ( F i g 1 3 5 )
For l ayout of s i gi l l a , see i l l u s trati on . S tr i du l at i ng organ ( F i g . 1 3 9 ) Stout poi n ted
 37
setae and rounded p ad d l e setae on coxa of l eg 1 . Spennathecae ( F i g . 136 ) Damaged . Sem­
i na l receptac l es l ow and s tout wi t h two branches w i th w i t h l obes . Col our b l ack w i th a
t h i ck coat i ng of o l i ve-brown h a i rs - " s h i n i ng wi th greyi s h s i l ky sheen under ref l ec ted
l i gh t " ( Pocock 189g p . 844 ) . H ab i tat no data .
Remarks L argest recorded baboon s p i der .
( F i gs . 1 34 - 1 4 1 ) H . hercu l e s . ( F i g . 1 3 5 ) l ab i um/sternum. ( F i g . 1 3 6 ) spermathecae . ( F i g
1 3 7 ) s p i nnere t . ( F i g 138) che l i cerae . ( F i g . 1 3 9 ) Troch/coxa l eg 1 . ( F i g . 1 4 0 ) o f p a l p .
( F i g . 1 4 1 ) c l ypeus/oc u l ae tuberc l e .

( 1 37 )

( 1 35 )

( F i gs . 142 - 1 5 7 )

Spec i es l at i ceps Pocock 1897 Cameroon .

Ref . Pocock 1897 . Proc . Zoo l . Soc . Lan d . p . 76 5 .
( 141 ) Speci mens Type BMNH 1895 - 4 - 1 - 1 ( Ma l e ) congener 1 1 - 1 2 - 2 - 3 . Fema l e . Paratype 1874-49 .
Speci men d amaged - prev i ou s l y dr i ed . Type ( Ma l e ) col l ected by M i s s K i ng s l ey , Septem­

/
ber 1 89 5 , i n O l d Cal abor . Congener co l l ected by Mr A Tal bot , Oban Sept . 1 91 1 . Fema l e
Dr A l e x Smi t h , O l d Cal abor i n 1874 .
ConJTion n ame O l d Cal abor baboon .
D i stri buti on O l d C a l abor and Oban , S . N i geri a .
Descr i pt i o n ( M a l e ) Spec i men 1 1 - 1 2 - 2- 3 . Length 60mm . C arapace 25x23mm . Che l i cerae 9mm
P a l p 35mm. Leg 1 ( 75mm . ) Leg 2 ( mi s s i ng ) Leg 3 ( 62mm . ) Leg 4 ( 80mm . ) . Leg measurement s ,
type Pocock . Leg 1 ( 71nJTI. ) Leg 2 ( 60nln . ) Leg 3 ( 55nJTI. ) Leg 4 ( 74 . 5lflll . ) Date 1897 p76 5 .
Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . L e g 1 t h i cker than l eg 4 wh i ch i s on l y a l i tt l e l onger t h an l eg 1 . P a l p
Length extends t o two-thi rds o f t i b . o f l eg l . Ch e l i cerae ( F i g . 1 5 3 ) stout granu l es on
dor s a l surf ace . C l ypeus ( F i g . 1 5 7 } w i d e . Carapace rounded . Foveal groove µrocurved .
Sternum ( F i g . 1 5 0 ) for l ayout of s i g i l l a , see i l l ustrat i o n . S tr i d u l a t i n g organ ( F i g .
1 54 ) s tout s p i ked setae and poi nted padd l e setae on coxa o f l eg 1 . N o t i b i a l spur ( F i g
1 5 1 ) on l eg 1 . P a l pa l b u l b ( F i gs . 1 5 5 - 1 56 } D i s t i nc t upr i ght hook a t base of embo l u s .
Col our ( s p i r i t ) d ark brown - b l ack w i th rusty red h a i rs on abdomen and l eg s . Fema l e BMNH
1874-49 . Length 56mm . Carapace 22x20mm . Che l i cerae 8mm . P a l p 35mm . Leg 1 ( 57mm . ) Leg 2
( 5lmm . ) Leg 3 ( 48mm . ) Leg 4 ( 6lmm . ) . Carapace rounded wi t h d i s t i nc t rounded cepha l i c
reg i o n . Foveal groove - gen t l y procurved . C l ypeus ( F i g . 1 48 ) W i de . C he l i cerae ( F i g . 1 4 3 )
Scattered granu l e s . P a l p Length extends t o f t i b . o f l eg 1 . Femur ( F i g . 1 4 6 ) l eg 4 ,
dors a l surface a l mo s t strai ght - gent l y bowed . S tr i du l at i ng organ ( F i g . 1 4 7 } Note i n ­
tere s t i ng proj ec t i on on spi ked padd l e setae o n coxa o f l eg 1 . Th i s proj ect i on i s com­
mon i n Phoneyusa spec i es - but not s o w i t h Hysterocrate s . W i th no s er i e s of spec i me n s
to j udge i t m u s t b e v i ewed a s an u n l i ke l y s t ab l e t axonom i c feature . Spermathecae ( F i g .
1 4 6 ) l ow , s tout doubl e branched semi n a l receptac l es w i t h l obes o n each branc h . H ab i t at
Mi xture of trop i c a l forest and gras s l and .
38
( F i gs . 142 - 157 ) H . l ati. ceps Fema ·l e ( F i" g . 143 ) chel · " " /do m l '" f e { F i g . 1'4 )
sternum ( F i" g . 145 ) spi nneret . ( F g . 146 ) • pocm<t h " { F i g 146•) ' F��
•

leg 4 .
( 14 7 ) Troch/c ° ' ' l eg 1 . { F i g . l4B ) 1 � l yp m /orn he ,;�:� · 1 { F 1 g . 149 ) "'�� (i-1 g . 1 50 }
·
•
· .

' ' "" "m . { F i i: m» Ti bi ' l eg 1 . { � g i ·152) • P i "" m t '. { F · g . 153). che l i cer ae / dorsal
c l ypeus/ocu l ar tuber��e . ( F i g . 156) ante�1o· r fac e .
' " ' "" . ( F i och/ c m l eg l F 155) Pal pal bul �/ posteri or face . ( F i g 157 )

( 147 )

( 148 )
( 143)

\\
\
( 146a)

J
� { 145 )
 39
( F i g s . 158 - 165 ) . ( F i g s . 153 - 165) H . robustus . Female ( F i g . 159 ) l abi um/sternum . ( F i g 160) spi nneret .
Pocock 13g7 Spani sh Gu i nea. ( F i g . 161 ) Troch/coxa l eg 1 . ( F i g . 162 ) Femur l eg 4 . ( F i g . 163) che l i cerae/dorsal sur­
Spec i es
Ref.
robustus
Pocock 1899 . Proc . Zool . Soc . Lond. p . 844 . face. ( F i g . 164 ) spermathecae. ( F i g . 165 ) c l ypeus/ocu l ar tuberc l e .
Specimen Type 1898-7-66 . Col l ected by G L Bates .
Co1T111o n name Ben i to O l i ve-Green . ( 165a - 165h )
D i str i bu t i on Ben i to R i ver , Spani sh Gui nea ( R i o Muni ) .
Descri pt i on ( Femal e ) Length 62mm. Carapace 24x21mm. Chel i cerae 8mm . Palp 35mm. Leg 1
( 5 7mm .·) Leg 2 ( 50mm. ) Leg 3 ( 4 7mm . ) Leg 4 ( 66mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Carapace rounded . Spec i es scept i cus Pocock 1900 Sao Tome .
( Note Pocock i s i ncorrect i n stat i n g , consi derab ly l onger than wide ) . Palp Length ex­ Ref . Pocock 1900 . A . Mag. Nat . H i s t . ( 7 ) 6 p . 490.
tends beyond t i b . of l eg 1. Foveal groove very gently procurved . Clypeus ( F i g . 165 ) Speci men Type BMNH Female 1900-5-13-6 . Macquery ' s col l ection . Type and paratypes
Wide. Che l i cerae ( F i g 163) scattered granules. Leg 4 thi cker than leg 1 . Femur of l eg prev i ously dried - in poor cond i tion . Abdomen stuffed wi th cotton wool .
4 thi cker ( F i g . 162 ) than remai nder of l e g . Labi um/sternum ( F i g . 159 ) for l ayout of Co1T1110 n name Gi ant St Thomas baboon .
granul es and s i gi l l a , see i l l ustrat i on . Stri dul at i ng organ ( F i g . 161 ) , spi ked setae on D i stri but i on Sao Tome (St Thomas I s l and) .
coxa of l eg 1 , stout. Spermathecae ( F i g . 164 ) Semi nal receptac l es l ong wi th d i s t i nct Descr i pt i on Length 79mm . Carapace 33x26mm. Chel i cerae 9mm . Palp 49mm. Leg 1 ( 76mm . )
cl usters of l obes on branches. Leg 2 ( 65mm . ) Leg 3 ( 62mm . ) Leg 4 (85mm . ) . Carapace l ong - consi derably l onger than
wide. C l ypeus ( F i g . 165g) moderatel y wide . Foveal groove - procurved . P a l p l ength ex­
tends hal f of met . of leg 1. Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 , Legs short for s i ze of carapace . Legs 1 , 4
of approximately equal thi ckness . Femur of l eg 4 ( F i g . 165c ) l ong - gently bowed .
Stri du l at i n g organ ( F i g . 165e) Coxa of l �g 1 damaged/rubbed . Trochanter has a row of
hooked setae . Leg 2 ( F i g 165f ) stout. peddl e setae ( wi th barb ) and stout spike setae on

\ coxa of l eg 2. Trochanter has no stout hooked setae . L ab i um/sternum ( F i g . 165b ) . For

l ayout of granu l es/cuspu l es and s i gi l l a see i l l l ustrat i on . Note l abi o-sternum suture .
Spermathecae ( F i g . 165h ) Abdomen contents removed and stuffed but a smal l remnant of
the semi nal receptacle was v i si bl e amongst detrius - damaged and d i s torted . Col our
ruddy ol i ve brown . Habi tat No data.

( 16 1 )
)
165e

( 160)
( 162 )

( 164 )
40
( F i gs . 165a- 165h ) H . scepti cus. Female ( F i g . 165b) l abi um/sternum . ( F i g . l65c ) Femur
l eg 4. ( Fi g . 165d ) spi nneret . ( F i g . l65e ) Troch . l eg 1 . ( F i g . 165f ) Troch/coxa l e g 2. 1

165h ( F i g . 165g ) c l ypeus/ocu l ar tuberc l e . ( F i g . l65h ) spermathecae/parti al sect i on .

Species sever i n i ( Strand 191 9 ) Zaire .

Ref. Strand 1919 . Arch . Naturg . 85 p . 10 5 .
Laurent 1 946 . Rev . Zoo l . Bot . Afr i ca 3 4 p . 303 .
Specimen Type not l ocated . Congener , from Banzyvi l l e ( MRHN - Bel gi an col l ection ) .
Di stri buti on Banzyvi l l e , Zaire.
Remarks
I have not been able to l ocate the type and Strand ' s paper l acks any taxonom i c data
of val u e . Laurent i n 1946 states that the congener l acks a fu l l y scopul ate met . of l eg
4 and thus shou l d be deemed to be i n the Phoneyusa genus and synonymous wi th P . biden­
tata, Pocock 1900 . As much of Laurent ' s rev i s i ons were based on pat+ti b+carapace equa­
165g t i ons one must treat th i s research wi th cauti on . The spec i es is i nc l uded as the on l y
representative o f the genus from that regi on o f Equator i a l Afr i c a .
Speci es sjostedti ( Thorel l 1899 ) Cameroon .
Ref . Lycotarses s . Thorel l 1899 . Bi h . Svensk . Vet . Ak . Hand l . 24 ( 4 ) p . 6 .
H . S . Strand 1906 . Jahrb . Nassau . Ver . Naturk . 59 p . 9 .
Speci men Type not l ocated . Possibly i n the Geneva co l l ection .
Remarks
Both Th ore 1 1 ' s and Strand ' s descri pt i ons are based on pat+t i b+carapace equati ons
and are of l imi ted taxonomic value. Shou l d the type be l ocated then it is poss i bl e
that i t wi l l predate one of Pocock ' s Cameroon spec i es i f found to be synonymous .

GENUS LOXOM PHALIA Simon 1 90 7

Ref. Simon 1888 . Act . Soc . L i n n . Bord . 42 p . 41 3 .
Raven 1985 . Vol . 182 p . 1 1 9 .
Generic type L . rubida Simon 1888 . Simon col l ection - MNHP . Type not studied .
Di stri buti on I s l and of Zanzi bar , off E . Afri c a .
Remarks.
From Simon ' s descr i pt i on of the key taxonomi c features of the genus - one has great
d i ff i cu l ty recogni s i ng Loxomphal i a as warranting a separate ex i stance from the genus
Hysterocrates - bearing in mi nd that both genera have a fu l ly scopu l ate met . of l eg 4
and that one of the stated pri mary di fferences i s that Loxomphal i a does not have a
swol l en/en l arged tibi a on l eg 4 .
Unfortunately many Hysterocrates speci es a l so d o not have a swol l en t i b i a o n l eg 4
and subsequently th i s feature cannot be vi ewed as a concrete taxonomic tool to as s i s t
i n defi n i ng Hysterocrates o r loxomphal i a . At present the one pri mary feature i s that
Loxomphal i a has a l arge wi de, transverse foveal groove and Hysterocrates has a cres­
centric foveal groove . In order to determi ne concrete di fferences between the two gen­
era , i f any , Loxomphal i a wi l l have to be redescri bed . Speci al attenti on shou l d be p a i d
t o the shape o f the spermathecae , foveal groove and rear l egs .
Species i nc l uded rubi da Simon 1888 . Zanzi bar .

165c
165d

c
GENUS LOXOPHOBEMA (Simon 1 9 0 7 )
Ref. Simon 1907 . Ann . Mus . C i v . Genoa 43 p . 225 . ( Femal e ) .
Laurent 1946 . Rev . Zool . Bot . Afri ca 34 ( 4 ) p . 303 .
Raven 1985 . Vol . 182 p . 155 .
Gener i c type L . ruti l ata Simon 1907 i n the CMG - Geneva . Not exami ned .
 41

GENUS LOXOPTYGELLA ( Stra nd 1 906)

Di stri bution Portuguese Gui nea.
Remarks. Laurent i n 1946 deemed the genus loxophobema to be synonymous wi th Phoneyusa.
Raven i n 1985 concurred wi th Laurent ' s rev i s i on . Note nei ther author has exami ned the Ref. Strand 1906 . Zool . Anz . 30 ( 19-20) p . 607 . ( Fema l e ) .
type i n CMG ( Geneva ) . Strand 1908 . Jahresh Ver . Naturk , Wurttbg 64 p . 29 .
Unti l the s i ng l e spec i es of the genus ruti l ata, Simon 1907 , has been redescri bed . I Raven 1985 . Vol . 182 p . 155 .
feel i t i s better to l eave the genus temporari l y stan d i ng - al though i t i s unl i ke l y Gene r i c type Specimen i n MNHP .
that Laurent a n d Raven are i ncorrect.
Di stri bution Eth i op i a
Speci es i nc l uded ruti l ata Simon 1907.
Di stribution Bol ama, Portuguese Guinea. Remarks
Raven 1985 on studying type at MNHP found type of Loxoptyge1 1 a to be "i nd i f f eren ­
t i abl e from Loxoptygus " , Simon 1903 , and was thus p l aced i n synonymy.
Speci es erl angeri (Strand 1906 ) i s transferred to the genus Loxoptygus .

GENUS LOXOPTYGUS S i mon 1 903 GENUS MONOCENTROPELLA (Strand 1 9 0 7 )

Ref. Simon 1903 . H i s t . Nat . Arai gn 2 ( 4 ) p , g 52 , Ref . Strand 1907 . Zool . Jahrb. Syst . 24 ( 5 ) p . 400 .
Laurent 1946 . Rev . Zool . Bot . Ara i gn 34 ( 4 ) p . 303 . Raven 1985. Vol . 182 p . 156.
Raven 1985 . Vol . 182 p . 1 55. Specimen Type l os t .
Gener i c type Simon col l ection MNH P . Di stribution Afri c a . N o l oca l i ty.
Di stribut i on Ethiop i a Remarks
Remarks Raven on studying Strand ' s paper came to the conc l u s i on that the on ly concrete tax­
Laurent i n 1 g 46 deemed Loxoptygus (wi thout study i ng the type ) to be synonymous w i th onomic feature , the l ong l ab i um p l aced it i nto the genus , Ci thar i sch i us Pocock 1900 .
Phoneyusa. Raven i n 1985 on exami n i ng the type found that Laurent was i ncorrect and With no type , no l ocal i ty and the qual i ty of Strand ' s paper I bel i eve that the speci es
restored the genus . He a l so deemed that Loxoptygel l a , Strand 1906 ( Type exami ned ) was shou l d be suspended unti l new data i s found .
synonymous wi th loxoptygu s .
D i agnosi s (materi al not examined - based on Simon and Raven ' s revi s i on ) .
L i ke the genus Hysterocrates the metatarsal segment i s ful l y scopu l ate ( poss i bly
three-quarters scopu l ate . The di fference between the two genera hi nges on the l eg
hairs - wh i ch Raven d i scovered , on studyi ng the type mater i a l , were "short and c l ose
to the cuti c l e . GENUS MONOCENTROPUS Pocock 1 89 7
Simon a l so notes that the l ab i um i s l onger than wi de - but thi s i s apparent i n some Ref. Pocock 1897 . Proc . Zool . Soc . Lon d . p . 759.
spec i es of Phoneyusa eg gregori and c annot be deemed to be a rel i ab l e taxonomic tool Pocock 1900 . Ann . Mag . Nat . Hist 6 p . 494 .
unt i l the genus and spec i es are redescr i bed . Generi c type M . balfouri BMNH 81-10- 6 .
Generi c key Remarks .
1) Str i du l at i ng organ stout s p i ke and padd l e setae on coxa of l egs 1 , 2 . The type bal fouri was di scovered i n 1881 by a Mr . Bal four and remai ned undescri bed
2) Metatarsal scopu l ae met . of l eg 4 , three-quarters t o ful l y scopul ate . in the BM col l ection unti l 1899 when Pocock i nc l uded it i nto the newly created E umeno­
3) Leg hairs short and c l ose to cuti c l e . phori nae subfami ly.
4) Labi um l onger than wide. It i s an i nteresting genus in that it has evol ved i ndependently from the mai n Afr i ­
Species i nc l uded coturnatus Simon 190 3 . ectypus ( S imon 1888 ) . erl angeri ( Strand can body of the subfami ly - o n the eastern bank of the red sea and subsequently there
1906 ) . are some i nteresting permutations eg . no spi ke or padd l e setae on the coxa of l egs 1 , 2
and a t i b i a l spur , i n the mal e , made up of a d i sti nct spine comb crested mound .
Di str i bution Ethi opi a . H ab i t at No data . It wi l l be i nteresti ng i n the future to see i f the genus has penetrated i nto Saud i ­
Arabi a and i f i t i s present i n Ethi opi a .
Spec i es coturnatus Simon 1903 . Ethiop i a F ages ' s spec i men H . l ambertoni from Madagascar (type not exami ned ) i ndi cates a
Ref. Simon 1903 . H i s t . Nat . Araign 2 ( 4 ) p . 952 . ( Fema l e ) . genus that has been i n exi stance for over 2 mi l l i on years and whi ch can be deemed to
be c l osely rel ated to the West Afr i can genus Eumenophorus - havi ng retai ned and l ost
Spec i es ectypus ( Simon 1888 ) Ethi opi a some key features .
Ref. Harpaxotheri a e. Simon 1888 Act . Soc . L i n n . Bord . 142 p . 41 5 .
Simon 1903 . H i s t . Nat . Arai gn 2 ( 4 ) p . 952 (Mal e ) . D i ag n osi s .
The key taxonom i c features are that the l ab i um i s wi der than l ong and that there
Species erl angeri ( Strand 1906 ) Ethiopia are no stout sp i ke or paddle setae on the coxa of l egs 1 , 2 . The foveal groove i s deep
Ref. Loxoptygel l a e. Strand 1906 . Zool . Anz . 30 ( 19-20) p . 607 . and transverse and in the male there exi sts a t i b i a l spur made up of a mound wi th a
L . e . Strand 1908. Jahresh Ver Naturg Wurttbg 64 p . 29 . ( Femal e ) . comb of spines.
42
Generic key
1 ) Str i d u l at i ng organ - has no spi ke or padd le setae on coxa of legs 1 , 2 . Row of
stout hooked setae on trochanter of l eg 1 .
2 ) Lab i um - wi der than l ong .
3 ) Foveal groove - wide and transverse .
4 ) Clypeus - moderatel y wi de .
5 ) T i b i al spur - S i ng l e spur or mound wi th a comb of spi nes .
6 ) Tarsus of l eg 4 - not d i v i ded by setae .
7 ) Spi nneret - l on g , greater than half of carapace .
8 ) Pal pal bu l b - embol us l ong and taper i n g .
Species i ncl uded . bal fouri Pocock 1897 l ambertini Fage 1922 l ongimanus
Pocock 1903.
Di stri buti on . Up unti l 1922 the Monocentropus genus was bel i eved to be confi ned to
South Yemen and the I s l and of Socotra . In that year a Mr . Lamberton d i scovered a
number of spec imens i n Madagascar - whi ch proved , on exami nati on by Dr . Fage at the
Museum Natural H i s tory Pari s , to bel ong to the genus Monocentropus .
I must admi t that I was i n i t i al ly scept i ca l concerni ng Fage ' s i denti f i cati on and
thought that the spec imen was l i ke l y to be the c l osely rel ated genus Eumenophorus -
but Fage states that the tarsal scopu l ae of al l l egs are enti re . If th i s i s so , I have
not exami ned the spec i mens , then F age ' s descri ption i nd i cates Monocentropus .
We can thus presume that the di str i bution of th i s genus i s consi derably wi der than
fi rst thought and it is l i ke l y that it is present in Saud i Arab i a , Eth i op i a and Soma l i
and once ranged through most of E ast Afr i c a .
Habi tat Marginal farming and scrub desert . N o data o n behaviour. Cl imate Un l i ke Yemen
South Yemen does not enjoy an exceptional rainfal l and thus can best be descri bed as
scrub desert - much of wh i ch has been turned i nto poor qual i ty grazi ng and farmi ng .
Temperature and humidi ty h i gh throughout the year . Khormaksap ( S . Yemen) Rai nfal l ,
February Omm . March 5mm . August 3mm . November Omm. Humi d i ty/Temperature . March
82% { 86F ) June 76% { 98F ) September 78% { 96F ) December 76% (83F ) .
{ F i g s . 167a - 1 79 )
Spec ies bal fouri Pocock 1897 Sococ tra .
Ref. Pocock 1897 . Proc . Zoo l . Soc . Lond . p . 758 .
Specimens Type ( Mal e ) BMNH 81- 10-6 . Co l l ector Bal four .

\
Common name Sacotra baboon . (173)
D i stri buti on I s l and of Socotr a . No l ocal i ty data .
Descri ption ( M a l e ) Length 34mm . Carapace 16xl3mm . Leg 1 ( 50mm . ) Leg 2 {47mm . ) Leg 3
{45mm . ) Leg 4 (53mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Legs 1 , 4 of approx imate equal l ength - Leg 4 only
s l i ghtly longer . Leg 1 s l i ghtly thi cker than l eg 4 . Clypeus ( F i g . 1 7 7 ) Transverse and
wide . Str i du l at i ng organ ( F i gs 168-169) No stout spike or padd l e setae on coxa of l egs
1 , 2 . ( Repl aaced by stout semi p l umose sti ffened setae ) . No stri du l at i ng organ on chel ­
i cerae { F i gs . 1 7 1 - 1 72 ) . Che l i ceral teeth ( F i g . 173) Stout and widely spaced , 7 l arge ,
1 med i um, 1 smal l . Labi um/sternum ( F i g . 167) Labi um wi der than l on g . Gran u l es a d i s -
t i nct crescent. For l ayout of s i g i l l a - See i l l ustrat i on . Spi nnerets { F i g . 178) Long - \\ I�\ 11 \ \ \' \ \ \t?.\,,
' I _

over half the l ength of the carapace . Ti b i al spur ( F i g . 174) A d i st i nct mound wi th a \/ � 1 \ l\

comb of s i x short b l ack spi nes and three l ong spi nes at apex of t i b i a . Palpal bul b
( F i gs . 175-176) Bulb g l obu l ar wi th taper i ng embol u s whi ch ri ses sharply when vi ewed on ' )j'Jj
i ts anteri or fac e . No spi nes on e i ther s i de of t i b i a of pal p . Col our Carapace i s cov­
ered w i th a o l i ve-yel l ow pubescence wi th p i n k i sh margi nal hai rs . Leg s , ol i ve brown ,
the base of the trochanters and femurs greyi sh wh i te . Underside of femora yel l owi sh
wh i te . Abdomen b l ack with long greyi sh-red hairs on dorsal surfac e . Habi tat Marg i nal
scrubl and - be l i eved to be a burrowing spec i e s .
F i gs . 167a - 1 7g a ) Monocentropus bal fouri ( 16 7 ) Labi um/sternum ( 168 ) Trochanter/coxa
of leg 2 { 169 ) Trochanter/coxa of l eg 1 ( 1 70) Coxa of palp { 1 7 1 ) Che l i cerae , external { l 70)
face { 1 72 ) Chel i cerae , i nternal face ( 17 3 ) Che l i cerae teeth { 1 74 ) T i b i a·1 spur ( 1 7 5 )
Pal p and palpal bu l b ( 1 7 6 ) Pal pal b u l b ( 1 7 7 ) Fovea l groove ( 1 78 ) Spi nneret ( 1 79) Ocu-
l ar tubercl e/c lypeus ( 1 79a) Tarsus of leg 4 .
 43
Descri ption ( Fema l e ) ( F i g . 180 ) Length 59mm . Carapace 23xl9 . 5mm . Che l i cerae 9mm . P a l p
( F i g s . 179b - 179c ) l ength - l ong excee ds t i b i a of l eg 1 by two-thi rds o f met . Legs Approx imate equal
thi ckness . Leg 4 s l i_ ghtly stouter than l eg 1 . Foveal groove transverse - wide . Other
Speci es l arnbertoni Fage 1922 Madagascar . grooves on ca : apace d i st i nct . C l ypeus ( F i g . 187 ) wi de . Str i d u l at i n g organ see ( F i gs .
Ref. Fage 1922 . Bul l . Mus . H i s t . Nat . Par i s p . 36 5 . 168- 169 ) . Labi um/sternum ( F i g 181 ) Labi um wi der than l ong. For l ayout o f s i g i l l a see
Specimen Type ( M a l e ) Paratype ( Fema l e ) MNHP . 5 femal es , 2 mal es . ( Not examined) i l l ustrat i_ o n . Note midd l e s i gi: l l a remote from edge . Spi nneret ( F i g . 185 ) l ong - over
Conmon name Madagascan comb baboon . hal f of l ength of carapace . Tarsus ( F i g . 183 ) Not d i v i ded by setae . Spi nes - l egs not
Di stri buti on Madagascar . No l ocal i ty data. heavi ly spi ne d . Note spines ( F i g . 182( on dorsal surface - base of met . of l eg 4 .
Descript i on ( M a l e ) Length 54mm . Ceph . 23x2lmm . Pal p 49 . 5mm . Leg 1 ( 90mm . ) Leg 2 (Mal e ) Length 24mm . Carapace lOmm . Pal p 27mm. Leg 1 ( 41mm . ) Leg 2 ( 37mm . ) Leg 3 ( 37mm)
(8lmm . ) Leg 3 ( 7 lmm . ) Leg 4 ( 86mm . ) . Legs 1 , 4 , 2 , 3 . Legs l ong and th i n . Pal p Length ex­ Leg 4 (44mm. ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Leg 4 l onger than leg 1 by half of i ts tarsus . Femur of
tends half of t i_ b . of l eg 4. Foveal groove smal l and strai ght . Clypeus ( F i g . 179c) l eg � thi cker than l � gs 1 , 2 , 4 . � ibial s p i nes l egs 1 , 2 with 2 spi nes at apex , l egs 3 , 4 ,
moderately wide. Note Ocu l ar arrangement AME eyes , if stab l e are unusual ly smal l . Lab­ no t � b i a l spi nes . T 1_ b i al spur ( F i g . _ 186 ) l ow mound wi th comb of spi nes . Two l ong spi nes
i um/ l ab i o s t e r num suture ( F i g . 1 79b ) Note mounds on suture . These are a l so present i n
-
at s i de . . Pal pal bu l b ( F i g . 186 ) � i mp l e embol us - no keel s . Pal p l ength very l ong ,
H . b a l four i . T i b i al spur ( F i g . 179d ) spur i s consi derably l onger than other speci es of
the genus. No l ong spi nes i nd i c a � ed at apex of t i b . of l eg 1 . Pal p bu l b ( F i g . 179e) � verl app i ng by i ts tarsus the t i b i a of l eg 1 . Col our uni form sooty mouse-brown . Hab­
embol us l ong and taper i ng . Fage i s uncl ear i_ f the embolus possesses a s i mp l e keel . i tat No data.
Colour reddi sh-brown . Femal e Length 52mm. Ceph . 23x20rrm . P a l p 48mm . Leg 1 ( 78mm . ) Leg
2 ( 69 . 5mm. ) Leg 3 ( 63mm . ) Leg 4 ( 79rrm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Leg 4 s l i ghtly l onger than l e g
1 . Met . scopu l ae . Leg 3 three-quarters scopu l ate . Leg 4 one-ha l f scopu 1 ate . Foveal
groove wide and transerve/stra i ght . Habi tat No dat a .

( 187 )
( 186)

179b
179c
----

( 184)

( 183 )
( 181 )
After Fage.

( F i gs . 179b-179e) Honocentropus l amberton i . ( 1 79b ) Labi um/ l abi o-suture-mound s .

T i b i a l spur/comb . ( 1 79d ) Pal pal bu l b . ( 1 79e ) C l ypeus and ocu l ar tuberc l e .

( F i gs . 180 - 187 ) ( 185)

Speci es l ongimanus Pocock 1go3 S . Yemen . F i gs .180 - 18 7 ) Monocentropus l ongi manus ( Fema l e ) ( F i g . 180 ) . ( 181) Labi um/sternum
Ref. Pocock 1903 . Am . Mag . Nat . H i s t . ( 7 ) 1 1 p . 219. ( 182) Metatarsus , tarsus of l eg 4 ( 183 ) Tarsus , ventral face of l eg 4 ( 185) Spi nneret
Specimens Type ( Mal e ) BMNH 03-9-2-29 . Collector Berry Paratype ( Fema l e ) BMNH 1903-9-2-30 ( 187) Clypeus and ocu l ar tubercl e ( Mal e ) ( 184 ) Ti b i a l spur ( 186 ) Pal pal bu l b . Note Em-
Conrnon name Arab i an sooty mouse baboon . bo l us broken .
D i stri buti on Othal a - E l Kubar . Bel i eved to be S . Yemen not Yemen .
44
Remarks .
Karsch establ i shed the genus Pel i nobius i n 1886 , one year after he defi ned Phoney­
usa - on the bas i s that h i s spec imen from Massai Land, S . Africa l acked spi nes at the
G E N US M YOSTOLA S i m o n 1 903 basP. of the t i b i a of l eg 4. A somewhat th i n taxonomic d i sti nct ion between the two
Mygal e o . Lucas 1858 . Arch . Ent . 2 p . 380 . genera wh i ch Pocock was �u i c k to point out i n 1898 when he descri bed Phoneyusa bettoni
Ref. wh i ch possessed on ly one i nferior spine .
Phoneyusa o . Pocock 1899 . Proc . Zool . Soc . Land . p . 842 . Raven i n 1985 on exami n i ng the type conc l uded that Pel inobius was synonymous wi th
Myosto l a o . Simon 1903 . H i s t . Nat . Araign 2 ( 4 ) p . 951 . Phoneyusa. I have thus i nc l uded i ts one representat i ve spec i es muticus in the genus
Phoneyusa o . Laurent 1946 . Rev . Zool . Bot . Africa 34 p . 304 . Phoneyusa. Note Raven 1985 p . 157 i ncorrectl y l i sts Phoneyusa Simon 1884 . It shou l d
Myostol a o . Raven 1984 . 182 p . 156 . p . 1 5 7 . read Phoneyusa Karsch 1884 .
Note Roewer 1942 i ncorrectly l i sts Pocock ' s 1899 paper a s 1897 .
Generic type M. occidental i s Lucas 1858 MHNP .
Remarks
Simon i n 1903 created the genus Myostol a to house two spec imens wh i ch he fel t d i d
not f i t perfectly i nto the Phoneyusa bracke t . These bei ng Mygale occidental i s Lucas G E N US PHON EYUSA Karsch 1 88 4
1858 and Pel i nobius gabonica Simon 1888 . Forty three years l ater in 1946, Laurent
(wi thout studying the types ) consi gned the genus Myostol a to the twi l i ght wor l d of REf. Karsch 1884 . Berl . Ent. Zei t . p . 347 .
synonymies arguei ng that Simon ' s character i s t i cs were not si gn i f i cant enough to Harpaxother i a . Simon 1889 . Actes . Soc . L i nn . Bord . p . 413 .
warrant a separate genus of such obvi ous ly cl ose ly rel ated spi ders . Pocock 1899 . Ann . Mag . Nat . H i s t . p . 841 .
Raven i n 1985 on exami n i ng the types of both occi dental i s and gabonica dec i ded to Generi c type P . bel andana Karsch 1884 .
rei nstate the genus Myostol a based on certain taxonom i c character i s ti cs in occi dent­
al is wh i ch Simon seems to have not apprec i ated the s i g n i ficance of - or overl ooked . Remarks .
Pel i nobi us gabonica, on the other hand, Raven consi gned to the genus Phoneyusa, thus Phoneyusa i s a genus , wh i ch as far as i t s spec i es are concerned , can best be des­
l eaving the genus Hyostol a wi th a s i n g l e representati ve species e . g . occi dental i s ( Lu­ cri bed as a taxonomic mess . S i x of the spec i es were descri bed before 1895 ( f i ve of
cas 1858 ) . wh i ch were ass i gned ori gi nal ly to other genera ) and thus the i r descri pt i ons can best
On studyi ng congeners - ti cketed as Myostol a occi dental i s ( BMNH 1898-5-5-6-7/1898- be descri bed as of hi stori cal i nterest but of l i tt l e sci enti f i c value. Only by 1895
7-6- 7 ) col l ected by G . L . Bates - Ben i to ri ver - R i o Muni , it was obv i ous that these are the scient i f i c descri pt i ons (wi th the except i on of Strand) becoming detai led
congeners do not f i t Raven ' s new generi c key for the Myosto l a genus and subsequently enough to be of value.
are not M . occidental i s . On further study I be l i eve them to be the fema l e form of Ph. Much of the Phoneyusa materi al hai l s from the Par i s col l ection ( wh i ch I have not
b i dentata col l ected by G . L . Bates on the same expedi t ion in the same area . had time to examine) and thus I must ask other workers to exami ne the materi al i n
their own col l ecti ons and compare thei r data wi th my di ssection notes . I t i s h i gh l y
l i kely that some o f the speci es ass i gned t o the genus w i 1 1 turn out t o b e synonymous
and I wi l l stri ve to redescribe the genus more fu l ly in future ed i t i ons of th i s vol ume
The genus basi cal ly fal l s i nto two d i s t i nct groups based on the shape and structure
of the male pal pal bu l b .
Di agnosi s Raven ' s new key characteristi cs wh i ch are of generi c value can be deemed to 1 ) Oval bu l b with a s i mp l e tapering embo l us .
be 1 ) T i b i a on l eg 3 i s i ncrassate . 2 ) No padd l e setae - on ly stout spike setae on
cox a of 1 egs 2 , 3 . P addl e setae are l i kel y to be found on coxa of l eg 1 .
Generi c key P . bettoni P . graci l i pes P .gregori p . rufa.
1 ) Stri d u l at i ng organ No paddl e setae on coxa of l egs 2 , 3 . 2 ) Subc i rc u l ar bu l b with a stout curved f l anged embol u s and a second smal l er projec­
2 ) Ti bi a of l eg 3 incrassate/swol l en . t i on beneath i t .
Note No character i s t i c l i sted i n Simon ' s key { 1903 p . 950 ) can be vi ewed as taxonom­ P . bidentata P . cul tri dens P. l esserti .
i cal ly important . The remai nder of the species descr i p t i ons of the genus are ei ther based on fema l e
Species i ncl uded occi dental i s ( Lucas 1858 ) . specimens o r are i nadequate . I t wi l l b e i nteresting t o see , a s mal es are descri bed ,
Di stri bution Lucas does not l i st the col l ection s i te i n h i s 1858 paper - other than i nto wh i ch category some of the other speci es fal l .
W . Afr i ca but Simon i n 1903 expressed the bel i ef that occidental i s i s from Gabon . Di agnos i s .
Species occidental i s ( Lucas 1858) I n many ways the Phoneyusa genus can be said t o be a tri f l e s l oppy taxonomical ly i n
Ref. Lucas 1858 . Arch . Ent. 2 p . 380 . ( Femal e ) . that for each key characteri s t i c one f i nds onese l f l i st i ng a var i ab l e - but the one
Spec i mens Type MNHP . ( Not exami ned ) . key feature i s that the tarsal scapu l ae of al l l egs are und i v i ded by setae and that
D i stri buti on E . Africa. No l ocal i ty data . l egs 1 , 4 are of approximately equal thi ckness or leg 1 is thicker than l eg 4. Metatar­
sal scapu l ae ranges from one-thi rd to two-thi rds scapu l ae al though al l early keys i n ­
s i st that the genus i s based o n a one-th i rd scopul ate metatarsu s .
GENUS PELINOBIUS Karsch 1 8 84 O n many spec ies a brush of setae i s present o n the femur o f the p a l p - but thi s i s
not confi rmed i n every spec ies of the genus . O n the other hand , i n al l mal es descri bed
Ref. Karsch 1886 . Jahrb . Hamb . W i s s . Anst . 2 p . 134 . the femur of l eg 4 is s l i ghtly swo l l en/i ncrassate and the trochanter of leg 2 tends to
Pocock 1898 . Ann . Mag . Nat . H i s t . p . 504 . have scattered hooked setae - not a di sti nct l i ne . Th i s i s apparent in both mal es and
Raven 1985. Vol . 182 . p . 15 7 . fema l es . It i s also interesting to note that i n the spec imens d i s sected , the spermath­
ecae tends to be a s i mp l e pouch with very bas i c semi nal receptac l e s .
Generic type P . muticus ZMB .
 45
The genus Phoneyusa refl ects taxonomi c features of many of the genera of the Eumen­
ophori nae and must be vi ewed as a rather wide rangi ng genus whi ch needs consi derabl y
more work i n defi n i ng i n d i v i dual spec i e s .
Generic key
1 ) Stridul ating organ . Mi xture of stout padd l e and spike setae on coxa of l egs 1 , 2 .
L i ne of hooked setae on trochanter of l eg 1 . Hooked setae scattered or absent on
trochanter of l eg 2 .
2 ) Tarsal scapu l ae not d i v i ded .
3 ) Metatarsal scapu l ae - ranges from one-thi rd to two-th i rds scopu l ate. Never fu l ly
scopul ate as i n Hysterocrates . Note Early keys wh i ch i nd i cate one-th i rd scopul ­
ate are i ncorrect.
4 ) Palpal femur. D i s t i nct brush of setae on retrol ateral face . Th i s is apparent i n
al l spec imens wh i ch I have stud i ed - but Raven ( 1985 p . 118) i nd i cates that i t may
not be uni versal .
5 ) T i b i a l spur - Mal e . No t i b i al spur - other than a few scattered spi nes at apex of
tibia.
6 ) T i b i al spines - var i ab l e number a t apex o f t i bi a .
7 ) Pal pal bulb - Mal e . Two di st i nct forms (A) Oval bu l b wi th s i mp l e taperi ng embol us
( B ) Subc i rcu l ar bul b with stout curved fl anged embolus and a smal l er curved pro­
jection beneath i t .
8) Femur o f Leg 3 - Mal e . I ncrassate . Note observed o n al l specimens studi ed .
9) Clypeus - narrow to moderately wide.
10) Legs 1 , 4 . Equal i n thicknes s , or l eg 1 sl i ghtly th i cker .
1 1 ) Foveal groove - procurved .
Species i nc l uded anti lope ( S i mon 1888 ) bel andana Karsch 1884 bettoni Pocock 1898
bi dentata Pocock 1899 bidentata i turiensis Laurent 1946 bouvi eri Berl and 1917
buttneri Karsch 1886 celerieri ( New spec i es ) cheva l i eri Simon 1906 cultridens
Berl and 1917 efu l i ensis ( New spec i es ) el ephant i as i s Berl and 1917 gaboni c a ( S i ­
mon 1888) gi l tayi Laurent 1946 graci l i pes ( S i mon 1888 ) gregori Pocock 1897
l esserti Dresco 1973 - Central Afri can Rep . manicata Simon 1907 muticus ( Karsch North grassl and
1886 ) pri nc1p 1 a Simon 1907 rufa Berl and 1914 ruti l ata ( Si mon 1907) westi East Kenya - H i l l Franci s Murphy
( New speci es ) .
New species. celeri eri I vory Coast . efu l i ensi s Cameroon . westi Angol a .
Di stri buti on . The genus Phoneyusa i s widely di stri buted across much of Central Afr i ca
rangi ng from the Equator i al West Coast to Kenya and probably Northern Tanzan i a i n the
east . At i ts furthest poi nts of d i stri bution speci es have been l ocated in Portuguese
Gui nea and Madagascar .
Map of Distr i bution

Habi tat . Habi tat ranges from equatori al fo'.est . i n the West to dry forest . and grass­
l and in the E ast . No behav i oural data. I n d i c at i ons are of a burrowing spider.

Key
(1) anti l ope ( 13) gabon i ca
(2) bel endana ( 14 ) g i l tayi
(3) bettoni (15) graci l i pes
(4) bi dentata ( 16 ) gregori
(5) bidentata i turi ens i s ( 17) manicata
(6) bouveri ( 18 ) muti cus ? •

(7) buttneri (19) pri nci p i a

(8) cel eri eri ( 20) rufa
(9) cheval i er i (21) rut i l ata
( 10 ) cul tri dens (22) west i
(11) eful iensis ( 23 ) l esserti
( 12 ) el ephant i as i s 0
46
Spec ies ant i l ope ( S imon 1888) Congo .
Ref . Harpoxotheri a a . Simon 1888 . Act . Sx. Bord . 42 p . 414 .
H . a . S i mon 1892 . H i s t . Nat . Ara i gn 1 ( 1 ) p . 154.
Ph . a . Pocock 189 7 . Proc . Zool . Soc . Land . p . 760.
Laurent 194 6 . 34 ( 4 ) p . 310.
Specimen Type MNHP ( S i mon col l ection ) Not exami ned . Congeners Mus . de Congo , Be l g i um . ...
RG14405/RG14404 Mayombe/Mahagi .
Distribution Tomby, Congo . Congeners Mayombe/Mahagi , Zaire . . .

Description (Fema l e ) Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Leg 1 ( 53 . 5mm . ) Leg 4 ( 63 . 21m1 . ) Leg 4 exceeds Leg
1 by more than the length of i ts tarsu s . Length of carapace and sternum exceed i ng the "

wi dths by less than one-quarter of the l ength . Note Spines at apex of t i b i a of al l .

"
.
l egs l i mi ted to a pai r of api cal spi nes . ( 1 96 )
( F i g s . 188 - 196 )
Species bel and a Karsch 1884 Central Afri can Rep . . . : : . .....:
Ref. Karsch 1884 . Berl i n Ent . Zei tschr 28 p . 348 . ( Femal e ) . "· . . .
Pocock 1899. Ann . Mag . Nat . H i s t . p . 84 1 .
.· .

.
Specimens Type - not located . Congeners HHS co l l ection AF 1 5 7 . Prev iously dried - .. .
� :�: =· :::": .-.:. :.: � :. : :. :.:'
.
poor cond i t ion. col l ected i n 1952 by L . Hart . Identi f i ed A . M . Smi th . . . ..
. .. .:. · · . .
·
Di stri bution N i am N i am , Central Afri can Rep . AF 157 found at Bangui , Central Afr i c a . . · -· ·...· . .
.
"
Conrnon name Bangui baboon . : ·- .: .
.
Description ( F i g . 188 ) ( Fema l e ) AF 157 . Length 56mm . Carapace 25xl9mm . Chel i cerae
61m1 . P a l p 34mm. Leg 1 ( 54mm . ) Leg 2 ( 49mm . ) Leg 3 ( 48mm . ) Leg 4 ( 58mm . ) . Carapace con­ � .. .
( 19 1 )
·.
;
( 193)
s i deraby l onger than w i de . Foveal groove gent ly procurved . Clypeus ( F i g . 196 ) moder-
ately wide. Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Leg 4 on l y s l i ghtly l onger than leg 1 and almost as thick .
Palp l ong , extends to one-half of met . of l eg 1 . Th i c k comb of hair ( F i g . 195) on retro
face . Spi nes ( F i g . 191 ) , 9 spi nes at apex of t i b i a ( F i g . 192 ) , 7 at apex of t i b i a ,
( F i g . 193 7 a t apex o f met . Stridu l at i ng organ ( F i g . 189 ) Stout spi ke setae ( promi nant
spi ked padd l e setae wi th barb ) on coxa of l eg 1 . Hooked setae on trochanter . Lab ium/
sternum ( F i g . 190) For l ayout of granules/cuspu les and s i gi l l a - see i l l ustrat i on .
Note l abio-sternum mounds on suture . Spermathecae ( F i g . 194 ) Abdomen dried and semin-
al receptac les are di storted . Spi nnerets m i s s i n g . Habi tat Mi xture of wet and dry
forest and gras s l and . No data on behav i our. Colour rusty brown , scapu l ae me't al l ic green hue .

( 195) ( F i gs . 188-196) . Phoneyusa belendana ( 187) Troch/coxa of l eg 1 . ( 190) Labi um/sternum

( 19 1 ) T i b i a l spines l eg 1 . ( 192) T i b i al spi nes l eg 3. ( 193 ) T i b i a l spines l eg 4. ( 194)
Spermathecae/di storted . ( 195) P/f . femur of pal p . ( 196 ) Ocu l ar tuberc l e/c lypeus .
 47
( F i gs . 1 9 7 - 208 )
Spec ies bett o n i Pocock 1898 Kenya .
Ref . Pocock 1898 . Proc . Zool . Soc . Lan d . p . 50 3 .
Specimen Type ( Mal e ) BMNH 1897 - 1 1 -20-47 .
D i stri but i on Voi , Kenya . Col l ected by Stewart Betton .
Conrnon name Kenyan b r i c k red baboon .
Descri ption Mal e ( F i g . 1 97 ) . Length 50mm. C ar ap ace 20x 1 7 . 5mm . Che l i cerae 7mm . P a l p
35mm . Leg 1 ( 62mm . ) Leg 2 ( 56mm . ) Leg 52 mm . ) Leg 4 ( 6 7mm . ) Carapac e , round i s h . Foveal
groove g en t l y procurved . Clypeus ( F i g . 206 ) n arrow . Che l i cerae l on g . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 .
Legs 1 . 4 of approxi mate equal t h i cknes s . Pal p , l ength extends t o end of t i b . of l eg 1 .
Femur o f l eg 3 i ncrass ate/ swo l l en Femur of pal p ( F i g s . 1 9 9 - 208 ) l ong and n arow wi th
brush of h a i r . Str i d u l at i ng organ ( F i g . 200 ) P add l e and stout s p i ke setae on coxa of
l eg 1. P add l e setae has a s i ng l e bar b . Hooked setae on troch . ( F i g . 201 ) stout s p i k e
s e t a e on c o x a of l eg 2 . D i spersed second ary hooked s e t a e on t roch . Spi nes 4 s p i nes x 2
on t i b . of l eg 1 ( F i g . 203 ) 2 s p i nes x 1 on t i b . of l eg s 2 , 3 ( F i g . 204 ) No s p i nes on
t i b . of l eg 4 . Labi um/sternum ( F i g . 1 98 ) L ab i um l ong and n arrow at ant e r i o r end . For
l ayout of granul es/cuspu l es and s i g i l l a - see i l l u s trat i on . No t i b i al spu� Pal pal bu l b
( F i g . 205 ) Embo l u s damaged . Very s i m i l aar t o P . gregori .
Remarks .
C l os e l y a l l i ed t o P . gregori and i t wi l l b e i nterest i n g t o comp are t h e spermathecae
when the fema l es of the two spec i es are f i n a l l y descr i bed . Hab i t at Trop i ca l wet forest
bel t a l ong the G a l ana r i ver . Behav i our No data .

\
( 20 5 )

( 198)

\\
{ 204 )
( F i g s . 1 97-208) P h . bettoni ( Mal e ) { 1 98 ) Labi um/ sternum . ( 19 9 ) P/f . femur of p a l p .
( 208 ) { 208 ) A/f . femurof p al p . ( 200 ) Troch/coxa of l e g 1 . ( 201 ) Troc h/coxa o f l eg 2 . ( 203 )
( 203 )
T i b i a l s p i nes of l eg 1 . ( 20 4 ) T i b i a l s p i nes of l egs 2 , 3 . { 20 5 ) P a l p a l bu l b . ( 20 6 ) Oc­
u l ar tuberc l e/ c l ypeu s . { 207 ) Spi n neret .
48

( F i gs . 2Q g - 220)

Spec i e s b i dentata Pocock 1899 Rio Mun i , Cameroon? Congo? Z a i re?

Ref . Pocock 1899 . P roc . Zoo l . Soc . Lond . p . 84 3 ( Ma l e ) .
Strand 1 91 5 . Arch . Natur� . 81 p . 46 ( Ma l e ) .
Lessert 1 930 . Rev . Su i s se Zool . 37 ( 2 2 ) p . 6 1 3 ( Fema l e ) .
L aurent 1 9 4 6 . Rev . Zoo l . Bot . Afr i c . 34 ( 4 ) p . 305 .
Specimen Type BMNH 1898-7-6-8 (Ma l e ) . Note congener 1898-5-5-6-7 co l l ected by Bates
Ben i to ( t i cketed M . occ i denta l i s ) is h i gh l y l i ke l y to be the fema l e of b i dentata .
Congeners Mus . de Congo , Bel g i um . No . 9 - 1 1 - 1897 Umangi ( Type of P . uman g i ana Strand ) .
RG 14399 Buds a l a . RG 14399 Gemena ( Fema l e ) . A l l i n Uban g i are a .
Di s tr i but i on Typ e . Ben i to r i ver , R i o Muni , Span i s h G u i n e a . L i ke l y t o b e w i d e l y d i s ­
t r i buted through C ameroon s , Congo , Z a i re ( Laurent ) . Col l ected by G . L . Bates .
C0111llOn name Ben i to baboon .
Descr i p t i on ( Ma l e ) ( F i g . 209 ) 52mm . C ar apace 20x25mm . Che l i cerae 6mm . P a l p 35mm. Leg
1 { 86mm . ) Leg 2 ( 80mm . ) Leg 3 ( 75mm . ) Leg 4 ( 89mm . ) . C arapace l onger than wide and
round i sh . Foveal groove procurved . Cl ypeus ( F i g . 2 1 8 ) moderate l y wi de . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 .
Legs l on g and s l ender - l eg s 1 , 4 of approxi mate equ a l thi c k nes s . P a l p extends j u s t be­
yond pat . of l eg 1 . Femur of leg 3 s l i gh t l y i ncrass ate/ swo l l en . Stri du l at i ng organ
( F i g . 2 1 4 ) stout poi nted padd l e setae wi th barb and s p i ke setae on coxa of l eg 1 . L i ne
of hooked s tout setae on trochante r . ( F i g . 2 1 3 ) Padd l e setae on coxa of l eg 2 s touter
with barb . Note L i ne of hooked setae on troch . of l eg 2. S p i ne s ( F i g . 2 1 2 ) Leg 1 . P a i r
of a p i c a l t i b i a l s p i nes . ( F i g . 2 1 1 ) Pai r of a p i c a l t i b i a l s p i nes , l eg 2 . ( F i g . 2 1 9 ) 4
s p i nes on apex of met . of l eg 2 . ( F i g . 220 ) 8 s p i nes on apex of met . Labi um/sternum
( F i g . 2 1 0 ) For l ayout of cuspu l es /granu l es on l ab i um and s i g i l l a on s ternum - see i l l ­
ustrati on . N o t i b i al s pur. ( F i g . 2 1 2 ) P a l p a l bu l b ( F i gs . 2 1 6 - 2 1 7 ) . Note d i s t i nct s h ape
made up of p r i mary curved embo l us and second ary projec t i on s . P r i mary embo l u s f l anged .
Col our I ntegument , near l y b l ac k w i th greyi sh brown h a i r s , . Abdomen , greyi s h brown w i t h
l on g redd i sh grey h a i r s . Legs have a p a l e p i n k tuft on a l l j o i nts a n d l on g redd i sh
grey setae .
Remarks .
Pocock states i n h i s paper 1899 p . 84 3 , that l eg 1 i s mi s s i n g . On study i n g type i n
BMNH I found t h i s not to be s o . H ab i tat Equatori a l rai n forest . No behavi oural data .
Synonymi e s L aurent ( Rev . Zool . Bot . Afr i c . { 34 ) 4 p . 305 ) notes that he bel i eved that
the f o l l owi ng spec i e s were synonymous w i th P . b i dentata ( 1 ) Myo s t o l a occ i dental i s ( non
Lucas ) Strand 1 g 20 Arch . F . N atg . 85 ( Al 2 ) p . 104 . ( 2 ) Hysterocrates sever i n i , Strand
1920 Arch . F . Natg . 85 ( A l 2 ) p . 105 . ( 3 ) Uman g i a uman g i ana Strand 1 920 - as above p . 106
He a l so l i st s a ser i es of spec i mens i n the Mu s . de Congo and the MRHN - B e l g i um from
Z a i re wh i c h be be l i eves are congeners of P . b i dentata , My great concern i s that L aurent
rel i ed heav i l y upon c arapace pat+t i b and s ternum equat i on s and it is my experi ence
that th i s i s a very unre l i ab l e taxonom i c too l . I t h u s feel that much of L auren t ' s re­
v i s i on work mu s t be p l aced in abeyance un t i l h i s spec i mens are redescr i bed .

Spec i es b i dentata i turi ensi s L aurent 1 946 Z a i re .

Ref. Laurent 1 94 6 . Rev . Zool . Bot . Afr i c . ( 3 4 ) 4 p . 307 .
Spec i men Ma l e col l ec t i on Mu s . de Congo . RG 1 4401 . Not exam i ned .
D i stri but i on Wamba ( K i b a l i - I turi ) , Z a i re .
Remarks .
L aurent ' s subspecies must be v i ewed w i th great trep i d at i o n . The Mu s . de Congo spec i ­
men , by h i s accoun t , i s i de n t i c a l w i t h the s t and ard forms o f P . b i dentata except for
the f ac t that the cep h a l othorax i s l onger . It i s h i gh l y l i k e l y that when t h i s spec i men
i s redescri bed i t wi l l be found to be synonymous wi th P . b i dentat a .

211

• H
r:::>:- :·j 2 20 219
UM
["/· -.:·: ·�-�
..
I ) 212
 49

\
\\\ \ 1 1 I1 1;
\ I
I
I
221
( F i g s . 2og-220) P h . b i dentata ( Ma l e ) ( 2 1 0 ) Labi um/s ternum. ( 2 1 1 ) T i b i al s p i nes , l eg 2 .
( 21 2 ) T i b i al s p i nes ' l eg 1 . ( 21 3 ) Troch/coxa , l eg 2 . ( 2 1 4 ) Troch/cox a , l eg 1 . ( 2 1 5 )
Spi nneret . ( 21 6 -2 1 7 ) P a l p a l bu l b . ( 2 1 8 ) Ocu l ar tuberc l e/c l ypeu s . ( 2 1 9 ) Met . s p i nes l eg After Berl and
2 . ( 220) Met . s p i nes l eg s 3 , 4 .

( F i g . 221 ) P h . bouvieri ( Fema l e ) . ( 22 1 ) T i b i a l s p i nes , l eg 1 .

Descr i p t i on ( Fema l e ) ( F i g . 222 ) Length 6lmm . Carapace 25x23 . 5 . Che l i cerae 8mm . P a l p
( F i g . 221 ) 40mm . Leg 1 { 63mm . ) Leg 2 ( 53mm . ) Leg 3 ( 4 7mm . ) Leg 4 ( 6 lmm . ) . Legs 1 , 4 , 2 , 3 Note Leg 1
Spec i e s bouvi eri Ber l and 1 9 1 7 Madagascar . l on ger and more robust than l eg 4 . C arapace l arge and roun d . W i dth a l mo s t e q u a l to
l engt h . Foveal groove procurved . Cl ypeus ( F i g . 228) moderate l y w i d e . Femur of p a l p ( F i g
Ref. Ber l and 1 9 1 7 . B u l l . Mus . H i s t . Nat . P ar i s 23 ( 7 ) p . 46 9 .
227 ) l ong brush o f h a i r . Length o f p a l p extends beyond t i b . o f l eg 1 . Spines ( F i g 226 )
Spec imen MNHP . N o t exami ned .
3 s p i nes at apex of met . of l eg 4 . 2 s p i nes ( F i g . 230) at apex of t i b . of l eg 1 . Legs
Conman name Madagascar red . not heav i l y s p i ned at j o i nts . S tr i du l at i ng organ ( F i g . 223 ) stout s p i ke setae wi th n o
D i stribution Tananar i v e , Madag ascar .
Descr i p t i on Length 53mm . Carapace 24 x20mm . Che l i cerae 7mm . Abdomen 22mm . P a l p 4 7 mm . barb on c o x a of l eg 1 . L i ne of s t i ffened hooked s e t a e on trochanter . No hooked setae
L e g 1 ( 68mm . ) Leg 2 ( 6 lmm. ) Leg 3 ( 55mm . ) Leg 4 mi ss i n g Carapace o n l y s l i gh t l y l on ger on trochanter of l eg 2. Labium /sternum ( F i g . 224 ) . For l ayout of cuspul es/gran u l es on
l ab i um and s i g i l l a - see i l l u s tr at i o n . Note l abi o - s ternum mou nds on suture - u n u s u a l
Spi nes ( F i g . 221 ) 7 -8 s p i nes o n apex o f t i b i a o f l eg 1 . Length o f p a l p short - � x tends
than w i d e round i sh . Foveal groove st ron g l y procu rved . Sternum l onger than w i d e .
f o r g e n u s a l t hough present i n other genera of s ubfami l y . e . g . Eumenophorus - S i erra
Leone . Spennathecae ( F i g . 229) Di s t i net semi n a l recept ac l e pouches . Hab i tat Mi xed
only h a l f way up the t i b . of l eg 1 . C o l o u r . brown -red . One pres umes brown wi th red
equator i al rai nfores t and trop i c al gras s l and . Co l l ec t i on data i nd i cates burrowi n g
setae . spec i es . N o t e Type Deposi ted i nto t h e BMNH col l ec t i on
Remarks .
_ Leg 4 i s m i s s i ng thus one pres umes that L � urent has p l umped for the genus
Phoneyusa on the bas i s that the tarsus of l eg 3 i s not d i v i ded and that the foveal
groove i s procurved . He makes no men t i on of a stri d u l at i n g organ , thus one aga i n pre­
s umes that t h i s goes wi thout men t i on and that he removed l eg 1 to determi ne the sub­
fami l y .

Speci e s buttneri Karsch 1886 G abon . 230

Ref . K ar sch 1886 . Berl i n E n t . Zei tschr . 30 ( 1 ) p . 83 .
Spec imen Type not l oc ated .
D i stri but i on S i bange F arm , G abon . 229
Remark s .
Pocock ( 1899 Ann . Mag . N a t . H i s t . p . 84 2 ) notes t h a t t h e descri � t i on o f t h e s ternum 226
i n K arsch ' s paper is very s i mi l ar to the spec i men wh i ch h e redes c r i bed as P. occ i dent­
a l is ( Lucas ) 1899 p . 84 2 . He cone l udes th � t becau � e Karsch ' s d es.cri p t i on l acks detai l
i t i s i mpos s i b l e to draw any f i rm conc l u s i on s u nt i l P . buttner1. i s redescri_ bed .

( F i gs . 222 - 230 )

Species c e l e r i eri New spec i es I vory Coa s t .

Ref . Smi th 1 990 . Tarantu l as O f Africa And T h e M i dd l e E as t .
Specimen Type BMNH . Para type VHWS . AF . 1 58 . Dr . Mar i e-Lou i se Ce l er i er .
D i str i bution Bouna P ark , I vory Coas t . Co l l ec ted by Jean -Mar i e Lerau x , May ' 82 .
Coamon name I vory Coast Grand Baboon . 227
50
Speci e s cheval i eri S i mon 1906 W . Afr i c a .
Ref . S i mon 1 909 . B u l l . Mus . H i s t . Nat . P ar i s 1 2 p . 189 .
Speci me n ( Fema l e ) S i mon co l l ec t i on MNHP . Not exami ned .
( F i gs . 231 - 232 )

Spec i e s c u l tri dens Ber l and 1 9 1 7 Z a i re .

Ref . Ber l and 19 1 7 . B u l l . Mu s . H i s t . Nat . Par i s 23 ( 7 ) p . 4 7 2
L aurent 1 94 6 . Rev . Zool . Bot . Afr i c . 34 ( 4 ) p . 308 .
Spec i men Type 1 904 co l l ec t i o n MNHP . Col l ected by E . Taymons . Congeners Mus . de Congo
Bel g . Mal e R6 5 2 1 2 ( Barumbo/Stan l eyv i l l e ) . RG 1 4402 ( Kanda/Sankur a ) .
Common n ame Russet s tarbu rst baboon .
D i s tri buti on K as sa i , Z a i r e .
Descri p t i on Mal e . ( Type ) Length 34mm . Carapace 1 7 x l 5mm . P a l p 4 1 . 5mm . L e g 1 ( 70 . 5mm . )
228 Leg 2 ( 67mm . ) Leg 3 ( 6 lmm . ) Leg 4 ( 75 . 5mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . P a l p extends one-ha l f of
t i b . of l eg 1 . C arapace , f l at . Legs , re l at i vely short in r e l a t i on to c arapace than
P . b i dentata . P a l p a l b u l b ( F i gs 2 3 1 - 2 32 ) . S i mi l ar to b i dentata but the l ower projec­
t i on i s consi der a b l y more curved - rather hook l i ke in s hape . ( F i g . 232 ) Ante r i o r face
of embo l u s has a s p i r a l f l ange as in b i dentata. Data i n p aper l i mi ted . Col our tawny
russet wi th r ad i at i ng l i nes of setae on c arapace - wh i te h a i r s o n l eg j o i n t s . H a b i t a t
M i xed trop i c a l forest . No behav i oural d a t a .

) 223
224
After Berl and

( F i g s . 231-232 ) Ph . c u l t r i dens ( M a l e ) ( 23 1 ) P a l p a l b u l b . ( 232 ) embo l u s .

225
( F i gs . 233 - 243 )

Spec i e s e fu l i en s u s ( New s pec i es ) Cameroon .

Ref . Smi th 1 990 . Tarantu l as Of Afr i c a And The M i dd l e E as t .
Spec i men Type BMNH 1905- V l - 1 3 - 2 - 5 . Note t i cketed i n the BM co l l ec t i o n a s the fema l e
o f P . b i dentat a . O n study i n g the s pec i men I be l i eve i t t o be a new spec i es .
Common name Efu l en baboon .

.
Di stri bution E fu l en , C ameroon , 70 mi l es east of K r i b i .
Descri p t i on ( F i g . 233 ) Length 56 . 5mm . Carapace 24 . 5xl8mm . Chel i cerae 7mm . P a l p 35mm .
Leg 1 ( 5 7mm . ) Leg 2 ( 49mm . ) Leg 3 ( 47mm . ) Leg 4 ( 6 7mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Leg 4 s l i gh t l y
s touter than l eg 1 . Carapace l onger than w i d e . Che l i cerae ( F i g . 234 ) h a s b l ack tuber­
c l es - u n u s u a l for genu s . C l ypeus ( F i g . 243) Moderately w i d e . Pal p Length exceeds t i b .
( F i gs . 222-230) P h c e l eri eri ( Fema l e ) ( 22 3 ) Troch/coxa of l e g 1 . ( 224 ) Lab i um/s ternum o f l eg 1 . S p i nes ( F i g . 239) 6 s p i nes a t base o f met . of l eg 1 . Tarsus ( F i g . 240) tar­
( 22 5 ) S p i nneret . ( 226 ) Met/tarsu s . Met s p i nes of l eg 4 . ( 22 7 ) A/f . of femur of p a l p . s a l scapu l ae of l eg 4 not d i v i ded . Stri du l at i ng organ ( F i g . 236 ) Broad .Padd l e and
( 228) Ocu l ar tuberc l e/c l ypeu s . ( 22 9 ) Spermathecae - semi n a l receptac l es . ( 2 30 ) T i b i al s p i ke setae on coxa of l eg 1 . Row of s tout hooked setae on trochanter . ( F i g . 237 ) Pad-
s p i nes of l e g 1 .
 51
d l e setae on coxa of l eg 2 has barb . No hooked setae on troc h an ter . Labi um/sternum
( F i g . 2 3 5 ) For l ayout of c u s p u l es/gran u l es and s i g i l l a - s ee i l l us t r a t i on . Spermathecae
( F i g . 242 ) Semi n a l recep t ac l e pouches oval . Col ou r In s p i r i t u n i form redd i sh brown
w i t h l i ghter setae . Habi tat E quator i a l rai nforest and c l eared gras s l and . No behav i ou r ­
a l data .

-------

243

235
234

( F i g s . 233-243 ) Ph . eful i ensi s ( Femal e ) ( 234 ) C he l i cerae . ( 23 5 ) Labi um/ s ternum. ( 236 )
Troch/coxa of l eg 1 . ( 23 7 } Troch/coxa of l eg 2 . ( 23 8 ) Coxa of p a l p . ( 239 ) Met . s p i ne s
of l eg 1 . ( 24 0 ) Tarsus of l e g 4 . ( 2 4 1 ) S p i nneret s . ( 24 2 ) Spermathecae . ( �4 3 ) Ocu l ar
tuberc l e/c l ypeus .

( F i g . 244 )

Spec i e s e l ephanti as i s Berl and 1 9 1 7 Zaire.

Ref . Berl and 1 9 1 7 . B u l l . Mus . H i s t . N a t . P ar i s 23 ( 7 ) p . 4 70 ( Femal e ) .
L aurent 1946. Rev . Zoo l . Bot . Afr i c . 34 ( 4 ) p . 305 .
Speci men Type MNHP 1 904 . Congeners Mus . de Congo , B e l g i um . RG 1 4410 ( M a l e RG 1 44 1 1 .
Conmon name E l ephant l e g baboon .
Di stri buti on M . Bomou , French Congo . Kununga d i s t r i c t , Tshoa , Z a i r e .
Desc r i pt i on Length 4lmm . Carapace l8xl6mm . Sternum 8x8mm . P a l p 39mm . L e g 1 ( 60mm . )
Leg 2 ( 50mm . ) Leg 3 ( 45mm . ) Leg 4 ( 52 . 5mm . ) . Legs 1 , 4 , 2 , 3 . Note Leg 1 i s cons i de r a b l y
greater i n both l ength and t h i ckness t o l eg 4 . Major di agno s t i c feature i s t h e i nc r a s ­

\
s ate/swo l l en t i b i a ( F i g . 244 ) of l eg 1 . Carapace a l most as w i d e a s l on g , round i s h .
Length of p a l p extends one- h a l f of t i b . l eg 1 , short . Co l our Tawny russet , very d a r k .
241 H ab i tat Tro p i c a l fores t and bush gras s l and . No behav i ou r a l d a t a .
239

244 After Berl and

( F i g . 244 ) P h . e l ephant i as i s ( Femal e } ( 24 4 ) Leg 1 . Note i nc r a s s ate t i b i a .

240
52
Spec i e s gabon i c a ( S i mon 1888 ) Gabon . a pai r of s p i nes . T i b . of l eg 3 , 3 s p i ne s . N o t i b i a l spur . P a l p a l b u l b ( F i g . 2 5 2 ) emb­
o l u s l on g and taper i ng - wi th st rong abs a l keel . Colour ( Pocock ) deep brown c l o thed
w i t h b r i ght redd i s h setae . Sp i r i t ( u n i form brown ) . Habi tat Z a i re/Kenyan bor � er area ,
Ref . Pel i n ob i u s gabon i ca S i mon 1888 . Ac t . Soc . L i n n . Bord . 42 p . 4 1 3 .
Myo s to l o g . Roewer 1952 . Cat . Araneae Bremen p . 26 1 .
Pel i nob i u s . R aven . B u l l . Am . Mus . Nat . H i s t . ( 182 ) p . 1 5 7 . Temperate mountai n fores t .
Spec i men Presumed to be the S i mon c o l l ec t i on MNHP . Remarks .
D i stri bution Gabon . Note Pocock voi ced s u sp i c i on s ( p . 76 1 ) that Ph . ectypus ( S i mon 1888 ) was synonymous
Remarks . w i th P h . gregori -
S i mon as s i gned gaboni ca i n 1888 t o the genus Pe l i nob i u s . Roewer i n h i s catal ogue
Araneae 1 95 2 , for reasons u nexp l a i ned , transferred g abon i c a to the genus Myosto l a . I t
i s u n l i ke l y that g abon i ca meets Raven ' s new taxonomi c c r i teri a for i n c l u s i on i n the
genus Phoneyusa - based on R aven ' s v i ew that the genus Pel i nobi us i s synonymous w i th
Phoneyusa ( See Pel i no bi us ) . ------
Spec i es g i l tayi L aurent 1946 Zaire.
Ref . L au rent 1 946 . Rev . Zoo l . Bot . Afr i c . ( 34 ) p . 31 4 .
Spec i men Type MRHNN - B e l g i um . ( Ma l e ) Not exami ned .
Co111110n name Congo orange .
D i stri bution C h i mban z a , Z a i r e .
Desc r i pt i on Leng t h . N o data . Cep h . 1 3 x l lmm . Sternum 5x4 . 5mm . L ab i um 2x2mm . Pal p
22 . 5mm . Leg 1 ( 53 . 5mm . ) Leg 2 ( 49 . 5mm . ) Leg 3 ( 45mm . ) Leg 4 ( 55 . 5mm . ) . Femur of p a l p
extends j u s t p a s t the pat . o f l eg 1 . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Leg 4 s l i gh t l y l onger than l eg 1 . 253
Legs l on g and t h i n . S p i ne s T i b i a of a l l l eg s have a pai r of ap i ca l s p i nes . 5 s p i nes at
apex of met . of l eg 4 . P a l pal bulb resemb l es Ph. gregori . Col our Orange brown . Hab i tat
No data .
Remarks
L aurent ' s paper l ac k s deta i l and h i s i den t i f i cat i on i s based heav i l y on c arapace +
pat+t i b equat i on s and the ocu l ar arran gement - both unre l i ab l e taxonom i c too l s . I t i s
a l so d i ff i c u l t to dec i d e whether he me ans one o r two p a i r s o f s p i nes a t the apex of
the t i b i as of a l l l eg s .
A spec i e s wh i ch urgen t l y needs redes cr i b i n g .

Spec ie s graci l i pe s ( S i mo n 1888 ) Congo .

Ref . Harpoxother i a g . S i mon 1888 . Act . Soc . L i n n . Bord . 42 p . 4 1 4 .
P h . g . Pocock 1897 . Ann . Mag . Nat . Hi s t . p . 761 .
Speci men S i mon col l ec t i on . MNHP . ( Not exami ned ) .
D i stri but i on L andan a , Congo .
Descr i pt ion ( Data l i mi ted ) Mal e carapace l lmm . The l ength of l eg i s more than 4 x the
l ength of the carapac e . There are a l s o 8-10 s p i ne s on the apex of the t i b . of l eg 1 .

( F i gs . 245 - 254 )

Spec i es gregori Pocock 1897 Kenya.

Ref. Pocock 189 7 . P roc . Zool . Soc . Lond . p . 76 1 .
L aurent 1 94 6 . Rev . Zool . Bot . Afr i c . 34 ( 4 ) p . 3 1 2 .
Specimen BMNH ( Ma l e ) 1893 - 1 1 - 9 - 1 2 ( Type bad l y d amaged ) . Col l ected by J . W . Gregory .
Congener 1 9 6 7 - 1 - co l l ected by Dr . D . M . Mu s te r , K i boko . Mus . de Congo . Congeners ( Fe­
mal e ) RG4098 . ( Ma l e ) RG42 2 1 . RG14 4 - 6 .
D i stribution ( Type ) K i l ungu ( l veti Mount a i n s ) K i boko, Kenya . Mus . de Congo . Spec i mens
Z a i re/Kenya fron t i e r .
Co111110n name M a s a i Red .
Synonyms ( L aurent 1 946 p . 3 1 2 ) P h . ectypus S i mon 1888 . Ph . n i groventri s ( Marx 1893) -
See Remark s . 254
Descr i p t i on ( M a l e ) Congeners 1967- 1 . Length 52mm . C arapace 25x20mm . Che l i cerae 6mm .
P a l p 4 lmm . Leg 1 ( 69mm . ) Leg 2 ( 63mm . ) Leg 3 ( 6 lmm . ) Leg 4 ( 80mm . ) Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Leg 1
very s l i gh t l y thi cker or equ a l to l eg 4 . Legs 2 , 3 a l most equal i n l ength . Pal p extends
beyond t i b . of l e g 1 . Carapace con s i derab l y l onger than w i d e . C l ypeus ( F i g . 252 ) mod­
erate l y w i d e . Foveal groove gen t l y procurved . Femur of p a l p ( F i g . 2 5 1 ) has d i s t i nc t
brush of h a i r on p/f . Str i d u l at i ng organ ( F i g . 246 ) s tout rounded padd l e setae a n d
s hort s p i kes on coxe of l eg 1 . R o w of hooked setae on troch . o f l eg 1 . Labi um/sternum
( F i g . 24 7 ) l ab i um , l on g and s h arp l y rounded . For l ayout of granul es/cuspu l es and
s i g i l l a - See i l l u strat i on . Femur of l eg 4 , i ncras s ate/swo l l en . Spi nes ( F i g . 2 4 8 )
Anter i or f a c e of t i b . o f l eg 1 h a s 3 s p i nes . Exteri or face 2 s p i nes . T i b i a of l eg s 3 , 4
 53

After Dresco

254b

( F i gs . 245-254) P h . gregori ( Ma l e ) ( 24 6 ) Troch/coxa of l eg 1 . ( 24 7 ) Labi um/ s ternum .

( 24 8 ) T i b i a l s p i nes of l eg 1 . ( 249 ) Coxa of p a l p . ( 25 0 ) A/f . femur of p a l p . ( 2 5 1 ) P/f .
femur of p a l p . ( 2 5 2 ) P a l p a l b u l b . ( 25 3 ) Ocu l ar tuberc l e/c l ypeus . ( 2 54 ) S p i n neret .

( F i gs . 254A - 254L )

Speci es l esserti Dresco 1973 Central Afr i can Repu b l i c .

Ref. Dresco 1973 . B u l l . Soc . E n t . I ta l y . p . 105 .
Speci men Type I n st . Ent . Agr . Un i v . P av i a , I ta l y .
Di stri but i on Boukok o , M ' B ai l , Rep . of Central Afr i ca . C o l l ected by D r . Fanfan i . P ro f .
Pavan .
254 1 2 54m
Conrnon name Boukoko brown .
Descri ption ( M a l e ) Length 47ITITI . Ceph . 22 . 5x 20 . 5mm . Sternum 1 2mm . C l ypeus ( F i g . 2 6 5 a )
moderate l y wi de to w i de . Foveal groove procurved . C arapace s l i gh t l y l onger t h a n w i de .
round i s h . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . N o data o n p a l p of l e g meas urements . Labi um/ sternum ( F i g . 265b )
For l ayout of granu l es/cuspu l es and s i g i l l a - See i l l u strat i on . L ab i um as l on g a s
w i d e . Spi n e s ( F i g . 265e) 9/10 s p i nes on ante r i or f ace of a p e x of t i b . of l eg 1 . 3
spi nes on posterior f ace . ( F i g . 265f ) 4/5 s p i nes on anter i or f ace of apex of t i b . of
l eg 2. ( F i g . 265g) Two pairs of s p i nes on apex of t i b . of l eg 4. P a l p a l bu l b ( F i gs .
265c . d . e ) . Note c l os e l y rel ated to P h . b i dentat a . Co l o u r brown w i th tawny f awn pubes­ 254h 2 54j
cence . ( F ema l e ) Length 68mm . Cephal othorax 30x23mm . Sternum 1 4 . 4 x l l mm .
Remarks .
Dresco ' s descr i p t i on o f the f eina l e l atk s u s e f u l taxonomi c detai l and n o l eg and ( F i gs . 254a- 2 5 4 1 ) Ph. l esserti ( Ma l e ) ( 25 4 a ) Oc u l ar tuberc l e/cl ypeus . ( 25 4 b ) L ab i um/
palp measurements , on l y a poo r l y executed i l l ustrat i on of the spermathecae ( F i g . 265h ) s ternum. ( 254c-254d) P a l p a l bu l b . ( 25 4 e ) T i b i a l s p i nes , l eg 1 . ( 254f ) Ti b i a l sp i nes ,
and the u n u s u a l l o p - s i ded arrangement of the s p i nes at the apex of the t i b i a . (Fig. l eg 2 . ( 254g ) T i b i a l s p i nes , l eg 4 . ( Femal e ) ( 25 4 h ) Spermathecae-receptac l es . ( 254m)
265j ) Leg 1 ( F i g . 265 i ) Leg 2 ( F i g . 265k ) Leg 3 ( F i g . 265 1 ) Leg 4 - i nd i cate u sefu l T i b i al s p i nes , l eg 3. ( 254i ) T i b i a l s p i nes , l eg 1 . ( 254j ) T i b i a l s p i nes , l eg 2 .
taxonom i c too l s . . ( 2541 ) Ti bi al s p i nes , l eg 4 .

254a Habi tat

Ref. Fanfani 197 1 . Acc . L i nce i . Rend . C l . S c i . F i s . Mat . Nat . 51 ( 1 - 2 ) p. 65-69 .
Prof . M Pavan between 1963-64 s u pp l ied a number of spec imens of Ph . l es s erti to Fanfani
for l aboratory researc h . The spec i mens were col l ected from Boukoko-La Maboke , 1 2 0 Km .
South of Bangui i n the Central Af r i c an Repub l i c . The spec imens were found i n mi xed
trop i ca l wood l and and c l eared gras s l and , s i nk i ng burrows i n to the l oamy subs trata of
up to 44cm . deep wi th a 7-8 cm. chamber at the base .
54 S pec i e s mani c ata S i mon 1907 I s l and of P r i n c i pe .
Ref . S i mon 1 907 . Ann . Mu s . C i v . Geneva 43 p . 224 .
Spec i men Type Z u r i c h col l ection - not exami ned .
Di stri but i on Roco a , I s l and of P r i n c i p e .
Descri pt i on ( Femal e ) Ceph . 1 9 . 5x l 8 . L e g 1 ( 5 7 . 2mm . ) L e g 2 52 . 2mm . ) L e g 3 ( 4 7mm . )
Leg 4 ( 59mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Note Tarsus of p a l p has a swo l l en dorsal surface s i mi l ar
to Hysterocrates d i dymus . Col o u r brown w i t h d i s t i nct l i gh t l i nes on l eg s . Setae l on g ­
i sh . B l ac k granu l es on dorsal surface of che l i cerae .
Remarks
L at i n tran s l at i on paper l ac k s taxonomi c detai l - i n need of redesc r i p t i on .

P honeyu s a l es serti Spec i e s mutic us ( K arsch 1886 ) Kenya .

Ref . Pel i no b i u s m . Karsch 1886 . Jahrb . Hamb . Wi s s . Ans t . 2 p . 134 .
Boukoko 1 20 m . south of Bangu i . Raven 1 984 . Vol . 182 . p . 1 5 7 .
Central Afr i can Repub l i c . Remarks . See genus Pel i no b i us .

Ref. Fanfani 1 9 7 1 Acc . L i ncei . Spec ies princ i p i a S i mon 1 907 I s l and of Pri ncl pe .
Rend . C l . Sci . F i s . Mat . Ref . S i mon 1 90 7 . Ann . Mus . C i v . Geneva 43 p . 22 4 .
Nat . 51 ( 1 - 2 ) p . 6 5 . Spec imen Type Zuri ch col l ec t i on - not exami ned .
D i stri buti on Rocoa , I s l and of P r i nc i pe , Gu l f of G u i nea .
Descri pti on ( Fema l e ) Cep h . 22x20. Legs 1 , 4 , 2 , 3 . Legs 1 , 4 a l mo s t equal . Leg 1 ( 59 . 5mm . )
Leg 2 ( 5 4 . 5mm . ) Leg 3 ( 46 . 5mm . ) Leg 4 ( 58 . 5mm . ) . Ceph . l onger than pat+t i b of l eg 4 .
Tarsus of p a l p norma l . L i nes on l eg s subt l e .
Remarks
S i mon ' s descri ption l ac k s detai l s i mp l y bei n g a negat i ve contras t wi th Ph . man i cata .
Theraphos i d f auna of t h e I s l and of Pr i nc i pe i s very much i n need of redescr i pt i o n .

3 , OOO f t .

burrows/forest .

After Ber l and

255a
gras s l and

( F i g . 255a)

rufa Berl and 1 9 1 4 E ast Afri c a .

Ber l and 1914 . Aran 1 . i n Voy. A l l eaund-Jeannel Afr . /Ori ent p . 86 .
Spec imen MNHP . Pari s col l ec t i o n ( No t exami ned ) .
Di stri but i on K i bwezi ( Af r i c a Ang l a i se ) l i ke l y to be Kenya .
Common name K i bwez i s andy-red baboon .
Descri pti on ( Ma l e ) Length 26mm. Ceph . 1 2 x l lmm . Legs . Leg 1 ( 42mm . ) Leg 2 ( 38mm . ) Leg
3 ( 37mm . ) Leg 4 ( 4 7mm. ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . No data on s i ze of p al p . Carapace equal to p at+
P honeyus a l es sert i t i b . of l eg 2. Labi um l onger than w i de . No s p i n e s at apex of t i b i a of l egs 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 .
Pal pal b u l b embol u s l on g and tape r i n g - sweep i ng upwards , two-th i rds o f l ength . ( F i g .
254 a ) . Col our u n i form redd i sh -brown wi th fawny s andy-red h a i r s . Leg j o i nts , p a l e .
Habi tat No data.
 55
Speci es rut i l ata ( S i mon 1 907 ) G u i nea B i s s au .
Ref . Loxophobema ret i l at a . S i mon 1 907 . Ann . Mus . C i v . Geneva 43 p . 225 ( F ema l e ) .
Speci men Z ur i ch col l ec t i on . ( Not exami ned ) .
Di stri buti on Bol ama , Gui nea B i s s au . ( Portuguese Gu i nea ) .
Remarks See Loxophobema.

( F i g s . 255 - 262 )

Speci es westi ( New spec i e s ) Ango l a .

Ref . Smi th 1990. Tarantu l as O f Afr i c a And The M i dd l e E as t .
Speci men BMNH 1 0 - 1 1 - 29-3�5 . c o l l ected by Dr. Ansorge 1 900 .
Co111110n name Dando gol d .
D i stri bution Dando , N . Ango l a .
Etymology N amed after the C anad i an arachno l og i s t R i c k Wes t .
Desc r i pt i on ( Femal e ) Length 72mm . C arapace 28x24mm . Che l i cerae 7mm . Pal p 39mm . Leg 1
( 6 5mm . ) Leg 2 ( 56mm . ) Leg 3 ( 54mm . ) Leg 4 ( 7 1mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Leg 1 s touter than
l eg 4 . Leg 4 l ong and t h i n . Carapace s l i gh t l y l onger than w i d e , rounded . C lypeus ( F i g .
262 ) moderat e l y w i de t o narrow. Foveal groove w i d e - procurved . Femur of p a l p extends
past t i b . of l eg 1. Labi um/ sternum ( F i g . 256 ) . For l ayout of gran u l es/cuspu l es and
s i g i l l a - see i l l ustrat i on . Stri du l at i ng organ ( F i g . 257 ) stout but l ong p add l e setae
and s p i ke setae on coxa of l e g 1 . Row of hooked setae on troch . of l eg 1 . ( F i g . 258) .
Stout s p i ke setae w i t h barb on cox a of l eg 2 . scattered! s t i ff setae on troch . of l eg 2 .
Femur of p a l p has brush of h a i r on poster i o r f ac e . S p i nes ( F i g . 260) 6 spi nes at apex
of met . l eg 4 . Spermathecae ( F i g . 26 1 ) Two pouches contai n i n g two bas i c oval semi n a l
receptac l es . Col our ( sp i r i t ) u n i form brown wi th gol den setae . H ab i t at grassl and and

�
bush wood l an d . Burrowi n g spec i e s .
Remarks .
The col l ector , Dr Ansorge ( 1 2th Ju l y 1 900 ) wrote o f the spec i men " The b i te o f these
s p i ders is st ated by European res i dents of many years stand i n g to be i nev i t a b l y fatal , 260
death res u l t i ng resu l t i ng i n a d ay or two , or i n some cas�s wi thi n a year after grad ­
u a l emac i at i on " . Note I t must be remembered that i n pre - an t i b i ot i c d ays many tro p i c a l

/
m< 1 'd i n "" f<t<l

257

258 ( F i g s . 255-26 2 ) Ph. westi ( Femal e ) ( 25 6 ) Labi um/sternum. ( 25 7 ) Troch/coxa of l eg 1 .

( 258 ) Troch/coxa of l eg 2 . ( 259 ) Spi n nere t . ( 26 0 ) Met . s p i nes , l eg 4 . ( 26 1 ) Spermath­
ecae . ( 26 2 ) Ocu l ar tuberc l e/cl ypeus .
56
p i stri b ut i on The genus Stromatope l ma i n i t i a l l y l ooks as i f i t i s confi ned to Equator­
i a l Wes t Afr i ca - spec i f i c a l l y the Gu l f of G u i nea reg i on . I ts most norther l y range
appears to be Gu i nea - i ts most southern N. Ango l a . Data l i m i ted on penetrat i on of
Afr i can h i nterl and - but probab l y Z a i re and Central Afri c a .
The most commom spec i es of the genus i s Stromatop e l ma c a l ceata wh i ch has been found
Genu s S t romatop e l ma K ar s c h 1 88 1 . Former l y Scod r a . rang i n g from Gui nea to the Cameroons - a range of some 3 , 000 mi l e s .
Ref. Scodra . Becker 187 9 . Ann . Soc . E n t . Be l g i um 22 p . 142 .
Stromatope l m a . Karsch 1881 . Ber l i n E n t . Z i etschr 25 p . 218 . Map o f D i s tr i bu t i o n .
Stromatope lma . Raven 1 984 . B u l l . Ame r . Mus . Nat . H i s tory ( 182 ) p . 1 58 .
Gene r i c type Stromatope l ma . Karsch ZMB - Ber l i n .
Synonymy
For many years the we l l known gene r i c name for these arboreal Afr i c an s p i ders was
Scodra - but i n 1984 Raven d i scovered that the gene r i c name Scodra was a l ready occu­
p i ed by an earl i er butter f l y gen u s , Scodra Hei nemann 185 9 . As two zoo l og i c a l groups
may not have the s ame gene r i c name , Raven was forced to seek out a l ater gene r i c n ame
assoc i ated wi t h these s p i ders , wh i c h proved to be Stromatopelma Karsch 1881 .
Remarks
Stromatopel ma cal ceata was one of the ear l i e st therapho s i d s p i ders di scovered , hav­
i ng been named by F abri c i u s in 1 793 , b ased on a f ragmentary spec i men from Gu i nea and
p l aced under the vague e ar l y t axonom i c group i n g Aranea - wh i ch s i mply means spi der .
Over the next 120 years s i x further spec i es were d i scovered i n Equator i a l Afr i c a
b u t s t i l l n o data had been c o l l ec ted wh i c h i nd i c ated t h e behav i oural pattern of- these
spi ders .
I n 1 981 Dr . Mar i e-Lou i se C e l er i er and Mr . Patr i ck B l andi n ( L aboratory Zool ogy Par i s
Museum) pub l i shed a deta i l ed su rvey o n the s p i der fauna o f Lamto , I vory Coas t - wh i ch
i nc l uded the f i rs t detai l ed data on the Theraphos i d s p i de r Scodra c a l ceat a . ( see h ab i ­
t at ) .
Up u n t i l 1984 the genus was associ ated w i t h the s ubfami l y Av i cu l ari nae - Petru n k ­ •
e v i tc h/Roewer/Bonnet . I n 1 984 R aven on study i ng type mater i a l c ame to the conc l u s i on
t h at the genus Stromatopelma was a der i v i t i ve from the subfami l y Eumenophor i nae - cer­
t a i n taxonom i c features such as the s tr i d u l at i ng organ h av i ng been l os t . I mus t admi t
that I who l e hearted l y concur wi th R aven ' s i n terpretat i on .
D i agnosi s
The s tr i du l at i ng organ on coxa/troch . of l egs 1 , 2 i n th i s genus h ave been l os t or 0

substant i a l l y reduced - the remnant b e i n g the l i ne of s t i ffened setae on the trochan­

j
ter of l egs 1 , 2 . Key.
Key features wh i ch are character i s t i c o f the E umenophor i n ae subfami l y are mounds on 1 c a l c eata
the l ab i o-s ternum suture , between the l ab i um and the sternum and a brush of s t i ffened/ 2 c a l ceata gri s e i pes
norma l setae on the retro l ateral f ac e of the p a l p a l femur , above and be l ow the s l as h 3) bates i
wh i ch e x i s t s i n the norma l setae . 4 ) brachypoda
Other taxonomi c features are the transverse foveal groove and the d i s t i nc t w i d e 5) fumi g at a
s copu l ae on the matatarsus and tars u s of a l l l egs . There i s no t i b i a l spur present i n 6 ) satanus
the ma l e s and the p a l p a l bu l b i s o f the bas i c taper i ng embo l u s form common i n t h i s 7) pachypoda
subfami l y . T h e spermathecae i n t h e fema l es i s of t h e s i mp l e bot t l e shape semi n a l re­ 8) strae l en i
ceptac l e form , once aga i n common in the E umenophor i nae subfami l y and what I bel i eve i s
a deri v i t i ve subfami l y , the I schnoco l i n ae . B a l anc i n g the key taxonom i c features Strom­
atope l ma has more i n common w i t h the E umenophor i n ae than I schnoco l i n ae .
Gener i c key
1 ) Str i du l at i ng organ l o s t or reduce d . Surv i v i n g character i st i cs be i ng the l i ne of
s t i ffened setae on the troch . of l egs 1 , 2 . L i st of spec i e s ( Stromatope l ma Scodra )
=

2 ) D i s t i nc t w i de scopu l ae o n me t . and tarsus o f al l l egs . bates i Pocock 1 902 brachypoda Pocock 1897 c a l ceata ( F abr i c i us 1 79 3 ) fumi gata Pocock
3 ) Brush of s t i ffened/normal setae on retro . /poste r i or f ac e of femur of p a l p . 1897 pachypoda Strand 1908 satanus Berl and 1 9 1 7 s trae l en i Roewer 1953 .
4 ) Mounds on l ab i o -s ternum suture . Synonomy
5 ) No t i b i a l spur .
6 ) Transverse s u bc i rc u l ar fovea l groove . Ma l e very n arrow . Not e . L aurent 194 3 . Bul l . Mus . Roy . H i s t . Nat . Be l g i um X l X ( 25 ) p . 4 . c ame to the
conc l us i on , on study i n g mater i a l i n the Bel g i um c o l l ec t i on , that gri seipes Pocock 1897
7 ) C l ypeus narrow/absent . was synonymous w i th c a l ceata Fabr i c i u s 1 7 g 3 .
O n study i n g type mater i a l a t the BMNH , I agree w i th Laurent that gri se i pes does not
warrant spec i es recogn i t i on - but t here is an argument ( see gri s e i pes F i gs 298-301 )
that a s u b spe c i e s status cou l d be app l i ed . e g . c a l ceata gri s e i pe s . New combi n at i o n .
 57
Habi tat/Behav iour.
Ref. Mar i e- Lou i se Ce l er i er and Patr i ck B l an d i n 1 981 . L ab . of Zool . P ar i s . No . 2 1 p . 9 ,
p . 101 .
C e l e r i er and B l an d i n carr i ed out a survey of the Lamto reg i on made up of forest and
s avanne/bush , in a j u nc t i on between the r i vers Bandama and N z i in Sou thern I voi re
( Cote de I vo i re / I vory Coas t ) .
Spec i men s of Stromatopelm a c a l ceata were found to i nh ab i t the h i gher reg i on s of
fern/pa l m trees - both in the l ower forest reg i on and in c l umps of p a l ms on the savan­
n a/bu s h - b u i l d i n g s i mp l e sheet webs between the base of the palm fronds .

grass/scrub l and .

Fores t .

Stromatopelma are arboreal

s p i ders wh i ch bu i l d a crude
tube web between the base of
p a l m fronds - some t h i rty to
forty feet above ground .
Stromatopel ma calceata
58
{ F i g s 263 - 2 7 1 )

Speci e s bates i Pocock 1 g o2 C ameroon .

Ref. Pocock 1 g o2 . Ann . Mag . Nat . H i s t . ( 7 ) 1 0 p . 3 1 5 ( Ma l e )
L aurent l g 4 3 . B u l l . Roy . H i st . Nat . Bel g . X l X { 2 5 ) p . 5 .
Specimen Type BMNH l g 0 3 - 6 - 30 - 3 1 -35 . Col l ec ted by Bates . Congeners MNH Be l g i um . S i te
Eal a 1 V - l g 36-V l - l g 35 . Mus . de Congo . S i te E a l a l v - 1 g 2 g - x - 1 g 36 . 3 - X - 1938 . S i te Baman i a
3 - 1 2 - 1936 .
Comnon n ame . E fu l en Feather l e g baboon .
Di stri b u t i on E fu l en , 70 m i l es from coastal port of Kri bi , Cameroon .
Desc r i p t i on Length 43mm . C arapace 1 7xl6mm . Chel 1 cerae 6mm . P a l p 33mm . Leg 1 { 52mm . )
Leg 2 ( 5 1 mm . ) Leg 3 ( 4 7mm . ) Leg 4 ( 56mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Leg 4 l onger than l eg 1 by
two - t h i rds of i ts tarsu s . Legs 1 , 2 a l most equ a l . Length of pal p one-th i rd of met . of
l eg 1. Unders i de of met . of l eg 1 ( F i g . 267 ) has a l on g brush of setae - wh i c h has a
strai ght edge . Labi um/sternum ( F i g . 264 ) D i s t i nct mounds on l ab i o/sternum s u ture - 26 g
s ternum has l on g project i n g edges . For l ayout of s i g i l l a , see i l l u strat i o n . Stri dul at­
ing organ Troc/coxa l eg 1 . ( F i g . 265 ) s tr i du l at i ng setae absent on coxa of l eg 1 - but
s tout setae can be found on the trochanter - in p l ace of a l i ne of hooked setae . Leg 2
i den t i c a l . Ocu l ar tubercl e ( F i g . 2 7 1 ) c l ypeus very n arrow/ absent - tuberc l e wi der t h an
l on g . No t i b i a l spur . Pal pal bu l b ( F i g s . 268-269 ) P a l p a l b u l b s i mi l ar to c a l ceata but
embo l u s tends to be s l i gh t l y s touter . Col our Carapace and abdomen s i m i l ar to St. brac­
hypoda as are the col our and pattern of the l egs . Spots and p atches in bates i tend to
be of the same dens i ty of col our . Note brush of setae ( F i g . 267 ) on unders i de of met .
o f l eg 1 . Hab i t a t Equatori a l rai nfores t . N o behavi oural data .

271

267 ,:
,

I
I

\ �-.

Figs. 263-271. Stromatopelma batesi ( 26� l ab i um/s ternum . { 26 5 ) Troch . /cox a , l e g 1 .

( 266 ) Troch . /coxa , l e g 2 . ( 26 7 ) Met . of l eg 1 . Note brush of scopu l ae . ( 268-269 ) P a l p ­
a l bu l b . ( 270 ) Spi nneret . ( 27 1 ) Ocu l ar tuberc l e/ c l ypeus .
 59
( F i gs 272 - 275 ) ( F i g s . 276 - 2 g o )

brachypoda Pocock 189 7 . Spec i e s c a l ceata ( F abr i c i u s 1 793 ) West Afri c a .

Spec i e s Ref .
Ref . Pocock 1897 . Proc . Zool . Soc . L on d . p . 7 57 . Aranea c . F abr i c i us 1793 E n t . Sys t . Aran . 2 p . 42 7 .
Specimen Type Paratype BMNH . ( Ma l e ) 1 895-5- 10-20-22 N i ge r . Co l l ec ted by Or . Cro s s e . Sc . aussereri Becker 1879 Ann . Soc . E n t . Be l g i um 2 2 p . 142 ( Fema l e ) .
Congeners . 93-1 - 9- 1 . Cape P a l mer . Type - not l oc ated .
Di s t r i bu t i on Asab a , Upper N i ger - presumed to be N i ger - but data vague . Upper N i ger Stromatopelma al ic ap i l l atum K a r s c h 1881 Ber l i n E n t . Z e i tschr 25 p . 21 8 . ( Ma l e -Fema l e )
r i ver· cou l d equ a l l y be Ma l i and G u i nea - and it is i n teres t i ng to note that congener S c . c . S i mon 1887 Ann . Soc . E n t . France ( 6 ) 7 p . 276 .
93-1- g - l was found at C ap e P a l mer , L i beri a . Thus it is poss i b l e that the spec i es i s S i mon 1892 H i s t . N a t . Ara i gn 1 ( 1 ) p . 1 74 .
l oc ated i n the Western equator i a l region - centred on G u i nea/L i be r i a . Sc . gr i se i pe s Pocock 1897 Proc . Zool . Soc . Lond . p . 756 .
Hyarachne horri d a Thore l l 18g 9 B i h . Svensk . Vet . Ak Hand l e 25 ( 4 - 1 ) p . 9 .
C0111Tio n name Ash ye l l ow feather l e g .
Descri p t i on ( Ma l e ) Length 28mm . C arapace 14xl3mm . c arapace rounded . Leg 1 ( 49mm . ) Sc . c . S i mon 1 907 Jahresh Ver . N aturk . Wurttbg 6 2 p . 35 .
Leg 2 ( 4 5mm . ) Leg 3 ( 39mm . ) Leg 4 ( 52mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Met . of l eg 1 ( F i g . 272 ) No Sc . c . L aurent 1943 Bul l . Roy . H i s t . Nat . B e l g . X l X 2 5 p . 2 .
brush of setae on under s i de of met of l eg 1 . - Key d i agnost i c feature . Labi um/sternum Spec imens Common w i t h i n many museum co l l ecti ons .
( F i g . 2 7 3 ) mounds of l ab i a/s ternum suture . For l ayout of cuspu l e s/granu l es and s i g i l l a Type MNHP 1 79 3 . F ragmente d . F abr i c i us c o l l ec t i on . Congeners BMNH 89-3- 7-2 . gri s e i p e s
see i l l ustrat i on . Ocu l ar tuber c l e ( F i g . 279 ) C l ypeus narrow . Tuberc l e wi der than l on g . (Mal e s ) 94-1 1 - 1 2- 1 . 1956-4-l g - 1 5 . Fema l e 9 1 - 10-10- 1 . MNH B e l g i um . 2 Femal e-L i ber i a .
Pal pal bu l b ( F i g . 274 ) s i mi l ar t o c a l c eata but embo l us r i ses sharp l y from b as e . Colour 1 Mal e-Ashan t i .
Prevai l i n g c o l ou r , ashy - ye l l ow i s h- grey . Str i at i ng l i nes in p at , t i b , met of a l l l eg s are Di str i bu t i on Common throughout West Afr i c a . Pr i mary c o l on i es i n L i ber i a , I vory Coas t ,
p a l e/wh i t i s h . ( Fema l e ) Type not l oc ated ( Pococ k ) . Length 35mm . C arapace 1 5x l3mm . Car­ S i era L eon e . Found a t Pepeh i n S i erra Leon e .
apace rounded . Leg 1 ( 3 7mm . ) Leg 2 ( 34mm . ) Leg 3 ( 32mm . ) Leg 4 ( absent ) . Carapace l on ­ Co111no n n ame Common feather 1 eg baboon .
ger t h an pat+ t i b o f l eg 1 , l egs very short for c arapace s i ze . Note I t i s h i gh l y l i k e ­ Descri ption ( BMNH 89-3- 7 - 2 ) From Afran p l ai n s . ( Fema l e ) F i g . 276 . Length 58mm . Cara­
l y t h a t t h i s spec i men i s a j uveni l e - desp i te Pocock ' s protestati on s t o t h e con trary . p ace 2 l x 1 7mm . Carapace l onger t han wide by 4mm. Che l i c erae 7mm. Palp 33mm. Leg 1
Co l ou r C arapace brown w i th as hy-ye 1 1 owi sh-grey pubescence . I rregu l ar brown i sh band ( 56 . 5mm . ) Leg 2 ( 53mm . ) Leg 3 ( 4 7mm . ) Leg 4 ( 57mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Legs 1 , 4 equa l . I n
a l ong each s i de of the c arapac e . Abdomen , ashy-ye l l ow wi th broken med i an l i ne - spot­ some spec i mens 1 , 4 , 2 , 3 . P a l p s l i gh t l y l onger than the met o f l eg 1 . Stri d u l at i n g organ
ted at the s i de s . Legs , b l ack patch on dorsal surface of tarsus and met . - l ess d i s � troch/coxa l eg 1 . ( F i g . 279 ) absent on coxa - but s t i ffened setae present on troc h .
t i nc t one at base of t i b i a . Wh i te s tr i at i ng l i nes on l egs . Note U nt i l the fema l e spec­ Labi um/sternum ( F i g . 2 7 7 ) n arrow mounds on l abi o-sternum suture . For l ayout of c u s ­
i men is stud i ed - spec i f i ca l l y the spermatheace - it must be noted that the meas ure­ p u l es/granu l es a n d s i g i l l a s e e i l ustrat i on . Femur o f p a l p ( F i g . 278) L o n g b r u s h of
ments of the rounded carapace correspond with St. c a l ceata - and thus a def i n i te i den­ setae on poste r i o r fac e . Ocu l ar tubercl e ( F i g 290 ) c l ypeus very narrow. Tuberc l e wi der
than l on g . Spennathecae ( F i g . 282 ) semi n a 1 receptac 1 e s are s i mp 1 e narrow rounded
t i f i ca t i on must be based on the mal e . Habi tat No dat a .
structures in a b as i c rounded semi n a l g l and/s ack . Colour Over a l c o l our fawn - brown - �
the c arapace h av i ng i vory h a i rs on the edge and i n a s tarburst p at tern on a d ark brown
i nteguement . I vory hai rs on coxa and trochante r . Under s i de o f s ternum and coxa/troch/
femora b l ack/dark brown . ( F i g . 276 a ) . I n s i de of femora b l ac k . Abdomen ( rubbed ) rusty
brown w i t h fragmented pattern .
M a l e ( c o l l ec ted by Dr. C e l e r i e r VHWC . No . AF 389 ) . Length 40mm . Carapace 18x l 6 . 5mm .
rounded . C he l i cerae 5mm. P a l p 34mm. Leg 1 ( 65mm . ) Leg 2 ( 59mm . ) Leg 3 ( 53mm . ) Leg 4
( 65mm. ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Legs 1 , 4 equ a l . Carapace covered w i th setae . Foveal groove
smal l . Length o f p a l p -equal to end of met . of l eg 1 . Met. of l e g 1 ( F i g . 289 ) d i s ­
t i nct round brush o f setae . ( Key taxonomi c feature ) Palpal b ul b ( F i gs . 283-284 ) Embo­
l us taper i ng gent l y but from base of bu l b the embo l u s i s a l most strai ght . C o l our See
275 brachypoda. Habi tat see i n trodu c t i o n to genu s . Dr . C e l eri ers data. Note Wide d i s ­
persed spec i es wh i ch i nc l udes some c o l our var i at i on s . Extens i ve rev i s i on wi l l need to
take p l ac e before any of these can be defi ned as sub spec i e s .

2 78

F i g s . 272-275. brachypoda ( 27 2 ) Met . of l eg 1 . Note no scopu l ae brush . ( 2 73 ) L ab i -

um/sternum . ( 27 4 ) P a l p a l bu l b . ( 27 5 ) Ocu l ar tuberc l e/c l ypeus .
60

281

289
290

277

) 288
276a

)
283

F i g s . 276-290. cal ceata ( 27 7 ) Labi um/sternum. ( 2 76a) Unders i de of l eg 1 . ( 278) p/f

of femur of p a l p . ( 27 9 ) Troc h . /cox a , l eg 1 . ( 280) Coxa of p a l p . ( 28 1 ) C he l i ceral teeth
282 ( 28 2 ) Spermathecae . ( 288) Spi nnere t . ( 290) Ocu l ar tuberc l e/ c l ypeu s . ( 285 ) Mal e ( 286 )
Spi nneret . ( 289 ) T i b . met . tarsus of l e g 1 . Note scopu l ae brush on met . ( 283-284 ) P a l ­
pal b u l b .
 61
( F i g s . 291 - 296 )

Spec i e s fumi gata Pocock 1899 R i o Muni .

Ref. Pocock 1899 . Proc . Zool . Soc . Lond . p . 839 . ( Femal e ) .
Specime n Type BMNH 1898- 5 - 5 - 4 - 5 . Co l l ector G . L . Bates .
Conrnon name Mustard feather l eg baboon .
D i stri buti on B en i to r i ver, R i o Mun i . Pos s i b l y Cameroon .
Descri pti on ( Fema l e ) Length 5 7mm . Carapace 23xl8mm . Che l i cerae 8mm . P a l p 39mm . Leg 1
( 6lmm. ) Leg 2 ( 56mm . ) Leg 3 ( 55mm . ) Leg 4 ( 65mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Leg 1 s touter than
l eg 4 . C arapace noti ceab l y l onger than w i d e . Palp l ength approx i mate l y t of met . of
l eg 1 . Scopu l ae of pat , t i b , met . of a l l l egs t h i c k l y fr i n ged . Fovea l groove deep and
subci rcu l ar . Ocu l ar tuberc l e ( F i g . 296 ) c l ypeus n arrow/ abs ent . Tuberc l e w i der than
l on g . L a b i um/ sternum ( F i g . 292 ) mound on l ab i o-sternum s u ture - greater in s i ze than
c a l c eata - l ess than bates i . For l ayout of c u s p u l es/granu l e s and s i g i l l a see i l l ustra­
t i on . Note pos i t i on of pos ter i or s i g i l l a of brachypoda the l ab i um and s ternum of the
two spec i es be i ng very s i mi l ar . Spennathecae ( F i gs . 293-294 ) · semi n a l receptac l es are
d i v .i ded i nto two gent l e capi tated reg i ons , covered by a w i d e rounded g l and/sac h . Co l ­
our C arapace i s c l othed i n bri g h t mustard ye l l ow and grey i s h -ye l l ow pubescence . Abdo­
men greyi sh-brown w i t h d arker med i an 1 i n e and bars and patche s . Legs greyi s h - brown .
Under s i de of a l l l egs , b l ack ( F i g . 297 ) . Hab i t at Equatori a l r a i nfores t - behav i our
presumed to be s i mi l ar t o c a l ceata .
294

( F i gs 198 - 301 )

Spec i es cal ceata gri se i pes New Comb S i erra Leone .

grisei pes Pocock 1 8g 7 .
Ref. Pocock 1897 . Proc . Zoo l . Soc . Lond . p . 75 6 .
L aurent 194 3 . B u l l . Roy . H i s t . Nat . Bel g i um X l X p . 2 .
Spec imens Type BMNH ( Femal e ) 9 1 - 10-10- 1 . M a l e BMNH 94- 1 1 - 1 2 - 1 . Congener 1956-4 - 1 9 - 1 5 .
Synonymy L au rent ( based on p at+t i b+carapace equa t i o n s ) and not h av i n g s tu d i ed the
types found c a l c e ata and g r i s e i pes to be synonymou s . H av i ng s t ud i ed the p a l p a l bu l bs
and spermathecae of spec i mens i n the BMNH , I concur that g r i sei pes does not warrant
spec i es recogn i t i on . But as Pocock po i n ted out - there is a fundamental co l our d i ffer­
ence of c a l c eata spec i mens centred on Pepe h , S i erra Leone wh i ch may warrant sub spe­
c i es statu s . Note Femal e g r i s e i pes type as descri bed by Pocock is i n fact an i mmature­
spermatheca exam i ned . c a l c eata Leg 1 . under s i de ( F i g . 300 ) Anter i o r f ace of femur
( F i g . 301 ) . c a l ceata g r i s e i pes Leg 1 . under s i de ( F i g . 298 ) Anteri or face of femur
( F i g . 299 ) .

301
gri sei pes calceata

cal ceata
---- �
g r i s e i pe s
2g3 299
300

F i gs . 298-301 . c a l ceata-gri s e i pes ( 298 ) P a l p . Unders i de of cox a . troc h . femur o f

F i g s . 291-297 ) s t . fumigata ( 2 g 2 ) Labi um/sternum . ( 29 3 ) Spermathecae . ( 29 4 ) Semi n a l gri se i pes . ( 299 ) S i de of femur/pat . of p a l p . ( 300 ) P a l p . U nders i de of c o x a , t roc h . f e ­
receptacl es . ( 29 5 ) Sp i nneret . ( 296 ) Ocu l ar tuberc l e/ c l ypeus . ( 2 9 7 ) Unders i de of l eg 1 . µr of c a l c eata. S i de of femur/pat . of p al p .
62

Speci es p achypoda S trand 1908 Cameroon .

Ref. S trand 1908 . Zoo l . An z . 3 2 ( 2 5 ) p . 770 .
S trand 191 5 . Arch . N aturg . 81 ( A9 ) p . 53 ( Fema l e ) . HARPACTIRI NAE subfa m i ly
Specimen Not l ocated .
Remarks
Strand ' s p aper l a� k s r e l evant detai l , be i n g based on the ocu l ar arrangement , car­ Ref. Pocock 13g7 , Proc . Zoo l . Soc . London . p . 744 .
apace+pat+t i. b . equ a t i ons and the col our - a l l of wh i ch are not rel evant taxonom i c R aven 1 985 . B u l l . Am . Mu s . Nat . H i s t . ( 18 2 ) p . 1 1 7 .
too l s . I t i s h i gh l y l i ke l y that pachypoda i s s i mp l y a c o l ou r v ar i ati on of c a l ceata but D i agnos i s

ic poo ! /group . w i t h i n .the Theraphos i dae from wh i ch in turn I be l i eve the Far E a s tern
The subfami l y. H a rpact i r i nae are i n my op i n i o n the second key pr imary Afr i can genet­
no def i n ate conc l u s i on s c an be drawn unt i l the spec i men i s l oc ated and redescri bed . . .
subfami l y Orni thoc ton i n ae evo l ve � ( see remark s ) . The major i ty of the genera are cen­
( F i gs . 302 - 303 )
� red on South Afr i c a , Botswan a , Z i mbabwe and Mozambi que and i t is w i t h i n th i s geograph­
i c a l are � in wh i ch we see the devel opmen � of second ary genera such as Ceratogyrus and
Spec i e s s at anus Berl and 1 9 1 7 Gabon . Coel ogen1 um from the pri mary genus wh i ch I now be l i eve to h ave been P teri noch i l us
Ref. Ber l and 1 91 7 . B u l l . Mus . N at . H i s t . P ar i s 23 ( 7 ) p . 4 7 3 .
Speci men MNH P , Type ( M a l e ) N o t exami ned . Col l . Boucher 1899 . and not Harp ac t i ra as has been trad i t i o na l l y though t .
The key ta� on ?m i c character i s t i c s of the maj ori ty o f the H arpac t i r i nae genera i s
Di s t r i bu t i on L i brev i l l e , Gabon . Former l y French Congo .
Conmon name Satans tree s p i de r . the charac t er i s t i c . p l umose p ad on the che l i cerae and troch . of p a l p - - the mos t s u c ­
Descr i p t i on Mal e . Length 36mm . Ceph . 1 5 x 1 3mm . Abdomen 1 7mm . P a l p 40mm . Leg 1 ( 6 lmm . ) ces f u l a n d mos t wi despread g e n u s w i t h these taxonom i c c h aracter i s t i c s (wi thout s u b ­

v e l opmen � h ave been a s t r i d u l at i ng organ i n H arpac t i r a , a procurved f o v e a l groove i n

Leg 2 ( 56mm . ) L eg 3 ( 52 . 5mm . ) Leg 4 ( 66mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . P a l p l ength of p a l p extends sequent second ary devel opmen t ) be i ng t h e Pter i noch i l u s genus . Subsequent gene r i c d e ­
to a l mo s t the end of the t i b . of leg 1 . Met . of l eg 1 ( F i g . 302 ) - t h i n and bowed . On .
Coel ogen1 um a n d most un � s u a l a d i s t i nct fovea l horn i n t h e Ceratogyrus genu s .
the under s i de i s a f i n sh aped brush of setae . P a l p a l b u l b ( F i g . 303 ) Embo l u s i n Ber­ A se : ond ary group wh i ch have l o s t the p l umose pad - but s t i l l reta i n the c h aracter­
l and ' s i l l u s trati on i s s i mi l ar to b a te s i . Co l our u n i form b l ack w i th f i ery red max i l l ae .
i st i c w i de c l ypeus are the genera H arpac t i re l l a and Brachi onopus .
h a i r s . H ab i t a t Ori g i n a l l y equ ator i a l rai nforest - area now extens i ve l y c l e ared for
th i rd wor l d farm i n g . Behav i ou r No data - presumed to be s i mi l ar to c a l c e a t a . A ) 1 ) Che l i cerae wi th a p ad of scapu l ae on i t s outer f ac e .

After Berl and

F i gs . 302-303 s at anus ( Ma l e ) ( 302 ) Met . of l eg 1 . Note brush of scapu l ae . ( 30 3 )

P a l p a l bu l b .

Spec i e s Strae l e n i Roewer 1953 Z a i re .

Ref. Roewer 1953 . I n s t . des Peres . Nat . Ave . Congo , Be l g . ( 22 ) E xp l . van Let . Nat .
Upemba Pk . p . 65
Spec i men Mus . Bel g i um Cong o . Type 2 1 -24 V l l l . 194 7 .
D i s t r i bu t i on Mabwe r i ve r , K aswah i l enga r i ver , L u f i r a , K apero , Lup i a l a r i ve r , Upemb a 2) P l umose s e t ae on t h e trochanater of most genera .
Nat . Park - Z a i re .
Remarks 3) C l ypeus - w i d e
( Spec i men not stud i ed ) . Roewer ' s desc r i p t i on and l i s t of type and paratypes gre a t l y
concerns me . I t i s obv i ou s from h i s descr i pt i on t h a t h i s type i s a juven i l e , a n d I c a n 4) Legs wi th s p i ne s - s p i nes u s u a l l y p r e s e n t on t i b . met . of l eg s 3 , 4 .
o n l y presume t h a t h i s reference t o sub adu l t s a r e l i teral l y s p i der l i ngs . Spec i e s i n
need o f redescr i pt i o n . 5) T i b i al spur - s i ng l e spur wi th l on g taper i n g spur present i n mos t gen era .
Descri pt i on Carapace 8mm . Abdomen 1 3 mm . P a l p 2 lmm . Legs 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 . Note Paper i s i n ad­
equate . Recommend spec i es be s u spended unt i l rede s cr i be d . 6) P a l pal bu l b embo l u s l on g and t aper i ng - some t i mes w i th s i mp l e kee l s .
 63

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B) Secondary group Harpact ire 1 1 a Brachionopus
1 ) No stridulat i ng organ/pl umose scapul ae on chel i cerae .
2 ) Retains - w i de clypeus .
3 ) Spi nes on ti b/met . of l egs 3 , 4 .
4 ) Tibial spur present i n Harpacti rel l a l ost i n Brachionopus . ...

Genera i nc l uded .
Brachionopus Pocock 1897 . Ceratogyrus Pocock 1897 . Coelogeni um Purcel l 1902 . .
.
Eucratoscelus Pocock 1898 . Harpactira Ausserer 1871 . Harpactirel l a Purcel l 1902
Pterinochi lus Pocock 1897 . Generic key
1 ) Brachi onopus
Synonymy. 2) Ceratogyrus
Raven on studyi ng the fo 1 1 owi ng type materi al found the fo 1 1 owi ng genera to be 3) Coel ogeni um
synonymou s . 4 ) Eucratoscel us
Ashanti a Strand 1908 Harpacti rel l a Purce l l 1902 . 5 ) Harpactira
Nami b i a -': Bot ,... ., 2 l
=

l d i othe l e Hewi tt 1919 ( Barychel i dae ) Pterinoch i l us Pocock 1897 . 6 ) Harpactire l l a

Pterinochi l i des Strand 1 920
=

Pteri nochi l us Pocock 1897 . 7 ) Pterinochi lus : swa na ::.:---�/ 2

=
_
Di stri bution .
'.i.\�;',....2 ) 2 \
__ J a 5 7
The Harpacti ri nae subfami l y i s di stri buted strongly i n the Southern and South East­ · - - ·- � - � -

ern reg ions of Africa, South Afri ca, Z i mbabwe and then ranges with a decreas ing quant­ ' South Afri ca·_.--
i ty of rep�esentative speci es i nto Tanzan i a , Kenya and then Sudan and Eth i op i a .It seems 1
to favour dry acac i a scrubl and , grassl and and savannah wood l and and often simply ex­
2 5 ( '7-. .')
cavates a chamber beneath a rock , l og or amongst acac i a roots . Some genera present i n 1
the ari d south , bu i l d deep burrows - whi ch i t i s bel ieved. retain a certain l evel of
humi d i ty and rel i ef from temperatures wh i ch can range above 103F .

Map.
64

Rema rk s .
I be l i ev e that the H arpact i r i nae s u b f ami l y evo l ved i ndependen t l y of the E umenophor­
i nae subfami ly ( the two h a v i n g evol ved from an ear l i er p r i m i t i ve Therapho s i d wh i ch
probab l y posses sed both a p l umo s e p ad on the c he l i cerae and a s t r i d u l a t i n g organ be­
tween l eg s 1 , 2 ) in Southern Gondowan a l and . My own feel i ng s are that the Harpactar i nae
were l i nked d u r i n g an e a r l y s t age of the i r deve l opment w i t h the Far E as tern s ubfami l y
Orn i t hocton i nae . The ancestors of that group b e i n g carr i ed from Afr i c a to the Far E ast
on the con t i nents of I nd i a and Au stra l i a when they s p l i t of from Gondowanal and and be­
gan the i r North Eas tern cont i nental movemen t .
I t i s a l so l i ke l y that the key genera o f the H arpactar i n ae su bfami l y i s not Harpac­
t i ra as common l y be l i eved but the cons i derab l y more successful and wi derangi ng genus
Pteri noch i l u s . Th i s is very d i f f i cu l t to prove and the second scenar i o of Pteri noch­
i l us evo l v i n g from Harpacti ra and l o s i ng on the way the characte r i s t i c s t r i d u l at i n g
organ of that genus i s cons i derab l y more popu l ar . My on l y worry i s the extent of the 3) Clypeus - w i d e .
secondary gene r i c devel opment and the number of genera wh i c h have evo l ved and are
obv i ou s l y l i nked to the Pter i noch i l us genu s . 4) Ti b i a l spur - s i ng l e s p u r w i t h s p i n e .
Raven i n 1 985 a l so l i nked the Harpacti rel l a and Brachi onopus genera to t he H arpact­
i r i n ae subfami l y , argu i ng that a l though they h ave lost the character i s t i c p l umose p ad , 5) Spi nes - o n t i b/me t . of l eg s 3 , 4
they s t i l l possess the d i s t i nc t w i de c l ypeus . I concur w i th theory and note the d i s ­
t r i bu t i o n range o f the Harpact i re l l a and i t s obvious reg i on a l l i nk wi th the Harpact­ · · · · · · · · · · · · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Harpac t i ra .
i ra genu s .
Trad i t i on a l l y the Theraphos i ds o f South E as t and Southern Afr i c a h ave been referred
to as Baboon Sp i ders . I n the South , amongst Afr i k aan speakers , they are referred to as

j
Bobbej aansp i nnekope .
An i n tere s t i ng p i ece of f o l k l ore records , that i n the l ate n i neteenth century, cock
f i gh t i n g was outl awed amon g s t the go l d and d i amond workers of K i mber l ey . These hard
dri n k i ng f e l l ows , l ook i n g around for a rep l acement to the i r trad i t i on a l entertai nmen t ,
stumb l ed upon baboon s p i der f i gh t i ng a s a rep l acement - wh i ch was trad i t i ona l l y pop­
u l ar amongst the Matabe l e/ Zu l u ' s
A popu l ar venue was the town of G r i q u a l and where a square wooden structure , s i x by
s i x f t . , three feet deep and covered by a s heet of g l as s , h ad been cons tructed . I t was
here that the f i ghts were s taged , mi ners bet t i ng l arge sums of money on the baboon
s p i ders wh i c h were depo s i ted i n the arena to f i gh t .
Further t o t h e west t h e baboons of South West Afr i c a and t h e ari d K a l ahari h ad an­
other aspect of mans i n sa t i ab l e appet i te to deal wi th . I t wou l d seem that young bush­
men hunters , before enter i ng the ar i d acac i a waste l and to track deer, �1ou l d i mpa l e ba­
boon s p i ders on a s t i ck , g r i l l them over hot embers and eat them.

S i mp l i f i ed .

I l l u s trated key to the genera o f the Harpac t i r i nae subfam i l y .

A) Str i du l at i ng organ - a p l umose p ad o f s etae o n the s i de o f

t h e c he l i cerae a n d s i mi l ar p l umose h a i rs on t h e troch anter 1) Foveal groove - transverse/stra i gh t .
of the p a l p .
2) No l i ne of str i du l at i ng setae - beneath p l umose p ad . No
s tout p l umose setae on coxa of p al p .

3) Ti b . of leg 4 not swo l l en .

4) C l ypeus - w i d e .

1) Foveal groove - transverse/s tr a i gh t . 5) Ti b i al spur - s i ngl e s p u r w i th s p i n e .

2) Str i du l at i ng setae a l i ne o f stout setae

- beneath the 6) Spi nes - o n t i b/met . o f l eg s 3 , 4 .
p l umose pad on the s i de of the chel i cerae . A group of
stout p l umose setae may a l s o be found on the coxa o f the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pte r i nochi l u s .
pa l p and on the i ns i de of the c he l i cerae .
 65

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JJ)LJJI\\\�

�
� 1) Foveal groove i s a tubercl e/protuberance which takes
fonn of a horn or mound .
1) Fo v e al groove - transverse/strai ght .
2) No l i ne of str i d u l at i ng setae ( see Pteri noch i l us ) .
2) No l i ne of stridul at i ng setae ( see Pteri noch i l us )
3) Ti b i a of l eg 4 not swol l en .
3) Ti b . of l eg 4 swo l l en/i ncrass ate .

.
4) Clypeus wi de
4) C l ypeus w i d e
5) Ti b i al spur S i ng l e spur wi th s p i n e .
5) Ti b i al spur Not k nown - ma l e has yet to be descr i bed .
6) Sp i ne s on t i b/me t . o f l eg s 3 , 4 .
6) Spines on t i b/met . of l eg s 3 , 4 .
· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . Ceratogyrus •

J/11\\L
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eucratosce l u s .
__

(
B) No stri d u l a t i ng organ No p l umos e p ad on s i de of chel i c -
erae or p l umose h a i rs on trochanter o f p a l p .

1) Foveal groove - trans verse/strai ght .

1) Foveal groove - procu rved . 2) Cuspu l es on l ab i um d i spersed/reduced .

2) N o l i ne of stridul ati ng setae ( see Pteri nochi l us ) . 3) C l ypeus wide

3) Ti b . of l eg 4 not swol l en . 4) Ti b i al spur - absen t . No spur .

4) C l ypeus wide . 5) Scapu l ae of met . of leg 4 - at l ea s t one-thi rd of segment .

5) Ti bi al spur S i n g l e spur wi th s p i n e . 6) Tarsal segments of a l l l eg s d i v i ded .

6) Spines on t i b/met . o f l eg s 3 , 4 . 7) Spi nes on the t i b/met . of l eg s 3 , 4 .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coelogen ium. · · · · · · · . .. . . . · · · · · . · . . ... .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brach i onopu s .
56
1) Foveal groove - trans verse/ stra i ght . D i s t r i but i on .
At present the materi al i nd i c ates that the genus i s confi ned to the South East
2) Cuspu l es on l ab i um d i spersed/reduced segmen t reg i o n of South Afr i c a , but I mu s t admi t I doubt if t h i s is so and I s u spect that th i s
sma l l Therapho s i d w i 1 1 appear i n t i me i m Mozamb i qu e , Z i mbabwe and Tanzan i a - when
3) Clypeus wi de . these reg i on s are more ex tens i ve l y researched .
Mater i a l l oc ated to date h a i l s from the Cape C o l on y , N atal and the Transvaa l , South
4) Ti b i al spur - present . S i n g l e spur w i t h s p i n e . Afr i c a .
Behavi ou r
5) Scapul ae o f met . o f l eg 4 a t ap i ca l end o f segment . I hav e i n my possess i o n a ma l e c o l l ected b y Dr . F i l mer from the Moo r i ver , Natal
wh i c h he dug from a burrow i n ac ac i a scrub . Th i s t o my knowl edge is the on l y data
6) Tarsa l segments of l egs 3 , 4 d i v i ded . wh i c h we have on t h i s genus and wh i ch I hope to expand upon after a f i e l d tr i p to
South Afr i c a in 1 990 .
7) Spi nes on t i b/met . of l egs 3 , 4 . L i st of spec i e s
ann u l atus Purcel l 1903 . robustus Pocock 1897 . tri sti s Purc e l l 1 903 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Harpacti rel l a .
Spec i e s annu l atus Purce l l 1903 South Afr i c a .
Ref. Purce l l 1 903 . Ann . S . Afr i c . Mu s . p . 105 .
Spec imen Not l oc ated , bel i eved to be SAMC . C o l l ected by M i s s A P e g l e r No . 12752 .
D i str i bu ti on Kentan i , Transk e i , South Afr i c a .
Genus Brachi onopus Pocock 1897 Conman n ame Kentan i orange l esser baboon .
Descri pti o n ( Fema l e ) length 1 3 . 5mm . ( Data l i m i t ed ) . Carapace as l on g as pat+ t i b+one­
Ref. Pocock 1897 . Proc . Zool . Soc . Lond . p . 740 . h a l f of met . of l eg 1 . Shorter than the t i b+me t . of l eg 4 . L ab i um S i ng l e c u s p u l e/gran­
Purce l l 1 903 . Ann . S . Afr i c . Mus . p . 10 5 . u l e . Max i l l ae with a sma l l patch of 7 - 1 7 c u s p u l es/gran u l es . S p i n nerets very short 1 the
Raven 1985 . B u l l . Am . Mus . Nat . H i s t . 182 p . 1 1 7 .
two ap i c a l segments equal to the basal segmen t . Tarsal scapul ae - al l d i v i ded by a
Generi c typ e . B . robus tus . Pocock 1897 BMNH . band of b l ac k setae . Scopu l ae of met . of a l l l egs about the l ength of the t ars u s . Legs
w i t h s p i nes . C o l our brown , the h a i rs on the c arapace green i sh - b l ack , t i pped w i th
Remarks
Pocock in 1897 i n i t i a l l y consi gned the genus to the Barychel i dae fami l y - a c l ass­ orange . Abdomen covered with orange h a i rs wi th a b l ack med i an l i ne and chevron s . Legs ,
i f i ca t i on wh i ch Roewer automat i ca l l y rubber stamped f i fty years l ater . Not having ac­ yel l owi sh-red at apex and base of j o i n t s . Sternum, yel l ow w i t h a f a i n t med i an · dark
stri pe - wh i ch con t i nues on the under s i de of the abdome n . Habi tat Dry acac i a gras s l and
cess to Purcel l ' s Harpact i el l a materi a l , Pocock never s aw the connec t i on between the
w i de c l ypeus i n Brachi onopu s and the fact that th i s is a key taxonom i c feature in the Behavi our No data.
Harpac t i r i n ae subfami l y . A l i nk wh i ch Purce l l spotted i nd i re c t l y when he conc l uded
F i gs . 304 - 3 1 7 )
that the Harpacti re l l a s pe c i e s were s i mi l ar to Harpac t i ra j uven i l es - but w h i c h in t h e
e n d he dec i ded cou l d not outwe i gh the l ac k of a s tr i du l at i ng organ . Speci es robustus Pocock 1897 South Afri c a .
I n 1 985 Rave n , on s tudyi ng type mater i a l , concl uded that both Brac h i onopus and Har­ Ref . Pocock 189 7 . Proc . Zoo l . Soc . Lond . p . 74 0 .
pact i re l l a h ave evo l ved from Harpacti ra/Pteri nochi l u s s tock - h av i ng l os t t h e s t r i d ­ Specimen ( Fema l e ) BMNH 9 1 -8- 2 .
u l a t i n g organ b u t retai ned the i mportant k e y subfami l y taxonom i c feature , t h e w i de D i stri but i on E as t London . Col l ec ted by M r H Spencer .
c l ypeu s . A conc l u s i on wh i ch I share . Note I t i s a l so i nteres t i n g to note that the u n ­ Common name E a s t London gol den brown l es ser baboon .
u s u a l segmented semi n a l recept ac l e i n B . robustus i s s i m i l ar to E ucratos c e l u s l ong­
Descr i pt i on ( Femal e ) Length 2 1 . 5mm . Carapace 3mm . Abdomen lOmm . Ped i pa l p l Omm . Length
i ceps Pocock 1897 - Harpac t i r i nae .
of l egs . Leg 1 ( 1 5mm . ) Leg 2 ( 1 3 . 5mm . ) leg 3 ( 1 2 . 5mm . ) Leg 4 ( 1 6 . 5mm. ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 .
D i agnos i s . length of pal p equal to end of met . o f l eg 1 . T arsal segments ( F i g . 304j ) of l egs 2 , 3 ,
I t wou l d appear that Brachi onopus i s a l most i den t i c a l to Harpact i re l l a ( Note I have 4 d i v i ded . labi um/sternum ( F i g . 306 ) L ab i um w i th 4 cuspu l es /granu l e s . For l ayout of
h ad no access to Harpact i re l l a type mater i a l ) except for the absence of a t i b i al spur s i g i l l a on sternum - see i l l u strat i on . C l ypeus ( F i g . 3 1 5 ) wi de . S p i n nerets ( F i g . 3 10 ) .
i n the mal e . R aven p . 120 - gener i c key . A more d u b i o u s taxonom i c feature , wh i ch was Api c a l segments s l i gh t l y l onger than basal segment . S p i n e s For l ayou t of s p i nes on
i n i t i al l y used to separate the genera , i s that in Brac h i onopus the metatars a l scapu l ae t i b/met . of l egs 3 , 4 - see i l l ustrat i ons . Fovea l groove ( F i g . 305 ) tran svers e . Spenna­
extends for at l east a th i rd of the segment i n l eg 4 , whi l e i n H arpact i re l l a i t i s thecae ( F i g . 3 1 7 ) Semi n a l receptac l e s achs , w i de base w i th a rounded ap i ce . S emi nal
l i mi ted t o the apex . recep t ac l es ( F i g . 316) Di s t i nct segmented s hape made up of a wide base w i th two add i t­
Brac h i onopus l ack a p l umose pad on the che l i cerae and the c u s p u l es/gran u l es on the i on a l segment s . Colour Carapace and abdomen wi th gol den brown h a i r s - abdomen mott l e d .
l ab i um and maxi l l ae are reduced i n number . Tars a l scopu l ae f i ne l y d i v i ded o n a l l l egs . Apex of segments o f l egs w i th narrow bands of l i gh t col oured h a i rs . Sma 1 1 spots on
met . and t i b . of a l l l egs . Habi tat Coas t a l rai n fore s t and trop i c a l scru b . Behav i our No
Gener i c key d at a .
1 ) Stri du l at i ng organ l os t . No survi v i n g character i s t i c s can be ascert a i ned . No p l u -
mos e pad o n che l i cerae .
2 ) C lypeus - w i de .
3 ) Cuspul es/granu l es on l ab i um reduced .
4 ) Scapu l ae of met. of leg 4 i s at l ea s t one-th i rd of segme n t .
5 ) Tarsal segments o f a l l l e g s d i v i d ed b y setae .
6 ) No t i b i al spur.
7) Spi nes Met . of l egs 3 , 4 w i th s p i nes . T i b . of l eg 3 with s p i nes .
 67

)//) \\�� 308

0 315

� (
313

312

Spec i e s tri sti s Purce l l 1 903 South Afr i c a .

Ref . Purce l l 1 903 . Ann . S . Afr i c . Mus . p . lu5 .
Specimen Not l oc ated , be l i eved to be SAMC No . 4 1 9 7 .
Di stri buti on Barberton , Transvaa l . Co l l ec ted b y J Cregoe 1897 .

. ....
Contn0n name Barberton yel l ow l esser baboon .
Description ( Femal e ) Length 1 3 . 5mm . ( Data l i mi ted ) . Carapace as l ong as t h e p at+t i b+
. two-thi rds of the met . of t arsus of l eg 1 . Coxa of pedi p a l p w i th about 26-28 c u s p u l es/
. ·. · 311 granu 1 es . Legs , s p i nnerets and ocu 1 ar arrangement very s i mi l ar to annul atu s . Co l our
brown w i t h yel l ow h a i rs on the carapace and on the abdomen . Abdomen w i t h a dark med i an
l i ne and chevrons . Sternum, reddi sh-ye l l ow . Remarks Note very l i tt l e data i n p aper -
both tri st i s and annul atus are very much i n need of redescr i pt 1 on wi th empnas i s on the
spermathecae . Habi tat Dry h i l l acac i a scrubl and and gras s l and . Behav i our No d at a .

GENUS CERATOGYRUS Pocock 1 89 7

Ref. Pocock 189 7 . Proc . Zoo l . Soc . Lond . p . 754 .
305 Generi c type C . darl i ng i Pocock 189 7 .
Ret11 arks .
A l ong wi th the South Ameri c an genus Sphaerobothri a the Ceratogyrus genus i s remark­
ab l e for contai n i ng spec i es wh i ch have a d i s t i nct horn r i s i n g fron the foveal area of
the c arapac e . A fac tor wh i c h has g i ven r i se to some debate in arachno l o g i c a l c i rc l es
concern i ng i ts ro l e and genet i c ori g i ns .
A spec i men of the genus f i rst turned up i n the s p r i n g of 1895 when a ma l e examp l e
o f C . marshal l i , Pocock 1897 , was sent from S a l i s bury , Z i mb abwe by a M r Guy Marsh a l l
to Pocock at the N atural H i s tory Museum London . Unfortunate l y the spec i men h ad been
F i g s . 304 - 317 B. ro b u s tus ( 304 ) Fema l e ( Type ) ( 305 ) Carapace ( 306 ) L ab i um and trodden on and was bad ly damaged in the area of the foveal horn and Pocock was unab l e
sternum and coxa of p a l p ( 30 7 ) Che l i cerae/externa l face ( 308 ) Che l i c erae/ i n ternal t o recogni se th i s spec i f i c taxonom i c feature so s e t i t as i de a s a s a n u n i de n t i f i ed
face ( 30 9 ) Che l i ceral teeth ( 3 1 0 ) Spi nneret ( 3 1 1 ) Tarsus of l eg 4 ( 3 1 2 ) S p i nes spec i es a l l i ed to Harpactira .
t i b i a and met . of l eg 4 ( 3 1 3 ) T i b i a and met . of l eg 3 ( 3 1 4 ) Femu r , trochanter and I n 1896 a Mr Ffol l i ot Dar l i n g d i scovered a number of spec i mens of C . darl i ng i Pocock
coxa of p a l p ( 31 5 ) C l ypeus/ocu l ar tuberc l e ( 3 1 6 ) S em i n a l receptac l e ( 31 7 ) Sperm­ 1897 at E n ke l doorn , 1 10 mi l es south of S a l i sbury . H e noted in a l etter to Pocock that
athecae . the s pec i mens had to be dug out of very deep burrows . Pocock in 1897 establ i shed the
genus Ceratogyrus - not i ng " that th i s i s certai n l y the most remar k ab l e s p i der of t h i s
group t h a t h a s been d i scovered i n years " . ( p . 754 ) .
i8
The functi on of the horn was the primary bas i s of a paper publ i shed fi rst by the Di agnosi s The genus Ceratogyrus i s read i ly defi nab l e by i ts foveal horn whi ch ranges
Spi der C l ub of South Afri c a in 1986 , Vol . 2 No . 3 and republ i shed in the Bri t . Tar . from a mound to a l ong horn .
Soc . Journal 1987 No. 4 p . 79 - by R i ck West . The chel i cerae as i n the genus Pteri noch i l us has a p l umose pad wi thout any l ong
He real i sed after cutti ng a spec i men i n half and stai ning the i nternal organs and stout setae beneath the pad . Equal ly so the coxa of the palp does not have a ser i es of
musc l es wi th conga red stai n , that the horn was an extension of the prosoma exoske l ­ p l umose setae , but p 1 umose setae are present on the trochanter . We can thus deduce
eton and that the primary muscl e wi thi n the horn was the dorsal di l ator mus c l e wh i ch that the genus is closely al l i ed to Pterinoch i l u s .
extended from the posterior wal l of the foveal horn to the dorsa l l i n i ng of the suc- The mal e , a s i n Pteri nochi lus and Harpactira has a s i n g l e t i b i al spur wh i ch takes
k i ng stomach . (Fig. 1 ) the form of a spur ti pped with a s i ng l e tapering spine. The palpal bul b , as in the
other two key genera of the subfam i l y , is a l ong taper i ng embol u s with s i mp l e kee l s at
horn cav i ty - - bl ood fi l l ed i ts apex .
I n al l species the c lypeus i s d i s t i nctly wide, the ocu l ar tuberc l e being set wel l
mi dgut d i vert i c apart from the anterior face of the chel i cerae .
Generic key
1 ) Stridulati ng organ The chel i cerae has a p l umose pad - no l ong stout setae beneath
thi s pad . Pl umose setae can be found on the trochanter of the palp - but no seri es
chel i ceral musc l e of pl umose setae on the coxa.
2 ) Foveal groove - a d i s t i nct protuberance rangi ng from a mound to a horn .
After West 3 ) Ti bial spur Single spur wi th a l ong curved taper i ng spine.
4 ) Pal pal bul b Taperi ng embol us wi th a s i mp l e keel at apex .
sucking stomach 5 ) Clypeus - wide.
Species incl uded.
The remai nder of the horn was fi l l ed with a membrous sac extend i ng down i nto the bechuanicus Purcel l l go2 brachycephalu s Hewi tt 1919 darl ingi Pocock 1897 dol ich­
prosoma and a bl ood fi l l ed space at the apex of the horn . The mi dgut wi th i n the sac i s ocephalus Hewi tt 1919 . marshal l i Pocock 1897 sanderi
respons i bl e for the di gest i on and the absorption of nutr i ents . West concludes i n h i s Strand 1906 scul tzei Purcel l 1908 .
summary that i t i s possi b l e that the midgut d i vert i cu l a i s abl e t o expand i nto the Di stri but i on .
b l ood space of the horn enabl i ng i ncreased storage of food -invaluab l e i n the dry scrub The known di stri but ion of the genus i s l i mi ted to a wi de band south of Sal i sbury i n
l and in whi ch most of the species ex i st . Zimbabwe - al though i t i s l i kely that the genus i s present north of thi s are a . I t i s
Breeding Ceratogyrus i nteresti ng to note that no speci mens are present i n European col l ec t i ons from the
In 1984 a Mr.Stephen Hal fpenny publ i shed a short art i c l e i n the Exot i c Entomol ogy spec i f i c area of South Afri ca, al though i t i s h i gh l y l i ke l y the the genus i nhab i ts the
Group News l etter recounti ng h i s success , i n that year , i n breed i n g a s i ng l e pair of Transvaal and is known to be present in Mozanbi que . Data is l i mi ted on di stri but i on
Ceratogyrus darl ingi . He records that both sexes were s i mi l ar i n col our , al though the and the map , i n thi s study, i s based spec i fi cal ly on the s i te l ocati ons of the ori g­
mal e di spl ayed a l i tt l e more orange in i ts col orat i o n . The col our being grey-brown i nal type materi al he l d in the BMNH. Further studi es of mater i al hel d i n the South Af­
wi th "fine mottl i ng and bl ack l i nes " . He notes that the underside was a str i k i ng jet ri can Nati onal co l l ecti ons wi l l probably exten s i vely revi se thi s i n i t i al survey.
b l ac k with orange hairs on the posterior l egs and on the epi gyne . It wou l d a l so seem Hab itat.
that th i s spec i es , when threatene d , i s abl e to emi t a hi s s i ng sound when i t adopts the The habi tat i s one of dry forest and grass l and - al l of the spec i es constructi ng
fami l i ar aggress i ve reared stance . A posture whi ch Mr . Hal fpenny assures the reader i s deep burrows to escape the hot dry heat of the dry scrubl and and grassl ands of South
a s p l endid si ght when the orange of the rear l egs i s reveal ed . West Afri ca, Botswana and Zimbabwe .
The spi ders were kept i n a 24xl2x12 aquar i um , d i v i ded i n two by a g l ass part i ti on .
The substrata. used was a mi xture o f peat and l eaf l i tter . Both spi ders were fed on l o ­
custs and after several weeks the mal e constructed l arge webs and several burrows .
Hal fpenny notes that these burrows were l arge enough to squeeze i nto and that the mal e
wou l d spend two or three" days s o occu p i e d , before foragi ng for a few days .
I n early early July, Hal fpenny removed the part i t i on and the male " i mmedi ately ap­
proached the femal e " , mov ing caut i ously tak i ng a few steps then stopp i ng and vi brati ng
h i s whol e body before tak i n g a few more step s . The femal e reared up as soon as the
mal e touched her , and he then proceeded to l ock h i s t i b i a l hooks into her fangs before
push i ng her up and i nsemi nati ng her , using one pal p . Hal fpenny notes that the process Nami b i a : 14 •, 5 4;
took two mi nutes . A further pai r i ng took p l ace next day, the mal e using the other pal p :.I Botswana '>·-/
thi s t i me . I
! - - - :--: -
,• I
-', -
O n August 16th . , 43 day� after pairing , the fema l e construc�ed a n L-shaped tube web
measuring 20cm. , each section being lOcm . The next day she l ai d about 60 orange egg s ,
6 k 7 1 ,.: \
wh ich were suspended i n a sack from the roof of the tube . Hal fpenny at t h i s stage de­ Key. : \' .. ,..
: .. 1 J a
.. - __ ,� -:

f, _ ,! .
e i ded to remove the eggs and pl aced them on absorbent paper i n a p l astic box , whi eh
1 ) bechuani cus I

was kept humi d and at a cons tant temperature of 75F . 2 ) brachycephalus

On August 30th . , 13 days after be i ng l ai d the "eggs hatched i nto smal l spi der l i ngs , 3 ) d arl i ngi
each bear i ng an orange egg sac , l ater to become an abdomen and a smal l whi te cepha 1 - 4 ) dol i chocephalus
othorax with l imbs " . The spiderl i ngs were kept at a temperature of 75F . and mou l ted 22 5) marshal l i
d ays and 34 days after hatch i n g . E ach time producing a s l i ghtly l arger whi te spi der- 6 ) sanderi
1 i n g . They fi nal ly mou l ted i nto fu l ly mobi l e brown spi derl i ngs (wi th a lcm. l eg span )
7 ) schul tzei
o n October 6th . , 5 0 days after hatch i n g .
 69
Frank Mart i n

H ab i tat
Ceratogyrus bechuani c us . Th i s spec i es has been found in deep burrows , rang i ng i n
depth from 50-70cm . i n h ard compact s and amongst roc k s . The h ab i t a t i s one o f dry
s andy gras s l and w i t h scattered acac i a scrub and s t rewn rock s and bou l ders . Kruger Nat­
i on a l P ark . Ref . D r . Mart i n F i l mer . P r i vate correspondence .
. \
C l imat e ( Bu l awayo ) R a i n f a l l . December 1 2 2mm . March 48mm . I

Ju l y Omm . November 8lmm . Hurni d i ty/Temperature . Apr i l

63% ( 79F ) September 42% ( 81 F ) December 62% ( 82F ) Feb­
r uary 74% ( 80F ) .

Mr . Ffol l i ot D ar l i ng ( Co l l ector ) .
I n 1897 Mr . F f o l l i o t J . Dar l i ng d i scovered a number · · . :·
of spec i mens of C. d ar l i ng i at E n k e l doorn , 1 1 0 mi l es ;·.·. ..
..
.

south of S a l i sbury . I n a l etter to Pocock he noted that >:>

50cm . - 70cm .
the specimens h ad to be dug out of very deep bu rrows . I t
i s i nteres t i ng t o note , that a l l of the BMNH spec imens :· ..
wh i c h have habi tat d at a , i nd i cate that spec i es of the
Ceratogyrus genus construct deep burrows and do not .-:.·:
excavate chambers u nder rocks or l ogs . It wou l d seem
from the l i mi ted data wh i ch we have at presen t , that the
genera H arpac t i ra and Pteri noch i l us are con s i dera b l y
more opportu n i s t i c .

Photograph C . bechuani cu s ( Note - be l i eved to be th i s

spec i es . As there are n o type spec i mens i n E urope , pos i ­
t i ve i dent i f i cat i on i s not possi b l e .
70
{ F i g s . 317 - 330a )

Spec i es bechuanicus Purce l l 1902 Botswana .

Ref. Purce l l 1 902 . Trans . S . Afr i c . P h i l . Soc . 1 1 ( 2 ) p . 336 .
L awrence 1 936 . Ann . Tran s v . Mus . 17 ( 2 ) p . 1 45 .
Specimens Types ( Ma l e No . 4539 ) I n the Natal Museum. Spec i mens stud i ed VHWS c o l l ec ­
t i on . A F 4 1 5 ( Femal e ) . A F 416 ( Mal e ) d r i e d . Col l ec t i on Kru ger Nat i on a l Park .
Co111110 n name S t arburst horned baboon .
Di stri but i on Moc h u l i i n Bec huan a l and , Botswana and Northern South Afr i c a . ( Kruger
Nati o n a l Park ) .
Descri pt i on ( Ma l e ) Carapace 22xl 7mm . Length 47mm . Che l i cerae 5mm . Pa l p 27mm . Leg 1
( 55mm . ) Leg 2 ( 48mm . ) Leg 3 ( 47mm . ) Leg 4 ( 55mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Legs 1 , 4 equal .
Length of p a l p extends two-th i rds of met . of l eg 1 . Foveal h o r n ( F i g 307 ) Con i c a l
erect a n d strai ght . L e n g t h 7mm . C l ypeus ( F i g 314 ) W i de . Stridu l at i ng organ C h e l i cerae
( F i g 308 ) P l umose pad on s i de of c he l i cerae . Coxa/troch . of pa l p ( F i g . 309 ) Long p l u ­
mose h a i rs o n troch . o f p a l p . Ti b i al spur ( F i g . 3 1 2 ) Stout base , sharp l y ang l ed w i t h
w i th ang l ed s p i n e . Pal pal b u l b ( F i g . 3 1 3 ) Embo l u s l ong and taper i ng . S l i gh t bend be­
fore apex - see i l l u strat i o n .
( Femal e ) Length 52mm . C arapace 22x l9mm . Che l i cerae 7mm . P a l p 34mm . Leg 1 ( 50mm . ) Leg 2
( 44mm . ) Leg 3 { 42mm . ) Leg 4 { 53mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Leg 4 l onge : than l eg 1 . C l ypeus -
W i d e . C arapac e wi der i n fema l e . Foveal horn s l i. gh t l y l arger i n s i ze than ma l e ( F i g .
3 1 7 ) . Colour C arapace p i tchy b l ack wi th grey/p i n k i s h pubescence and h a i rs w h i c h form a
d i s t i nc t r ad i at i ng p attern i n the mal e - l es s d i s t i nc t i n the fema l e . Abdomen grey
w i t h foxy red h a i rs . I n the fema l e a pattern made up of a med i an l i n e , bars and b l ot­
ches can be ascertai ned ( F i g . 31 5 ) . Legs brown with grey setae . T i b i a has a d i s t i nct
row of wh i te dashes/spots . Unders i de deep vel vety b l ack . Habi tat Produces a deep bur­
row i n h ard compact sand .

326

320
322 329
330

( F i g . 330b )

Spec i es brachycephalus Hewi tt . 1 9 1 9 South West Afr i c a .

Ref . Hew i t t 1919 . Ann . Tran s v . Mus . 6 ( 3 ) p . 103 .
324 Lessert 1 936 . Rev . Su i s s e . Zool . 43 ( 9 ) p . 208 .
Specimens Type . N at . Mus . A l bany Mu s . Not stud i ed .
Conman name R h i no horned baboon .
D i stri buti on Nj e l e l e r i ver , Zoutpansberg d i st r i c t . T ses sebe . South West Afr i c a .
Descri pti on ( M al e ) Length 5 3mm . Length of c arapac e 1 g . 5x15mm . Length of horn 8mm . ,
breadth 4 . 5mm . W i d t h of ocu l ar tuberc l e 2 . 1 5mm . Length of t i b of l eg 1 ( 8 . 8mm . ) Length
of met . of l eg 1 ( 8 . 2mm . ) Met . of l eg 4 ( l lmm . ) Ti b . of l eg 4 ( 8 . 8mm . ) . Foveal horn -
F i gs . 3 1 7 - 330a C. bechuan i cus ( 3 1 7 ) Ma l e ( 31 8 ) T i b i a l eg 1 ( 31 9 ) C arapac e / s i de u n l i ke other spec i e s of the genus , the horn proj ects forward towards the oc u l ar tuber­
( 320) Che l i cerae , extern al f ace ( 32 1 ) Troch/coxa of p a l p ( 322 ) Spi n neret { 32 3 ) c l e and i s general l y l on g and stou t . Note v ar i es in s i ze . Col our general co l ou r , l i gh t
L e g 1 ( 3 24 ) T i b i a l s p u r ( 32 5 ) P a l p a l bu l b ( 326 ) Ocu l ar tuberc l e/clypeus { 32 7 ) brown . Abdomen , dark brown w i th numerous spots a n d med i an l i ne a n d c hevron s towards
Fema l e ( 328) Femur of l eg 1 ( 329 ) Spi nneret ( 330 ) Carapace/ s i de ( 330a ) Ocu l ar rear of abdomen . Unders i de of sternum and cox a , b l ac k i s h . Note data in Hewi tt ' s p aper
tuberc l e/ c l ypeus . is l i m i ted . Th i s spec i e s is now present i n E u ropean p r i vate c o l l ec t i on s but I have
been u n ab l e to s tudy a dead spec i men in order to redesc r i be . Habi tat Ac ac i a scrub , dry
grass l and .
 71

C . dar l i ng i
Peter K i rk

( F i g s . 331 - 342 )
Dr . Embden
Spec i e s darl i ng i Pocock 1897 Z i mbabwe
Ref . Pocock 1897 . Proc . Zoo l . Soc . L on d . p . 75 4 .
S i mon 1 903 . H i s t . Nat . Arai gn . 2 ( 4 ) p . 948 .
Specimens Type . ( Fema l e ) BMNH 98- 1 1 - 20-1 7-2 1 . ( Ma l e ) 1 2 - 4 - 1 0- 1 .
Comnon name E as t Afr i c an horned baboon s p i d e r .
Distr i bu t i on Umta l i , Lake Ngami , E n k e l doorn 1 10 mi l es south of S a l i sbury , Z i mbabwe .
Photograph I t has a l so been co l l ected i n Mozamb i que to s u p p l y the pet trade .
Ceratogyrus brachycephal us Descri pt i on Fema l e - type . Length 64mm . Carapace 27x21mm . Che l i cerae 9mm . Foveal horn
8x6 mm . Pal p 37mm . Leg 1 ( 5 7m . ) Leg 2 ( 5lmm . ) Leg 3 ( 4 3mm . ) Leg 4 ( 55mm . ) Legs 4 . 1 . 2 . 3 .
Note Forward proj ec t i n g foveal horn . Length of p a l p extends one-th i rd of l ength o f met of l eg 1 . C arapace l onger than w i d e .
Foveal horn shor t , robust and rai sed . Labi um/sternum For l ayout of c u s p u l es/gran u l es
and s i g i l l a see ( F i g . 334 ) . Spermathecae ( F i g . 336 ) Two d i s t i nc t sem i n a l receptac l e s
wh i ch are c apped w i t h l obes . Mal e ( F i g . 337 ) Length 36mm . C arapace 22x14mm . C he l i cerae
330b 5 . 5mm . P a l p 25mm . Leg 1 ( 44mm . ) Leg 2 ( 4 lmm . ) Leg 3 ( 40mm . ) Leg 4 ( 49mm . ) Legs 1 , 4 , 2 , 3
Length of p a l p - s l i gh t l y exceeds t i b . of met . of l eg 1 . C arapace - w i d e . Foveal horn
6x4mm . T i b i a l spur ( F i g s . 339-340-34 1 ) T i b i a l s t ra i gh t , the s p i ne curved . Pal pal b u l b
( F i gs . 338-34 2 ) . P a l p a l bu l b round , t h e embo l u s taper i ng a n d s h arp l y r a i s e d . Colour.
Carapace p i tchy b l ack/grey pubescence with r ad i at i n g wh i te l i nes . Poster i or femora of
F i g . 330b C. brachycephal us ( 330b ) Che l i cerae/s i d e . Note Forward proj ec t i on of l eg s 3 , 4 with gol den hue on the unders i d e . Note col our vari at i on . Mozambi qu e specimens
foveal horn - See photograph . Carapace sooty grey wi th b l ack l i nes and wh i te setae . Abdomen w i t h med i an l i n e , bars
and b l otches . Under s i de of femora of Legs 3 , 4 , orange . Habi tat deep burrows .
72

340

339
F i gs . 331 - 3 4 2 C . darl i ng i ( 33 1 ) Femal e ( 33 2 ) Carapace/s i de v i ew ( 33 3 ) C l y-
peu s/ocu l ar tu berc l e ( 334 ) Labi um/ sternum. Coxa of pa l p . ( 33 5 ) S p i nneret ( 336 )
Spermathecae/sem i n a l receptac l es ( 33 7 ) Mal e ( 338 ) Pal p a l bu l b and p a l p ( 339 ) l e g
1 . ( 340- 34 1 ) T i bi al s p u r ( 34 2 ) P a l p a l bu l b .
 73
( F i gs . 343 - 355 )

Spec i e s d o l i c hoceph a l u s Hewi t t 19lg Z i mbabwe F i gs . 343 - 355 C . dol i chocepha l u s ( 34 3 ) C arapac e/ s i de v i ew of u n i denti f i ed S a l i s ­
Ref. H ewi tt 1919 . Ann . Tran s v . Mu s . 6 ( 3 ) p . 104 . bury spec i men . Note foveal horn . ( 344 ) Fema l e ( 34 5 ) Carapac e/ s i de v i ew ( 34 6 ) L ab­
Spec i es Type Fema l e . Transvaal Museum . 3 fema l es A l bany museum. BMN H . Fema l e 09-5-18- i um/sternum and coxa of p a l p ( 34 7 ) Troch . coxa of p a l p ( 34 8 ) Spermathecae/sem i n a l
22-2 3 . ( co l l ected by C hubb ) . Note The ma l e wh i c h H ew i t t has as s i gned to the spe­ receptac l e s ( 34 9 ) S p i n nerets ( 35 0 ) C l ypeus/ocu l ar tuberc l e ( 35 1 ) Mal e ( 35 2 )
c i es is not dol i chocephal u s and h i s descr i pt i on i s i den t i c a l to a u n i dent i f i ed d r i ed Carapace/s i de v i ew ( 35 3 - 354 ) T i b i a l s p u r ( 35 5 ) P a l p a l bul b .
fema l e i n the VHWS c o l l ec t i on wh i ch h a i l s from S a l i s bury . There i s no fovea l horn , but
the forefront c arapace is r a i sed suff i c i en t l y to i nd i c ate a spec i es wh i ch f a l l s in be­
tween the genera Pteri noch i l us and C eratogyrus . ( see F i g . 343 ) . I t i s i n t h i s , a s yet
undescri bed s pec i es wh i ch Hewi t t ' s mal e shou l d be a s s i gned .
I n the BMNH _ there i s a s p e c i men 1907-6-9-6 , wh i c h was found at Umt a l i , Southern
Z i mbabwe wh i ch I bel i eve i s the mal e of the spec i es ( co l l ected by Swymerton )
Conrnon n ame Cran i a l horned b aboon .
D i str i buti on Typ e , V i c tor i a and S a l i s bury . Mal e Untal i , Southern Z i mbabwe .
Descri ption ( Fema l e ) Length 64mm. Carapace 38x20mm . Che l i cerae 8mm . P a l p 37mm . Leg 1
( 60mm . ) Leg2 ( 50mm . ) Leg 3 ( 43mm. ) Leg 4 ( 5 3nun . ) . Legs 1 , 4 , 2 , 3 . C arapace cons i derab l y
l on ger than w i d e . C l yp eus ( F i g . 350) W i de . Length of p a l p extends t o one-h a l f of met .
of l e g 1 . Foveal horn 7x5 . 5mm . Foveal horn ( F i g . 345 ) i s a n extens i o n of the carapace
and does not have a groove separat i ng i ts ant e r i o r edge . Stri dul at i ng organ ( F i g . 347 )
F i ne p l umose s etae on troc h . of p a l p . Labi um/sternum ( F i g . 346 ) . For l ayou t of c u s ­
p u l es/granu l es and s i g i l l a , s ee i l l us tr at i o n . Spermathecae ( F i g . 348 ) s em i n a l recep­
t ac l es h av e l arge round l obes on stout b a se s .
(Mal e ) ( Sternum damaged - s p i nnerets mi s s i ng ) . Length 40mm . Carapace 19xl4mm. Che l i c ­
erae 6mm . Pal p 24mm. Leg 1 ( 5lmm. ) Leg 2 ( 45mm . ) Leg 3 ( 4lmm . ) Leg 4 ( 51mm . ) . Legs
1 , 4 , 2 , 3 . Legs 1 , 4 equal . Foveal horn ( F i g . 3 5 2 ) 5x4rnm. Con s i derab l y more squat than i n
femal e - but no groove c an be ascerta i n ed on anter i o r edge . Ti b i al spur ( F i g . 354-355 )
Mound l on g - gent l y curved wi th curved s p i ne . Palpal bu l b ( F i g . 355 ) s i mi l ar to dar­
l i ng i - but embo l u s i s not rai sed to such a degree . Col our General col our of body and
l eg s brown . Carapace brown w i t h t h i n brown r ad i a l l i nes . Abdomen brown w i th redd i sh
brown setae . Note on wet spec i mens no i nd i cat i on of med i an l i ne and bars . Unders i d e ,
dark brown - gen i tal r e g i o n yel l ow . Habi tat No data .

350

348 345

349
74
( F i gs . 356 - 365 )

Spec i e s marsh a l l i Pocock 1897 Z i mbabwe

Ref . Pocock 1897 . Proc . Zool . Soc . Lond . p . 7 54 .
Spec i men Type Fema l e . BMNH Not numbered . Mal e . 9 7 - 4 - 6 - 1 . col l ected by J . Darl i n g .
C0111Tio n name Z i mbabwe l es ser horned baboon .
Di s t r i bu t i on Mazoe , Masho n a l and and S a l i sbury - Z i mbabwe .
Descri p t i on Fema l e ( Prev i ou s l y undescri bed ) Length 55mm . C arapace 23xl7mm . Chel i cerae
8mm . P a l p 3lmm . Leg 1 ( 50mm . ) Leg 2 ( 44mm . ) Leg 3 ( 39mm . ) Leg 4 ( 49 . 5mm . ) . Legs 1 , 4 , 2 ,
3 . Leg 1 , 4 a l most equal i n s i ze . Length of p a l p extends to one- h a l f o f met of l eg 1 .
Foveal horn i n the form of a mound 5x4 . 5mm . Carap ace l onger than w i d e . Labi um/sternum
( F i g . 357 ) For l ayout of cuspul es/gran u l e s and s i g i l l a , see i l l u s trat i on . Spermathecae
( F i g . 359 ) Semi n a l receptac l es fal l i n between the two forms d ar l i ng i and dol i chocepha­
l u s . Note l obes at apex are on l y gen t l y d i vorced from thei r bas e .
(Mal e ) . Length 4 5mm . Carapace 2lxl 6 . 5mm . Chel i cerae 7mm . P a l p 27mm . Leg 1 ( 55mm . ) Leg
2 ( 4 7 . 5mm . ) Leg 3 ( 42mm . ) Leg 4 ( 54 mm . ) . Legs 1 , 4 , 2 , 3 . Length of p a l p i s two - t h i rds of
t i b . of l eg 1 . Foveal horn in the form of a mound wh i ch is w i der than l o n g , 3 . 5x5mm .
Stri d u l a t i ng organ ( F i g . 362 ) P l umose setae on troc h . of p a l p . T i b i a l spur ( F i g s . 363-
364 . Mound of spur i s gent l y curved at apex . Sp i ne l ong and curved . P al pal bu l b ( F i g . 362a
365 ) Embo l us l ong and taper i ng - gen t l y curved . Colour C arapace p i tchy brown w i t h wi th
o l i ve-grey h a i rs . Abdomen b l ac k i s h grey setae and dappl ed marg i n . ( Note abdomen shrun­
ken - p attern bare l y v i s i b l e ) . Med i an l i ne w i th two b l otches and bars . Legs . Femora
dark ol i ve-grey - l eg s 3 , 4greyi sh g o l den hue . Legs grey i s h w i th wh i te j o i nts . Under­
s i de v e l vety b l ac k . Habi tat grass l and and dry bush .

362b �
360

357 -

359

358 F i g s . 356 - 365 C. marsh a l l i ( 3 5 6 ) Fema l e ( 35 7 ) L a b i um/ s ternum and coxa of p a l p

( 35 2 ) Spi nneret ( 359 ) Spermathecae/s em i n a l receptac l es ( 36 0 ) C l ypeus/ocu l ar tuber­
c l e ( 36 1 ) Mal e ( 36 2 ) Troch/coxa of p a l p ( 36 2 a ) Che l i cerae/externa l f ace . ( 36 2 b )
Spi nnerets 363-364 ) T i b i a l s p u r ( 36 5 ) P a l p a l bu l b .
 75

Speci e s s anderi Strand 1 906 South West Afr i c a Di agnosi s . P l umose setae c an be found on the s i de of the c he l i cerae and o n the troch ­
Ref . S trand 1 906 . J ahresh Ver Naturk . Wurttbg 62 p . 23 . anter o f the p a l p . The key characteri s t i c wh i ch d i fferent i ates i t from the genus Pter­
Strand 1 907 . Zei tschr . F . N aturwi ss 79 p . 23 9 . i nochi l u s i s the procurved foveal groov e .
Specimen N o t l oc ated . Co l l ector D r . S andor . I l l u strated generi c key.
Conrnon name Wi ndhoek l esser horned baboon . 1 ) Stri dul at i ng organ . The che l i cerae has a p ad of p l umose hai rs . No l ong stout set­
Descri pt i on (Mal e ) Length 36mm . C arapace 1 5 x 1 2mm . Che l i cerae 8mm . P a l p 28mm . Leg 1
Di stri but i on Wi ndhoe k , S . W . Afr i c a . ae beneath th i s p ad . P l umose setae c an be found on the trochanter of the p al p . No
series of p l umose setae on the cox a .
( 50 . 5mm . ) Leg 2 ( 4 7 . 5mm . ) Leg 3 ( 42mm . ) Leg 4 ( 5 1 . 5mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Legs 1 , 4 a l most 2 ) Foveal groove Procurved ( key taxonom i c feature ) .
equal . Foveal horn a w i de mound 3 . 5x2 . 5rnm . l on ger than w i d e . Note marsh a l l i is wi der 3 ) C l ypeus - W i d e .
than l ong . Colour Cep h . i ntegument red d i s h brown w i t h yel l owi s h-grey marg i n a l h a i rs . 4 ) P a l p a l b ul b Taper i ng embo l u s .
Abdomen yel l ow i s h -grey . Legs brown i s h yel l ow - w i t h brown or grey scopu l ae wh i ch has a 5 ) T i bi al spur S i n g l e spur c apped w i t h a l ong taperi ng c urved s p i n e .
met a l l i c green t i nge . 6 ) S p i nes o n t i b . and met . o f l egs 3 , 4 .
Re11arks C l os e l y a l l i ed to C . marshal l i . Pocock . Note meta l l i c green t i nge i n scop­
u l ae i s common in South Afr i can theraphos i d s . H a b i tat Acac i a - semi deser t .
Spec i e s i nc l uded h i l lyardi ( New s pec i e s ) p i l l an s i Purce l l 1902 raveni ( New s pec i e s )
Spec i e s s c h u l tzei Purcel I 1Y08 K a l ahari .
Di stri but i on .
S p ec i men Not l oc ated . Presumed t o b e SMN � .
Ref. Purce l l 1908. Denk s c h . Med . Nat . Ges . Jena 13 p . 21 3 .
W i t h the d i s covery of the two new Coel ogeni um spec i es from mater i a l i ncorrect l y
Di stri buti on F rom Kgokon g , Kang , K a l ahar i , Bec h u an a l and . Co l l ec ted i n 1904 . t i c keted i n t h e Bri t i sh Museum col l ec t i o n , i t i s now possi b l e to extend t he range of
Remarks . t h i s genus from Z i mbabwe i nto Mal awi and as far af i e l d as Southern Sudan . We c an thus
Very c l os e l y a l l i ed to C . bechuani cu s from wh i c h i t o n l y d i ffers by the ang l e of presume that i ts range a l so extends through Tanzan i a , Mozamb i qu e and U g and a .
the foveal horn . Otherwi se the two are i dent i c a l and as it is l i ke l y that Purcel I ' s Bear i ng i n mind that much o f t h i s new mater i a l was erroneou s l y t i c keted a s Pteri no­
fem a l e type mater i a l are j u ven i l es , one must tread wari l y wi th t h i s spec i es u n t i I new c h i l us it is l i ke l y that the mi s s i ng Tan z an i an and Mozamb i que mater i al wi l l surface i n
mater i a l warrants a redescri p t i o n . museum s p i r i t j ars w i t h i n t h i s category .
Con1110 n name K a l ahari horned scrub baboon .
Descri pt i on ( Fema l e ) Length 40mm . Carapace 1 6 . 5 x l 3 . 8mm . Foveal horn 6x4mm . H e i gh t of
the h i ghest p art above the t horax 3 . 7mm . Di s t ance from fovea to anter i or marg i n of Habi tat H i gh l and Ve l d t , scrub gras s l and and dry forest , wh i ch i s to be found i n Mal ­
awi , Z i mbabwe and Sou thern Sudan .
c arapace gmm . Length of t i b . of l eg 1 ( 8mm . ) of met . ( 7mm . ) . Foveal horn very l arge
and l on g becoming gradu a l l y n arrower at apex - wh i ch is rounded . R i ses some d i s tance
from the surface of the c arapac e . C arapace equ a l to appro x i mate l y to met+tarsus of l eg ( F i gs . 366 - 376 )
4 . Col our brown , the abdomen nearl y b l ack . C arapace w i th s i l ky p a l e greyi s h h a i rs of­
ten t i nged wlth ye l l ow . Short h a i rs on l eg s , greyi sh w i t h l ong p a l e foxy-red h a i rs . Spec i es p i l l an s i Purce l l 1 902 Z i mbabwe
Abdomen , grey or p a l e brown i sh ye l l ow . Unders i d e , b l ack w i t h p a l e s a l mon t i nted h a i rs . Ref . Purce l l 1 902 . Trans . S . Afri c . Ph i l . Soc . 1 1 ( 4 ) p . 33 8 .
Habi tat Desert scrub l and - Acac i a deser t . Behavi our No data . S i mon ·1 90 3 . H i st Nat . Ara i gn 2 ( 4 ) p . 94 8 .
Specimens Type N a t a l Mus . No . 5 7 4 9 ( Fema l e ) - j uveni l e . BMNH Fema l e 1 2 - 1 1 -26-4 .
col l ected by Dr . Swa l e . Juven i l e 09-5 - 18-21 t i c keted Z i mbabwe . VHWS c o l l ec t i on fema l e
AF 1 0 1 - 388 .
GENUS COELOGEN I U M Pu rcel l 1 9 0 2 C0111o11 n name Z i mbabwe gol den h a l f moon baboon .
Di stri but i on Southern Z i mbabwe and Cai a near Fe i n a on the r i ve r Z ambez i i n Mal awi .
Descr i p t i on ( F emal e ) Length 58mm. C arapace 24x l8mm . C he l i cerae 7 . 5mm . P a l p 35mm . Leg
Ref. Purce l l 1 902 . Trans . S . Afr i c . Ph i l . Soc . 11 ( 4 ) p . 33 8 . 1 ( 55mm . ) Leg 2 ( 4gmm . ) Leg 3 ( 43mm . ) Leg 4 ( 5 4 . 5mm . ) . Legs 1 , 4 , 2 , 3 . Legs 1 , 4 a l most
Generi c type C . p i l l an s i . equ a l . Carap ace l onger t h an wide. Foveal groove - stron g l y procurved . Length of p a l p
extends ot one- t h i rd of met . of l eg 1 . C l ypeus ( F i g . 376 ) w i d � . Stri d u l ati ng organ
Remarks . ( F i g . 367 ) F i ne p l umose h a i r s on troc h . of p a l p . Che l i cerae ( F i g . 368 ) P ad of p l umo s e
The genus Coel ogeni um was created i n 1go2 by Purce l l to house a s i ng l e fema l e found hai rs on s i de of c h e l i cerae . Labi um/sternum ( F i g . 3 7 0 ) For l ayout of c u s p u l es/gran u l es
in Zambabwe ( no spec i f i c l oc a l i ty ) wh i ch bore a l l the normal taxonomi c c haracter i s t i c s and s i g i l l a - see i l l ustrat i on . Spi nes ( F i g s . 3 7 1 -3 7 4 ) For l ayout of s p i nes of t h e
o f t h e H arpac t i r i n ae genus Pteri noch i l us - b u t wh i ch possessed i n stead o f a tran s ­ t i b . a n d met . o f l egs 3 , 4 . - s e e i l l ustrat i on . Col ou r Carapac e , brown w i t h g o l den
verse/strai ght fovea l groove - a procurved foveal groov e . ye l l ow hai rs form i n g a radi a t i n g p at tern . Abdomen , g o l den yel l ow w i t h d arker med i an
On s tudyi ng prev i o u s l y u n i dent i f i ed E th i op i an mater i a l i n the BMNH co l l ec t i o n , I l i n e , b l otches and bars . Leg s , ye l l ow i s h brown . Habi tat Dry forest/gras s l and . No be­
d i scovered a f ema 1 e C . pi 1 1 ans i from F ei na on the Zambes i r i ver i n Wes tern Ma 1 awi h a v i o u r a l data .
( Note there e x i s t s i n the c o l l ec t i on a j u ven i l e femal e t i cketed Rhodes i a No . 09-5-18- Spennathecae ( F i g . 375a ) Sem i n a l receptac l es have a d i s t i nc t s h ape - a w i d e b a s e , nar­
21) and a l so by good fortune I not i ced that a s pec i men erroneou s l y t i c keted as Pter i n ­ row i n g s h ar p l y i n the m i dd l e w i th a rounded apex .
ochi l u s s p . w a s i n fact a mal e Coe l ogeni um from Bal l a Bal l a i n Southern Z i mbabwe wh i c h
p i l l an s i
I am convi nced i s the ma l e o f p i l l ans i .
( F i g s . 3 7 6 a - 376j )
Amongst other j ars of mater i a l t i c keted as Pterinochi l u s I a l so found a new spec i es

range of t h i s gen u s consi derabl y and for t h e f i r s t t i me in t h i s century g i ve u s a

from Zomba Mal awi and a m a l e from as far af i e l d as Sudan , f i nd s w h i c h extend the
Mal e ( descri bed for the f i rs t t i me ) . Di stribut i on Bal l a B a l l a , Z i mbabwe .
c l ear i dea of the key taxonom i c features of the mal e . Features wh i c h have confi rmed Speci men BMNH 1 4 - 10-21-6 ( t i cketed as Pteri noch i l us s p . ) .
that Coelogeni um i s very c l os e l y rel ated to the genus Pteri noch i l us and at present the Descri ption (Mal e ) Length 4lmm . Carapace 18xl5mm. C he l i cerae 5mm. Abdomen 1 8 . Smm .
taxonomi c d i st i nc t i on h i nges pure l y on a s i ng l e taxonom i c feature - the s h ape of the P a l p 22 . Smm . Leg 1 ( 48 . Smm . ) Leg 2 ( 42mm . ) Leg 3 ( 37mm . ) Leg 4 ( 48rnm . ) . Legs 1 , 4 , 2 , 3 .
foveal groo v e . Legs 1 , 4 a 1 mos t equi 1 . Length of p a 1 p equal " t o one-h a 1 f of t i b . of 1 eg 1 . c arapace
76
rounded . C l ypeus ( F i g . 376j ) w i d e . Foveal groove sma l l but d i s t i nc t l y curved . Labi um/
sternum ( F i g . 376 b ) for l ayout of cuspu l es/granu l es on l ab i um and s i g i l l a on sternum -
see i l l ustrat i o n . Spi nes For l ayout of s p i ne s of t i b/mat . of l eg 3 - see ( F i g s . 376d -
376e ) . For l ayout of s p i nes on t i b/met . of l eg 4 - see ( F i g s . 376f-376g ) . T i b i a l spur
( F i g . 376h ) S i n g l e spur w i t h l ong cu rved taper i ng s p i nes of approx i mately equal l ength

�
Pal pal bulb ( F i g . 376i ) Embo l u s l on g and taper i ng , rai sed at d i s t a l h a l f . Ap i c al end
has a d i s t i nc t ventral kee l .
Remark s . On we i gh i ng up the key taxonomi c features I am o f the f i rm be l i e f that the

�
li a l l a Bal l a ma l e Coel ogen i um spec i men is p i l l an s i not the new s pec i es h i l lyardi from
Mal awi - both of wh i c h are s pec i e s estab l i shed on fema l e s pec i mens .

376

369

366

368
376i
376d 376e 376f 376g

F i g s . 366 - 3 7 6j C. p i l l an s i ( J6 6 ) Female Note procu rved foveal groove . ( 36 7 )

Troc h . coxa o f p a l p . ( 368 ) Che l i cerae , externa l f ace . ( 36 9 ) c he l i ceral teeth . ( 3 70)
Labi um/ sternum and coxa of p a l p . ( 37 1 - 3 7 2 ) S p i nes , Met . of l eg 4 ( 373- 374 ) S p i nes ,
Met . of l eg 3 . ( 37 5 ) Sp i nn eret ( 37 6 ) C l ypeus/ocu l ar tuberc l e ( 37 5 a ) Spermathec ae/
semi n a l receptac l es ( 37 6 a ) M a l e ( 3 76b ) Labi um/ sternum and coxa of p a l p . ( 3 76c )
Spi nneret . ( 376d -376e) S p i nes , Met . of l eg 4 , ( 3 76f-376g ) S p i nes , Met . of l eg 3 .
( 376h ) T i b i a l spur . ( 3 76i ) P a l p a l bu l b . Note Keel o n embo l u s . ( 376j ) C l ypeus/ 375 a
ocu l ar tuberc l e .
 T.
( F i g s . 365a - 365 k )
Spec i e s h i l l yardi ( New spec i es ) Mal awi .
Ref . Smi th 1 9 9 0 . Tarantu l as Of Afr i c a And The M i dd l e East .
Etymo l ogy named after Paul H i l l yard , curator of the BMNH arachn o l o g i c a l c o l l ect i on who
I am i ndebted t o for h i s i nv a l u ab l e support and a s s i stanc e .
Speci men ( F emal e ) BMNH 02-4-6 - 1 . Previously t i cketed a s Pteri noch i l u s vorax . Co l l ected
by Sh arpe .
Di stri buti on Zombz , Mal awi .
Conrnon name Mal awi h a l f moon baboon .
Descri p t i on ( F ema l e ) Length 5 1mm . Carapace 22x 1 7mm . Che l i cerae ?mm . Abdomen 22mm .
P a l p 30mm . Leg 1 ( 4Bmm . ) Leg 2 ( 44mm . ) Leg 3 ( 35mm . ) Leg 4 ( 4 7mm . ) . Legs 1 , 4 , 2 , 3 .
Legs 1 , 4 a l most equa l . Length o f p a l p equal t o one-hal f o f met . o f l eg 1 . C arapace
l onger than w i d e , oval in shape. More rounded than p i l l an s i . C l ypeus ( F i g . 365b) w i de .
Labi um/sternum ( F i g . 365 c ) for l ayou t of cuspul es/granu l e s on l ab i um and s i g i l l a on
sternum - s ee i l l ustrat i on . Spi nes For l ayout of s p i nes of t i b/met . of l eg 3 - see
( F i g s . 365f-365g ) . For l ayou t of s p i nes of t i b/me t . of l eg 4 - see ( F i g s . 365d-365i )
Spennathecae ( F i gs . 365j -365k ) Sem i n a l receptac l e c ases , rounded - the sem i n a l
receptac l es bei ng con s i derab l y more s i mp l e t h an p i l l an s i . Col our ( Sp i r i t ) U n i form
brown wi th gol den ye l l ow h a i rs on abdomen and l egs . Habi tat Dry mi xed wood l and and
fore s t . Behavi our No dat a . 365f 365g

365h 365i 365c

.,LI)I ) \\\\\ ( F i gs . 377 - 385 )

365b

�·····"'
Speci es raveni ( New spec i es ) Sudan
Ref. A M Smi th 1 990 . Tarantu l as O f Afr i c a And The M i d d l e East .
Ent0110 l o gy N amed after the Austra l i an arachno l og i st Dr . Raven .
Specimen Type BMNH 18- 7 - 1 3 . Col l ected �Y H h K i n g . Sudan
365e C0111110n name Sudanese h a l f moon baboon .
Descri ption (Mal e ) Length 3lmm. Carapace 1 3 . 5x g , 5mm . C he l i cerae 4mm . P a l p l g mm , Leg 1
( damaged ) Leg 2 ( 36mm . ) Leg 3 ( 32mm . ) Leg 4 ( 38 ."5mm . ) . Note Leg 1 damaged - not a b l e
to ascertai n i f t i b i a l spur i s present i n th i s genus - a l though i t i s u n l i ke l y that i t
i s not . Length of pal p probabl y one-h a l f of t i b . of l eg 1 . Foveal groove procurved .
Clypeus ( F i g . 383 ) w i de . Stridu l at i n g organ ( F i g . 378) p l umose setae on t roch . of p a l p
Labi um/sternum ( F i g . 379 ) . F o r l ayout o f cuspu l es/granu l e s and s i g i l l a - s e e i l l ustra­
t i o n . Spi nes ( F i g s . 381-382 ) For l ayout of s p i nes on t i b . met . of l eg 3 , 4 - see i l l us ­
trat i ons . Ti bi al spur L e g 1 m i s s i ng . No d at a . P a l p al bulb ( F i g s . 384- 385 ) t aper i ng em­
b o l u s wi t h stout base - wh i ch bends sharp l y downwards . Ang l e becomes l es s acute at
apex and i s l evel l i ng off . Colour ( sp i r i t ) u n i form brown w i th ye l l ow setae . Med i an
l i nes and . bars can be ascerta i ned on abdomen . Habi tat Dry scrubl and and gras s l and . No
behav i our�l data.

365k 365d

F i g s . 365a - 365k C. h i l l yardi ( 36 5 a ) Fema l e ( 36 5 b ) C l ypeus/ocu l ar tuberc l e ( 365c )

Labi um/ sternum and cox o f p a l p . ( 365d ) Sp i nneret ( 36 5e ) Che l i ceral teeth ( 365f­
365g ) S p i nes , T i b . met . of l eg 3 . ( 365h-365 i ) Spi nes , T i b . met . of l eg 4 . ( 36 5j )
Spermathecae ( 365k ) Semi n a l receptac l e .
383
ra

GENUS EUCRATOSCELUS ( Pocock 1 8 9 8

Ref . Pocock 1898 . Proc . Zoo l . Soc . Lond . p . 500 .
Generi c type E . l ongi ceps Pocock 1898 .
Remarks .
The Eucratosce l u s genus i s c 1 ose l y re 1 ated t o the genus Pteri noch i l u s and i t i s
h i gh l y l i k e l y that i ts s i ng l e spec i es i s a one off der i v i t i ve based a s i t i s o n a s i n ­
g l e taxonomi c d i fference eg . - swo l l en / i ncrassate t i b i a on l eg 4 . I n a l l other taxo­
nom i c features it is i dentical to the genus Pteri nochi l us - a l though it i s i ntere s t i n g
to note t h e u n u s u a l shape of t h e semi n a l recep t ac l es i n t h e type E . l on g i ceps .
The genus i s based on a s i ng l e specimen found at Voi i n Kenya near Ts avo N a t i onal
Park . I have been unab l e to l oc ate any other k nown spec i men s .
Di agno s i s
T h e genus Eucratoscel us i s read i l y def i n ab l e b y t h e swo l l en t i b i a of l eg 1 . No oth­
er t axonomi c feature d i fferenti ates it from the pri mary genus Pteri noch i l l u s .
Generi c key
1 ) Stri d u l ati ng ogan The che l i cerae has a p ad of p l umose h a i rs - no l on g p l umose se-
t ae beneath p ad .
2 ) Fovea l groove - transverse/strai ght .
3 ) Tibi a of l eg 4 i ncrassate - key taxonomi c feature .
4 ) C l ypeus - w i d e .
Spec i es i nc l uded. l ongiceps Pocock 18g8 .
Di stributi o n .
S i n g l e femal e spec i men found at Voi i n Kenya wh i ch i s near t h e T s a v a N at i on a l P ark .
Found by Stewart Betton at Voi on the Mombasa r a i l way l i n e .
Habi tat Acac i a semi desert-scrub grass l and . No behavi oural d at a .

( F i gs . 386 - 395 )

Spec i es l ongi ceps Pocock 1898 Keny a .

R e f . Pocock 1898 . Proc . Zoo l . Soc . Lond . p . 500 ( Femal e ) .
S i mon 1 903 . H i s t . Nat . Ara i gn 2 ( 4 ) p . 948 .
.

�
Specimen Type BMNH 1897 - 1 1 -20-54 . Col l ector Stewart Betton .
:.:.·_.
·.....-._.:.::.:
Corrmon name Voi red rump baboon .
Di str i bu t i on Voi , Keny a .
:,. · Descr i p t i o n ( Femal e ) Length 5 5 mm . Carapace 2 1 . 5x l 4 . 5mm . Che l i cerae 7mm . P a l p 27 . 5mm.
Leg 1 ( 4 4mm . ) Leg 2 ( 40mm . ) Leg 3 ( 36mm . ) Leg 4 5 2 . 5mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Carap ace con­
s i derab l y l onger than wide. Leg 4 con s i derab l y l onger than l eg 1 . Length of p a l p i s
about two - th i rds o f met . o f l eg 1 . Foveal groove transvers e . Che l i cerae ( F i g . 388 ) P l u ­
mose p ad on s i de o f che l i cerae . Stri dul ati ng organ ( F i g . 387 ) P l umose h a i rs on troch .
of p a l p . Labi um/sternum ( F i g . 392 ) For l ayou t of cuspul es/granu l es and s i g i l l a - see
i l l u strat i on . C lypeus ( F i g . 3g5 ) w i de . Spi nes ( F i g . 393 ) For l ayout of s p i nes , t i b met
l eg 4 - see i l l ustrat i o n . Spermathecae ( F i g . 394 ) unusual semi n a l recept ac l e w i th d i s­
t i nct l obe on apex of taperi ng mound wi th w i de b ase . Col our Carapace and l egs w i t h
382 short grey-brown hai r s . Abdomen , chocol ate brown w i t h redd i sh h a i r s . Legs , red setae
384 with p a l e s tr i at i ng l i nes and p a l e j o i nts . Unders i d e , s ternum and coxa b l ack w i t h grey

jjj)Jj} \�
381 h a i rs . Habi t at Acac i a scrub l and .

F i gs . 3 7 7 - 385 C. rave n i ( 37 7 ) H a l e ( 37 8 ) T � och . coxa of p a l p ( 379 ) L ab i um ( sternum

-.-.,,, ,,,:.
395
and coxa of p a l p . ( 380 ) S p i nnere t . ( 38 1 ) T i_ b i a and Met . of l eg 4 . ( 382 ) T i b i a and ,., 390
Met . of l eg 3 . ( 383 ) C l ypeus and ocu l ar tuberc l e ( 384 ) P a l p and p a l p a l bu l b . ( 385 )
P a l p a l b u l b . Note d i s t i nct ventral keel .
 7�
GENUS HAR PACTIRA Ausserer 1 8 7 1
Ref . Aus serer 187 1 . Verh . Zoo l . Bot . Ges . W i en 21 p . 204 .
Pocock 189 7 . Proc . Zoo l . Soc . Lond . p . 74 9 .
Purce l l 1902 . Trans . S . Afr i c . P h i 1 . Soc . 1 1 ( 4 ) p . 33 3 .
389 Generi c type H . atr a .

t
Remark s .
. The genus H arpactira i s v i ewed a s the pri mary genus o f the subfami l y H arpac t i r i n ae­
but in many ways the pri mary genus , from wh i ch many secondary genera h ave evo l ved , i s
proba b l y Pteri noch i l us .
The two ear l i es t examp l es d i scovered were H . atra ( L atre i l l e ) i n 1832 and H . cafre­
·.::.: :-:= r i an a ( Wa l cken aer ) in 1837 in South Afr i c a before exp l or at i on expanded further north

i
; :..
. .
i nto the d i stri bu t i on area of the genus Pteri noch i l us - subsequen t l y the e ar l y arac h ­
.. no l og i sts tended t o group muc h o f th i s ear l y mater i a l i nt o t h e Harpac t i ra category -
. •
before key taxonom i c features , separa t i ng the two gener a , were c l ear l y defi ned by Po­
. ..
cock in 1897 .
The genus c an be read i l y def i ned by the l ong s tout setae beneath the p l umose pad on
..
the che l i cerae and by a ser i es of p l umose setae on the coxa of the p a l p . It is d i ff i ­

j
c u l t to determ i n e whether the Har pact ira genus evo 1 ved from t h e P teri nochi l us genus
and gai ned a stri du l at i ng organ or if the Pteri noch i l u s genus evo l ved from the Harpac­
t i ra genus - l os i ng t he s tr i du l at i ng organ . Obv i ous l y i t i s eas i er for a genus t o l ose
a taxonom i c feature t han gai n - but the Pter i noch i l us genus and i ts deri v i t i ve genera
h ave been so successfu l that I tend to l ean towards the theory that the Pteri noch i l us
genus i s the k ey genus and that Harpacti ra evol ved a str i du l at i ng organ i ndependant l y .
D i agnosi s The Harpactira genus can be read i l y defi ned by the l ong stout setae beneath
the p l umose p ad on the c he l i cerae and correspond i ng ser i es of p l umose on the coxa of
the p a l p . A l so p l umose setae on i n s i de of the c he l i cerae . Otherwi se i dent i ca l to Pter­
i noch i l u s .
Gener i c key
1 ) Stri dul ati ng organ Long stout setae beneath p l umose pad . A s e r i e s o f p l umose setae
on the coxa of the p a l p .
2 ) P l umose setae o n i ns i de o f the chel i cerae .
3 ) Foveal groove - transverse.
4) C l ypeus - w i d e .
5 ) Spi nes on t i b . /met . of l egs 3 , 4 .
6 ) Tibi al spur - s i ng l e mound and s p i n e .
7 ) P a l pal bul b t aper i ng embo l u s - w i th s i mp l e k e e l i n some spec i es .
Speci es i nc l uded .
atra ( L atrei l l e 183 2 ) bavi ana Purce l l 1 g o3 cafreri ana ( Wa l ckenaer) 1837 chrysogaster
Pocock 1897 curator Pocock 1898 curvipe s Pocock 1897 d i ctatoP P urcel l 1 902 g i gas
Pocock 1898 guttata Strand 1 907 hami l toni Pocock 1 902 l i neata Pocock 1897 lyrata
( S i mon 189 7 ) marks i Purcel l 1 902 namaquens i s Purcel l 1 903 p u l ch r i pe s Pocock 1 901
t i gr i n a Ausserer 187 5 .
Hab i tat .
Acac i a scrub and gras s l and . The l i mi ted data wh i c h we have i nd i cates an opportun i s ­
t i c burrower - usua l l y excavati ng h o l es beneat h roc k s and l ogs - but equa l l y adept at
u t i l i s i ng o l d l i z ard and mo l e ho l e s .

Note J . H . Yates ( 1968 Spi ders of S . Afr i c a - Books of Afr i c a Ltd . p . 1 5 6 ) c o l l ec ted a
number of baboon s p i ders , amongst t h i ck grass at the foot of a h i gh roads i de bank of
red soi l , at K l oof in the Natal are a . "I c ame across a l arge ho l e , two i nches in d i a­
Figs. 386 - 395 ) E . l ongi ceps ( 386 ) Fema l e Note swol l en t i b i a of l eg 4 . ( 387 ) meter . Over the entrance there was a convex cover of s i l k thread . The burrow was s i l k
Troch . cox a of pa 1 p . ( 388) Chel i cerae , ex tern a 1 f ac e . ( 389 ) Che 1 i cerae , i ntern a l l i ned - wh i ch c urved f i rs t downwards and then i n an upward d i rect i on . The l ength was
face . ( 3 9 0 ) C he l i c e r a 1 teet h . ( 3g1 ) Sp i nneret ( 392 ) Labi um/s tern um and cox a of between 10-12 i nches " .
pal p . ( 39 3 ) Spi nes , Met . o f l eg 4 . ( 394 ) Spermathecae , sem i n a l receptac l e reve a l ed . Yates col l ected a number o f fem a l e baboons ( wh i ch by h i s descri p t i on are h i gh l y
( 3g5 ) C l ypeu s , ocu l ar tuberc l e . l i ke l y t o b e Harpacti ra ) from deep burrows and concl uded t h a t i n h i s exper i ence i t was
wander i ng ma l es wh i c h tended to seek temporary shel ters in s h a l l ow excava t i on s .
80
Stri d u l a t i n g orgen Che l i cerae ( F i g . 396 ) P l umose pad with 5 notes or s tout taper i ng
Di s tr i but i on .
The genus i n i t i a l l y seems to be confi ned to South Afr i c a and pos s i b l y nei ghbou r i n g setae . I n f� r i. or row of m�derate l y s tout setae at base of chel i cerae . Coxa of p a l p ( F i g
s tates to t h e South W e s t a n d North . I t i s u n l i k e l y that a n y of t h e s e spec i e s a r e wide­ 398 ) a ser i es ( approx . 1 5 ) o f l ong p l umose setae , 3 i n depth . Labi um/sternum ( F i g . 399 )
For l ayout of cu � p u l es/gran u l es and s i g i l l a - see i l l us trat i on . Spi nes ( F i gs . 401-402)
rangi ng and Pocock ' s bel i ef that H . t i gr i n a ranges from the C ape t o Somal i l and must be
For l ayout of s p i nes on the met . of l eg 4 - see i l ustrat i on . Spi nnerets ( F i g . 400) Ap­
v i ewed w i th doubt ,
i c a l segment very smal l . Spennathecae ( F i gs . 405-406 ) s i mp l e taper i ng and gen t l y bu l b­
ous : eceptac l e . Co l our C arapace and l i mbs , d ark brown w i t h short grey/o l i ve h a i rs .
Note I t i s my op i n i on that the Soma l i l and examp l e of H . t i gri n a i s s i mp l y an i ncor­ Marg i n of c arapace-foxy red . Abdomen - th i ck l y spec k l ed wi th grey spots w i th a med i an

7 . 5rrm . Abdomen 1 5 x10mm . P a l p . 2� . 5rrm . Leg � ( 47 . 5mm . ) Leg 2 ( 4 3rrm . ) Leg 3 ( 41 . 5mm . ) Leg
rec t l y l abel l ed spec i men . I ne v i t a b l y as is the way o f these thi ngs , the proof of the l i ne and transverse dark l i nes . ( Ma l e ) Length 33rrm. Carapace 1 3 . 5 x l l rnm . Che l i cerae
pudd i ng is in the f i n d i n g .
4 ( 5 1 . 2mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . T 1 b 1 a l spur ( F i g . 403 ) S i n g l e mound wi th c urved s p i n e . Pal ­
p a l bul b Embo l us t aper i ng w i t h d i s t i nc t curve - no keel s . Col our Carapace and l eg s

b r_- own wi th foxy red hai : s . Habitat Common throughout the pen i nsu l a - l i v i ng on the
range from b l ac k to d ark brown wi th o l i ve-b l ack/o l i ve-brown hai rs . Abdomen b l ac k and
' ' -• t
r-
I
- _J '

\ ,, '
I
h i l l s i. des under rocks , i n s i l k l i ned holes or u t i l i s i ng mol e holes in the more open
s andy macch i a scru b l and .
Habi tat H . atra common throughout the Cape of Good Hope Peni n s u l a .
F avours s andy macc h i a scrubl and and rocky h i l l s i des where i t excavates
a s i l k l i ned chamber . Al so u t i l i ses mo l e ho l e s .

,.. \ �
,..J ' B o t swana •,, , , ,'
N am i b i a
: ,,_,\. - -�""
1 - ...� - -', -
�
1I' \
" I
: \' ,.. ,, ... ... _ J a , ... .. :
! s outh
- : 8.
Afr i c a ,_ -
5 . 6. Key.
' 1 ) atra 9) guttata
,
_ , ,
' 10
( /I 2) bav i ana 10) hami l to n i
' -.. ...• 3) cafre r i ana 11) l i neata
4) chrysogaster 12) lyrata
12? 5) curator 13) marks i
6) curv ipe s 14 ) namaquens i s
7 ) d i ctator 15 ) pu l chripes
8) g i gas 16 ) t i gr i n a

( F i gs . 396 - 407 )

Spec i es atra ( Latre i l l e 1832 ) Cape Are a .

Ref . M. atra L atrei l l e 1832 . Nouv . Ann . Mus . H i s t . N at . 1 p . 70 .
Myga l e funebra Wal c ken aer 1837 . H i s t . Nat . I n s . Apt . 1 p . 226 .
M. corac i n a Koch 184 2 . D i e Ar i chni den 9 p . 3 7 .
H . atra Ausserer 18 71 . Verh . Zoo l . Bot . Ges . W i en 2 1 p . 204 .
Pocock 1897 . Proc . Zoo l . Soc . Lond . p . 749 .
Purce l l 1 902 . Tran s . S . Afr i c . Phi l . Soc . 11 ( 4 ) p . 320 .
S i mon 1903 . H i s t . Nat . Arai gn 2 ( 4 ) p . 94 8 .
Spec imen BMNH Fema l e 01-3-10- 3 . Ma l e 48-63 .
Di s tri buti on Centred on the Cape of Good Hope pen i ns u l a , Hoets Bay , S i mons Town , Wor­
cester and Robbeb I s l and . A l s o Gordons Bay and Darl i n g . A s i ng l e mal e was a l so found
in Z u l u l and - wh i ch poss i b l y i nd i c ates a coastal d i stri buti on or more l i ke l y acc i den­
tal i ntroduct i o n .
Co111110n name Corrmon Pygmy Cape baboon .
Descri ption ( Fema l e ) Length 42rrm . C aapace 16xl3rnm. Che l i cerae 5mm. Abdomen 19xl3mm .
P a l p 23 . 5rrm . Leg 1 ( 46rnm. ) Leg 2 ( 4 1 . 4mm . Leg 3 ( 39 . 5mm . ) Leg 4 ( 49 . 5mm . ) . Note Al l
data i nd i c ates a smal l spec i es . C ape Museum spec i mens range from 34-43mm . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3
 81
( F i g . 40 7 a )

Spec i e s bavi ana Purce l l 1 903 Sou th Afr i c a .

Ref . Purce l l 1 903 . Ann . S . Afr i c . Mus . 3 ( l ) p . 30 .
Spe c i men Type S . A . M . N . H . 2 Ma l e s . Nos . 9562 , 9959 . ( F ema l es ) 9960 , 1004 8 . Ma l es c o l l ec ­
ted i n October . Fema l es wi th young i n J anu ary .
Di s t r i bu t i on Hanover . F rom f arms Poortj esfonte i n and Krapfonte i n , Cape C o l ony .
C oJTlllo n n ame Hanover o l i ve s tarburst baboon .
Descri pt i o n ( Ma l e ) Length 40mm . Carapace 16mm . Met . of l eg 1 ( 1 2 . 4mm . ) . Data i n paper
l i mi ted . Ocu l ar arrangement PLE e l ongate - cons i derably l on ger than PME . P a l pal bu l b
( F i g . 407 a ) Embo l u s stout at base and tape r i n g rap i d l y from d i s t a l h a l f . Seen from the
front the d i s t a l part appears s trong l y c urved outwards . Col our Carapace o l i ve and
b l ack h a i rs w i t h a p a l e gol den s t arburst pattern . ( F ema l e ) Length 5 lmm . C arapace
1 9 . 4mm . Met . of leg 1 ( 9 . 5mm. ) . Remarks C l os e l y a l l i ed to H. namaguens i s . H ab i tat Ory
grass l and . Behavi ou r Found under stone s , gener a l l y i n s h a l l ow excavat i ons but some­
t i mes i n s hort burrows a few i nches deep . ( Purc e l l ) .

After P u rce l l
407a

Speci e s cafreriana ( Wa l ckenaer 183 7 ) C ape Are a .

Ref . Myga l e c . W a l ckenaer 1837 . H i s t . Nat . I n s . A p t . 1 p . 22 5 .
M. v i l l os a Wal ckenaer 183 7 . H i st . Nat . I n s . Apet 1 p . 22 5 .
M . c . Koch 1 84 2 . D i e Arac h . ( 9 ) p . 80 .
H . c . Purc e l l 1902 . Trans S . Afri c . P h i l . Soc . 1 1 ( 4 ) p . 32 5 .
Strand 1 907 . J ahresh Ver. Nat . Wurt . 63 p . 76 .
Spec i me n C ape Mus . N o spe c i men i n BMNH . Not stud i e d .
CoJTlllO n name C ape orange baboon .
Di s tr i bu t i on C ape Peni nsu l a , c affrar i a , Swe l l endam, S l anghoek , C a l edon , S te l l enbosch .
401 400 Synonymy Purce 1 1 bel i eved that M . vi l l os a , Wa l ck enaer , was l i ke l y to be synonymou s
402 w i th cafreri ana. I f t h e type i s s t i l l i n e x i s t ance a redescr i p t i o n wou l d be val i d .
Desc r i ption ( Fema l e ) L ength 44Jllll . Carapace 1 7 . 5x l 3 . 5Jllll . C h e l i c erae 5 . 5Jllll . Abdomen 1 5 x
lOmm. P a l p 36mm . L e g 1 ( 52 . 5mm) L e g 2 ( 4 7Jllll . ) L e g 3 ( 4 4 . 7Jllll . ) L e g 4 ( 56mm . ) . Note Che­
l i cerae Purce l l notes that the i nfer i or row of stout setae or s p i nes beneath the the
pri mary row of note s , b e l ow the p l umose pad , i s s i m i l ar to chrysogaster - b e i n g i so­
/-"-:.'f,
·'
l ated posteri o r l y. See ( F i g s . 4 16 , 41 0 ) . (Mal e ) Length 33mm. Carapace 1 4 x l l . 5mm . C he l ­
I
� i cerae 4mm. Pal p 23mm. Leg 1 ( 47 . 5mm . ) Leg 2 ( 4 3 . 8mm . ) Leg 3 ( 40 . 7mm . ) Leg 4 ( 51 . 3mm . )
� Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . ( Data l i m i t ed ) . Col ou r C arapace and l eg s a l most b l ac k w i t h a coat of
i bri ght orange h a i rs wh i c h on the c arapace form a s tarburst �e�n . Abdomen dark w i t h
u s u a l p at tern .
406
( F i g s . 408 - 420)

Spec i e s chrysogaster Pocock 1897 C ape Are a .

Ref . Pocock 1897 . Proc . Zoo l . Soc . Lond . p . 750.
405 Spec i me n Type M a l e BMNH 4 4 - 1 39 . Note spec i men is d r i ed , damaged and very frag i l e . F e ­
ma l e 98- 1 - 9- 1 . Fema l e d amaged , forme r l y dri ed .
COtllllO n name Banded red rump baboon .
Di stri buti on Mal e - no bas i c l oc a l i ty - o n l y South Afr i ca - but an undescri bed second
F i g s . 3g6 - 407 H . atra ( 396 ) C h e l i ce r ae , external f ace . ( 39 7 ) Chel i c eral teeth . spec i men wh i ch Pocock bel i eved to be the fema l e of the spec i es i s t i cketed from Ste l l ­
( 398 ) Coxa of pal p . ( 39 9 ) Labi um/ s ternum and coxa of p a l p . ( 400 ) Sp i nnere t . ( 4 0 1 - enbosch Cape Pen i nsu l a .
402 Spi nes , Met . of l eg 4 . ( 403 ) T i b i al s pu r . ( 404 ) P a l p a l bu l b . Fema l e ( 405 ) Descri ption ( Ma l e ) Length 4 3 . 5mm . Carapace l8x l4mm . C he l i c erae 6mm. P a l p 24mm . Leg 1
Spermathecae . ( 406 ) Semi n a l receptac l e . ( 407 ) C l ypeus/ocu l a r tuberc l e . ( 44Jllll . ) Leg 2 ( 4 3mm . ) Leg 3 ( 43mm . ) Leg 4 ( 49mm. ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Legs l o n g , l egs 2 , 3
equa l . C l ypeus wi d e . Foveal groove - transverse/sma l l . Length of p a l p equal t o apex of
t i b . of l eg 1 . Stri dul at i ng organ ( F i g s . 409 , 41 0 ) Beneath the p l umose p ad on t h e c he l -
82
i cerae ( F i g . 4 1 0 ) i s an ob l i que ser i es of s tout tape r i n g setae or notes ( 7 i n number ) .
Beneath thi s pri mary l i ne i s a second ary l i ne of i nfer i or spi nes w h i c h are d i vorced
from the chel l i ceral fri nge . Troch . /coxa of p a l p . The coxa ( F i g . 409 ) has a l ong ser i es
of stout p l umose setae . P l umose setae are a l so present on troch of p a l p . Spi ne s On met
of l egs 1 , 2 , 3 l i mi ted to i nferi or ap i ca l s p i n e . On met . of l eg 4 - see femal e
( F i g s . 4 1 9-420 ) . T i b i a l spur ( F i g . 4 1 1 ) S i n g l e mound w i t h l ong curved s p i ne - wh i ch i s
arched near ape x , not m i dd l e . P al pal bul b ( F i g s . 4 1 2 -4 1 3 ) S i m i l ar t o H . atra but em­
bo l us i s con s i derab l y t h i nner . ( Fema l e ) Note dri ed frag i l e spec i men - u n ab l e to remove
spermathecae . Length 44mm. C arapace 18xl 3 . 5mm. Che l i cerae 6 . 5mm. P a l p 28mm . Leg 1
( 4 5mm . ) Leg 2 - damaged , l on ger than l eg 3 . Leg 3 ( 34 . 5mm . ) Leg 4 ( 45mm . ) Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3
Legs 4 , 1 equa l . C l yp eus - w i d e . Foveal groove - transverse/wi de . Length of p a l p equal
to one - h a l f of met . of l eg 1 . Stridul ati n g organ Che l i cerae ( F i g . 4 1 6 ) Simi l ar to to
mal e . Labi um/s ternum ( F i g . 4 1 7 ) For l ayout of cuspul es/granu l es and s i g i l l a - see i l l ­
ustra t i on . Spines ( F i g s . 4 1 9 -420) For l ayou t of spi nes on met . of l eg 4 - see i l l us ­
trat i ons . Colour Carapace a n d l eg s are covered w i t h green i s h b l ack h a i rs - marg i n a l
h a i r s on edge of foxy r e d w i t h foxy r e d h a i r s apparant on l eg . Abdomen i nd i s t i nc t l y
banded w i t h a coat of f i ery foxy r e d h a i rs . Sternum a n d coxae , b l ack w i th sc anty red
t i pped h a i r s . Habi tat Macc h i a , scrub and gras s l and . No behavi oural data - but probab l y
s i m i l ar to H . atr a .

damaged/sternum

\ .:
::
.·:·
.: ·.
417 · :·

419 4 20
416

F i gs . 408 - 420 H . chrysogaster ( 408 ) Mal e ( 409 ) Troch . coxa of p a l p . ( 4 1 0 ) Che-

1 i cerae , external face . ( 4 1 1 ) T i b i a l spur ( 41 2 -4 1 3 ) P a l p a l bu l b . ( 4 1 4 ) C l ypeus/
ocu l ar tu berc l e . ( 4 1 5 ) Fema l e ( 4 1 6 ) Che l i cerae , external face ( 4 1 7 ) Labi um/sternum
410 and coxa of palp ( d amaged ) . ( 41 8 ) Spi nneret . ( 419-420) Met . o f l e g 4 .
 83
( F i gs . 4 2 1 - 430 )

Speci es curator Pocock 1898 Natal .

Ref. Pocock 1898 . Ann . Mag . Nat . H i s t . 7 ( 2 ) p . 1 99 .
"'·····'
·· .
•
Speci men BMNH ( Femal e ) ( Sp i r i t ) 18g7 - l l - 4 - 1 4 - 1 5 . . Mal e . Note I h ave been unab l e to l o­
c ate the ma l e i n the BMNH c o l l ec t i on and must presume that i t i s temporar i l y l ost .
COllloll n name Mal vern star burst baboon .
D i stri buti on Mal vern , Natal , South Afr i c a . 429
Descri p t i on ( Femal e ) Length 4 1 ITITI . Carapac e 17xl2mrn. C he l i cerae 6mm . P a l p 25mm . Leg 1
( 37rrm . ) Leg 2 ( 3 3m . ) Leg 3 ( 30mm . ) Leg 4 ( 40 . 5rrm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Leg 1 not i ce ab l y
stouter t h a n l e g 4 . Length of p a l p t hree-quarters of met . of l eg 1 . C l ypeus ( F i g . 430 ) ­
w i de . Foveal groove - transverse/w i d e . Str i du l at i ng organ ( F i g s . 422 , 423 ) . C he l i cerae
Pri mary notes/stout setae { 6 i n number ) beneath p l umose pad are at an ob l i que ang l e .
Secondary s p i nes l ow and a t posteri or edg e . Troch . /coxa o f p a l p ( F i g . 4 2 3 ) P l umose
setae l arge and series is of a s i m p l e con f i gurat i on . F i n e p l umose setae on troc h . of
p a l p . L ab i um/sternum ( F i g . 425 ) For l ayou t of cuspul es/granu l es and s i g i l l a - see i l l ­ Harpacti ra curator
ustrat i on . Spi nes ( F i gs . 426 , 42 7 ) For l ayout of s p i nes on met . of l eg 4 - see i l l us ­
trat i on . Spennathecae Sem i n a l sachs o v a l the recept ac l es i n s i de bei n g of a l ow rounded
t r i angu l ar shape . Colour U n i form mouse-grey and brown . Carapace b l ac k w i th p a l e r ad i a­
t i ng l i nes . Leg j o i nts have p a l e band s . Sternum and coxae , b l ac k i s h . Habi tat Steppe
grass l and and h i l l s i d e , dry forest .

'

·· : ':.· .
.
427
·. · · .
.
· ·: · ·
.. .. . · · · :

.. . .;

F ound under a rock i n a l arge web l i ned ch amber w i t h two ex i t passages . Ref. Guy
Mars h a l l , September 1897 . Note, i n spec i men j ar .

C l i mate ( Durban ) R a i nfal l . December 1 2 5mm . March 25mm . J u l y 8mm . November 107mm . Hum­
i d i ty/Temperature . Apr i l 75% ( 72F . ) September 59% ( 73F . ) December 70% ( 78F . ) Febru ary
78% ( 77F . ) .

F i g s . 421
Troc h . coxa
- 4of3 0pa Hl p. . curator ( 42 1 ) Fema l e ( 42 2 ) Che l i cerae , extern a l f ace . ( 42 3 )
Note stout p l umose setae ( 42 4 ) Spi neret ( 4 2 5 ) L a b i um/sternum
and coxa of pal p . ( 426-4 2 7 ) Sp i nes , met . of l et 4 . ( 42 8 ) Spermathecae , semi n a l re­
424 ceptac l e s . ( 429 ) C h e l i ceral teeth ( 430 ) C l ypeus /ocu l ar tu berc l e .
84
( F i g,s . 4 3 1 - 4 3 7 )
Spec i e s curvi pes Pocock 1897 Nata l .
Ref. Pocock 1897 . Proc . Zoo l . Soc . Lond . p . 750.
Specimen BMNH . Note Type 54-22 is a juven i l e fema l e . Suggest a paratype des i gnat on
for a second spec i men t i cketed by Pocock as curvi pes , wh i ch a l though dri ed and frag l e
w i 1 1 suffi ce unti 1 the spec i es c an be redescri bed on new materi a l and a type des g­
n ated . Paratype 96-7-24-2 from K l e i npoor t .
ColllTlOITl n am e Natal mouse baboon .
D i str i bu t i on K l e i npoort , Natal , South Afr i c a .
Descri p t i on Fema l e - Length 63 . 5mm . C arapace 27x l 9 . 5rmi . Chel i cerae lOmm . P a l p 35mm.
Leg 1 ( 55mm . ) Leg 2 ( 52mm . ) Leg 3 ( 46mm . ) Leg 4 ( 55 . 5mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Legs 4 , 1
equ a l . Length of p a l p h a l f o f met . o f l eg 1 . Legs short and s tout . Note Pocock ' s j u v­
eni l e fema l e has a bowed met . on l eg 4 - t h i s is not apparant in the mature fema l e
spec i men descri bed here . C l ypeus - w i de . Foveal groove - transverse/w i d e . Stridu l at i ng
organ ( F i gs . 432-433) Chel i cerae ( F i g . 433 ) O b l i que row of 8 notes/stout setae beneath .. · · ····
..
p l umose pad . I n ferior second ary row of s p i nes above the oral f r i nge - beneath pri mary ...
row . Coxa of pal p ( F i g . 432 ) - damaged . P l umose ser i es of setae on coxa of p a l p f i ne
and d i spersed . Labi um/sternum ( F i g . 434 ) - d amaged . For l ayou t of cuspu l es/gan u l es -
on l ab i um , see i l l ustrat i on . S p i ne s ( F i g s . 435-436 ) For l ayou t of spi nes on met of l eg
4 , see i l l ustrat i o n . Col our H a i ry c l oth i ng tol erab l y u n i form mouse brown - wh i te tuft/
bands on l eg j o i n t s . Some grey/red h a i r s o n c arapace - l ong grey/red h a i rs on l egs .
Abdomen w i th med i an l i ne and band s .

H . curvi pes

F i gs . 431 - 437 H . curv i pe s ( 4 3 1 ) Fema l e ( 4 3 2 ) Troe . coxa of pal p . ( 4 3 3 ) Che l ­

i cerae , external f ace . ( 43 4 ) L a b i um/s ternum and cox a of p a l p . ( 435-436 ) Sp i nes ,
met . of l eg 4 . ( 43 7 ) C l ypeus/ocu l ar tuberc l e .

Spec i e s d i c tator Purce l l 1 902 C ape Are a .

R e f . Purce l l 1 902 . Trans . S . Afr i c . Phi l . Soc . 1 1 ( 4 ) p . 33 1 .
Spec i men Typ e . Probably Cape Museum No . 8838 .
Synonomy On s tudyi ng Purce l l ' s paper and not i ng h i s own dou bts , I see no reason why
H . d i ctator shou l d not be v i ewed as synonymous w i t h H . l i neata Pocock 1897 . I have
grave doubts concern i ng Purcel l ' s f a i th in s p i nneret measurements as a taxonom i c too l
on a spec i e s l eve l , and can f i nd no reference by Pocock i n h i s paper concern i ng the
spi nnerets of l i neata. I thus fai l to see how Purce l l can separate the two spec i es on
the s i ze of the ap i c a l segment of the spi nnerets . Note The s p i nnerets are m i s s i ng from
the type of l i neata wh i c h i s d r i ed and very frag i l e .
D i stri bution Bonn i e V a l e F arm, Swe l l en d am d i v , c l os e t o Bu shmans d r i f t , Ashton . A l so
Peter K i rk Z andv l i e t F arm , near Ashton . Avontuur , Storms V l e i . A l so S l anghoek , Rabi esberg and
Worceste r , Cape P en i nsu l a .
 85
( F i gs . 4 38 - 445 )
445
Speci es g igas Pocock 1898 Transva a l .
Ref . Pocock 1898 . Ann . Mag . N a t . H i st . 7 ( 1 ) p . 3 1 7 ( Fema l e ) .
Strand 1907 . Zei tscher P . N aturwi s s 79 p . 230 .
Purce l l 1902 . Tran s . S. Afri c . Ph i l . Soc . 11 · ( 4 ) p . 32 4 .
Speci men Type BMNH 1898-5-7-23 . Former l y dr i ed spec i men/frag i l e . Note a second spec i ­
men i s a t the Cape Mu s . found a t Barberton .
Common n ame Transvaal banded baboon .
Di stri bu t i on Barberton , Transvaa l .
Remarks .
I t i s h i gh l y unl i ke l y that Strand , i n h i s 1907 paper , correct l y i dent i f i ed the spe­
c i mens from the Cape Pen i nsu l a - wh i ch he deemed to be H . g i gas and d i stri buti on of
th i s spec i es s hou l d be l i mi ted to the Transvaal unt i l h i s spec i mens are redescri bed .
Descri ption Femal e . Length 5 5nrn . C arapace 26x20nrn . Che l i cerae 8mm . P a l p 37mm. Leg 1
( 59mm. ) Leg 2 ( 54mm. ) Leg 3 ( 46 . 5mm . ) Leg 4 ( 57 . 5mm . ) . Legs 1 , 4 , 2 , 3 . Length of p a l p
one-h a l f of met . o f l e g 1 . L e g 1 s l i gh t l y s touter than l eg 4 . C l ypeus ( F i g . 445 ) w i de .
Foveal groove - transverse/wi de . Carapace con s i derab l y l onger than w i de . Stri du l at i ng
organ chel i cerae ( F i g . 44 0 ) 7 notes or stout setae beneath p l umose pad are i n a hor i ­
zontal l i ne . Coxa of p a l p ( F i g . 439 ) The ser i es of p l umose setae on the coxa tend to
be in two re 1 at i ve 1 y short rows . Setae th i n . Labi um/sternum ( F i g . 442 ) For 1 ayout of
cuspul es/gran u l es and s i g i l l a - see i l l ustrat i o n . Spine s ( F i gs . 443-44 4 ) For l ayout of
s p i nes on met . of l eg 4 - see i l l ustra t i on . Spennathecae - abdomen dri ed/shrunken -
unap l e to remove organ . Col our C arapace b l ack w i t h mouse brown h ai r , wi thout the usual
pal e border of h a i r s and wi thout rad i at i ng l i nes on c arapac e . Abdomen with pattern and
rusty/red setae . C o l our i ng s i mi l ar to H. t i gr i n a . Habi tat Gra s s l and and dry forest .

\
damaged

442

'
440

443
444

441

F i gs . 438 - 445 H . g i g a s ( 4 38 ) Fem a l e ( 43 9 ) Troch . a n d c o x a o f p al p . ( 440 ) Che­

l i cerae , externa l f ac e . ( 4 4 1 ) Spi nneret ( 4 4 2 ) L a b i um/ sternum and coxa of p a l p .
Strand 1907 Sou th Afr i c a . ( 443-44 4 ) Sp i nes , met . o f l eg 4 . ( 4 4 5 ) Ocu l ar tuberc l e .
Spec i es g uttata
Ref. Strand 1907 . Zoo l . Anz . 3 1 ( 1 7 - 18 ) p . 55 3 .
Strand 1907 . Zei tschr P . Naturw i s s 79. p . 230 .
Specimen Type . Fem a l e - not l oc ated .
Di stribution E ast London , South Afri c a .
Descri ption Length 50mm . Carapace 18xl5mm. Abdomen 23xl8mm . P a l p 39 . 5mm . Leg 1 ( 55mm . ) ( F i g s . 446 - 4 5 5 )
Leg 2 ( 49 . 5mm . ) Leg 3 ( 44 . 7mm . ) Leg 4 ( 56 . 6mm . ) Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . For genus , l e g 4 i s con­ Spec i e s hami l toni Pocock 1 902 Transvaal .
s i derab ly l onger than leg 1 . Note Strand s t ates that the spec i men is s i mi l ar to H . t i g­
Ref . Pocock 1902 . Ann . Mag . Nat . H i s t . ( 7 ) 10 p . 3 16 .
r i na and I am concerned to note that the d i fferences seem to h i nge on pat+t i b/carapace
Specimen Type BMNH - not numbered . ( Ma l e ) .
equat i ons . H i g h l y l i ke l y that t h i s spec i es wi l l be found to be synonymous w i th H. t i g ­
Common name Gol den s tarburst bobbej aan .
r i n a i f the type c an b e l oc ated and redescribed. Col ouri ng s i mi l ar t o H . t i gr i n a .
D i st r i bution Vredetort Rd . , Ore . - Orange r i ver col ony . Col l ected by G . E . C . B arrett &
Habi tat Sou th E astern trop i c a l coastal rai n forest be l t .
H ami l ton .
86
Desc r i pt i on ( Ma l e ) Length 33mm. C arapace 1 5mm . L egs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . C l ypeus ( F i g . 4 5 1 ) , w i d e .
Stri dul a t i ng organ c h e l i cerae ( F i g . 446 ) 6 notes o f s t i ffened setae i n a d i spersed
hor i zon t a l l i ne beneath the p l umose pad . Secondary l i ne of spi nes on c he l i ceral fri nge
i s in the mi dd l e reg i on of c he l i cerae . I n s i de of c he l i cerae ( F i g . 447 } Deep p ad of
p l umose setae on upper port i o n . Coxa of palp ( F i g . 448) W i d e area of stout p l umose se­
t ae . Ser i e s s c attered . Labi um/sternun ( F i g . 4 5 3 ) For l ayou t of c u s p u l es/gran u l es and
s i g i l l a - see i l l ustrat i on . Spi nes ( F i gs . 454-455 ) . For l ayou t of s p i n e s on met . of
l eg 4 - see i l l ustrat i o n . T i b i a l spur ( F i g . 4 5 2 ) t i b i a l mound bowed and s p i n e r i ses
from r i dg e at base where it meets apex of mound . P a l pal bul b ( F i g . 450) Embol us has a
d i s t i nct l i p at ape x . Col our Prevai l i ng co l ou r greyi s h -brown wi t h s i l ky gol den l us tre
Carapace b l ack w i t h gol den-ye l l ows in s t arburst pattern . Unders i de b l ac k i sh w i t h foxy­
red h a i rs . Hab i t at Poss i b l y coast a l fores t be l t - but exact c o l l ec t i on s i te not l o­
c ated . Th i s forest s tr i p tends to be n arrow and the gras s l ands encroach on much of i t .

455

452

454

( F i gs . 4 5 6 - 461 )

Speci es l i neata Pocock 1897 South Afri c a .

Ref . Pocock 1897 . Proc . Zoo l . Soc . Lond . p . 749 .
Spec imen ( Fema l e ) Type BMNH 44-6 . Dr i ed spec i men/damaged and very frag i l e . Co l l ected
by Dr . Smi t h .
Co111Tio n name W h i t e s t arburst baboon .
Di stribu t i on Sou th Afr i c a . No c o l l ec t i on s i te . Note I t i s h i g h l y l i ke l y that t h i s
spec i es i s synonymous w i t h H . d i c t ator Purce l l , i n wh i ch case the s peci e s i s to be
found on the Cape pen i nsu l ar - see H . d i ctator.
Descri ption ( Fema l e ) Length 55 . 5mm . C arapace 2 1 . 5xl5mm. C he l i cerae ?mm . P a l p 32 . 5mm .
Leg 1 ( 51 . 5mm . ) Leg 2 ( 46mm . ) Leg 3 ( 42 . 511111 . ) Leg 4 ( 52mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Leg 1
stouter than l eg 4 . Length of p al p , one - h a l f of met . of l eg 1 . C l ypeus ( F i g . 46 1 ) w i d e .
448 Foveal groove - transverse , w i der than ocu l ar tuberc l e . C arapace cons i de r ab l y l onger
than w i d e . Stridu l at i n g organ chel i cerae ( F i g . 452) Notes are in a hori zont a l l i ne of
447 It rows , the top l i ne being 7 notes and the i nferior l i ne 4 notes . These notes are i n
the centre of the chel i cerae beneath the p l umose pad . The secondary row of i nferi o r
spi nes i s a t the e n d of the c he l i ceral fri nge . C o x a o f p a l p ( F i g . 4 5 7 } a l ong w i de
s er i e s of p l umose setae of approxi mate l y two rows deep . L ab i um/sternum ( F i g . 460 ) b ad l y
damaged - note cuspul es/granu l es o n coxa o f p a l p . Col our C arapace green i sh - b l ack w i t h
a fragmented r ad i a l pattern o f wh i te h a i rs . O n t h e edge o f t h e c arapace there i s a
w i d e fringe of l i ght col oured hai rs . Legs , greyi sh - b l ac k w i t h d i s t i nc t foxy-red setae
on the i n s i de of the femorae . Under s i de b l ac k i s h -brown . Habi t a t No dat a .

\
458

F i gs . 446 - 455 H . hami l to n i M a l e ( 44 6 ) C he l i cerae , external f ace . ( 44 7 } C h e l i c ­

erae , i nternal f ac e . ( 44 8 ) Troch . coxa of p a l p . ( 44 9 ) C he l i ceral teeth ( 450)
P a l p a l bu l b ( 45 1 ) C l ypeus/ocu l ar tuberc l e . ( 45 2 ) T i b i a l spur ( 45 3 ) Labi um/sternum
/ff� 459
and coxa of p a l p . ( 45 4 - 4 5 5 ) Spi nes , met . of l eg 4 .
 87
Descri ption Data l i mi ted i n paper . ( Ma l e } Length 4 lmm . Carapace 1 6mm . D i s t ance from
fove a l ho l e to anter i o r marg i n of c arapace lOmm . C arapace as l on g as the met of l eg 4 .
Met of l e g 1 - s tron g l y c u rved i n centre . Ped i p a l p a l bu l b , embo l us l on g and s l ende r ,
taper i n g g radu a l l y t o t h e m i d d l e of t h e process and then becomi n g very t h i n w i t h n o
s i gmo i d f l exure a t the apex . Colour Carapace a n d l egs - a r i ch chestnut brown or a l ­
mos t b l ack , wi th l on g foxy-red setae and wh i te fri nge o n l eg j o i nts . H a i r s o n c arapace
o l i ve-green with pa l e foxy-red h a i rs on the marg i n s . Abdomen - r i c h , dark and o l i va­
ceou s , spotted w i th ye 1 1 0�1 on the s i des , w i t h l on g foxy-red h a i rs . ( Fema l e ) Length
49mm . Carapac e 18mm . C arap ace , shorter than met . and tarsus of l eg 4. Stridu l at i ng
organ l ower c l u s ter of s p i nes , be l ow mai n notes i s made up of 20 s p i nes - 2 - 3 deep ,
461 s i t uated s l i gh t l y apart from the c he l i ceral fr i nge . P aper confus i n g but i nd i c a t i on i s
that the row of notes n umbers 8 i n tota l . Col our S i mi l ar to mal e - but tends to be a
r i c her brown . H a i rs on l egs and c arapace more greyi sh-o l i ve brown . Abdomen o l i ve brown
w i t h grey spots and a few d ark bands . F r i nge h a i rs on c arapac e , l i gh t foxy-red . Habi ­
tat See a tra.

Speci e s namaquen s i s Purcel l 1902 Cape Col ony .

Ref . Purce l l lgo2 . Trans . S . Afr i c . P h i l . Soc . 1 1 ( 4 ) p . 324 .
Strand 1 91 7 . J ahb Nassan Ver . N at urk 70 p . 16 4 .
Speci me n L i ke l y t o b e t h e Cape Mus . No . 3g75 , Col l ected b y Dr . R . H . Howard .
Common n ame Ook i ep baboon .
D i stri buti on Ook i e p , Kraai fonte i n , Concord i a , Ste i nkopf , d i v . N amaqua l an d , Cape Co­
l ony. A l so from Touws r i ve r , Worces ter d i v .
457 Descri pti on (Mal e ) Length 48mm . Carapace l 8 . 5mm. Length of t i b i a , l eg 1 ( 1 3mm . ) . Met .
( 14mm . ) . D i stance from fovea to anteri or marg i n 1 2mm . Note data l im i ted - few measure ­
ment s . S p i n ners l ong - ap i c al segment nearly twi c e as l ong as the penu l t i mate segme n t .
Pal pal b u l b embo l u s l on g - t h i c k throughout the greater p art of i ts l ength , except the
d i s t a l quarter wh i ch becomes s l ender and f i l i form . Colour I n tegument , dark brown to
b l ac k - short h a i rs on l egs are mouse-grey/mouse-brown . Dense h a i rs on the edge o f t h e
c arapace , cream col oured as a r e the r ad i at i ng bands . Abdomen , g o l den brown . Fema l e
Length 49mm . C arapace 20mm . Length o f c arapac e approx i mate l y equal t o t i b+met o f l eg 1
Stri dul ati ng organ Lower i nferior group of notes on c he l i cerae barel y separated from
the c he l i ceral fri nge - rows 8-15 i n number . Col our General c o l our brown t o b l ack . Ab­
domen , dark brown , t h i c k l y speck l ed wi t h grey spots and p at c he s . A l so i nd i st i n c t b l ack
bands on rear of abdomen . Hab i tat See atr a .

( F i g s . 462 - 4 7 1 )

Spec i e s p u l chri pes Pocock 1 90 1 . Cape P en i n su l a .

Ref. Pocock lgo1 . Ann . Mag . N at . H i s t . ( 7 ) 7 p . 287 .
Speci me n Type ( Fema l e ) BMNH 0 1 - 3- 5 - 32-33 . 5 adu l t spec i mens - a l l prev i ou s l y d r i ed/
damaged . Note , u n ab l e to remove spermathecae . 4 Juven i l e s .
Common name Ye l l ow col l ared baboon · .
F i gs . 4 5 6 - 4 6 1 H . l i neata ( 45 6 ) Fema l e ( 45 7 ) Coxa o f p a l p ( 458 ) C h e l i cerae, D i stri but i on T i cketed Brak K l oob ( Purce l l l i s ts i t as Brak k l oof ) , Grah amstown .
external f ace . ( 459 ) S t r i du l at i n 9 setae/notes . ( 460 ) Sternum and cox a of p a l p - Desc r i p t i on ( Fema l e ) Length 26mm . Carapace 1 3mm . C arapace shorter than pat+ti b+tarsus
d amaged . ( 46 1 ) C l ypeus /ocu l ar tuberc l e . of p a l p , l onger than pat+t i b of l eg 4 . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Str i d u l at i n g organ c he l i cerae
( F i g . 462 ) . Notes are in a hori zon t a l l i ne and number 5 - l ong . Lower i nfer i or notes at
rear of che l i cerae . I n s i de of c he l i cera ( F i g . 46 3 ) has a dense s e r i e s of p l umose h a i rs .
( S i mon 1892 )
Coxa o f p a l p ( F i g . 465 ) P l umose setae on coxa are l on g and stout . Top s er i es l onger
Spec i e s l yrata South Af r: i c a . than l ower . Labi um/sternum ( F i g . 466 ) For l ayou t of cuspu l es/granu l es on l ab i um and
Ref. P l anadecta i . S i mon 189 2 . H i s t . Nat . Ara 1 gn 1 ( 1 ) p . 16 9 . coxa of p a l p and s i g i l l a o n s ternum - see i l l ustrat i on . S p i n e s ( F i gs . 46 7 - 4 6 9 ) For l ay­
H . i . S i mon 1903 . H i s t . Nat . Ara i gn 2 ( 4 ) p . 948 . our of spi nes on met . of l egs 3 , 4 . - see i l l ustrat i on . Col our C arapac e , deep mahogany
Specime n Type Fema l e MNHP . Not s t ud i ed . brown c l othed w i th s i l ky ye l l ow h a i rs . C h e l i cerae , b l ac k i s h w i th a s t r i pe of ye l l ow .
D i stri but i on N o dat a . Abdomen , o l i ve-bl ack w i t h s i l ky gol den yel l ow h a i rs . Legs . Femur of l eg s , ye l l ow w i t h
Rewiarks Note S i mon ' s descr i pt i o n i s n o t deta i l ed enough for taxonom i c u s e a n d subse­
�
quen t l y the s e c i es is in need of redescri pt i on .
s i l ky yel l ow h a i r s . Pat . t i b . met . a n d tarsus , mahogany brown w i th o l i ve-grey h a i rs . U n ­
ders i d e , l on g f i ery yel l ow h a i rs wi th a h i n t o f red . Habi tat S e e atra.
Spec i e s marksi Purce l l 1902 Cape P e n i nsu l a .
Ref. Purce l l 1902 . Tran s . S . Afri c . P h i l . Soc . 1 1 ( 4 ) p . 32 2 .
Specimen ( Types ) C a p e Mus . No . 2 1 6 1 . Col l ec ted b y Rev . R . Mark s .
Coarnon n ame E l i zabethfont e i n bobbej a�n .
Di stri but i on Gutverwacht M i s s i on s t at i on , P i quetberg d i v . A l so E l i z abethfon te i n , 471
C l anwi l l i am D i v . A l so K l ogmans K l oof , n r . Ashton .
88
and are in a hori zon t a l l i ne . Coxa of pal p ( F i g . 4 7 9 ) P l umose setae on coxa are stout
and the s er i es is wide and l on g . P l umose setae on trochanter. Spi ne s ( F i g s . 4 7 4 -4 7 5 )
F o r l ayou t o f spi nes o n met . o f l eg 4 - s e e i l l ustrat i on . Spi nnerets ( F i g . 4 7 6 ) Ap i c a l
segmen t of spi nnerets very shor t . Spermathecae ( F i g . 4 7 7 ) Semi n a l receptac l es l ow ,

'. .
tri angu l ar i n s hape . ( M al e ) . ( BMNH 0 1 - 3 -5-30-31 ) . T i b i a l s p u r ( F i g . 482 ) S i n g l e mound
.
wi th l on g s p i ne . P a l p a l b u l b ( F i g . 483 ) embo l us l on g and stout at b as e . R i ses s harp l y
two - th i rd s of l ength - compressed d i s t a l l y wi t h d i s t i nct s i gmond f l exure/kee l . Col our
C arapace and l i mbs , chestnut-brown - short h a i rs on l eg s , mouse-grey/greyi s h yel l ow .
R ad i at i ng stri pes o n c arapac e , cream col oured . Abdome n , dark and spec k l ed w i t h mouse­
· ·. · grey/brown spots . D i s t i n c t b l ack pattern . Male s i m i l ar . Habi tat W i d e l y d i spersed -
Dry gras s l and/wood l and and acac i a bush .

469

467 468

462

463

� 470
475

479
 89
l ow i n g symptoms . "A burn i ng p a i n was experi enced at the s i te of the b i t e . After a
l atent peri od of 2 hours the p a t i ent vomi ted con t i nuous l y and s howed marked s i g n s of
shock - was p a l e - c o l l apsed and was unab l e to wal k . No d i scol ourat i on or swe l l i ng was
v i s i b l e at the s i te of the b i te" .
L i t t l e i n the way of further data has been co l l ected and a number of Sout h Afr i can
arachno l og i sts have expressed doubts concern i ng the toxi c i ty of Harpact i r e l l a b i tes -
but unt i l the venom has been analysed spec i es of t h i s genus s hou l d be treated w i th
great c are .
Synonymy .
Beno i t i n 1 965 ( Rev . Zoo l . Bot . Afr i c . LXXl 3 - 4 . p . 29 7 . ) on study i n g an obscure
Moroccan B aryche l i dae genus - Luphocemu s , Den i s 1959 , c ame to the conc l u s i on that i t
was synonymou s w i th Harpac t i re 1 1 a . R aven d i d not i nc l ude t h i s synonymy i n h i s 1 985
work or men t i on Luphocemus and I presume that t h i s was an i n advertant omi s s i o n . I f
Beno i t i s correct L uphocemus Southern Moroccan d i s t r i but i on extends Harpacti re l l a ' s
range cons i derably and l eaves on to concl ude that the genus and subsequen t l y the sub­
fami l y had a range wh i c h was consi derab l y l arger than today.
R aven in 1 985 on s tudy i n g the type spec i men of the genus Ashan t i a Stran d 1 908 , from
West Afr i c a c ame to the conc l us i on that i t l acked suff i c i en t t axonomi c features to
separate i t from the genus Harpact i r e l l a - s h ar i ng the w i d e c l ype u s , reduced number of
480 cuspu l e s on the l ab i um and absense of a p l umose pad on the c he l i cerae . My one concern
i s that th i s analys i s i s based pure l y on a s i ng l e fema l e s pe c i men and t h u s one i s not
yet aware i f the genus i s t ru l y synonymous based on key mal e t axonom i c features .
Unt i l new spec i mens are c o l l ected and the s pec i es redescri bed , I have fol l owed R a v ­
en ' s rev i s i on a n d p l aced the spec i es i n the Harpactire l l a genu s .
Ashan t i a Harpac t i re l l a
L uphocemus H arpact i re l l a
=

D i agnos i s .
483 The key features are the l ac k of a p l umose p ad o n the c he l i cerae - the w i d e c l ypeus
and reduced number of cuspu l es/granu l es on the l ab i um . The mal e has a s i ng l e t i b i al
spu r . Not e : Brachi anopus i s very s i mi l ar - but the mal e l acks a t i bi al spur. The tar­
F i gs . 472 -483 H. t i g ri n a ( 4 7 2 ) Fema l e ( 47 3 ) Ocu l ar t uberc l e ( 474-4 7 5 ) S p i nes , s a l segment of l eg 4 is d i v i ded ( as is the t h i rd in one specimen ) but l eg s 3 , 4 are not
met . of l eg 4 . ( 4 7 6 ) S p i nneret . ( 4 7 7 ) Spermathecae , Note Semi n a 1 receptac 1 e s . d i v i ded . Spi nes l i mi ted to base of t i b . and met . of a l l l e g s .
( 47 8 ) Labi um/sternum and coxa of p a l p . ( 479 ) Troe . coxa of p a l p . ( 480 ) C he l i c ­
erae , external f ac e . ( 48 1 ) Che l i ceral teeth . M a l e ( 482 ) T i b i a l spur . ( 483 ) P a l ­
p a l bu l b . Gene r i c key
1 ) Stri dul a ti ng organ l ost . No surv i v i ng c h aracter i st i cs can be ascert a i ned . No p l u -
mose pad o n t h e c he l i cerae .
2 ) C l ypeus - w i d e .
GENUS HARPACTIRELLA ( Purcell 1 90 2 ) 3 ) Cus p u l es/granu l es on l ab i um reduced i n number .
4 ) Scap u l ae of me t . of l eg 4 conf i ned to the d i s t a l fourth .
Ref. Purce l l 1 902 . Trans . S . Afr i c . P h i l . Soc . 1 1 ( 4 ) p . 340 . 5 ) Tarsus of l eg 4 ( occas i ona l l y a l so l eg 3 ) d i v i ded by a t h i n band of setae . ( I n
Beno i t 1965 . Rev . Zoo l . Bot . Afri c . L X X l 3-4p . 297 . some spec i es - und i v ided ) . Remai nder und i v i ded .
Purce l l 1 903 . Ann a l s of The S . Afri c . Mus . p . 10 1 . 6 ) Ti b i a l spur - s i ng l e spu r , c apped w i t h l ong s p i n e .
Gene r i c type H . trel eaven i ( Type N o . 4496 . SAMC . Cape Mus . ) 7 ) Spines o n l eg s , few - l i mi ted t o base of met . and t i b . o f a l l l eg s .
Remarks Di s t r i bution .
Purce l l i n 1 902 on establ i s h i ng the genus Harpact i re l l a i n i t i a l l y dec i ded that , a l ­ · The genu s was i n i t i al l y thought to be confi ned to South Afri c a - but i f R aven and
though l ac k i ng certa i n key taxonom i c feature s , the new genus was c l ose l y rel ated to Beno i t ' s rev i s i on s are correct the range has now been extended t o Z i mbabwe , West Af­
the Harp act i re 1 1 a genus and s hou l d be i nc 1 uded in the Theraphos i dae fami l y . A year r i c a and Southern Morocco .
l ater w i th the d i scovery of fresh Brac h i onopus mater i a l , Purc e l l c h an ged h i s mind and Habi tat/behavi our .
dec i ded that the Harpacti re l l a genus was very s i m i l ar to Pocock ' s genus Brachi onopus The maj ori ty of the genera are t o be found i n Southern/South West Afri e a i n dry
and that i t shou l d be i nc l uded a l ongs i de i t i n the Baryc he l i da e fami l y . gras s l and/fores t/acac i a habi tat . Burrow i n g behav i our ranges from s i l k l i ned excavated
Raven i n 1 985 o n studyi ng t h e type of Brachi onopus at t h e BMNH c ame to the conc l us ­ hol es under rocks to soph i s t i cated branched burrows . Purce l l a l so noted ( i f h i s spe­
i on that both genera had more i n common wi th t h e Therapho s i dae fami l y than B aryc he l ­ c i es i dent i f i ca t i on of H. dom i co l a is correct ) that a second s pec i men of domico l a ( No .
i dae and i nc l uded t hem tentat i ve l y i n the Harpac t i r i n ae subfami l y - on the bas i s of 1239 3 ) h ad constructed a tube bu rrow wh i ch possessed a h i nged l i d . Much cou l d b e made
the wide c l ypeus . of thi s but I for one wou l d l i ke to see the spec i es of the genus redescri bed before
I t i s i nteres t i ng to note that Dr . M . H . F i n l ayso n , 1 93 9 . S . A . Med i c a l Journ a l No 1 3 d i scu s s i on ensures and I su spect that Purce l l ' s second spec i men i s i ncorrec t l y i den­
roden t c h arges responded t o treatmen t w i t h the L atrodectus ant i ven i m - not i ng that u n ­
p . 808 o n s tudyi ng the venom poten t i a l o f H . l i ghtfoot i o n m i c e d i scovered that h i s t i f i ed .
treated b i tes i ne v i t ab l y proved fatal . Speci e s i nc l uded .
F i n l ayson reported two cases of H . l i ghtfooti b i tes i n humans and recorded the fol - dmaico l a P urce l l 1go3 h e l e n ae Purce l l 1 903 i ns id i os u s ( Den i s 1959 ) lc arroo i c a
90
Purce l l 1 902 l ap i d ar i a Purce l l 1 908 l e l eu p i Beno i t 1965 l i ghtfooti Purc e l l 1 902 has not been descr i bed and i n t i me w e may f i nd that t h i s spec i es bel ongs t o the c l ose­
l on g i pes Purce l l 1 902 magna Purce l l 1 903 S p i nosa Purce l l 1908 trel eaveni Purc e l l ly r e l ated Brach i onopus genus - if i t i s found not to h ave a t i bi a l spur in the mal e .
1 902 .
Spec i es domicol a Purce l l 1 903 South Afr i c a .
Ref . Purce l l 1 903 . Ann . S . Afr i c . Mus . p . 103 .
Specimen Type Fema l e N o . 889 7 . SAMC Capetown . Found by C h ar l es Groom i n 1 90 1 .
Commo n name Lesser ye l l ow l egged baboon .
D i stribu t i on Bushmans d r i f t ( Bonn i e V a l e F arm ) on the Breede r i ver , Swe l l endam D i v .
Cape Pen i nsu l ar .
Descr i pt i on ( Fema l e ) Length 25mm . C arapace 9x6. 5mm . Leg 1 ( 25mm . ) . No more data i n
paper . C arapace s l i gh t l y l onger than met+t arsus o f l eg 4 . C l yp eu s ocul ar tuberc l e one­
t h i rd of i t s l ength from edge of carapac e . PME much smal l er t h an AME or PLE . C he l i c­
eral teeth 1 2 . Spi nnerets Ap i ca l segment equ a l to basal segment . Leg 1 much s horter
than l eg 4 - by l ength of tarsus of l eg 4 . Met . of l eg 3 a l mo s t fu l l y scopu l at e . Tar­
sus of l eg 4 d i v i ded by a t h i ck band of b l ack setae . Spi nes as in tre l e aven i . Raste l ­
l um composed of l ong setae . Col ou r Carapace brown w i t h l ong b l ack h a i rs and a p a l e ra­
d i at i ng pattern . L egs , yel l owi s h . Abdomen , p a l e f u l vous wi th usual b l ac k i s h pattern .
Unders i de , f a i n t med i um l i ne w i t h a b l ack spot on e ach book l un g . H abi t a t Acac i a . Note

structed a c 6 l i nd r i c a l tube ! Bern deep w i d en i ng towards the open i n g ( no t funnel shaped )

Purce l l states that a second spec i men No . 12393 - t i cketed by h i m as domi col a h ad con­

ang l ed at 4 5 - s i l k l i ned w i t h a s i l k/cl ay covered l i d .

Spec i e s h e l enae Purce l l 1 903 South Afr i c a .

Ref. Purce l l 1903 . Ann . S . Afr i c . Mus . p . 1 0 1 . 484
Spec i men M a l e ( Type ) N o . 1 1 7 1 0 Femal e SAMC . Col l ected by Mr J . E . Goo l d 1 902 .
Conrnon n ame St . Hel ena Bay l esser baboon .
Di s t r i bu ti on S tompneus , St . Hel ena B ay , M a l mesbury D i v . ( Adu l t mal es found i n May) .
Descr i p t i on ( Ma l e ) Length 1 7mm . No other measurement s are recorded i n Purcel l ' s paper .
Carapace l onger than the met . of l eg 4 . C l ypeus w i de , one- t h i rd of the ocul ar
tuberc l e s l ength . Leg 1 much shorter than l eg 4 - by a l most the l ength of the tarsus
of l eg 4 . Rastel l um made from setae . S p i nes as in H. tre l e aveni . Scapu l ae as in tre­
l eaven i . P a l p a l bu l b , embu l u s s l ender and terete , a l i tt l e l on ger than the bul b . D i s ­
t a l and f i l i form and curv i ng outwards . S p i nnerets l o ng i sh - a p i c a l segments equal to
basal segment . Col our as in tre l e aven i - except that there are no spots between the
pos teri or book l ungs . Under s i d e of s ternum and coxa , green i s h ye l l ow . Fema l e Length Spec i e s k arrooi ca Purce l l 1902 South Afr i c a .
22mm . I dent i ca l to ma l e - but there are ye l l ow i s h h a i rs on the c arapace wh i ch form a Ref . Purce l l 1 902 . Trans . S . Afr i c . P h i l . Soc . p . 344 .
r ad i at i ng pattern . Remarks Note H . h e l enae i s very s i m i l ar to H . trel eaveni and on Spec i mem Type . Ma l e No . 3432 SAMC . Col l ected by Purcel 1 . A"l so one l arge fema l e .
exami nat i on of the sperma thec ae and pa 1 p a1 bu 1 bs the two may be found to be synony­ Common name P r i nce A l bert sunburst baboo n .
mou s . Hab i t at See h e l en ae . Di s t r i bu t i on Pri nce A l bert
Descri p t i on L ength 1 7mm . Carapace 7 . 7x5 . 5mm . D i s tance from foveal h ol e t o poster i or
( F i g s . 484 - 485 ) margi n 3 . 5mm . Carapace about one-quarter l on ger than wi de . Shorter than the t i b . + met .
o f l e g 4 . Met . of l e g 1 bare l y curved . Ti bi a l spur S i ng l e spur w i th l ong s p i ne and
Spec i e s i ns i d i os u s Den i s 1959 Morocco . second api c a l s p i n e on t i b i a . S p i n es , as i n trel eaven i . S p i nnerets , short a p i c a l seg­
Ref . Den i s 1 9 5 9 . Soc . Sci . Nat . Phys . Maroc . 39 p . 186 . ment equ a l to bas al segme n t . Palpal b u l b , embo l u s much l onger than b u l b , scarc e l y
Beno i t 1965 . Rev . Zool . Bot . Afr i c . L X X l 3-4 p . 297 . curved but compressed i n m i dd l e sect i on - d i s t a l th i rd very s l ender , f i l i form and
Synonomy Luphocemus i n s i d i os u s = H . i ns i d i ousus curved g en t l y outwards . Colour Carapace and l egs chestnut-brown , setae cream col oured .
Speci men F ema l e 30-X l l - 1 951 . MNHP . Second fema l e found in Apr i l 1955 . Under s i de of s ternum and cox a , brown - abdomen p a l e ye l l owi s h . Fema l e Length 28mm .
C0111o11 n name Moroccan l esser baboon . C arapace 8 . 8x7mm. D i s tance between fovea l h o l e to poster i o r marg i n 4 . Bmm . Carapace
Di stribu t i on Dou l haut , South Morocc o . equ a l to t i b . +met . of l eg 1 . Spi nes as in t re l e aven i fem a l e - but t i b . of l eg 3 has
Descri p t i on ( Fema l e ) Length 20mm . Carapace 7 . 5x6mm . Note - few measurements i n paper­ external sp i ne s as we l l as ap i c a l s p i ne . Leg 1 s horter than l eg 4 by one-hal f of i ts
data l i mi ted . C l ypeus w i de . Ocu l ar tuberc l e ( F i g . 487 ) ALE l arger than AME . PME and tars u s . Colour Carapace and l egs - a l i g h ter brown t h an mal e , the carapace wi th gol den
PLE of appro x i mate equal s i ze . L ab i um . granu l es/cuspu l e s d i spersed . S p i n es T i b of l egs ye l l ow h a i r s - those on the abdomen yel l owi s h . H ab i t a t see helenae.
1 , 2 , two a p i c a l s p i nes . Met . of l eg s 1 , 2 , w i t h 1 - 1 robu s t s p i n e s . Pat . of l egs 3 , 4
w i t h s i ng l e spi nes . Met . o f l egs 3 , 4 , s p i ned . Co lour F awny brown . Abdomen w i th med i an ( F i g . 486 )
l i ne and chevron s . Tr i an g l e of h a i rs from fovea and encompas s i ng ocu l ar tuberc l e . Note
the co l l ector M. Gattefosse noted that the 1 5 -20cm . burrow had an unusual col l ar ( 2cm . Spec i es l ap i dari a Purce l l 1 908 South Afri c a .
h i gh ) - of s i l k and d r i ed gras s . ( F i g . 485 ) . H ab i t at D r i ed scru b l and Ref. Purce l l 1908 . Denksch r . Med . N at . Ges . Jena 1 3 p . 2 1 4 .
Spec i men Dr . Schu l tze col l ec t i on SAMC Type . One ma l e , two femal e s . No numbers record­
Remarks . ed in pape r .
The i nc l u s i on of the spec i es i ns i d i os u s Den i s 1 95g i n the Harpa c ti re l l a genus i s Common n ame Stei nkopf mustard l esser baboon .
based pure l y on Beno i t ' s conc l u s i ons o n s tudyi ng the type . I am worr i ed that the ma l e Di stributi on Stei nkopf , L i t t l e N amaqu a l and . Co l l ected August 1 904 .
 91
Desc r i pt i on ( Ma l e ) Length 1 3mm . C arapace 5 . 2mm . D i s t ance from fovea to poster i or of ( F i g . 487 )
·
ocu l ar tuberc l e 2 . 7mm . Length of t i b . of l eg 1 ( 4 . 3mm . ) Length of carapace s l i gh t l y
shorter than met . o f l e g 4 . T i b . of l eg 1 , 6x a s l on g a s w i de . M e t o f l eg 1 d i st i nc t l y Spec i e s l ongi pes Purce l l 19D2 South Af r i c a .
curved . T i b . o f a l l l egs w i t h 2 ap i c a l s p i nes . Met . of l e g 1 unspi ned . Met . of l eg 2 Ref. Purce l l 1 902 . Trans . S . Afr i c . Ph i l . Soc . p . 34 3 .
wi th short ap i c al sp i nes . Legs 3 , 4 wi th several spi�es . Palpal b u l b ( F i g . 484 ) embo l u s Specimen Type ( Ma l e ) No . 3567 . Found by Mr . C . L e i po l d t . Second spec i men found by
as l on g as bu l b - stro n g l y curved - but strai ghter and more turbi nate than the two Max Schl echte r .
c l os e l y rel ated spec i es H . l ongi pes and H . s p i no s a . Spinnerets Ap i c a l segment h a l f as CoRlllOn name C l anwi l l i am l esser baboon .
as basal segment . Col our Y e l l owi s h-brown , the c arapace wi th short b l ack and p a l l i d D i stri bution C l anwi l l i am , lOOmi l es north of The Cape Pen i n s u l a . Second spec i men at
h a i rs w i th n o r ad i at i ng l i nes - fri nged w i t h l on g yel l owi sh h a i rs . Abdomen p a l e yel l ow Porterv i l l e , 50 mi l es north of the C ape Pen i n su l a .
w i th the usual b l ack med i an l i ne and i rregu l ar chevron . Fema l e Length l 6mm . C arapace Descri pt i on Length 18mm. Carapace 7 . 8x5 . 5mm . D i s t ance from fovea t o anter i or marg i n
5 . 8mm . D i s tance from fovea to poste r i o r of ocu l ar tuberc l e 3mm . Length of t i b of l eg 1 of carapace two-th i rds l onger than w i d e . Met . of l eg 1 s l i gh t l y curved . S p i nes of l egs
( 3 . . 2mm . ) Carapace l onger than met . of l eg 4 . T i b . of l eg 1 3x as l on g as w i de . Leg 1 as in trel eaven i . Pal pal bul b ( F i g . 485 ) turb i n ate , the embo i u s shor t , arcuate and
s l i gh t l y shorter ( by one - h a l f of tarsu s ) than l eg 4 . T i b i a of l egs 1 , 2 , 3 , two a p i c a l s l ender - on l y s l i gh t l y l onger than bu l b - i t s d i stant end f i l i form and curv i n g out­
spi nes . Met . as i n mal e . Spi nnerets as i n mal e . Col our Yel l ow i s h - wi th l on g yel l ow wards at ape x . Spi nnerets basal segment three-qu arters l onger than ap i ca l segment .
h a i r s on carapace . Hab i t a t Acac i a desert . No behav i oural data . Col our S i m i l ar to trel eave n i - but spots on under s i de are not marked . Hai rs on abdomen
ye l l owi sh . Habitat Dry gras s l and - acac i a .
Retaarks .
Purce l l i n 1 903 conc l uded that l on g i pes i s pos s i b l y the ma l e of l i ghtfoot i . ( Pur­
ce l l 1903 . Ann . S . Afr i c . Mus . p . 104 footnote ) .

486

487

Spec i es l e l eupi Beno i t 1965 Z i mbabwe .

Ref . Beno i t 1965 . Rev . Zoo l . Bot . Afr i c . L X X l 3-4 p . 298. After Purce l l
Spec i men Type ( Fema l e ) MT 1 16-016 . Mus . Roy . Afr i c . Centra l .
C0111110 n name Z i mbabwe l esser chestnut babon .
Di str i but i on Mel setter 64km, north of C h i p i n g a . A l t i tude 1 , 700 m . S . Z i mbabwe . Speci e s magna Purce l l 1 903 South Afr i c a .
Desc r i ption ( Fema l e ) Length 2 1 . 6mm . Ceph . l l . 6mm . Abdomen 1 0 . 0rrrn . C arapace l onger Ref. Purce l l 1903 . Ann . S . Afr i c Mus . p . 102 .
than wide - but by on l y a sma 1 1 marg i n - no more than one-quarter of l ength . Clypeus Specimen Type Fema l e No . 5248 . Found by Rev . J . O ' Ne i l i n 1899 .
w i d e . L ab i um , 16+ cuspu l e s - more than i s u s u a l in t h i s genus . Tars a l segments , tarsus Conman name Dunbrody l esser gol den yel l ow baboon .
of l egs 1 , 2 und i v i ded , l egs 3 , 4 d i v i ded by a t h i n band of setae . S p i nes l i m i ted to D i str i but i on Dun brody, Sunday R i ver - U i tenhage D i v i s i on .
base of met . of l egs 3 , 4 . Col our ferru g i n eu x - redd i s h brown wi th a dark med i an l i ne Descri ption ( Fema l e ) Length 35mm . Carapace 9 . 7x7 . 5mm . Length of l eg 1 ( 29 . 5mm . ) . Car­
and chevrons on the abdomen . Habi tat H i l l and p l ate au grass 1 and . Remarks Beno i t ' s apace equa l to met . +tarsus of l eg 4. C l ypeus - moderately w i d e - d i s tance one-f i fth
paper unfortun ate l y l acks det a i l and i nc l udes on l y bas i c measurements . of l ength of ocu l ar tuberc l e . Chel i cerae - raste l l um composed of setae - some stout
truncated sp i nes . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Leg 4 l onger than l eg 1 by one- h a l f of met . Spi nes
Spec i e s l i ghtfooti Purc e l l 1 902 Cape Pen i nsu l a . S i mi l ar to Tre l e aven i . Tars a l segments of l egs 3 , 4 are on l y s l i gh t l y d i v i ded by setae ,
Ref . Purce l l 1 902 . Tran s . S . Afr i c . P h i l . Soc . p . 34 6 . pract i cal l y e n t i r e . C he l i cerae, over 30 teeth i n 2 rows . Spi nnerets , basal segment
Purce l l 1 903 . Ann . S . Afr i c . Mu s . p . 104 . l on g . One-h a l f to three-quarters l onger than ap i ca l segment . Col our Carapace and l egs ,
F i n l ayson 1 939 . S . A . Med i ca l Journ . 1 3 p . 808 . brown i s h yel l ow - t i b . met . and tarsus more ye l l ow i sh . Abdomen , p a l e ye l l owi s h w i t h
Specimen Type ( F ema l e ) No . 3219 SAMC . C apetown . med i an l i ne and chevrons . Hai rs o f abdomen gol den yel l ow . Unders i d e - no con s p i cuous
Conmon name Lesser bobbej aan s p i nnenkopp e . s pots . Sternum, brown . Hab i t at see l ongipes .
D i str i buti o n Paar l , Cape Col ony. Found b y M r . R . M . L i ghtfoot . 4 mature fema l e s . Re111a rks C l os e l y a l l i ed to l i ghtfoot i .
Descri pt i on Length 30mm . Carapace 1 2x8 . 4mrn . D i stance from fovea to poster i o r marg i n ( F i g . 488 )
of ocul ar tuberc l e 6 . 7mm . Length of l eg 1 ( i nc l ud i ng cox a ) 35mm . Leg 4 ( 35mm . ) Legs
equa l . Length of ti b . - l eg 1 ( 5 . 7mm . ) of met . ( 5 . 5mm . ) . Carapace l on ger than met+tar­ Speci e s S p i nosa Purc e l l 1908 South Afr i c a .
sus of l eg 4 . Spi nes of l egs s i mi l ar to H. tre l e aven i . C l ypeus w i d e . Spi nnerets , basal Ref . Purc e l l 1908 . Denksch r . Med . Nat . Ges . Jena 1 3 p . 2 1 3 .
segment one - h a l f to one-th i rd l onger than a p i c a l segme n t . Larger b l acker spec i es than Spec i men Type Mal e . No numbe r . Schu l tz col l ec t i on .
any other member of the genus . Colour B l ac k i sh-brown . Habitat Dry gras s l and/wood l an d ­ Co111Tio n name Stei nkopf brown l esser baboon .
acaci a . Di str i b u t i o n S t e i nkopf , Kammaggas , L i tt l e N amaqua l an d .
Re11a rk s . Descr i ption ( Ma l e ) Length 16mm. Carapace 7x5 . 6mm . Length of t i b . of l eg 1 ( 5mm . ) o f
Purce l l o n exami n i ng t h e types o f H . l ongipes and l i ghtfooti con c l uded that there met . ( 5 . 4mm . ) . Met . o f l eg 4 ( 7 . 6mm . ) . C arapace s l i gh t l y s horter than met . of l eg 4 .
was a poss i bi l i ty that l ongi pes may be t h e ma l e of l i ghtfooti . T i b . 5 to 6 t i mes l onger than h i gh . Met . of l eg 1 d i s t i nc t l y curved . Ti b i al spur short
Note F i n l ayson bel i eved l i ghtfooti to be dangerou s l y venomous ( see Remarks at the head and much shorter than s p i n e . Spi ne s T i b . of l eg s 1 , 2 , 3 w i t h two a p i c a l s p i nes a n d a
of t h i s genus ) . S c i e nt i f i c data i s l i mi ted but e v i dence does i nd i cate that l i ghtfooti s i ng l e spine on upper edge . I n some cases there two basal s p i ne s . Met . of l egs 3 , 4 ,
has a tox i c b i te and that symptons are u n p l easant . sp i ned . Palpal bu l b ( F i g . 488 ) embo l us a s l on g a s bu l b and somewhat f l attened , strong-
92
ly s p i ral l y curve d . Spi nnerets Ap i ca l segment one- h a l f the s i ze of the basal segment .
Colour dark brown - the body covered wi th p a l e ye l l ow i s h h a i rs - l onger ones on l egs
t i pped w i th wh i te . Abdomen s i mi 1 ar wi t h a med i an 1 i ne and chevrons . Unders i de , sma 1 1
b l ack marks on pos terior book l ungs . Femal e Length 2 1 . Smm . C arapace 8 . 5x6 . 5mm . D i s ­ GENUS PTERI NOCH I LUS Pocock 1 89 7
tance from fovea t o pos t e r i o r edge o f ocu l ar tuberc l e 4 . 5mm . Length o f t i b . o f l eg 4
( 5mm . ) . Col our Same as the mal e but w i t h r ad i at i n g ye l l ow h a i rs on the c arapace . Ref . Pocock 1897 . Proc . Zool . Soc . Lond . p . 7 52 .
Remaks . L aurent 194 6 . Rev . Zool . Bot . Afr i c . XXX 1 X4 . p . 316 .
Purce l l notes that t h i s spe c i e s i s very c l os e l y a l l i ed to H . l ongi pes Purc e l l 1902 , Berl and 1 9 1 4 . Aran 1 i n the Voy . Al l u aud L Jeanne l Afr i c . Ori e n t . p . 49 .
as i s H . l ap i dari a , the pri mary spec i es h a v i n g been co l l ected some 250 mi l es to the
South . Habi t a t see l ap i d ar i a . Generi c type Pt . vorax Pocock 1 897 BMNH 1894 - 1 2-25-5 .
Note Strand i n 1907 ( Ze i tschr . f . Naturwi ss 79 p . 236 ) came to the conc l u s i on that Po­
cock ' s gene r i c type vorax was synonymous w i t h Gerstacker ' s constri ctus 1873 . Bear i ng
i n mi nd that Strand d i d not study the BMNH type mater i a l and rel i ed heav i l y on cara­
488 pace+pat+t i b equat i ons and a phys i c a l descr i p t i on - I bel i eve that vorax s hou l d stand
as a separate spec i es un t i l Gerstacker ' s type can be l oc ated and redescr i bed . I am a l ­
so very suspi c i ous of S trand ' s very w i d e d i s tr i bu t i on of t h i s s pec i e s . On the who l e
After Purc e l l most evi dence i nd i c ates sma l l d i spersal patterns and a l arge number of c l o s e l y rel ated
spec i es .
Remarks .
Spec i es trel eaven i Purce l l 1 902 C ape Pen i n su l a Before 1897 arachno l o g i s t s tended to p l ace poten t i a l Pteri nochi l u s s pec i es i nto the
Ref. Purce l l 1 902 . Tran s . S . Afr i c . P h i l . Soc . p . 34 1 . genus Harpact i ra - Gerstacker ' s constri ctus b e i ng descri bed as early as 1873 , two
Speci men Type Mal e . No . 4496 SAMC . years after Ausserer fi rst estab l i shed the Harpacti r a genus . In 1897 Pocock recogn i sed
Coarnon name Tab l e Mounta i n l esser gol den baboon . that there exi sted a separate , but c l os e l y r e l ated grou p i ng wh i c h d i d not possess a
D i s t r i bu ti on C ape Town s i de of Tab l e Mount a i n . A l so S i gnal H i l l , Devi l s Peak . C amps s tr i du l at i ng organ beneath the p l umose pad and on the coxa of the ped i p a l p . A l s o there
Bay. Col l ec ted by F . Tre l e aven , C . L . Lei po l dt and Purce l l . was no p l umose setae on the i n s i de of the c he l i c erae .
Descri p t i on Mal e Length 1 6 . 5mm . C arapace 6 . 8x4 . 8mm . D i s t ance from fovea t o pos ter i o r
marg i n of ocul ar tuberc l e 3 . lmm . L e n g t h of t i b . l eg 1 ( 3 . 7mm . ) of met . 3 . 3mm . Carapace Synonymy/Re v i s i o n
n arrow two-th i rd s l onger than w i d e . T i b . of l eg 1 three t i mes l onger than w i d e . Met . REf . 1 985 . B u l l . Amer . Mus . Nat . H i s t . Vol . 182 . p . 154 .
strai g h t . T i b . of l eg s 1 , 2 , 3 w i th ap i ca l s p i nes . T i b . of l eg 4 . three a p i c a l s p i nes . Raven i n 1 985 came to the conc l us i on that the B aryche l i dae genus ldi othel e , Hewi t t
Met . of l eg 4 , severa l ap i ca l s p i nes and a l so on the upper and l ower surface and a l so 1 9 1 9 , was synonymous wi t h the genus Pterinoc h i l u s . The type o f I d i othe l e was not exam­
on the s i des . T i b i a l spur - s i ng l e spur wi th l ong s p i ne . P a l p a l bu l b - embo l us s l ender ed - but i t i s obvi ous from Hewi tt ' s paper t h a t there are no s i gn i f i cant d i fferences
and terete - much l on ge r than bu l b . D i stant sect i o n f i l i form and l i gh t l y curv i ng out­ wh i c h i ndi c ate the need for a separate genu s . L aurent 1 946 on study i n g the type of
wards . S p i n nerets ap i ca l segment short , equal to basal segment . Col our C arapace and Strand ' s genus Pteri noc h i l ides , Strand 191 9 , c ame to the conc l u s i on that there were no
l i mbs , chestnut brown . C arapace w i t h o l i v aceous h a i rs but w i thout rad i at i ng s tr i pes . d i s t i ng u i s h i n g characteri st i cs of gener i c s i gn i f i c ance to warrant separ a t i on from t h e
Marg i na l fri nge p a l e r . H a i rs on l eg s o l i ve - b l ack . Abdomen , g o l den o l i ve w i t h med i an genus Pter i noch i l u s . Raven concurred w i t h L aurent ' s conc l us i ons i n 1985 . I h a v e thus
l i ne and chevrons . Unders i d e , d ark spot on each of the book l ungs . Al so row · of 4 i n c l uded the one spec i es of the genus , openbergeri , Strand 1919 i nto the Pterinochi l u s
smal l er spots at rear of abdomen . Fema l e Length 2 1 . 5mm . C arapace 8 . 7xx6 . 5mm . D i s t ance genus .
from fovea to pos ter i or edge of ocu l ar tuberc l e 4 . 5mm . T i b . of l eg 1 , t�10 and a h a l f D i agnos i s .
t i me s l ong a s w i de . Ap i ca l s p i nes o f t i b . o f l egs 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 . Met as i n mal e . A p i c a l The genus Pteri noch i l u s i s c l os e l y r e l ated t o Harpac t i ra wh i ch can proba b l y be
spi nneret segments as i n mal e . Col our C arapace and l egs brown i sh-ye l l ow . H a i rs on car­ v i ewed as the pri mary genus of the subfami l y . D i fferences are centred on the fol l ow i n g
apace and abdomen , gol den-o l i ve - s i mi l ar to mal e . H ab i tat rocky acac i a h i l l s i des . t axonom i c features wh i ch ex i s t i n Harpac t i ra b u t are l o s t i n Pteri noc h i l u s . 1 ) N o p l u ­
Spi ders i n s i l k l i ned c h ambers under s tones , l i ke H arpac t i ra . mos e setae o n the i n s i de o f the c he l i cerae . 2 ) N o s t r i d u l at i ng organ ( a l i n e o f stout
setae ) beneath the p l umose pad on the outs i de of the c he l i cerae . The c l ypeus is w i d e
a n d i n t h e mal e , a s i n H arpac t i r a , a s i ng l e t i b i a l s p u r a n d l on g spi n e e x i sts . Note
Pocock i nc l udes the l ength of the api c a l segment of the s p i nneret as a gener i c taxono­
mic feature . On s tudy i n g a l ong l i ne of spe c i es I h ave found t h i s not to be v a l i d .
Generi c key
1 ) C l yp e u s - w i d e .
2 ) N o p l umose setae o n t h e i ns i de o f t h e c he l i cerae .
3 ) No l i n e of stout setae beneath the p l umose pad on the out s i de of the c he l i cerae .
4 ) No p l umose setae on coxa of ped i pal p , o n l y p l umose setae on the trochanter.
5 ) T i b i al spur in mal e .
----�..- ·, , 6 ) S p i nes on t i b . and met . of l egs 3 , 4 .
.-"="'
.. ����
�\.....,.,.,.,. :::;::;: 7 ) P a l pal bul b - embo l u s l ong - some t i mes 1� i th a s i mpl e keel .
.f�:-�:'.:·-��

. ,:,x / ' . /N�:c< r :·s .: : cx:;:·�.1 �m�g,:;;;;111: ,�::::::;::,.m�,:::m:

1914 breyeri Hewi tt 1919
constr i ctus Gerstacker 1873
brune l l i
crass i sp i n a
S i mon 1904 l ug ardi Pocock 1900 marrrn -
 93

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/
i l l atus Strand 1906 meri d i onal i s H i rst 1907 muri nus Pocock 1897 mutus Strand /
- - - - - -: ·
1919 n i grofu l vu s Pocock 1898 obenbergeri Strand ' 1919 occ i denta l i s Strand 1 9 1 9 •
• :
raptor S trand 1906 schon l andi Pocock 1 900 s i mo n i Ber l and 1 9 1 7 s j o stedti Tul l - , - - - -� • • •'.• : :
gren 1910 s pi n i fe r Pocock 1898 vorax Pocock 1897 wi denmanni S trand 1906 . : . - >- .,I :
- /J: - -[,: - "-,
- :... .. - - -
J
D i s t r i bu t i on/Behav iour. - -.7:-...._ :: .- +- - .
-
-

The genus Pteri noch i l us i s w i d e l y d i spersed and ranges throughout the l ength of \ . .. . -<,,17'.-;- c0,· / ··,
- - -

- - - - - - - - - · - - --, '

East Afr i ca ( from South Afr i c a to E t h i op i a ) wi th examp l es of the genus i n Central and - ---' , , .,� �� ����
,,

West Afr i c a . Surpr i s i n g l y no examp l es have been recorded i n South West Afr i c a wh i ch i s ��������'�����·���:������� ����
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probably more to do w i t h l ac k of co 1 1 ect i on than presence . , ' •
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Data on behavi our i s l i mi ted but what e v i dence there i s , from Dr F i l mer i n South
Afri c a , i nd i c ates two p atterns of burrowi n g behav i o u r . \, '

_/
1 ) S i m i l ar t o t h e Harpacti ra genus - many Pteri noch i l us spec i es excavate a chamber •-
'y,-,r ----- \ r -r' -\ __ _ _
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·
/ ( .1\.. :'
.•
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' -'

beneath rock s or l ogs - wi th a s i n g l e entrance wh i ch i s heav i l y l i pped wi th s i l k . . . ..

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, - - - ·. _ .
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··}··-·····;, \. .. )-1 , . 1�-�H.
l
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2) Some spec i es ( as yet u n k nown ) s i n k an open s i l k tube down i nto the ground , by , � ·-·
Sudan
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the s i de of a sui t ab l e tree or rock , u t i l i s i n g dry grass and f r i ab l e so i l to d i s gu i se .
O
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-

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-

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the entrance of the bu rrow . A l though from my own stud i es of c ap t i v e spec i mens - I .
_ -

' :
-

t h i n k i t i s l i ke l y that the s p i der s i mp l y s p i n s a s i l k tube amongst scrubl and grass .,r' v·-i 1 '1 ! -

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:

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bes i de a n ature f i ssure i n a rock and the w i n d b l o1�s fr i ab l e c l ay onto whatever s i l k 1� ,•

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, , , , .... - '
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; s above ground . ,... '...'\ ( ;� � ,rl.' / \ E t h i op i a '· ·.,
1 •.....

: ,,, • ( Central Afri c a \

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Kenya
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Nami b i a :
,_, Botswana 4 :
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Speci e s aff i n i s Tu l l gren l g lQ Tanzan i a/Kenya . :, ) .\

i \_.,,..
' \ .. � { 8 :
Ref. Tu l l gren 1910. Aran 1 . Sj osted K i l l i mandj i Exp . 3 ( 20-6 ) p . 89 . a 91 ,,·-:
KH. South Afr i <; �
---
Speci men Not l oc ated - descr i pt i on based o n paper . a l l uadi 13) mutus • 3
Di str i bution K i l boroto , K i l i manj aro ( l , 300111TI . ) , Tanzan i a? 2) affi n i s 14) n i grof u l vus 14
Conrnon name K i l i manj aro sooty-b l ac k baboon . 3) breyeri 15) obenberger i ._ .. '
..
,'
Des cr i p t i on ( Fema l e ) Length 56nrn . Carapace 1 9 . 5xl 5mm . Che l i cerae l l x8mm . Abdomen 26x 4) brune l l i 16) occi dental i s \ .. ,,,.1
1 9mm . Sternum g x8nm . Ocu l ar tuberc l e 2 . 05x25nm . C l ypeus lmm . ? - n arrow . Length of 5) carni vorus 17) raptor
l eg s . Leg 1 ( 48111TI . ) Leg 2 ( 40 . 2mm . ) Leg 3 ( 3 7 . 4mm . ) Leg 4 )48 . 4mm . ) Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Legs 6) constr i c tus 18) schonl andi
1 , 4 a l most equal . C arapace s l i gh t l y l onger than pat+t i b of l e g 1 . Pat+t i b of l e g 1 7) h i ndei 19 ) s i mon i
l on ger t h an pat+t i b of l eg 4 . Spi nnerets 8 . 5mm. ( l ength of segment s ) 1 - ( 4 . 2mm ) 2 - ( 2mm) 8) j unodi 20) sjostedti
3- ( 2 . 3mm ) . Total ( 8 . 51llTI ) . Col our C arapace , b l ack-brown wi th grey-brown h a i rs . Abdome n , 9) l ugardi 21) spi n i fe r
dark brown w i th b l ac k i s h marb l e dapp l i ng . Sternum a n d coxa b l ack . Legs , b l ac k i sh-brown 10) mami l l atus 22) vorax
w i t h greyi sh setae - w i t h p a l e f l ec k s . Habi tat Acac i a scrub l and a n d mountai n f l ora . 11) meri d i onal i s 23) wi denmanni
Remarks Tu l l gren and Strand ' s mate r i a l from the K i l i manj aro reg i on , i s i n urgent need 12) muri nus 24 ) cras s i sp i n a
of redescr i p t i on .
 ( F i gs . 489 - 490 ) Speci e s carni vorus S tr and 1 9 1 7 Tanzani a/Keny a .
Ref . Strand 19 1 7 . Jahrb Nassau Ver Naturk ( 70 ) p . 166 .
�p ec i e s a l l uaudi Ber l and 1 9 14 E as t Afr i c a . D i s t r i bu ti on K i l i manj aro .
Ref. Berl and 1914 . Aran 1 . i n Voy. A l l u aud L Jeanne l . Afr i c Or i ent . p . 46 .
Spec imen Pesumed to be i n the MNHP - Par i s . Not exam i ne d .
Spec i e s constri ctus ( Gers tacker 1B73) E as t Afr i c a .
Conmon n a me Chumv i brown baboon . Ref . Harpac t i a c . Gerstacker 187 3 . G l i ederti er-fauna San s i bargeb 3 ( 2 ) p . 486 .
D i s t r i bu ti on Maj i Chumv i . Found 1 5th Ju l y 1 903 . East Afr i c a . S i te not l oc ated . Proba­ H . chordata Gerstacker 1873 . I b i d . p . 4 87 .
bly Kenya . H . e l evata Karsch 1878 . Monatsber Ak W i s s . Ber l i n p . 31 4 .
Descr i p t i on ( Ma l e ) L ength 27mm . Carapace 1 2 . 5x l 0 . 5mm . Abdomen 1 2mm . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 .
P . vorax Pocock l8 g 7 . Proc . Zoo l . Soc . Lond . p . 752 .
Length of p ed i p a l p ( d amaged ) l8mm . Leg 1 ( 42 . 5mm . ) Leg 2 ( 37mm . ) Leg 3 ( 33mm . ) Leg 4
P . vorax Strand 1907 . Jahre s h . Ver . Naturk 62 p . 76 .
( 44 . 5mm . ) . Length of p a l p reached to one -hal f of t i b . of l eg 1 . C l ypeus w i d e . T i b i a l
P . constri c tus Strand l g Q 7 , Zei tschr f . Naturw i s s 7 9 p . 236 .
spur ( F i g . 489 ) S i n g l e spur wi th l ong gent l y curved s p i ne wh i ch i s s l i gh t l y l onger
P . constri ctus L aurent 194 6 . Rev . Zoo l . Bot . Afr i c XXXlX 4 p . 32 0 .
than mound . P a l p a l bu l b ( F i g . 4 g o ) . Embo l u s of p a l p a l b u l b has a di s t i nct trowe l s h ape Spec imen Type n o t exami ned . Strand i s bel i eved t o have exami n ed Gers tacke r ' s type a n d
w i th l i p . C o l our, b l ac k i sh - b rown wi t h l i ghter h a i r s on the carapace form i n g a r ad i at ­
i n l ate 1907 came to t h e conc l us i on that h i s own descr i p t i on of P . vorax 1 907 w a s syn­
i ng pattern . Chel i cerae, fawn i s h-brown . Legs , fawn i s h - brown wi th yel l owi s h setae . Ab­ onymous w i t h P. constri ctus . Unfortun ate l y he a l so l umped Pocock ' s P . vorax i nto th i s
domen , brown . Behav i o u r . No data . category wi thout exam i n i ng Pocock ' s type and i t i s obvi ous from the papers that there
are enough d i fferences to warrant separat i on u n t i l Strand and Gerstacke r ' s mater i al i s
l oc ated and redesc r i bed . I h ave used Strand ' s more deta i l ed descr i p t i on o f constrictus
Type desc r i bed i n 1873 and found at Dafeta , Tanzan i a . Strand ' s materi a l was a l so
found i n the v i c i n i ty of the r i ver ruvi , Zanzi bar reg i o n , Tanzan i a .
Conmon name Corn backed baboon .
Description ( Fema l e ) Length 44mm . C arapace 1 6 . 5xl4mm. Che l i cerae 8 . 5mm . l on g . Abdomen
20xl3mm. P a l p 2 7 . lmm. Pal p wi th coxa/troch 37 . 8mm . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Leg 1 ( 4 3 . 2mm . ) Leg 2
After Ber l and ( 38 . 2mm . ) Leg 3 ( 36 . lmm . ) Leg 4 ( 44 . 7mm . ) . The l ength of the p a l p i s equal to the t i b .
o f l eg 1 . Spi nnerets Ap i ca l equal t o basal segmen t , l ength 9mm. Colou r d ark brown w i t h
r ad i at i ng gol den a n d yel l ow h a i rs on abdomen a n d l egs .
Note Both Gers tacker ' s and S trand ' s descr i p t i on s l ack detai l and as L aurent poi nted
out in l g 45 p . 320 - i t is pos s i b l e that const r i c t u s is synonymous w i t h murinus - found
in the s ame reg i on . I feel that u n t i l the type mater i a l i s l oc ated and redescri bed i t
i s best to qu i et l y put a s i d e const r i ctus ( recogn i s i ng i ts e x i stance ) - but i n effect
ass i gn i ng mater i a l to the read i l y def i n ab l e vorax and mur i nu s .
Speci e s breyeri Hew i t t 1 9 1 9 South Afr i c a . ( F i g s . 4 9 1 - 503 )
Ref. Hew i tt 1919 . Ann . Trans . Mus . 6 ( 3 ) p . 102 .
Spe c i me n Transvaal Mus . Type not exami ned . Spec i e s cras s i s p i n a Purce l l 1 902 South Afr i c a .
Conmon name Hectorspru i t g o l den brown baboon . Ref . P u rce l l 1 902 . Trans , S . Afr i c . P h i l . Soc . 1 1 ( 4 ) p . 33 5 . Mal e/Fema l e .
D i stri but i on Mal e l ane ( Barberton D i str i c t ) , Hectorspru i t , South Afr i c a . Found by Mr . Strand 1 9 1 7 . Jahrb . Nassau Ver . N aturk 7 0 p . 1 6 5 .
F . Streeter . Spec imen Type M a l e No . 6252 Transvaal Mu s . A l so spec i mens co l l ected b y Chubb i n Z i m ­
Descri ption Length 50 . 5mm. Carap ace 20x l 4 . 25mm . D i s t ance from fovea to anter i or an­ babwe t i cketed cras s i sspina b u t n o t numbered - BMNH . 2 Fema l es 1 Mal e .
teri or marg i n of carapace 1 3mm. D i s t ance from fovea to posteri or marg i n of ocu l ar t u ­ Common name Common Z i mbabwe autumn gol d .
berc l e 1 0 . lmm . Breadth of ocu l ar tuberc l e 2 . 4mm . Legs . Met . of l eg 1 ( 9mm . ) Met . of D i s tr i bu ti on Metopo D i s tr i ct Matabe l e l and , Z i mbabwe . Type col l ec ted by Mr R . P i l l ans .
l eg 4 ( 1 1 . 75nm . ) T i b i a of l eg 1 ( 9 . 35mm . ) T i b . of l eg 4 ( 9mm . ) . No heavy f r i nges of Spec i mens a l so co l l ected i n Bechuan a l and , Botswan a . ( Note Botswana spec i mens h ave more
h a i r on l eg s . Foveal groove very n arrow and s h a l l ow . An teri or part of c arapace r i ses bronzy setae on the c arapace - otherwi s e i de n t i c a l .
sharp 1 y above the l e v e l of the foveal groov e . Co 1 our I n tegumen t , brown . C arapace Descri ption ( Ma l e ) Length 32mm. Carapace 13xl0 . 5mm . D i stance from foveal groove to
c l othed with numerous gol den-ye l l ow h a i rs wh i ch have a rad i at i ng p attern amon gst them. poste r i or marg i n of ocu l ar tuberc l e 7mm . Met of l eg 1 strai gh t . T i b i a l spur ( F i g . 4 9 3 )
The c ar ap ace a l so bears some wh i t i sh h a i rs . Under s i de b l ack i s h , but not v e l vety , w i th T i b i a l s p i ne approxi mate l y e q u a l t o s i ng l e t i b i a l spur . Spi nes ( F i gs 4 9 1 -492 ) f o r l ay ­
numerous l ong red-brown h a i rs wh i ch project at r i g h t ang l es from the surfaces of the out of s p i nes - s e e i l l ustrat i ons . ( S i m i l ar to mal e ) . L a b i um/ sternum - see fema l e d e s ­
s ternum and coxae . Habi tat Steppe gras s l an d . Behav i ou r . No data . c r i p t i on . Palpal bul b ( F i g . 494-495 ) Embo l us strai ght wi t h on l y a s l i gh t upward curve
at the a p i c a l h a l f . D i s t i nc t keel present and f l ange at u l t i mate po i n t . Col our Dark
Speci e s brune l l i C apori acco 1 940 E th i op i a . chestnut-brown c l othed w i t h brown i sh-ol i ve h a i rs . ( R ad i at i ng stri pes not d i s t i nct i n
Ref. Capori acco 1 940 . Att i . Arad . I t a l . 1 1 ( 18 ) p . 7 7 7 . mal e ) . P a l e ye l l ow marg i n a l h a i r o n out s i de o f carap ace . Abdomen gol den brown w i th ob­
Specime n ( Fema l e ) Lab . /Centre B i o l ogy Rome - MNH Rome . Found Feb . 1 938 AOl exped i t i on scure med i an l i ne and chevrons . L eg s . Fem . and pat . - o l i ve brown . Met . and t i b . grey­
after I ta l i an i nv as i o n . o l i ve-brown . Under s i d e d ark o l i ve-bown . Fema l e ( BMNH spec i me n ) ( F i g 503 ) Length 41mm .
Di stribu t i on Reg i on D e i Lagh i , E t h i op i a C ar ap ace 1 7xl 2 . 5mm . Che l i cerae 5mm . P a l p ( 24mm. ) . Leg 1 ( 35mm . ) Leg 2 ( 32mm . ) Leg 3
Common name Ethopi an b l ack baboo n . ( 3lmm . ) Leg 4 ( 39mm. ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . L ength of p a l p i s equal to one- h a l f of met . of
Description ( Femal e ) Length 35 . 5mm . C arapace 9 . 7 5mm . Abdomen 1 8 . 7 5mm . C h e l i ceae l eg 1 . Foveal groove - trans verse - s ha l l ow and smal l . C l ypeus ( F i g . 502 ) , w i de . Spi n e s
9 . 7 5mm . P a l p 33 . 5mm . Pat+ t i b+tarsus of p a l p 1 9mm . l onger than c arapac e . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . P a l p ( F i g . 4 9 8 ) Ap i c a l s p i n e on t i b . of p a l p . Spines T i b . met . of l eg 4 p / f ( F i g .
Leg 1 ( 46 . 75mm. ) Leg 2 43 . 5mm . ) Leg 3 ( 40 . 25mm . ) Leg 4 ( 48mm . ) . Co l ou r , b l ack i sh -brown 504 ) . T i b . met . of l eg 3 ( F i g s . 505- 506 ) . Labi um/sternum ( F i g . 496 ) . For l ayout of c u s ­
w i th fawny-rust h a i r s on carap ace and l eg s . Long brown h a i rs on abdomen . Remarks Cap­ p u l es/gran u l es a n d s i g i l l a - s e e i l l ustrat i on . Chel i cerae t e e t h ( F i g . 497 ) teeth l arge
ori acco ' s descr i pt i on is of no real taxonomi c val ue , simply bei ng a col our descri p t i on and few in number -9. Spi nnerets In both wet spec i mens - a p i c a l segment is very smal l .
and a n a l ys i s of the ocu l ar arrangement . Very much i n need of redesc r i p t i o n . Habi t a t No Pos s i b i l i ty that specimens were poor l y d r i ed before b e i n g s p i r i ted . Spermathecae ( F i gs
data - u n ab l e to l ocate col l ect i o n s i te .
 95
500-501 ) semi n a l s achs are round i s h . Sem i n a l recep t ac l es i n s i de as i n F i g . 50 1 . Co l ou r
As i n mal e - b u t wi th a r ad i at i ng p attern of cream h a irs on t he c arapace . . Hab i tat A c ­
ac i a scrub l and ,. dry grass/wood l an d . Behav i our No data .

495

491 492

F i g s . 491
- 503 H . cras s i s p i n a Mal e ( 49 1 ) Spi nes , met . of l eg 4 . ( 492 ) Met . o f
l eg 3 . p/f . a/f . ( 493 ) T i b i a l spur ( 494-495 ) P a l p a l bu l b ( 50 3 ) Femal e ( 49 6 )
Labi um, sternum and coxa of pal p . ( 49 7 ) Chel i ceral teeth . ( 498 ) T i bi a and tarsus
of pal p. ( 499 ) Spi nneret ( 500 ) Spermathecae ( 501 ) Semi n a l receptac l e ( 502 )
C l ypeu s , ocu l ar tuberc l e .

( F i g s . 503a - 5 1 2 )

Spec i es h i ndei H i rst 1907 E a s t Afr i c a .

Ref . H i rst 1 907 . Mag . Nat . H i s t . ( 7 ) 20 p . 33 . Mal e .
Ber l and 19 1 7 . B u l l . Mu s . Nat . Hi st . Par i s ( 2 3 ) 7 p . 46 8 .
Spec imens Type BMNH ( Ma l e ) 1904 - 1 2 - 1 9 - 5 1 -56 . ( Fema l e ) BMNH exped i t i on to E a s t Afri c a .
No . 1926-6- 1 9 - 1 5 - 1 9 . Fema l e MNHP . Found 1890 . Note Type - ma l e i n very poor cond i t i on ­
l egs fragmented .
Colllllon name Fort H a l l baboon s p i d er .
D i stri buti o n Fort H a l l , 4 , 400 fee t , Kenya . Found by Mr S . L . H i nde . Lendagura , Langan­
yika terri tory. Ber l and ' s spec i men , Zan guebar .
Descri p t i o n Type ( Ma l e ) Length 27mm . C arap ace 1 3 . 5mm . Pat/ti b/tarsus of p a l p - 1 4 . 75mm .
Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Leg 1 ( 49mm . ) Leg 2 ( 44 . 5mm . ) Leg 3 ( 4 1mm . ) Leg 4 ( 50mm . ) . P at+t i b of l eg
1 ( 16 . 5mm. ) . Pat+ t i b of l eg 4 ( 1 5 . 25mm . ) . C arapace equ a l to pat+t i b+tarsus of pal p .
C l ypeus ( F i g . 503 ) n arrow . Tuberc l e wi der t h an l ong . Labi um/sternum ( F i g . 508 ) S i mi l ar
to fema l e . T i b i a l spur ( F i g . 504 ) S i n g l e mound wi th stout s p i n e equal to l ength of
mound . Met . w i th d i s t i nct arch at t i b i a l end . Pal pal bul b ( F i g . 505 ) Embo l u s very l ong
and s l ender , the l as t t h i rd r i s i ng sharp l y before bend i ng near the apex - see i l l u s ­
trat i on . Spines ( F i gs . 506- 507 ) . F o r l ayou t of s p i nes - s e e i l l u s tr at i on . ( Fema l e )
Length 4 l mm . Carapace 18xl5mm . Sternum 8 . 5mm . P a l p ( 40mm . ) . Pat+t i b+tarsus i s 18 . 5mm .
Length of l eg s . Leg 1 ( 6 lmm . Leg 2 ( 52mm . ) Leg 3 ( 5 1 mm . ) Leg 4 ( 58mm . ) . Exc l ud i ng
troch/coxa l egs are equal or near l y so as i n mal e . C l ypeus - n arrow. Labi um/s ternum
( F i g . 508 ) For l ayout of cuspul es/granu l es on l ab i um and s i g i l l a on sternum - see i l l ­
ustra t i on . Spi nes ( F i gs . 509 , 510 , 5 1 1 ) - see i l l u strat i on s . Spermathecae Very s i mi l ar
to mur i n us - the semi n a l receptac l es i n h i ndei be i n g more s h arp l y def i ned . Col our Dam-
96
aged s p i r i t spec i mens - b ad l y rubbed . U n i form brown w i th fai n t rad i at i ng l i n es on car­
pac e . Fema l e - f a i n t med i an l i ne , chevron s .
Remarks Very c l os e l y a l l i ed t o P . mur i n us wh i ch i t resemb l es - b u t c arapace i s con­
s i derab l y shorter in h i ndei - be i ng equal to pat+t i b+tarsus of p a l p . Note p a l p a l bu l b ,
spermathecae . Habi t at acac i a and dry gras s l and .

512

Spec i e s j unodi S i mon 1 904 South Afri c a .

Ref. S i mon 1 904 . REv . Su i s s e Zoo l . 1 2 ( 1 ) p . 65 . ( Fema l e ) .
Spec imen S i mon co l l ec t i on - MNHP .
Di stri b u t i o n Zoutpansberg d i stri c t , Transvaa l .

{ F i g s . 5 1 3 - 524 )

Speci e s l ugardi Pocock 1900 South Afr i c a .

Ref. Pocock 1900 . Ann . Mag . N at . H i s t . ( 7 ) 6 p . 31 8 ( Ma l e ) .
Specimen BMNH Type 1899- 3 - 10- 1 . Co l l ected by Mr E . J . L ugard .
Common name Kwebe baboon s p i der .
505 Di stributi on Kwebe H i l l s n ear Lake , Ngami , South Afri c a .
Descr i pt i on Ma l e . Length 27 . 5mm. Carapace 12 . 5xl0 . 5mm . C arapace round i s h . Che l i cerae
• 4 . 5mm . P a l p 19mm . P at+ti b+tarsus 1 2 mm . E q u a l to l ength of c arapac e . Legs . Leg 1
{ 40 . 5mm . ) Leg 2 ( 37mm . ) Leg 3 { 35mm . ) L eg 4 4lmm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Legs l on g . Met . of
511 l eg 1 w i t h d i sti nct bow wh i ch c an be seen from above . Legs 1 , 4 a l most equal . Femur of
l eg 3 gen t l y swo l l en/i ncrassate .
Labi um/sternum ( F i g . 5 1 5 ) For l ayout of c u s p u l es/granu l es on l ab i um and s i g i l l a - see
i l l u s trat i on . Spi nes Leg 4 ( F i gs . 5 2 1 -522 ) For l ayou t of s p i nes on met . of l eg 4 - see
i l l ustrat i on . Leg 3 ( F i gs . 523- 524 ) For l ayou t of s p i nes on met . of l eg 3 see i l l us ­
-

trat i on . T i b i a l spur ( F i g . 5 1 6 ) S p i n e on s i ng l e mound , stout . P a l pa l b u l b ( F i gs . 5 1 7 -

518 ) Embo l u s l on g a n d t aperi n g , gen t l y c urved upwards a t d i s t a l t h i r d . C o l our ( sp i r i t )
uni form brown . Wote Med i an l i ne and a n u n u s u a l number o f chevrons o n abdomen . H ab i tat
dry forest/acac i a and rocky h i l l s i d e .

509

.. .

508 ::·

506 507 :·: ·:"

510

522
F i gs . 5 0 3 a - 512 h i nd e i ( Ma l e } { 503a) C l ypeus a n d ocu l ar t uberc l e . { 504 ) T i b­
i al spur . ( 505 ) P a l pal bu l b ( 506 ) S p i nes , t i b . /met . of l eg 4 . ( 507 ) Sp i nes , t i b/
met . of l eg 3 . ( Fema l e ) Labi um, sternum and coxa of p a l p . { 509-5 1 0 ) Spi nes , t i b/
met . of l eg 4 . ( 5 1 1 ) Sp i nes , t i b/me t . of l eg 3 . ( 5 1 2 ) Spermat hecae , semi n a l recep­ 523
521
t ac l e s .

524
 97
( F i g s . 525 - 534 )
Spec i e s meri d i ona l i s H i rst 1907 Mal awi .
Ref . H i rst 1907 . Ann . Mag . Nat . H i s t . ( 7 ) 20 p . 35 .
Berl and 19 1 4 . Araneae 1 . Voy . A l l u aud et Jeanne l , Afr i c/Or i en t . p . 4 8 .
L aurent 1946 . Rev . Zoo l . Bot . Afr i c . 39 p . 320 .
Roewer 1953 . Exp . du Nat . Pak Upemba Bel g . Con g . p . 7 1 .
Spec i me n Type ( Ma l e ) BMNH 1907- 1 1 2 . Col l ected by Mr Andrew March 1 907 . L au rent Bel g .
Mus . Roy . Centr . Afr i c . col l ec t i on . ( Fema l e ) No . 14434 No . 14430 . Not s t u d i ed .
D i stri but i on Type Dowa , Mal awi - Probab l y a l so Mozamb i que . L au rent ' s mater i a l was
found i n Zamb i a , Luash i /L u a l aba and Sakan i a . I f L au rent i s correct i n h i s i dent i f i ­
cat i o n , meri d i on a l i s i s w i despread throughout Central Afr i c a , i n the area o f Zamb i a .
Common name Z amb i an grey mustard baboon .
Descri p t i o n ( Ma l e ) Length 25mm . Carapace 1 4mm . Pat+ti b+tarsus of p a l p 1 1 . 75mm . l es s
than t h e l ength of the carap ace . P at+ t i b of l eg 1 ( 1 7mm . ) . Pat+ti b of l eg 4 ( 14 . 5mm . ) .
C l ypeus - w i d e . Ocu l ar tuberc l e w i der than l on g . T i b i a l spur ( F i g . 526 ) T i b i a l s p i ne
w i t h d i s t i nct arc h . Labi um/sternum ( F i g . 525 ) For l ayout of c u s p u l es/gran u l e s - see
i l l ustrat i on . Spi nes Met . leg 3 ( F i gs . 5 3 1 - 5 3 2 ) For l ayou t of s p i nes - see i l u s trat i o n
Spines Met . l e g 4 ( F i gs . 533-534) F o r l ayout o f s p i nes - s e e i l l u strat i on . P a l pa l bu l b
( F i g . 527 ) Embol us o n l y gen t l y curved - a l most strai ght- taper i n g . Col ou r Carapace ,
grey i s h -ye l l ow wi th rad i at i ng l i nes of ye l l ow h a i rs . Abdomen greyi sh-ye l l ow , the u n ­
ders i de marked wi th a d ark p atch . Labi um a n d coxae , b l ac k . Remarks H i rst ' s i l l u stra­
t i on of the p a l p a l bu l b ( 1907 Ann . Mag . N at . H i s t . ( 7 ) 20 p . 35 F i g . 2) l eaves a l ot to
be desi red and may have confused L aurent in as s i gn i ng mater i a l to the s pec i es wh i ch i s
i ncorrect . L auren t ' s p aper l acks deta i l and h i s spec i mens shou l d b e redesc r i bed before
b e i n g a s s i gned to the spec i es . Hab i t at dry wood l and and gras s l and . No behav i oural data

526
520
527

517

528

F i gs . 513 - 214 l ugardi ( 5 1 3 ) Mal e ( 5 1 4 ) C l ypeus and ocu l ar tuberc l e ( 51 5 )

L ab i um , sternum and coxa o f p a l p . ( 5 1 6 ) T i b i a l spur ( 5 1 7- 5 1 8 ) P a l p a l b u l b ( 5 1 9 )
Chel i ceral teeth ( 520) Spi nneret ( 52 1 -522 ) Spi nes , t i b . and met . o f l eg 4 . ( 523 -
524 ) S p i nes , t i b . and met . of l e g 3 . �,
529 ... .,.,
J,l,L/)�\\\�
Speci es marrm i l l at u s Strand 1906 E a s t Afri c a .
533
Ref. Strand 1 906 . J ahresh Ver . Naturk . Wurttbg 6 2 p . 20 ( Ma l e ) .
Specimen Type not l oc at ed . German col l ec t i on . 531
Remarks It i s i mposs i bl e t o i den t i fy a spec i men from Strand ' s p aper and w i th no
l ocat i o n data other than E as t Afr i c a and the f act that I have been u n ab l e to l ocate 534
530
the type spec i men , I have deci ded to s us pend the spec i es u n t i l the l atter surfaces and 532
a subsequent redesc r i p t i on is pos s i b l e .
98
F i g s . 5 2 5 - 534 m er i d i onal i s ( Ma l e ) ( 52 5 ) L abi um, sternum and coxa of p a l p .
( 526 ) T i b i a l spur . ( 527 ) P a l p a l bu l b . ( 528) Spi n neret . ( 529 ) Che l i cera l teeth .
( 53 0 ) C l ypeus and ocul ar t u berc l e . ( 53 1 - 532 ) Sp i nes , met . of l eg 3 . ( 533-534 )
S p i nes , met . of l eg 4 .

( F i gs . 535 - 551 )

Spec i e s muri nus Pocock 1897 Tanzani a/Keny a .

R e f . Pocock 1897 . Proc . Zoo l . Soc . L on d . p . 75 3 ( Fema l e ) .
Pocock 18g8 . Proc . Zoo l . Soc . L on d . p . 501 .
H i rst 1907 . Ann . Mag . N at . H i s t . ( 7 ) 20 p . 34 .
L aurent 1 946 . Rev . Zoo l . Bot . Afr i c . 39 p . 325
Speci mens Type ( Fema l e ) BMNH 1890-4 - 1 5 - 5 . Spec i mens No . 9 7 - 1 1 - 20- 52 . No . 9 7 - 1 1 -20-50-
5 1 . ( Ma l e ) VHWS col l ec t i o n . AF 1 03-4 -88 . Ma l e ( Type ) BMNH . Not numbered . L auren t ' s
speci mens are from the area o f E l i s abethv i l l e , Zamb i a . ( Fema l e ) RGCM 14435 . ( Ma l e )
S ank i s i a/Lu a l aba R . G . M . C . 5 2 1 6 . Common n ame Starburst baboon . 551
Di stri bu t i on Ugogo , N d i , Manj ewa , Mbuyu n i , Nyan z a , Dar-es - S a l aam , Tanzan i a . Momb as a ,
Kenya . L aurent E l i z abethvi l l e , L u a l aba , Z amb i a . L i k e l y t o b e present i n Mozamb i qu e .
Remarks Once aga i n I a m very dubi ous about L auren t ' s mater i a l - based a s i t i s o n
c arapace+pat+ t i b . equat i ons . Very much i n need o f redescr i pt i on . 536
Descri p t i on ( Ma l e ) Length 38mm. Carap ace 18xl3mm . Chel i cerae 5mm. P a l p ( 26mm . ) P at+
t i b+tarsus ( 1 7mm . ) . Leg 1 ( 55mm . ) Leg 2 ( 57mm . ) Leg 3 ( 46mm . ) Leg 4 ( 56mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 ,
2 , 3 . C arapace l onger than w i d e . P at+t i b+tarsus of p a l p s l i gh t l y l ess than l ength of
carap ace . C l ypeus ( F i g . 53g ) Moderat e l y w i d e . Met . of l eg 1 , bo1�ed . ( F i g . 540) T i b i a l
spur ( F i g . 5 5 1 ) Spi nes a s l on g a s t i b i a l mound . P a l pal bu l b ( F i g . 5 4 1 ) Embo l u s l ong
taperi ng and curves upward s a t d i s t a l th i rd - before l eve l l i ng out . Spi nnerets ( F i g .
542 ) A p i c a l segment equal t o basal segmen t . Fema l e Length 52 . 5mm . C arapace 20x l 6 . 5mm .
C he l i cerae 7mm . Legs 1 , 4 , 2 , 3 . Legs 1 , 4 a l most equa l . Labi um/s ternum ( F i g . 544 ) For
l ayou t of c u s p u l es/gran u l e s on l ab i um and s i g i l l a on s ternum - see i l l u strat i on . Sper­
mathecae ( F i g . 549) Sem i n a l receptac l es have a d i s t i nct w i de base and u n l i ke h i ndei
are not j o i ned . Col our The l egs and abdomen heve an attrac t i ve tweed l i ke mi xture of
ye l l owi sh/o l i ve/grey-brown h a i rs . Long h a i rs on abdomen have a mustardy t i nge . Sp i n ­
nerets reddy-brown . Legs have d i s t i nct wh i te tufts o n a l l l eg j o i n t s wi th ye l l ow i sh
str i at i ng l i nes runn i ng through the femurs , pat and t i b . C arapace i s b l ack wi th w i t h a
gol den ye l l ow sunburst p attern of r ad i at i ng h a i rs . Habi t at Acac i a scrub/dry gras s l and .

\J ( ( ( I )
\�\j�I( IJ;i/1
1t

\ I
I ) / , ,\ , , / �"
"""
F i gs . 5 3 5 - 5 5 1 mur i n u s ( 53 5 ) M a l e ( 536 ) Carapace ( 53 7 ) Che l i cerae , external
f ac e . ( 538 ) Troch . coxa of p a l p . ( 539 ) C l ypeus and oc u l ar tuberc l e . ( 540) Met . 542
of l eg 1 . ( 54 1 ) P a l p a l bu l b . ( 5 5 1 ) Ti b i a l spur . ( 54 2 ) Spi nneret ( 54 3 ) Femal e
548 ( 54 4 ) L ab i um , sternum and coxa o f p a l p . ( 54 6 ) Anter i or edge of coxa o f p a l p . ( 547 )
550 Che l i cerae , i nternal face . ( 548) Chel i ceral teeth . ( 54 9 ) Spermathecae , sem i n a l
receptac l e s . ( 55 0 ) S p i nnere t .
 99
Breedi ng Des p i te h av i ng been bred successfu l l y i n Europe a number of t i mes . I h ave
been unab l e to l ocate any pub l i shed breed i n g data - thus I am gratefu l to Pau l C arpen­
ter for a l l ow i n g me access to h i s breed i ng l og book . Pau l notes that h i s ma l e mou l ted
out on the 24th March . In early Apr i l after v i s i b l e sperm web construct i on , he mated
t h i s spec i men w i th a mature fema l e , wh i ch produced an egg s ac i n m i d June . Th i s was
s uspended above the f l oor of the contai ner i n t h i c k sheet web wh i ch he descri bes as
resemb l i ng a wheel h u b . Hatch i n g took p l ace f i ve weeks after i n i t i al constru c t i o n and
numbered some 1 00 spi derl i ngs .
Two months l ater the same fema l e (wi thout h a v i n g been mated ) produced a second egg
s ac wh i ch a l so h atched out i n about e l even weeks and produced approx i mately 100 s p i ­
derl i ng s . We c an thus surmi se that a grav i d femal e i s capab l e of reta i n i n g semen and
occas i on a l l y a second egg sac can be tri ggered after successful i n i t i al egg l ayi n g .
Mr . Carpenter notes that he d i d not remove the f i rst egg sac .

P . muri nus w i th s p i d er l i ngs P a u l C arpenter

P . murinus Peter K i rk

Venom potenti a l .
As yet we have l i t t l e data on human reac t i on to the b i tes of O l d Wor l d Theraphos i d s
- but i t i s i nteres t i ng to note t h at i n Feb . 1989 , J ud i th L ayze l l ( a heal thy twenty­
three year o l d ) was b i tten by a femal e spec i men of muri nus . She records that the b i te
was i n her t humb and i t was necessary to f l i ck the s p i der off . W i th i n ten mi nutes her
thumb was swe l l i ng u p and she was aware of a d i st i nc t fee l i ng of p i ns and need l es .
W i t h i n f i fteen mi nutes t h i s sen s a t i on h ad changed to i n tense p a i n and her hand became
Behavi our L i ke most spec i es of the genus , mur i nus i s an opport u n i s t i c burrower , ex­ swol l en . She records that she was u n ab l e to move her t humb and her f i ngers were s t i ff
cavat i ng chambers under rock s and l ogs or u t i l i s i ng and exten d i n g o l d l i z ard burrows . and swo l l en . T h i s l oc a l p a i n was to remai n for appro x i mate l y twenty-four hours before
I t has a l so been reported i n heav i l y popu l ated townsh i p s , feed i ng on cockroaches at­ the swe l l i n g subsi ded and the p a i n receded .
tracted by t h i rd wor l d k i tchens and toi l ets and is often found in heav i l y s i l k l i ned
excavated c h ambers u nder the rai sed f l oors of s h ac k s . Ref. L ayze l l 1 989 . Bri t i s h Tarantu l a Soci ety Journa l No . 1 V o l . 5 , p . 1 5 .
100
stout embo l u s , wi th a dorsal keel and rounded apex - see i l l u strat i on . ( Fema l e } Length
( F i y s . 552 - 553 ) 26mm . Carap ace 1 1 . 5x9 . 5mm . Length of l eg s . Leg 1 ( 2 8 . 5mm . ) Leg 2 ( 26 . 5mm . ) Leg 3
( 24mm . ) Leg 4 ( 32mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Pat+t i b of l eg 1 ( l lmm . ) P at+t i b of l eg 4 ( l lmm . )
Spec i e s mutus Strand 1 9 1 9 Z a i re . Carapace eq u a l to pat+t i b of l egs 1 , 4 . Spi nes l es s i n number than mal e . For l ayou t of
Ref . Strand 1 9 1 9 . Arch . Naturg 85 ( A- 1 2 ) p . 101 ( M a l e ) . s p i nes on t i b/met . of l eg 4 - see ( F i gs . 564-565 . Colour C arapac e , b l ack w i th g o l den
L aurent 1946 . R ev . Zoo l . Bot . Afr i c . 39 p . 32 1 . rad i at i ng b ands and border . Legs covered w i t h gol den and b l ack h a i rs , Legs d arker on
Roewer 1953 . Exp . du N a t . P ark , Upemb a , Be l g . Congo . p . 74 . u nders i de . Abdomen with gol den-yel 1 0�1 and redd i s h h a i rs . H ab i t at Dry gras s l and and
Specimens Type No . V l l l - 1 900 i n Mus . Roy . H i s t . Nat . Bel g i um-Congo . Stud i ed by Laur­ rocky h i l l s i des . Common to the genus - excavated chambers under rock s .
en t . Spec i mens ti cke ted by L aurent at the R . G . M . C . ( Be l g i um Congo Mus . ) Fema l e s Nos .
4290 , 144 2 1 . ( Ma l es ) Nos . 2048 , 52 1 5 , 5 2 1 3 - 1 4 .
Co111Tion name Z a i re red- rump .
D i s tr i bu t i on No l oc a l i ty other Congo , L aurent ' s mater i a l . L i ngunda ( Ts h u ap a ) E a l a
( Ts h u ap a ) B i nga { Ubangi } . R i ver Dua - L i s a l a , Ubang i . l bembo , Buta ( Ue l e } I nkong kond­
ue ( Sankura ) .
Remarks L aurent bel i eved P . mutus to be synonyrous with P . occi dental i s Strand ( part .
var i at i on - 1 9 1 9 c i t . p . 103 ) . Located and redescr i bed .
Descri p t i on ( Mal e ) Length 38mm . C arap ace 17xl6rnm. Pat+t i b+tarsus of p a l p ( 1 7 . 5mm . ) .
E q u a l to or s l i gh t l y l onger than the l ength of the c arapace . P a l p ( 28 . 5mm . ) . Leg 1
( 56mm . ) Leg 2 ( 52 . 5mm . ) Leg 3 ( 48 . 5mm . ) Leg 4 ( 59mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Leg 4 l onger than
l eg 1 . C l ypeus ( F i g . 552 ) T i b i a of p a l p swo l l en - narrow i n g s h arp l y at apex . P a l p a l
bu l b ( F i g . 5 5 3 ) Embo l us l ong a n d taper i ng , curv i ng gent l y a t basal h a l f . Ocu l ar ar­
rangement ( F i g . 552 ) ALE equal to PLE and are separated from AME by a d i st ance equal
to the i r own l ength . Col our B as i c col our b l ac k i sh-rown . C arapace h a s grey-wh i t i s h mar­
g i n a l h a i rs . Red hairs on abdomen and l eg s . Setae yel l owi sh brown . Remarks I have u sed
Roewer ' s i l l u s trations of the ocu l ar tuberc l e and p a l p a l bu l b - both of w h i. c h ( J ud g i ng
by h i s i l l u s trat i on s of meri d i onal i s and mur i n u s ) I have l i tt l e fai th i n . L i k e much of
Strand ' s mater i a l mutus i s i n urgent need of redescr i pt i on

563
552
\
Spec i es n i groful vus
( F i gs . 554 - 566 )

Pocock 1898 Transvaa l .

\
Ref . Pocock 189B . Ann . Mag . Nat . H i s t . 7 ( 1 ) p . 3 1 7 . Note Roewer d i d not i nc l ude th i s 560
spec i es i n h i s c l as s i f i c a t i o n scheme and i t i s probab l y that he s i mp l y overl ooked i t .
Specimens Type ( Ma l e ) BMNH 98- 5 - 7 -24a ( F ema l e } 89-5 - 7 - 2 4 . Both spec i mens p rev i ou s l y
dri ed and are very frag i l e . Note Fema l e i s probab l y j u ven i l e . Spec i men to frag i l e to
remove spermathecae . 561
Co111Ti o n name Transvaal gol den baboon .
Di stri but i on Barberton , Transvaa l , South Afr i ca . Co l l ected by Percy Rend a l l . 562
.··.:
Descr i p t i on (Mal e ) Length l9mm . Carapace l l . 5xg . 5mm . Length of l egs . Leg 1 ( 28 . 5mm . )
Leg 2 ( 26mm . ) Leg 3 ( 25mm . ) L eg 4 ( 32mm . ) . P at+t i b . o f l eg 1 ( 10 . 2mm . ) Pat+t i b . of l eg · '.

4 ( lOmm . ) . Met of l eg 4 ( 8 . 8mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . C arapace s l i gh t l y l onger than pat+t i b .

o f l eg s 1 , 4 . C l ypeus ( F i g . 555 ) - w i d e . Ocu l ar tuberc l e - subspheri c a l . Labi um/sternum
( F i g . 554 ) For l ayou t of c u s p u l es /granu l es on l ab i um and s i g i l l a on s ternum - see i l l ­
u s trat i on . Spi nes For l ayout of s p i nes met . of l eg 3 - see ( F i g . 566 ) . For l ayout of
s p i ne s on t i b/met . of l eg 4 - see ( F i gs . 565-566 ) . T i b i al spur ( F i g s . 556-557 ) . Sp i ne 555
565 560
on t i b i a l mound t apers sh arp l y from stout base . Pal pal base ( F i g . 558 ) . A d i st i nct
 101
Spec i e s obenbergeri S trand 1919 Zaire.
Ref . Pteri nochi l i de s obenbergeri Strand 1 9 1 9 . Arch F . Naturg 85 ( A 1 2 ) p . 99 .
Specimen Type ( Ma l e ) Mus . Roy . H i s t . Nat . - Be l g i um .
D i s tri buti on Luku l a , Z a i re . Co l l ected b y W i l verth .
Remark s .
Laurent ( 1 946 Rev . Zoo l . Bot . Af r i c p . 32 3 ) on s tudying the s i ng l e ma l e type , con­
c l uded that Pteri noch i l i de s obenberge r i Strand , was synonymous w i t h Pt. s imon i . Berl and

Spec i e s occ i dental i s Strand 1 9 1 9 Z a i re .

Ref . Strand 1 9 1 9 . Arc h . N aturg 8 5 ( A l 2 ) p . 102 . Mal e . Fema l e . Co . types i n the Mus .
Roy . H i s t . Nat . - Bel g i um .
Remark s .
L aurent ( 1946 Rev . Zoo l . Bot . Afr i c p . 32 3 ) on study i n g the " cotype " mate r i a l ( p re­
s umab l y presented by Strand ) conc l uded that they were synonymous w i th P . s i lTKlni Ber l and
Spec imens Ma l e and Fema l e cotype from Ban ane , Z a i re .

Spec i e s raptor Strand 1906 Soma l i a .

Ref . Strand 1 906 . Zool . An z . 30 ( 19 - 20 ) p . 606 .
Strand 1 908 : Arc h . Nat urg 74 ( 1 - 1 ) p . 13 .
Strand 1 908 . Jahresh . Ver . Nat . Wurttbg . 64 p . 26 .
Spec i men Not l ocated .
No data

( F i gs . 5 6 7 - 5 7 8 )

Speci es s chon l andi Pocock 1 900 S o u t h Afri c a .

Ref . Pocock 1900 . Ann . Mag . Nat . H i s t ( 7 ) 6 p . 3 1 B ( M al e ) .
Speci men Type BMNH 99-7 -24-3 7 . Paratype 0 1 - 3 - 13 - 1 0 8 .
D i s t r i buti on Grahamstown , Jansen v i l ta ( Note l abel f aded ) , S o u t h Afr i c a .
Common name Grahamstown baboon .
Description Mal e . Length 23mm. Carapace 9x7mm. Abdomen l lmm . P a l p ( 1 2 . 5mm . ) Length of
l eg s . Leg 1 ( 3lmm . ) Leg 2 ( 29mm . ) Leg 3 ( 2 7 . 5mm . ) Leg 4 ( 32 . 5mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 .
C l ypeus ( F i g . 5 7 8 ) moderate l y wi de . Labi um/sternum ( F i g . 568 ) For l ayout of cuspu l es/
granu l es on l ab i um and s i g i l l a - see i l l u st r at i on . Spi ne s For l ayou t of s p i nes on t i b/ 5 78
met . of l eg 3 - see ( F i g s . 5 7 3 - 5 74 ) . For l ayout of s p i ne s on t i b/me t . of l eg 4 - see 573

�
( F i g . 567 ) . T i b i a l spur ( F i gs . 5 7 1 - 5 72 ) . Sp i ne stout and l onger than the s i ng l e t i b i a l
mound . P a l p a l bu l b ( F i g s . 5 7 5 - 5 76 ) Embo l u s w i de and only gen t l y taper i n g - w i t h d i s ­ 577
t i nc t kee l s on both i t s ventral a n d dorsal s u rf aces . Col our ( Sp i r i t } L i ght brown , the
abdomen h av i n g a med i an l i ne and chevron s . Note Spe c i men has faded and i s badly rubbed ( F i gs . 5 7 9 - 580 )
g i v i ng no i nd i cat i on of colours . Habi t at Ory gras s l and and wood l and . Behav i our No data
Spec i e s s imoni Ber l and 1 9 1 7 Congo/Zai re .
Ref . Ber l and 1 9 1 7 . Bu l l . Mus . H i s t . Nat . P ar i s 23 ( 7 ) p . 46 6 .
L aurent 1 946 . Rev . Zoo l . Bot . Afr i c 39 p . 32 3 .
569 Specimen Types . Mal e/Fema l e MNHP - Pari s . ( M a l e ) K l e i n col l ec t i on . ( F emal e ) Macquery ' s
c o l l ec t i o n . A l so 2 ma l es Mus . Roy . H i s t . Nat . Bel g i um .
Di s tri but i on ( M a l e ) L an d an a , Zai re . ( Fema l e ) Gabon . L aurent ' s mater i al Banan e , Luk a l a
Congo . A l so Gabon .
Common name L andana rust backed baboon .
Remarks
F i g s . 567 - 578. P . s chon l an d i Mal e ( 56 7 ) Spi nes , Met . of l eg 4. ( 568 ) L abi um , L aurent on st udyi ng mater i a l he l d at the Mu s . Roy . H i s t . Nat . Be l g i um c ame to the
s ternum and coxa of p al p . ( 56 9 ) Chel i ceral teet h . ( 5 70 ) C h e l i cerae , i ntern a l face . conc l u s i on that P t . obenbergeri Strand and Pt. occ i dental i s Strand were synonymous
Note d i s t i nc t setae , unusu a l for genu s . ( 57 1 - 5 7 2 ) T i b i a l spur ( 573-574 ) Spi nes , w i t h s imon i .
met . of l eg 3 . ( 57 5 ) P a l p a l bu l b . ( 576 ) Apex of embo l u s of b u l b . ( 57 7 ) Spi n neret Desc r i pt i o n (Mal e ) Length 28mm . Carapace 12x l0mm. Abdomen 1 2x5mm . P a l p ( 25mm . ) Length
( 578) C l ypeus and ocu l ar tuberc l e . of l eg s . Leg 1 ( 42mm . ) Leg 2 ( 40mm . ) Leg 3 ( 36mm . ) Leg 4 ( 4 5mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Length
of c arapace l es s than pat+t i b . of l eg s 1 , 4 . Spi ne s L aurent i nd i c ates that the met . of
l eg s 3 , 4 is not heav i l y spi ned . 3 at the apex and one on both the posteri or and anter­
F i gs . 554 - 566 P . n i grofu l vu s Mal e ( 554) labi um , s ternum and coxa of pal p . ( 55 5 ) i or dors a l surface . Palpal bu l b ( F i g s . 579-580 ) Bu l b l arge . , the embo l us bei n g l ong and
Clypeus a n d ocul ar tuberc l e . ( 556-55 7 ) Ti b i a l s p u r . ( 558-559) Palpal bu l b . ( 564- taper i ng to a f i ne po i n t . wi th no evi dence in Berl and ' s drawi ngs of a keel . Femal e
565} Spi nes , met. of l e g 4. ( 566) Spi nes , met. of l eg 3 . Femal e ( 560 ) Spi nes , Length 28mm . C arapace l l x lOmm . P a l p 25mm . Length of l eg s . L e g 1 ( 37mm . ) Leg 2 ( 33mm . )
met. of leg 3. ( 561-562 ) Spi nes , met . of leg 4 . Leg 3 ( 3lmm . ) Leg 4 ( 39mm . ) . P at+t i b . of l eg 1 ( 12mm . ) Pat+t i b . of l eg 4 ( 1 2mm . )
P at+t i b . of l eg s 1 , 4 s l i gh t l y l onger than the c arapac e . Data i n paper l i m i ted - i n
need of redescr i pt i on . Col our C arapace brown i sh-red w i t h tawny marg i n al h a i r s and rad-
102
i at i n g band s . Abdomen grey-brown wi th l ong p a l e hai rs . There are a l so a dark med i an
l i ne and chevron s . Legs redd i s h brown . Under s i de , b l ac k i s h - brown . Hab i t a t Bush wood-
1 and - wh i ch makes up much of Southern Congo .

582

581
After S i mo n

Spec i es sjosted t i T u l l gren 1 9 1 0 Tan zani a/k enya .

Ref . Tu l l gren 1 9 1 0 . Aran . i n Sjostedt , K i l i mandj i , Kenya . Exp . 3 ( 20 ) p . 90 . 588
Speci men Not l oc ated - desc r i p t i on based o n pape r .
Di s t r i b u t i on K i bonoto , K i l i mn j aro , Tanzani a/Kenya .
Common n ame K i l i manj aro mus tard baboon . .
.. .
..

�
.. . .
Descri ption ( Fema l e ) Length 56mm . C arapace 23 . 3x 1 8 . 6mm . C he l i cerae 1 2 . 8x9mm . Abdo­
men 2 1 . 5xl5 . 5mm . Sternum 9x7 . 8mm . Ocu l ar tuberc l e 2 . 3x3mm . C l ypeus lmm . ?- n arrow . Che­ .. .... 590 'X 'l.. .
l i cerae , roundi sh/ova l . Spi nnerets ( 9 . 5mm . ) ; 1 ( 4 . 5mm . ) -2 ( 2mm . ) - 3 ( mm . ) Tota l 9 . 5mm . :. : ::
Length of l eg s . Leg 1 ( 5 7 . 5mm . ) Leg 2 ( 49 . 3mm . ) Leg 3 ( 4 4 . 6mm . ) Leg 4 ( 56 . 8mm . ) . Legs
1 , 4 , 2 , 3 . Legs 1 , 4 a l mo s t e q u a l . Carapace s l i gh t l y l onger than p at+t i b . of l eg 1 . Pat+
·::
t i b . of l eg 1 s l i gh t l y l onger than pat+t i b . of l eg 4 . Colour C arapace , dark brown w i t h
ye l l owi sh h a i rs . Abdomen , ye l l ow i s h brown w i t h med i an l i ne a n d chevrons . Legs and che­
l i cerae wi th mouse brown , o l i ve and yel l ow h a i rs . H ab i t a t Acac i a and scrubl and and
mount a i n f l ora . T u l l gren g i ves a l t i tude of 1 , 300m .
Remark s
T u l l gren ' s and Strand ' s materi a l from the K i l i manj aro area i s i n urgent need of
redesc r i p t i on . 583
( F i gs . 581 - 590 ) 585
584
Spec i e s s p i n i fer Pocock 1898 E a s t Afr i c a .
Ref. Pocock 1898 . Proc . Zool . Soc . L on d . p . 502 .
Specimen BMNH ( Ma l e ) 1897 - 1 1 -20-53 . Type
D i stri b u t i on Mbuyu n i . Unab l e to l oc ate co l l ec t i on s i te - b u t i t i s l i ke l y to be Tanz­ F i g s . 581 - 590 P. s p i n i fer. Male ( 581 ) L a b i u m , s ternum and coxa of p a l p . ( 58 2 )
an i a . C l ypeus a n d ocu l ar tuberc l e . ( 583 -584 ) Spi nes , met . of l eg 4 . ( 585 ) S p i nes , met .
Common n ame Mbuyuni gol den baboon . of l eg 3 . ( 586 ) T i b i a l spu r , pat . and t i b . of l eg 1 . ( 58 7 ) T i b i a l s pu r . ( 588 ) P a l p
Desc r i p t i o n Length 20mm . C arapace 9 . 5x7 . 5mm . Length of l eg s . Leg 1 ( 34 . 5mm . ) Leg 2 and tarsu s . ( 589 ) P a l p a l bu l b . ( 59 0 ) Spi nnere t .
( 3 lmm . ) Leg 3 ( 2 7mm . ) Leg 4 ( 37 . 5mm . ) . Pat+t i b . of l eg 1 ( 1 1 . 5mm . ) Pat+t i b . of l eg 4
( 1 2mm . ) Met . of l eg 4 ( lOmm . ) Legs l on g . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Met . of l eg 1 bowed . ( F i g . 586 )
W i th a d i st i nct tubercu l i form tooth at apex . T i b i al spur ( F i g . 586 ) T i b i a l mound l ong­
much l onger than s p i ne . Palp ( F i g . 588 ) - has a spine at the apex of the t i b . P a l p a l ( F i gs . 591 - 600)
b u l b ( F i g . 589 ) Embo l us l on ger a n d taper i ng w i t h no kee l s . Tapers gen t l y upward and
t h an sharp l y l eve l s out at i ts d i s t a l end . L ab i um/sternum ( F i g . 581 ) For l ayou t of Spec i es vorax Pocock 1897 Tanzan i a .
cuspu l es/granu l es on l ab i um and s i g i l l a on sternum - see i l l u strat i on . Spi nes For l ay­ Ref. Pocock 1897 . Proc . Zoo l . Soc . Lon d .
out of s p i nes on ti b/me t . of l eg 4 - see ( F i gs . 583- 584 ) . Legs not heav i l y s p i ned . L au rent 1 946 . Rev . Zoo l . B o t . Afr i c 3 9 p . 31 9 .
C l ypeus ( F i g . 582 ) moder ate l y wide . Co l our Carapace and che l i cerae , b l ack w i t h cop i ou s Specimens Type BMNH ( Mal e ) 1 89 4 - 1 2 - 2 5- 5 . Col l ected by M r B arson . Note Roewer i s i n ­
gol den-ye l l ow h a i r s - as are the l eg s . T h e l at ter a r e a l so i ntermi xed w i t h grey and at correct i n l i s t i ng Pocock ' s type as a fema l e i n h i s c l as s i f i c at i on 1942 scheme . VHWS
the j o i nts - wh i te tufts . Abdomen , go l den ye l l ow wi th med i an l i ne - s i des of abdomen co l l ec t i on AF 102 - 3 -88 Mu s . de Congo . Mal e/fema l e R . G . M . C . 14437 - 38-39 .
b l ack i s h . Unders i de , ye l l owi s h . Sternum and coxa, b l ac k i s h w i t h ye l l ow h a i rs . H ab i t at Di stri b u t i on W i d e l y d i s t r i buted i n Western Tanzan i a and E as tern Z a i re . Type Fwambo ,
Presumed to be dry forest/gras s l and . Tan zan i a . A l so Rumonge ( Urund i ) , Z a i re .
Common n ame Lake Tanganyi k an gol den baboon .
 103
Descri p t i on Type ( M a l e ) Length 37mm . C arapace 16 . 5x13mm . Chel i cerae 5mm. P a l p ( 23mm . )
Length of p a l p i s equal to one-ha l f of met . of l eg 1 . Length of l egs . Leg 1 ( 5 1mm . )
Leg 2 ( 44mm . ) Leg 3 ( 37 . 5mm . ) Leg 4 ( 48 . 5mm . ) . Legs 1 , 4 , 2 , 3 . Met . of l eg 1 d i s t i nc t l y
bowed . Carapace round i s h . C l ypeus ( F i g . 5 9 9 ) w i de . Labi um/sternum ( F i g . 592 ) . F o r l ay­
out of c u s p u l es/gran u l e s on l ab i um and s i g i l l a on sternum - see i l l ustrat i o n . S p i ne s .
For l ayou t of s p i nes on t i b/met . of l e g 4 - see ( F i gs . 594 - 59 5 ) . T i b i a l spur ( F i g . 596 )
Sp i ne of s i n g l e t i b i a l mound , l on g . P a l p S i n g l e s p i ne on apex of t i b . of pa l p ( F i g . 593
5 9 7 ) P a l pal bu l b ( F i g . 598 ) Emnbo l u s l ong and taper i ng wi th o n l y a gen t l e curve . No
kee l s . Col our b l ac k i s h - brown c l othed wi th o l i ve- grey h a i r s . Carapace and coxa of l egs
with s i l ky gol den h a i rs . Legs wi th ye l l owi sh brown h a i r s . T i b i a wi th speck l ed wh i te
spots , wi th wh i te tufts on a l l l e g j o i n t s . Pos ter i or femurs wi th ye l l ow i s h-red h a i r s . 599
Abdomen , i nd i s t i nc t l y spotted w i t h b l ack i sh and ye l l owi s h h a i rs . I nd i s t i nct dark med­
i an l i n e and chevrons . Hab i tat Dry gras s l and , wood l and .

�
Remarks .
Strand was i ncorrect ( 1 907 Zei tsc h r . f . N aturwi ss 7 9 p . 236 ) i n conc l ud i n g that P t .
vorax Pococ k , i s synonymous wi th P t . constri ctus Gerstacker 1873 .
/ \\ \

595 594

P. vorax . F r an k Mar t i n

I
I

)'
�
600

596

F i gs . 5 9 1 - 600 P . vorax ( 59 1 ) Ma l e ( 59 2 ) Labi um, sternum and coxa of p a l p . ( 593 )

Spi nes , met . of l eg 3 . ( 594-59 5 ) Sp i nes , t i b . and met . of l eg 4 . ( 59 6 ) T i b i a l spur
( 59 7 ) P a l p , t i b , and tarsu s . ( 598) P a l p a l bu l b . ( 599 ) C l ypeus and ocu l ar tuberc l e
( 500 ) S p i n nere t .
L04
H av i ng stud i ed a l ong s er i es of spec i mens and observed re l evant spec i mens from a
Spec i es wi denmann i St rand 1906 Tanzan i a/kenya . j uveni l e stage, I h ave come to the conc l u s i on that Pocock was too sweep i ng i n h i s con­
Ref . Strand 1908 . J ahewah . Ver . Naturk Wurttbg 62 p . 1 7 . Ma l e . c l u s i on s . The real i ty is that we h ave no concrete taxonom i c too l s at present for read­
Speci me n Not l oc ated . i l y i de n t i fyi n g j uven i l e spec i mens and that tarsal scapu l ae in mature spec i mens i s a
Di s tr i b u t i on Mosc h i , K i l l i manj aro , Tanzani a/Kenya . stab l e and worth wh i l e taxonom i c too l . The d i v i s i on of the tarsal s capu l ae and the
Co111Tion name K i l l i manj aro f l ecked ash-brown . comp l ete absense of a str i du l at i ng organ ( p l us a useful n umber of secondary t axonom i c
Descri p t i on Length 36mm . C arap ace 1 7 x l 3mm . Chel i cerae ( 4mm . ) Abdomen 1 5 . 5mm . P a l p features s u c h as t h e c l ypeus , l ab i um/sternum mounds and s p i nes ) create a d i s t i nct O l d
( 32 . 7mm . ) . Length of l egs , Leg 1 ( 63 . 7mm . ) Leg 2 ( 5 3 . 4mm . ) Leg 3 ( 4 7 . 9mm . ) Leg 4 Wor l d g roup of genera wh i ch f i nd a natural rest i ng p l ace i n Ausserer ' s h i s to r i c a l
( 59 . 7mm . ) . L egs 1 , 4 , 2 , 3 . Carapace l onger than p at+t i b . of l egs 2 , 4 . Less t han pat+t i b . I schnoc ol i n ae s ubfami l y . Note I d o n o t fee l at t h i s stage t h a t New Wor l d genera shou l d
o f l eg 1 . P a l p a l bu l b - embo l us short 3 . 7mm . l on g . Bu l b ( l . 9mm . ) Col our C arapac e , b e i nc l uded .
b l ac k i s h - brown w i th greyi s h -wh i te ''furrows " . Eye tuberc l e b l ack , t h e AME b e i n g bri ght Thus the key taxonom i c features of t h i s subfam i l y are ( 1 ) a comp l ete absense of a
ye l l ow . Abdomen , grey-br01�n wi th i nd i s t i nc t f l ec k s . Chel i cerae , grey-brown w i th f i ne s t r i d u l at i ng organ . ( 2 ) The tars a l segments of at l east l egs 3 , 4 are d i v i ded by a
brown h a i rs . Legs , brown wi t h grey-brown h a i rs . Brown i sh-ye l l ow h a i rs on met . and tar­ l i ne of setae . ( 3 ) The l ab i um and sternum i s d i v i ded i n most spec i es by two l ab i o ­
sus . I n s i de of femurs , b l ack . Scapu l ae , br i gh t g l azed ash grey-green . Under s i de d arker sternum mounds . ( 4 ) The tibial and metat arsal segmen ts o f l egs 3 , 4 , are heav i l y s p i ned
than dors a l surfac e . P a l p a l bu l b , redd i sh wi th b l ac k i s h band s . H ab i t at Acac i a scrub­ and ( 5 ) the ma l e possesses a s i mp l e l ong taper i ng embo l u s - wh i ch may , i n some F ar
l and and h i gh mount a i n f l or a . No data on a l t i tude of f i nds . E as tern mater i a l , h ave a s i mp l e keel .
Remarks I t i s i nterest i ng to note that many of thes'e taxonom i c feature s are s h ared by the
If the type i s s t i l l in ex i s tanc e , th i s s pec i es is urgen t l y i n need of redescr i p ­ Eumenophor i nae subfami l y and it i s my b e l i ef that the I sc h noco l i n ae ( pr i ma r i l y an
t i on a s i s Tu l l gren ' s mater i a l from t h i s reg i on . I schnoco l us and C h aetope l m a ancesto r ) broke away from the ancestors of the pres ent
Eumenophor i nae subf ami l y , somet i me between the mid Juras s i c and e a r l y Cretaceous
per i ods - about 1 60 mi ll i on years ago - co l on i s i ng North Afr i c a and l os i ng a l on g t he
way the p r i m i t i ve s tr i du l at i ng organ of the E umenopho r i n ae . They must h ave been f i rm l y

ISCHNOCOLI NAE s u bfa m i ly ( p a rt one)

estab l i shed b y t h e m i d Cretaceous period ( about 1 0 0 m i l l i on years ago ) i n order to ex­
p and i nto the I nd i an cont i nent - wh i ch at t h i s t i me was the reg i on of Somal i . ( see
Remarks . )
Ref. Ausserer 187 1 . Verh . Zool . Bot . Ges . W i en . ( 2 1 ) p . 1 73 . I t must a l so be remembered that North Afr i c a was once con s i derably more hosp i t abl e ,
S i mon 1 903 . H i s t . Nat . Ara i gn . even 100 , 000 ye ars ago and subsequen t l y over the l ast 5 0 , 000 years , many I schnoc o l i n ae
Raven 1 985 . Amer i can Mus . Nat . H i st . ( 182 ) p . 1 1 5 . spec i es have had to evo l ve aga i nst the background of chan g i ng c l i mat i c zones and i n ­
c reas i ng desert i f i c a t i on ( grow i n g deserts and a r i d marg i n a l scru b l and ) we can thus
I ntroduc t i on . presume that many spec i e s , south of the Atl as Mou n t a i n and in Eth i op i a , h ave d i s ap ­
I have d e c i ded to s p l i t the I schnoco l i n ae subfami l y i nto two p arts , Part 1 ( North peared as t h e envi ronment has grown more host i l e wh i l e others have evo l ved to meet
Afr i c a and the M i d d l e E ast ) , Part 2 ( I nd i a and the Far E ast ) . Th i s I may add is a chan g i ng c i rcumstances . Th i s may poss i b l y exp l a i n the soph i st i c ated burrow i n g behav­
pure l y arb i tary d i v i s i on d i ctated not by t axonom i c d i fferences , but by the s i mp l e need i ou r wh i ch has been found in one part i c u l ar Moroccan spec i es of the genus I schnoco l u s ­
to organ i se and d i v i de the Therapho s i dae i n to three vol umes organ i sed on a geograph­ wh i c h extends i ts burrow i nto a s e r i e s of para l l e l tunn e l s a n d c h ambers .
i ca l b as i s . I t i s a l so i nteres t i n g to note that an examp l e of c l os e l y r e l ated genus Chaetopel ma
has survi ved i n the Cameroon s , as does the I schnoco l i nae genus Heterothel e , to test i fy
D i agnos i s . to a once more extens i ve d i stri buti on i n Afr i c a of t h i s subfam i l y . Note I am of the
The I schnoco l i n ae subfami l y i s a c l ass i c examp l e o f taxonom i c confu s i on - based , as bel i ef that extens i ve col l ec t i ng i n the regions Mal i , N i ger , C h ad and N i ge r i a wi l l
many of i ts genera and spec i es are , on the i ne v i tab l y d i sastrous rec i pe of a l one , produce further examp l es of the I schnoco l i nae subfam i l y . Note I t i s i nterest i ng to
s i ng l e type spec i men wi th l i t t l e l oca l i ty dat a , .scattered across h a l f a dozen E uropean spec u l ate whether the I schnocol us/Chaetope l m a ancestor was d i rect l y l i nked to the
co l l ec t i ons . A pro b l em compounded by the fact t h at most were descri bed a hundred genus Heteroth e l e - wh i ch i s estab l i s hed in the s ame reg i on s as the Eumenophori n ae
years ago and have not been red i scovered s i nc e . A l so in some cases I fear the type subfami l y and has a l l the key t axonom i c features of the I schnoco l u s genus .
spec i men i s no l onger i n e x i s tance ( many German spec i mens were l ost or des troyed dur­
i ng the l as t war ) and as many of the o r i g i n a l s c i en t i f i c descr i pt i on s are of h i stor­
i ca l v a l u e - but of l i mi ted s c i ent i f i c v a l u e it is obv i ou s that many spec i es of t h i s
subfami l y are i n urgent need o f redescr i pt i on .
R aven i n 1 985 came to the conc l u s i on that the group was so confused that i t shou l d key taxonom i c features of the I schnoco l i nae subfami l y
be v i ewed a s " i ncertae sed i s " , bei ng based o n dubi ous t axonom i c features and was s u b s ­ 1) N o s tr i d u l at i ng organ - between the c he l i cerae and p a l p o r the p a l p and l eg 1 .
equen t l y r i pe for extens i ve rev i s i on . 2) Tarsal d i v i s i on - the tarsus of at l east l egs 3 , 4 are d i v i ded by a l i ne of setae .
I n many ways Pocock was ra i s i ng s i mi l ar doubts about the v a l i d i ty of th i s subfam i l y ( I n some genera l egs 2 , 3 , 4 or 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 are d i v i ded by a l i ne of setae ) .
a s ear l y a s 1895 ( Ann . Mag . Nat . H i s t . ( 6 ) p . 16 5 ) po i nt i ng o u t that t h e subfami l y 3) Labi um-sternum mounds - the majori ty o f genera ( w i th the excep t i on o f some I schno­
( based a s i t i s o n t h e key taxonom i c feature - that t h e tarsal scapu l ae was d i v i ded by colus spec i es ) h ave d i s t i nct mounds on the suture between the l ab i um and s ternum .
a l i ne of setae ) was taxonom i c a l l y compromi sed . Pocock argued that i n i mmature 4) C l ypeus - i s absen t , n arrow or moderate l y w i d e .
spec i mens the tarsus i s i n i t i al l y c l othed wi t h a w i de d i v i d i ng l i ne of setae , not sca­ 5) S p i nes - o n t i b i a and metatarsus o f l egs 3 , 4 , are present i n s trong numbers i n the
pu l ae . That as the spec i men matures the scapu l ae repl aces the setae in a ser i e s of maj or i ty of I schnoco l i n ae mater i a l .
s tages d i rect l y l i nked to mou l t i ng . Thus i nev i t ably there comes a t i me when the tar­ 6) Embol u s of p a l p a l bul b - s i mp l e embo l u s l on g , t aper i n g wi th or wi thout a s i ng l e
s a l scapu l ae of many spec i es is d i v i ded by a l i ne of setae and as t hey progress bas i c k ee l .
through the vari ous s t ages ( s tages on wh i ch Ausserer and S i mon based the i r gener i c 7) T i b i al spur - dou b l e t i b i a l spur present or absent ( l ost ) i n some genera .
keys ) they wou l d i nev i tab l y pass from the I schnoco l u s genus i nto the Chaetopel ma genus
and eventual l y i nto Crypsi dromus - as the setae d i sappeared . H e conc l uded by stat i n g
that " i t fol l ows that the vari ous d i v i s i ons of scapu l ae may be noth i ng but a s i gn of
i mmat u r i ty" ( Pocock 189 7 . Proc . Zool . L ond . p . 430 ) .
 105

We c an thus theo r i se that as Chaetopel ma i s present i n the Seyche l l es , the Chaet­

Genera I nc l uded
opelma as we know i t was present at t h i s stage in evo l u t i on ary h i story some 80 mi l l i on
C h aetopelma Ausserer 1 87 1 . Cratorrhagus S i mon 1892 . Heterothe l e Karsch 1879 . years ago . We may a l so surmi se that as the I nd i an genus P l es i ophri ctus i s re l ated to
I schnocolus Aus serer 18 7 1 . Neopl e s i ophr i ctus ( Smi th 1990 New Genu s ) Nesi ergus the I schnoco l us genus ( except for the fact t h at P l es i ophor i ctus ret a i ns a t i b i a l spur­
S i mon 1 903 . P l e s i ophri ctus Pocock 1 900 . wh i c h is l ost in I schnoco l us ) that a t i b i a l spurred ancestor of I schnocol us /P l es i o­
Note the I n d i an and Far E astern genera Neop l esi ophri ctus and P l es i ophri ctus are des­ phri ctus was i n exi s tance at th i s t i me . P l es i op h r i ctus thus evol ved ( retai n i ng the
cri bed in V o l ume 2. Therapho s i ds of I n d i a and the Far E as t . t i b i a l spu r ) in i so l at i on on the I n d i an Con t i nent as t h i s con t i nent made i ts way s l ow ­
l y towards As i a after a bri ef evo l u t i on ary f l i rt a t i o n wi t h Afri ca of some 3 0 mi l l i on
years .
Synonymy. The new genus Neop l es i ophr i ctus subsequen t l y was a l og i c a l evo l ut i onary devel opment
R aven ( 1 985 Amer . Mus . N a t . H i s t . 182 i ndex ) has def i ned the fo l l ow i n g genera of for the Pl es i ophri ctus genus - l os i ng the t i b i a l spur but ret a i n i ng the keel on the
Strand ' s as synonymous wi th Chaetope l m a , Avi cuscodra Strand 1 908 and E n cyocrate 1 1 a embo l u s of the p a l p a l bu l b - wh i ch is characteri s t i c of P l es i ophri c t u s . Meanwh i l e i n
Strand 1 908 . Afr i c a , I schnoco l us/Plesi ophri ctus ancestr a l mater i a l l os t the character i st i c doub l e
t i b i al spur and evo l ved i nto the I schnoco l u s genus . ( Does not possess a keel on the
Di str i bu t i on . embo l u s of i t s p a l p a l b u l b ) .
The s ubfami l y i s . w i d e l y d i stri buted throughout the Southern Med i terranean area ,
North Afr i c a and the E astern Med i terranean and i s present i n Central Afr i c a . The s u b ­
f ami l y i s a l so present i n the forms of P l e s i ophri ctus a n d Neop l e s i ophrictus i n I nd i a -
the Burma , Mal aya pen i n s u l ar . Note an examp l e of Chaetopel ma i s present i n the Sey­
c he l l es as i s the c l ose l y rel ated genus Nesi ergus - wh i ch we can s af e l y pres ume i s a
der i v i t i ve genus of Chaetopel ma wh i c h has evo l ved i n i so l ati on i n the Seychel l e s . l ate Cretaceous

earl y P a l aeocene p er i o d
Remarks .
When l oo k i n g at the I schnoco l i n ae of the O l d Wor l d we may s u rm i s e ( for we h ave no ( 80-65 mi l l i on years ago )
foss i l evi den c e ) and theor i se ( based on con t i nental movements ) that at g i ven evo l u­
t i onary t i mes cert a i n evo l uti on ary s t ages h ad probab l y been ach i eved . We may surm i s e
that approx i matel y 1 6 0 mi l l i o n years a g o Chaetopelma/ I schnocol us ancestors h a d evol ved 2 2 2

J��·
and we can theor i se that by the m i d Cretaceous per i od , 100 mi l l i on years ago , these
had c o l o n i sed much of present North Afri c a and were in a pos i t i on to co l on i se the Con ­
Afri e a
t i nent of I n d i a wh i ch h ad made phys i ca l contact wi th Afri c a d u r i n g i ts northerly jour­
ney to the As i an l and mass .

<9c7�D
As i a
1
Seyc he l l es

Chaetopel ma

2) P l e s i ophri ct u s / I schnocol us ancestor

I do not bel i eve that I schnocol us mater i a l en tered Southern Spa i n dur i n g the l atter
Cretaceous period s tages of the Cretaceous peri od , some 65 mi l l i on years ago - p r i mar i l y because the
Span i sh mater i a l s i mp l y has not had such a l on g per i od to evo l ve in i so l at i o n , be i ng

J
( 1 36-65 mi l l i on years ago )
( 100 mi l l i o n years ago ) too s i m i l ar to t he North Afr i can mater i a l . We can thus presume that for t h e next 3 5
mi l l i on years I schnocol us g e n u s conso l i d ated i ts pos i t i on i n N o r t h Afri c a a n d evol ved

�"' ' ' '

i n to many d i fferent spec i es . The re - un i f i cat i on of Spa i n and Afr i c a took p l ace aga i n
d u r i n g the O l i gocene per i od , approx i mately 3 5 mi l l i on years ago ; a l and bri dge wh i c h
�1as t o rema i n o n and o f f for some 3 3 mi l l i o n years un t i l t h e P l e i s tocene peri od - when
r i s i n g sea l eve l s cut off e l ements of the genus i n Spa i n and i so l ated other spec i es of
the genus i n S i c i l y and Cypru s .
1) C h aetopelma/ I schnoco l us ancestor <=;:::::> (.;::? The North Afr i can and Span i sh mater i a l i s thus very s i mi l ar h av i n g evol ved i nde­
penden t l y for l es s than two mi l l i o n years - any expan s i on beyond l at i tude 4 c9 by the
W i t h i n 30 mi l l i on years t h i s norther l y movement was to cause fragmen tat i on wh i c h i n genus h av i n g been suppressed by succes s i ve i ce-caps and g l ac i ers of the I ce Age -
turn created the Seyche l l es . w h i c h on l y began the i r f i na l retreat some 10 , 000 years ago .
106

I l l ustrated Key to the Genera of the I schnocol i nae Subfami ly.

Note Th i s k ey only i nc l udes O l d Wor l d genera , i nc l ud i ng i ts two Far E as tern represen­

tati ves . It does not i n c l ude the New Wor l d genera wh i c h have been a s s i gned to t�e sub­
fami l y over the 1 ast century . These as Raven has i nd i c ated shou 1 d rema i n " i ncertae
sed i s " u n t i l redescri bed .
Note Key i s abri dged - a more deta i l ed key c an be found w i t h each genus .

A) No str i du l at i n g organ - between the c he l i cerae , chel i cerae and p a l p and the p a l p
a n d l eg 1 .
1) Tarsal scapul ae - Legs 3 , 4 , d i v i ded b y a w i d e l i ne of setae . Legs 1 , 2 , s i mp l y
p arted .

2) Tarsus of male pal p - has a s i gmo i d depres s i on .

3) T i b i a l spur - dou b l e t i b i a l spur , the major segment c apped wi th stout upr i gh t

spi nes , not a comb .

4) Pal pal bul b - embo l us l o n g , wi thout keel .

\
5) Clypeus - absent o r very n arrow .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cr ato rrh agus .

. .

1) Tarsal scapu l ae - l egs 3 , 4 , d i v i ded by a w i d e l i ne of setae . Leg 2 , parted or d i v ­

i ded by a thi n l i ne of setae . Leg 1 , s i mp l y d i v i ded .

2) Tarsus o f mal e pal p - wi thout deep d i v i d e .

3) Ti bi al spur - dou b l e t i b i a l spur , pri mary and secondary segments , the primary seg­
ment capped wi th a row of short s p i nes . Usu a l l y a s i n g l e l on g s p i n e on s i de of
secondary spur.

4) Pal pal bul b - embo l u s l on g , wi thout k ee l .

5) Clypeus - absent or very n arrow . 1) Tarsal scapul ae - tars a l scapu l ae of a l l segments d i v i ded by a l i ne of setae - i n -
c l ud i ng p a l p .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C h aetopel m a .
2) Tarsus o f male pal p - not acu t e l y s i gmoi d .

3) T i b i a l spur - absen t .

4) Palpal b u l b - embo l us t apered - ap i ca l e n d s p l ayed w i t h l i p/keel s .

5) Spi nnerets - pos teri or l ateral s p i nnerets are very l on g and med i an s p i nnerets are
not d i v i ded . Key characte r i st i c .

6) Clypeus - absent o r very n arrow .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heterothel e .
 107
1) Tarsal scapu l ae - t apered scapu l ae of l eg s 3 , 4 , d i v i ded by a wide band of setae .
Leg 2 , d i v i ded by a t h i n b and . Leg 1 , parted .

2) Tarsus of mal e pal p - has no s i gmo i d depress i on - s i mp l y p arted .

3) Ti b i al spur - doub l e t i b i a l spur , the pri mary segment capped w i th a comb of s p i nes
and a d i s t i nct c l aw/hook . Second ary segment possesses a s i n g l e spi n e .

4) Pal pal bul b - embo l us stout at base - t apered w i t h no k ee l s .

5) Clypeus - absent or very n arrow .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nes i erg u s .

\
Far Eastern Genera - wh i ch w i l l b e i nc l uded i n V o l ume 2 . P l e s i ophri ct u s , Neop l es i -
ophri ctus New genus - Smi th 1 990 .
1) Tarsal scapu l ae - tarsal scapu l ae of a l l l egs d i v i ded by a band of setae . Usual ly
q u i te broad and d i s t i nc t . 1) Tarsal scapul ae of a l l l egs d i v i ded by a band of setae of var i ab l e l ength .
2) Tarsus o f mal e pal p - has a ventral s i gmoi d depress i on .
Note Some mal es have o n l y a part i a l d i v i s i on - but Pocock was wrong to assume
that part i al d i v i s i on i s common to a l l s pec i e s .
3) Ti bi al spur - absent .
2) Tarsus of mal e pal p - d i s t i nct ventra l / s i gmo i d depres s i on
4) Pal pal bul b - embol u s l on g and tapered w i th no tegu l ar keel .
3) Ti b i al spur - d i v i ded i nto two segments , the d i v i s i on between the pri mary and sec­
5) Cl ypeus - d i s t i nct marg i n .
ond ary segments h av i ng a row of stout b l ac k gran u l es .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I schnoco l u s .
4) Pal pal bul b - embo l us stout at bas e , l on g and t aper i ng wi th a tegu l ar k ee l .

5) C l ypeus - absent or very n arrow .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pl esi ophri ctus .

1) Tarsal scapul ae - t ars a l scopu l ae of a l l l egs d i v i ded by a b and of setae .

2) Tarsus of mal e pal p - a d i s t i nc t s i gmo i d depres s i on .

3) Ti bi al spur - absen t .

4) Palpal bu l b - s tout at bas e , l ong t aper i ng wi t h a tegu l ar keel . Note Key taxonom i c
feature . Th i s k e e l i s absent i n t h e Ischnocol us genu s .

5) C l ypeus - absent o r n arrow marg i n .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neop l es i ophri ctu s .

108
CJ

GENUS CHAETOPELMA Ausserer 1 8 7 1

, . ........ .. . .

Ref. Ausserer 187 1 . Ver h . Zool . Bot . Ges . W i en . 2 1 p . 1 91 . '

,
'

S i mon 1892 . H i s t . Nat . Ara i gn . 1 ( 1 ) p . 140 . a

'
'
/
Gene r i c type C . aegyptac i um . '
c\ \
a
'
Remarks . Morocco ,__

�I 3
,,- .
, '

The two pri mary genera of the I s chnoco l i nae subfami l y , I schnocol us and Chaetopelma, , ' .

'j'
'

, I ran
'

,
were formed in 1871 by Ausserer to house a number of spec i mens wh i ch had been _,
-'

Al geri a
despatched to h i m from Cypru s , E gypt , Spa i n and I ta l y ( the Cyp r i at spec i mens , Chaeto­
pelma aegyptaci um and I schnoco l u s grac i l i s , were col l ected by a Dr . Kotschy - no d i st­ '
' L i bya
r i bu t i on dat a ) . Its i nteres t i ng to note that Ausserer i n i t i a l l y deemed Chaetopelma to ' 3
be a sub-genus of I schnoco l u s , but by 18g7 Pocock ( Proc . Zoo l . Soc . Land . p . 74 2 ) h ad , ' Egypt
. _ .:-:....
'
'

w i t h S i mon , rev i sed i ts status to one of a genu s . ,_

•,
I

- t- - - - .
'
I

:: ..-:: ,�,-::. - - - - - - �--=-:.� -

H i rst ( H i rs t 1920. Arach . and Myri apoda - i nj u r i ou s t o man - BMNH - pub l i c at i on )
records that the E gyp t i an spec i es , C . shabat i s k nown as aboushebat by the l oc a l � - -�--. - - - - -..-:::>
,-' \ ',
'
r'

q . - - - --- · - ...
......

peop l e w h o fear i t s b i te a n d subsequen t l y h a v e a tendency to exagerate i ts venom po­ '

,, S aud i Arab i a )
\
· -

ten t i a l - bel i efs wh i c h , I h ave d i scovered in my own trave l s , are common in Thi rd '- ... .. // ;, ' ,
{
Wor l d count r i es . Note I t i s l i ke l y that i n hot countr i es , p l agued wi th poor s a n i tary '
'

cond i t i on s , secondary i nfec t i o n l i nked to i n i t i a l shock i s the pri mary cause of fata l ­ '
'

i ties . \
'
Sudan
'

Di agnos i s . )
Di f fers from I schnoco l us by not h a v i n g a l l the scapu l ae o f the tarsal segments d i v­
i ded by setae . Pocock and Aus serer were i ncorrect i n assumi ng that the tarsal scapu l ae
of l egs 1 , 2 , are undi v i ded by setae . I n rea l i ty l eg 1 , i s never d i v i ded by setae , on l y
parted/d i v i ded - wh i l e i n some c ases the scap u l ae o f the tars a l segment o f l eg 2 , i s
d i v i ded by a t h i n l i ne o f setae .
A pri mary taxonom i c d i fference between Chaetopelma and I sc h noco l u s i s the presence
in the former of a dou b l e t i b i al spur in the ma l e . Th i s i s not present i n I schnoco l u s .
Generi c key.
1 ) Tarsal scapu l ae - Legs 3 , 4 . d i v i ded by a w i de band of setae . Leg 2 in some spec i es
d i v i ded by a t h i n band of setae . Leg 1 parted/d i v i ded - no band of setae . Soma l i
2 ) C l ypeus - absent or very n arrow .
3 ) Lab i a-sternum mounds - present on s u ture between l ab i um and s ternum .
4 ) Foveal groove - transverse .
5 ) S p i nes - present i n l arge numbers on the t i b . /met . of l egs 3 , 4 .
6 ) Ocu l ar arrangement - PME equ a l i n s i ze t o PLE . I n some cases they may be s l i gh t l y Key. 4
,
l arger ( Note debat ab l e t axonom i c feature ) . 1 ) adenense
. .

7 ) T i b i al spur - Pri mary and second ary segments , the former c apped wi th a row or comb 2) aegyp t ac i um
of s hort s p i nes . There i s a l so a l on g s p i ne on the s i des of both segments . 3 ) arab i c a
8 ) Pal pal bu l b - embo l u s of ma l e p a l p a l b u l b i s l on g , s l ender and taper i ng w i th no Seyc he l l es
4 ) gardi n i er i • • I
keel s . 5 ) o l i vacea .

Synonomy. 6 ) o l i vaceum
Raven has found the f o l l ow i n g genera of Strand ' s to be synonymous w i t h Chaetopelma. 7 ) shabati
Avicuscodra Strand 1908 ( type in the SM. Frankfurt) and E n cyocrat e l l a Strand 1907 8) webbi
( type l os t - but congeners in the MNH - Par i s ) .
Spec i es i nc l uded .
adenense S i mon 1890 . aegyptaci um Aus serer 187 1 . arab i c a ( S trand 1908 ) . g ard i n ­ Hab i t /Behav i ou r .
i er i H i rst 19 1 1 . o l i vacea ( Strand 190 7 ) . o l i vaceum ( Koch 1842 ) . s h abat i Hassan
A l l reports wh i ch I h ave from co l l ectors and data cont a i ned i n spec i men j ars , i n d i ­
1 950 . webbi ( New spec i es ) .
c ates that C h aetopelma spec i es are opportun i st i c burrowers - mos t l y excavat i n g a s i l k
D i stri but i o n . l i ned chamber beneath rocks o r under f a l l en masonery .
W i d e l y d i s t r i buted throughout the M i dd l e E ast , Arab i a and present o n the I s l ands of Mr . A . Hassan ( Serket 1988 Vol . 1 ( 2 ) p . 1 ) states that the Egyp t i an spec i es , shambati
Cyprus and the Seyche l l es . I h ave d i scovered a new spec i es of the genu s , webb i from W . is general l y found " crouc h i n g in d ark and d amp p l aces i n o l d houses , o l d wel l s ,
Afr i c a , i n the BMNH col l ec t i o n wh i ch i nd i cates that the genus was once more w i d e l y toi l ets and o l d r u i n s - res i d i ng on a l oose sheet of s i l k " .
d i stri buted a n d I am conv i nced t h a t mater i a l c a n probably b e found i n N i ger , Chad and
the Sudan . Note Hassan records t h a t o l i vaceum i s found i n burrows at the base of desert thorn scrub .
 109

Cl imat e .
Cairo. R a i n f a l l . December-March Smm . p e r month . Humi d i ty/Temperature . Apr i l 55%
( 83F ) September 68% ( 90F ) December 7D% ( 8 7F ) .
Damascu s . R a i n f a l l . November-March 40mm . per mon th . Humi d i ty/Temperature . Apri l
50% ( 95F ) September 48% ( 9 1 F ) December 81% ( 69F ) .
Cameroons. R a i nfal l . June-September 70- l DOmm. per month . Humi d i ty/Temperature .
Apr i l 94% ( 86F ) September 95% ( 87F ) December 95% ( 85F ) .

( F i gs . 601 - 6 1 6 )

Spec i e s adenense S i mon 1890 South West Arab i a .

Ref . S i mon 1 890 . Ann . Soc . E n t . F rance ( 6 ) 1 0 p . 83 . ( Fema l e ) Type MNH - Par i s ( S i mon
col l ect i on ) . 616
Specimens BMNH Type 89- 1016-2 Ma l e ( descri bed for the f i rst t i me ) from A i ntab , Syri a .
Juven i l e Fema l e 6 - 1 1 -95 from Aden .
Di stri but i on . Ai ntab, Syr i a . Aden .
Conrnom name Syr i an brown . 611
Descri ption ( Ma l e ) Length 40mm . C arapace 1 7 x14mm . C he l i cerae 6 . 50x7 . 00mm. P a l p 3 lmm .
Leg 1 ( 50rmi . ) Leg 2 ( 45mm . ) Leg 3 ( 40mm. ) Leg 4 ( 52mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Tarsal scapul ae
( 603 ) tarsus of l e g 1 parted . ( 604 ) d i v i ded by a th i n l i ne of setae ( 606-60g ) tarsus
of l egs 3 , 4 d i v i ded by a w i de band of setae . ( 601 ) l ab i um w i th a th i n s c attered band
of gran u l es/cuspu l e s . L a b i a-sternum mounds present . For l ayout o f s i gi l l a - s ee i l l us ­
trat i on . ( 605 -607 ) Spi nes F o r l ayout of s p i nes - s e e i l l ustrat i on s . Tarsal c l aws ( 61 0
-61 1 ) s i mp l e c l aws w i th n o teeth . Clypeus ( 6 1 2 ) absen t . T i b i a o f p a l p ( 6 1 3 ) 3 s p i nes
on anter i o r fac e . P a l p a l bul b ( 6 1 6 ) embo l us l on g and taper i n g with gen t l e upward
curve . Not as extended as i n o l i vaceum. Ti b i al spur ( 6 14-61 5 ) P r i mary segment is cap­
ped w i t h a l ong comb of b l ack s p i nes . S i n g l e s p i ne reaches apex of segmen t . ( see i l l ­
'

.
.
.:.�

·. J ·"..
:
ustrat i on ) Spi nnerets ( 602 ) Ap i ca l segment equ a l to basal segmen t . Col our ( sp i r i t ) un i ­ ..
form redd i s h brown . Habi tat Dry scrub l and and rocky h i l l s i des . Speci mens d i scovered \ . .
under stones . _· '1 : · 606
.. .,
·I .
·.-.'1 ."·.
· _: 11·

612
613 "\" . .
.· . .
.

.
.
•. :
. .
..
. ;. .

603

604

607 605
602
F i g s . 601-616 . C. adenense ( 601 ) L a b i um , sternum and coxa of p a l p ( 602 ) S p i n neret
( 603 ) Ti b . tarsus of l eg 1 ( 604 ) T i b . tarsus of leg 2 . ( 60 5 ) Met . t i b . tarsus of l eg
4 . ( 60 6 ) Tarsus ( 607 ) Met . t i b . tarsus of l eg 3 ( 60 9 ) Tarsus of l eg 3 ( 610-61 1 ) Tars a l
c l aws of p a l p ( 6 1 4 - 6 1 5 ) T i b i a ] s p u r ( 6 1 6 ) P a l pal bu l b .
110
( F i g s . 617 - 631 )

Spec ies aegyptaci um Ausserer 1 8 7 1 Cypru s .

Ref . Ausserer 1 87 1 . Verh . Zoo l . Bot . Ges . W i en 2 1 p . 19 1 . Mal e/fema l e .
Spec imen Type not l ocated . Poss i b l y V i enna . H u l 1 -Wi 1 1 i ams/Sm i th col l ec t i on ma l e N o .
ME . 1 0 1 - 1 1 -88 . Co l l ected P aphos , Cyprus by M r . 0 . Garthwa i te .
Di stri but i on No type l oc a l i ty data . Pap hos , Cypru s . Pos s i b l y E gypt but no sound data
wh i ch i nd i c ates spec i es is found outs i de Cyprus .
Conrnon name Cypr i o t grey .
Descri p t i on ( Ma l e ) Length 3 lmm . C arap ace 1 3 . 50x l 2mm . Chel i cerae 4 . 50mm . Abdomen 13mm
P a l p 21mm . Leg 1 ( 38mm . ) Leg 2 ( 34mm . ) Leg 3 ( 30mm . ) Leg 4 ( 40mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Tar­
sal d i v i s i on as in adenense . Labium ( 6 1 7 } broad band of gran u l es/cuspu l e s . Strong tri ­
ang l e of granu l es on coxa of p a l p . Sternum , d amaged . C l ypeus ( 6 1 9 ) absen t . Spi nes ( 626

'k/l: .
-629) - see i l l ustrat i on s . T i b . of p a l p ( 620) S i n g l e sp i ne . T i b i a spur ( 62 1 -6 2 2 ) �tout
p r i mary segment w i t h a comb of stout b l ack s p i nes . P a l p a J . bu l b ( 63 1 ) embo l u s n arrow
and does not taper upwards . S p i nneret ( 6 18 ) A p i c a l segment s l i gh t l y l onger than bas a l

\-�·Z
segmen t . Co l ou r p a l e brown wi th grey setae . Ha b i tat Medi terranean dry vegetat i on ,
rocky h i l l s i des . Behav i our Found u nder rocks i n s h a l l ow chambers .
I· .
1. : .

- : ·. I 625
l• • •
.. ·
.
. .

\)
• • ,� o • I
. •

627
623
617

618 \
\
620
624 626 629 628

F i g s . 617-631 C . aegyptac i um { 6 1 7 ) L ab i um and coxae of p a l p . ( 6 18 ) S p i nneret .

( 6 1 9 ) C l ypeus , ocu l ar tuberc l e { 620) t i b . o f p a l p . { 62 1 -622 ) T i b i a l spur { 6 2 3 )
Tarsus of l eg 1 . ( 624 ) Ti b . met . o f l eg 2 . { 62 5 ) Tarsus of l e g 2 { 626 ) T i b , met ,
tarsus of l eg 3 . ( 6 2 7 ) Tarsus of l eg 3 . ( 628) A/f of l eg 4 ( 629 ) P/f of l eg 4 .
621 ( 630 ) Tarsus of l eg 4 . ( 63 1 ) P a l p a l bu l b .
 111
Chaetopelma aegyptac i um . Photograph Frank Mart i n •

-- -- - - -----
---

.
.

Hab i t at Cyprus - Paphos . Rock s trewn gen t l y s l op i ng h i l l s i d e , w i t h i n 200 yards of the

sea . Spec i mens ( fema l e ) found i n crude l y excav ated c h ambers beneath l arge f l at roc k s .
No s i l k l i p was v i s i b l e and chambers were often s h a l l ow i n dept h .
,

..

Cl i mate R a i n f a l l . Janu ary 1 1 7mm . June 2mm . September 5mm. November 68mm . Temp/Humi d ­
'
i ty . January 62F . ( 70%) March 65F . ( 68% ) June 9 1 F . ( 62%) August 92F . { 60% ) October 8 1 F
( 62% ) .
L12
( F i gs . 6 3 2 - 651 ) 651
Spec i es gard i n i er i H i rs t 1 9 1 1 Seyche l l e s .
Ref. H i rst 1 91 1 . L i n n . Soc . Lond . 1 4 ( 13 ) p . 383 . ( M a l e/fema l e ) .
Beno i t 1 9 7 8 . Rev . Zool , . Afr i c . 92 ( 2 ) p . 41 6 ( Ma l e/Fema l e ) .
Specimens Type BMNH ( Ma l e ) 10- 5 - 1 - 5 - 6 . Par atype 1 0 - 5 - 1 - 5 - 7 . ( S i l houtte) Specimens 10- ')<.'2. .
5 - 1 - 5 - 9 . ( C h ateau Margo t ) 1 0 - 5 - 7 - 9 . ( Pr as l i n ) MRAC No. 1 45699 . H i rst ' s mater i al from After Beno i t
Percy S l aden exped i t i o n . Type found at C ascade , moun t a i n/forest . 634
ColTITIOn name Seyche l l e ye l l ow .
Di stri bution S i l houet te , C h ateau Margot , Pras l i n . F e l i c i te , Seyche l l e I s l ands . 632
Descri p ti on Type Fema l e . Length 29mm . Carapace l l x8 . 50mm . Length of c arapace equal
to pat+t i b of l eg 1 . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . ( 639-64 2 ) Tarsal scopu l ae of l egs 1 , 2 parted . ( Leg 6 50
2 has a s l i gh t band of setae at apex ) . Legs 3 , 4 d i v i ded by a wide band of setae .
Labi um/sternum and coxa of pal p ( 6 3 3 ) - see i l l ustration for l ayou t of granu l es on
l ab i um and s i g i l l a on s ternum. Note S i g i l l a are remote from edg e . Spi nes ( 64 1 -643 ) for
l ayou t of s p i nes - see i l l u strat i on . C l ypeus ( 6 35 ) c l ypeus , n arrow but no absen t . Note
Ocu l ar arrangement - anter i or row of eyes are s trong l y procurved . Spennathecae ( 645 )
·· '
.

: I(.
: .,,1 .

\\
\
.
.
.
Semi n a l receptac l e pouches are broad and sac l i k e - s em i n a l receptac l es ( 64 6 )
:
con s i derab l y more primi t i ve than other spec i e s . of the genu s . Colour R u s set brown , the . .

c arapace be i ng ye l l owi s h brown . ..

. :
. .
Mal e ( 10 - 5 - 1 - 5 - 6 ) Carapace 1 2 . 5x9 . 0mm . Length of c arapace equal to p at+t i b . of l egs
.. ·. ·.·
.
,. .
1 , 4 . Tarsal ·d i v i s i on ( 64 9 ) as in fema l e , but note that tarsus of l e g 1 , i s not parted .
.. .
.

P a l p a l bu l b ( 65 9 ) - the embo l us i s l on g and tapers s h arp l y upwards from the base of .

:
'
the bu l b . Embo l us shorter than o l i vaceum. Note Benoi t ' s i l l ustrat i on of t h e pal pal ..

bu l b l e aves a l ot to be desi red and is con s i dera b l y d i fferent from both mi ne and 642
H i rs t ' s i ll ustrat i on - wh i c h is not b ad con s i de r i n g we were a l l dravl i n g the same

\
spec i men . T i b i a l spur ( 647 ) p r i mary segment capped w i t h a short comb of stout b l ack 640 • '.. : . 648

j
:: : . "
. . ·. ·
s p i nes wh i ch tend to be short . Long s p i ne of secondary segment is att ached h a l f way
up segment . Col our - see Fema l e . Hab i tat Is found on rocky gran i te h i l l s i des , . . . . ..

excavat i ng chambers under roc k s . ·:�· ... ..

.

644
641
649

635
639

\ I
\ i
\\ !
! F i gs . 632-651 C. gard i n i eri ( Femal e ) ( 632 ) Carapace/ abdomen . ( 63 3 ) L a b i u m , ster­
num and coxae of pal p . ( 634 ) Spi nneret . ( 63 5 ) C l ypeu s , ocu l ar arrangement . ( 636 )
646
Coxa of l eg 1 . ( 63 7 ) Femur . Pat . T i b . of p a l p . ( 638 ) Tarsus of p a l p ( 639 ) Tarsus
of l eg 1 . ( 640 ) Tarsus of l eg 2 ( 64 1 ) T i b . me t . of l eg 3 . ( 64 2 ) Tarsus o f l eg 3 .
( 6 4 3 ) T i b . met . tarsus o f l eg 4 . ( 64 4 ) Tarsus o f l eg 4 . ( 64 5 ) Spermatahecae .
( 646 ) Sem i n a l receptac l e s . Mal e ( 64 7 ) T i b i a l spur ( 64 8 ) T i b . of p a l p . ( 64 9 )
Tarsus o f l eg 1 . ( 65 0 ) P a l p a l b u l b . ( 6 5 1 ) P a l p a l b u l b after Beno i t .
 113
Spec ies o l i vacea ( Strand 1 go 7 ) Sudan .
Ref. Strand 1 g o 7 , Zoo l Anz . 31 ( 1 7 - 1 8 ) p . 556 ( Femal e ) .
Strand 1 g o7 , Ze i tschr f . N aturw . 7 g p . 25 7 .
Synonymy Encyocratel l a o l i vacea ( Type l os t )
Chaetopelma ol i vacea ( Raven 1 g 35 )
Specimens Congeners MNH - Pari s .
Remarks· See synonymy i n i ntroduct i on t o I schnoco l i nae subfami l y .
Di stri buti on Amani /Amadi ? Southern Sudan . Co l l ector Vosse l er .
Descri pti on ( Fema l e ) Length 37mm. C arapace 1 4 . 5xl 3mm . Legs 1 , 4 , 2 , 3 . Note Leg 1 l ong­
er than Leg 4, unusual for genus . Leg s . Leg 1 ( 62 , gmm . ) Leg 2 ( 4 g . 3mm . ) Leg 3 ( 45 . 7mm)
Leg 4 ( 55 . 6mm . ) . Co l our C arapace , ye 1 1 owy brown w i t h s i l ky h a i rs . Abdomen , earthy
brown . Legs , o l i ve-brown wi th d arker femora .
Remarks Type l o s t and d i s t r i b u t i o n data i s l i m i ted and unc l ear , subsequen t l y t h i s
spec i es i s i n d i re need of redescr i p t i on before mater i a l c a n b e a l l oc ated t o i t .
664
( F i g s . 652 - 663 )

Species o l i vaceum ( Koch 1 84 2 ) M i dd l e E as t . )1J(1 ·.·.·:

Ref. Koch 1842 . D i e Arachn i den . g , p . 34 . ( F ema l e ) .
· .- 11�· :.
Ausserer 1875 . Ver h . Z oo l . Bot. Ges . W i en . 2 5 p . 1 7 3 .
. .
:· 1·1 : ·:
·· · ·
Strand 1 g o 7 . Jahrsh Ver . Nat . Wurttbg . 6 3 p . 2 1 . ( Mal e ) . . ..

Synonomy I schnocol us stri atocauda ( Aus serer 1875 ) . Ref . Roewer 1954 . C l ass i f i cati on
Scheme .
Specimen BMN H . 1 950-3-30- 1 2 2 - 1 23 .
·:n-:·.: 55 g
Corrmon n ame M i d d l e E as t o l i ve gol d .
Di str i bu t i on Be i ru t , Ami oun , Lebano n . Jaff a . Syr i a . C a i ro , E gyp t . Pos s i b l y w i de l y
d i spersed across t h e M i dd l e E a s t - b u t centred i n Lebanon and Syr i a .
Description Mal e Length 40mm . C arapace 1 7 x1 4mm . Che l i cerae 5mm . Leg 1 ( 47mm . ) Leg 2
( 44mm . ) Leg 3 ( 40mm . ) Leg 4 ( 52 . 50 ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Tarsal s c o p u l ae ( 656-658 ) Leg 1 ,
parted . Legs 2 , 3 , 4 , d i v i ded by setae . ' ( 65 3 ) L a b i u m , s ternum, coxa of p a l p . For l ayout
of granu l es/cuspu l e s on l ab i um and s i g i l l a on sternum - see i l l ustrat i on . Spi nes ( 660-
66 1 ) for l ayou t of s p i nes on l egs 3 , 4 - see i l l us trat i ons . T i b i a of pal p ( 668 ) 3
spi nes on t i b . T i b i al spur ( 665-666 ) Pri mary segment i s l e s s rounded than i s the norm
and h a s a comb of s p i nes wh i ch are re l at i ve l y shor t . ( see i l l ustrat i on ) . Coxa of palp
( 655 ) Short bri s t l e s are present on retro l atera 1 face . In shabati these tend to be
soft setae . Spi nnerets ( 65 4 ) Ap i ca l segmen t l onger than basal . Female Spermathecae -
sem i n a l receptac l es are n arrow and bowed w i th a d i s t i nc t l on g narrow head / l obe .
Shabati more rounded - but obv i ou s l y c l os e l y rel ated .
Remarks Strand 1 907 notes E gypt as a co l l ec t i on s i te - but i t i s l i ke l y that the spe­
c i men , despatched to him by K l u n z i nger , was an ear l y unreco g n i sed examp l e of s habati -
wh i ch he presumed to be ol i vaceum. Habi tat/Behavi our dry scrubl and -the s p i der excav­
a t i n g c h amber s under rocks or crude burrows beneath t horny bushes . 654

653
656

657

661

.. :. .:.. :.
: :

·:·��:: :
. . ·.

. . ·.·. :
F i g s . 652-668 C . ol i vaceum ( 65 2 ) Mal e ( 6 5 3 ) Labi um , s ternum and coxa o f p a l p .
( 6 54 ) Spi nneret . ( 6 5 5 ) Coxa of l eg 1 . ( 656 ) Tarsus of l eg 1 . ( 65 7 ) Tarsus of
l eg 2 . ( 658) Tarsus of l eg 3. ( 659 ) Tarsus of l eg 4. ( 66 0 ) Spi nes , t i b . met . of
l eg 3. ( 66 1 ) T i b . met . of l e g 4. ( 662 ) Chel i ceral teeth . ( 664 ) C l ypeus , ocu l ar
arrangement . ( 665-666) T i b i a l spu r . ( 6 6 7 ) P a l pal bu l b . ( 668) T i b i a of pal p .
Female ( 663 ) Spermathecae-sem i n a l receptac l e s .
.14
( F i gs . 6 6 9 - 685 )

Spec i es shabati H a s s an 1950 Egypt . After H a s s an

Ref. H a s s an 1 9 5 0 . Bu l l . Soc . Fouad 1 Ent . 34 p . 1 5 9 .
H a s s an 1 988 . Behav i ou r . Serket . V o l . 1 part 2 p . l . 671
Speci men ( Fema l e ) BMNH 1 948- 1 1 - 23- 1 9 . Sent by H a s s an .
Co111110n name Egyp t i an basemen t brown .
D i str i bu t i on C a i ro , F ayoum , E gyp t . Common to l ocal i ty .

Leg 1 ( 4 1 . 50mm . ) Leg 2 ( 3 7mm . ) Leg 3 ( 34mm . ) Leg 4 ( 44mm . ) Leg s 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Tarsal scop- �.J-<.....,-".:;:=:=�'6-..:....:�
Descri p t i on Femal e Length 44mm . C arap ace 1 7x l 3 . 50mm. Chel i cerae 6mm . P a l p 27mm .
684
u l ae ( 6 74 ) tarsus of l eg 1 , p arted . Legs 2 , 3 , 4 , ( 6 75-6 7 7 ) d i v i ded by setae ( 6 70 )
L ab i um , sternum and coxa o f p a l p . For l ayou t o f granu l es/cuspu l es o n l ab i um and s i g­
i l l a on sternum - see i l l ustrat i on . S p i nes ( 680-681 ) For l ayou t of s p i nes on t i b . met .
of l eg s 3 , 4 - see i l l u strat i o n . C l ypeus ( 67 1 ) absent . Troch . coxa of l eg 1 ( 67 2 ) Note­
soft setae . S p i nneret ( 6 7 3 ) Ap i e a l segment much l onger than b a s a l segment .
Spermathecae ( 682 ) Sem i n a l receptac l es - s tems of equ a l s i ze , w i th rounded l obes .
Male Length 33 . 5mm . Carapace 16 . 5 x l 5mm . Che l i cerae 6mm . Abdomen 1 7mm . Spi nnerets ?mm.
Pal p 30mm . Leg 1 ( 55 . lmm . ) Leg 2 ( 51 . 2mm . ) Leg 3 ( 48 . . 5mm . ) Leg 4 ( 59 . 5mm . ) . Legs
4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Col our B l ac k i s h brown ( dr i ed u n i form chestnut brown ) . Legs , b l ac k i s h brown
w i t h t h i n brown l ongi tud i n a l l i nes . Abdomen , ye l l owi s h w i th chestnut brown pubescence .
Habi tat/Behav i our Seeks out damp , dark cel l ars and r u i n s .
Re11a rks H a s s an ' s p aper i s exce l l en t and i t i s a great p i ty he never embarked upon a
rev i s i on of M i d d l e East therapho s i d s . He records that i n E gypt these s p i ders are com­
mon l y known as "Abu-sh abat " , and i n Syr i a , I raq as " Shabath " .

676

677
675

674
680

678

673
670 681

F i g s . 669-685 C . shabati ( 669 ) Femal e ( 6 7 0 ) L ab i um , s ternum and coxa of p a l p .

( 6 7 1 ) C l ypeus , ocu l ar tuberc l e . ( 6 7 2 ) Troch . coxa of l eg 1 . (673) Spi nnere t .
679 ( 67 4 ) Tarsus o f l eg 1 . ( 67 5 ) Tarsus o f l eg 2 . ( 67 6 ) Tar s u s of l eg 3 . ( 67 7 ) Tar­
s u s of l e g 4 . ( 6 78 ) T i b . met . of l eg 1 . ( 6 7 9 ) T i b . met of l eg 2. ( 680 ) T i b . met .
682 of l eg 3 . ( 681 ) T i b . met . of l eg 4 . ( 682 ) Spermathecae- semi n a l receptac l e s . Hal e
( After H a s s an ) ( 683-684 ) T i b i al spur . ( 685 ) P a l p a l bu l b .
 115
{ F i gs . 686 - 701 )

Spec i e s webbi ( New spec i e s ) C ameroon .

f
Ref. Smi th l g 9Q . Tarant u l as Of Afr i c a And The M i d d l e E as t .
Speci men BMNH . 03-6-30:._ 22- . Found by S . L . Bates i· n 1 903 . ( Fema l e ) .
Etymol ogy N amed after the secretary and treasurer of the Bri t i sh Tarantu l a Soc i ety ,
Ann and F rank Webb .
CoRlllo n name E fu l en brown . 700
Di stri bution E f u l en , C ameroon , 70 mi l es from coas t . 1 500- 1800 feet .
Descri pt i on ( Femal e ) Length 23mm . C arapace 9x 7mm . Che l i cerae 3mm . P a l p { 1 5mm . ) Leg 1
{ 22rnm . ) Leg 2 { 20mm . ) Leg 3 { 18mm . ) Leg 4 { 23mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Tarsal scapul ae Legs
1 , 2 { 694-699 parted . P a l p ( 693 ) not parted nor d i v i ded by setae . Legs 3 , 4 { 696-698 )
tars a l scapu l ae d i v i ded by a band of setae . Tarsa l c l aws w i t h teet h . Note unusual for
genus . L ab i um , sternum and coxa of p a l p ( 68 7 ) for l ayou t of c u s p u l es/gran u l es and s i g ­ 691
i l l a - see i l l u strat i o n . C l ypeus , absen t . S p i nes ( 697 -699 ) F o r l ayou t of s p i nes o f
t i b . met . o f l egs 3 1 4 - see i l l ustrat i o n s . Spennathecae ( 70 1 ) - semi n a l receptac l e s
are stout and much o f t h e d i s t i nc t l obe of o l i vaceum and shebati has been l os t - wh i ch
pos s i b l y i nd i cates that the i so l a t i on per i od between t he Equator i a l Afr i can materi al
and M i d d l e E ast materi a l has been for some per i o d . Spi nnerets ( 688 ) A p i c a l segment 693 692
l on ger than basal . Col our In s p i r i t , uni form redd i s h brown . Habi tat grassl and and
trop i ca l forest . No beh a v i oural d at a . 698

696
: · . ..

\
· · ·. . .
.

\
�
\\
\ ,,

} . ..
. .
689 688 \
695
694

690
699

�.... ,y 697

F i g s . 686-701 C . web b i ( 686) Fema l e ( 68 7 ) L ab i um , s ternum and c o x a of pal p . ( 688 )

Spi nneret { 689 ) Troc h . and coxa of l eg 1 . ( 69 0 ) Che l i ceral teeth ( 691 ) C l ypeus
and ocu l ar tuberc l e . { 69 2 ) P a l p { 693 ) Tarsus of p a l p ( 6 g 4 ) Met . t arsus of l eg 1 .
{ 695 ) Met . t arsus of l eg 2 . { 69 6 ) Tarsus of l e g 3 . { 6 9 7 ) P a t . t i b . met . tarsus of
l eg 3. { 698 ) Tarsus of l eg 4. { 699 ) Pat . t i b . met . tarsus of l eg 4. ( 70 0 ) Tarsal
c l aw , l eg 4 . ( 701 ) Spermathec ae .
16

GENUS CRATO R RHAGUS Si mon 1 892

Ref . S i mon 1892 . H i st . N at . Arai gn 1 ( 1 ) p . 1 37 .
Raven 1 985 . B u l l . Amer . Mus . Nat . H i s t . ( 1 82) p . 1 20 .
Generi c type concol or MNH - P ar i s ( S i mon col l ec t i on ) . Note Spec i mens not stud i ed by
author .
Remarks
The genus was created by S i mon i n 1892 to house two spec i es from the Syr i a area
wh i c h d i d not conform t o the two prom i nent genera of the reg i o n , Chaetop e l ma and I sch­
noco l u s . Jn most respects the genus c l os e l y resemb l es Chaetopelma 703
S i mon i so l ates a s i ng l e major key d i fference between Cratorrhagus and Chaetopelma - 705
702
wh i ch i s the s h ape of the s p i nes on the apex of the p r i mary segment of the t i b i al spur
in the mal e . Th i s i s a comb i n a t i on ( F i g . 703 ) of stout s p i nes wh i ch do not t ake the After S i mon
form of a comb . Raven { 1985 ) a l so i nd i cates that another major d i fference is that the
ental coxa h ave " rounded rect angu l o i d corners " .
F i g s . 702 - 705 . C . conco l o r ( 702 ) T i b i a l spur { 703 ) P r i mary segment - note s p i nes .
Di agnosi s . ( 704 ) P a l p a l b u l b - note sygmo i d tarsal groove . ( 70 5 ) C l ypeu s , ocu l ar tuberc l e .
Di ffers from Chaetopel ma by the format i. on of spi nes on the apex of the p r i mary seg-
.

men t of the t i b i al spur in the ma l e - and the shape of the edges of the coxae . Note -
the d i s t i nct ventral s i gmo i d i n the tarsus of the pal p i s an I sc hnoco l u s character­
i s t i c and pos s i b l e i nd i c ates l i n k s w i th an l sc hnocol us /Chaetope l m a ances tor .

Gene r i c Key . GENUS H ETEROTH ELE Karsch 1 879

1) Tarsa l scapu l ae of l egs 3 , 4 , d i v i ded by a band of setae . S i mon i s not c l ear i n h i s
text a s t o whether l egs 1 , 2 are d i v i ded by setae o r s i mp l y p arted . Ref. K arsch 1879 . S . B . Ges . Naturf . F r . Berl i n ( 4 ) p . 1 5 .
Pocock 1897 . Proc . Zool . Soc . Lond . p . 737 .
2) T i b i a l spur - D i v i ded i nto a p r i mary and second ary segmen t . The pri mary segment i s S i mon 1903 . H i s t . Nat . Ara i gn 2 ( 4 ) p . 925 .
capped w i t h an upr i ght arrangement of stout spi nes 4-6 i n number - i n vary i n g L aurent 1 946 . Rev . Zool . Bot . Afr i c . 39 ( 4 ) p . 296 .
l ength . Th i s i s n o t a comb . Raven l g85 . Amer . Mus . Nat . H i s t . ( 18 2 ) p . 1 1 6 .
3 ) P a l p a l bu l b - Tarsus of p a l p has a s i gmo i d groove . Generi c type hone st a . Karsc h . Type not l ocated - l i ke l y t o b e Z M - Berl i n .
4 ) P a l p bul b - Embo l u s l ong and taperi ng wi th no i nd i c at i on of kee l s .
5 ) Ental coxae "wi th rounded rectangu l o i d corners " . ( R aven l g85 . p . 1 2 0 ) Remarks .
6 ) C l ypeus - Absent . Dur i ng the l ast century Pocock ( 1897 ) expressed grave doubts concern i ng some of the
Note Pri mary taxonom i c feature i s the t i b i a l spur . Genus i s i n urgent need of rev i s ­ spec i es a l l ocated to the Heterothe l e genus - and there i s no doubt that th i s genus i s
i on . i n need of extens i ve re v i s i on . L aurent i n 1 946 undertook a l i mi ted rev i s i on , but based
as it was on and over re l i ance on l ength of p a l p and carapace and pat+t i b . equat i ons
Spec i e s i nc l uded . ( and l i mi ted access to type mater i a l ) one must be aware that h i s conc l us i ons are sus­
concol or S i mon 1873 . tetramerus S i mon 1873 . pec t . It is l i ke l y that some spec i mens wi l l be found to be synonymous when type mater­
i al i s tracked down and redescr i bed .
Di stri but i on Syr i a - data l i mi ted . . Note Roewer states Syr i a - but no such i nform­ I n the S i mon col l ec t i on , i n the Par i s Museum of Natural H i s tory, i s a New Wor l d
at i on i s g i ven i n p apers - on l y Med i terranean area . speci men H . c a ud i cu l a ( No . 8332 ) wh i ch i s t i cketed from Santa C ru z , Argent i n a . Th i s i s
a so l e spec i men and P i kel i n and Sch i ape l l i noted { 1 973 Rev . Mus . Arg . E n t . Tom . l V No .
Spec i es concolor ( S i mon 187 3 ) Syr i a . 2 p . 73 ) that on c l ose study the spec i men was Heterothe l e and not a D i p l ur i d -
Ref . Nemesi a conc o l or S i mon 1873 . Mem . Soc . Sci . L i eg ( 2 ) 5 p . 2 1 5 . mi s i dent i fi ed - wh i ch wou l d i nd i cate a New Wor l d presence .
C . c . S i mon 1892 . H i s t Nat . Ara i gn 1 ( 1 ) p . 137 . Based on a s i n g l e spec i men I wou l d conc l ude that c aud i cu l a was i ncorrect l y t i cketed
C . c . S i mon 1903 . H i s t . Nat . Ara i gn 2 ( 4 ) p . 926 . ( by no means an unusual h appen i n g in the p as t , when l arge numbers of spec i mens were
despatched to N a t i onal Co l l ec t i ons by enthus i as t i c amateurs - often w i t h d at a wh i c h
Amendmen t . Note my copy of Mem . Soc . Sci . L i ege ( 2 ) 5 has re l evant page number as p l 7 . l eaves much to b e des i red . I su spect that i t h a i l s , not from Argen t i n a , b u t W . Afr i ca
and I bel i eve that the spec i es . name shou l d be s u spended un t i l new mater i a l i s d i s ­
N o d at a covered i n Argent i n a o r Afr i c a .
Di agnos i s .
Speci e s tetramerus { S i mon 1873 ) Syr i a . Di ffers from a l l other Theraphos i d mater i a l by the l ong d i s t i nct s p i nnerets - wh i ch
Ref . Av i cu l ar i a t . S i mon 1873 . Mem . Soc . Sci . L i eg . ( 2 ) 5 p . 20 1 . can be read i l y separated from s i m i l ar D i p l u r i d ae genera by the wi dth between the two
C . t. S i mon 189 2 . H i s t . Nat . Ara i gn 1 ( 1 ) p . 1 3 7 . med i an s p i nneret s .
I n Heterothe l e the two med i an s p i nnerets are c l ose together and l evel w i t h the l at ­
Amendment . Mem . Soc . Sci . L i eg ( 2 ) p p . 1 7 . eral spi nnerets . J n D i p l u r i d ae t h e med i an s p i nnerets are s e t back from t h e l ateral
spi nnerets and separated .
No d a t a
 '

I n some examp l es of Heterothe l e there are three c l aws on each tarsal c l aw ( the
'
- -- I
/'

t h i rd c l aw be i ng weak ) as in D i sp l uri dae and the super i or c l aws are toothed - but t h i s r• I
, r
i s not a cons i s tent feature i n the genus . Note the t ars a l scap u l ae of a l l tarsal seg­ ' ' I
, I :
ments is d i v i ded by a band of setae . I !
I
I lI :0
'
I ',,.· - - - �/ ·"'"' ,. ... ,1
I
I
'(
t�
I
"-,r' - - - --· ·�·) I
I
I
1,' - - ... '
Gener i c Key. ' r .. ' ,- .. .. .. .. . .. •
' I
..f
,
't "" - \.. ., ' I ,

Tarsal scapul ae of a l l tarsal s egments are d i v i ded by a w i d e band of setae . \n ; \ 1' '
,•

... �,... "' ,/\, \

I
Posterior l ateral spi nnerets ( ap i ca l segment ) are very l on g and the med i an s p i n ­ -' - � . ·'
\ ;,
'
nerets are l evel and n o t w i d e l y d i v i ded . ) N i. geri a 1,' f', • .--»
3) Cl ypeus - absent or n arrow . ' I I
I \ \

�
4) Foveal groove - deep amd subci rcu l ar . �I
1 •, '
( ,
•' '
� ..... . ' I
<-
..
--" - ·"
5) Ti b i al spur - absent . ,... ., I
,' \
', . : '

6) Pal pal bul b - embo l u s tapered and s l e nder but not part i cu l ar l y l on g . Ap i c a l end of
7 ,
1' •, ' \
C ameroon '
embo l u s i s s p l ayed wi th l i p . • 1 . - -',
7) Tarsal c l aws - toothed i n some spec i es and a weak th i rd c l aw i s present i n some
spec i e s . \ I ,,,,. • -,'
;' ' ·,_ _ _ _ _ _
_
. .... j' . . . . ,
,., ..,_ . .."' ·-�,
-

-.. .. ... ... ..../

: ',
8) spi nes - present o n t i b , met . o f l egs 3 , 4 . 6 I I I \ \
fI I I '
- �·-1 - - ·--1
�
g) Labi a/sternum mounds on su ture between l ab i um and s ternum .
... ,
11 , ..
4 ( ,_ I
• -·
4 . fj : .. /
Spec i es i nc l u d e d . aff i n i s L aurent 1g45 , atropha S i mon 1 907 . decemnotato ( S i mon
1891 ) . gabonen s i s ( Lucas 1858 ) . honesta K arsch 187 9 . h u l l wi l l i amsoni ( New spec­ •

i es ) . ogbun i k i a ( New spec i es . s p i n i pes Pocock 189 7 . vi l l osel l a Strand 1 907 .

D i st r i but i on .
W i d e l y di stributed throughout E q u at or i a l and Central Afri e a . Represent a t i ves o f the
genus are a l so present om E ast Afr i ca - spec i f i c a l l y Tan z an i a . Spec i f i c c o l l ec t i o n
s i tes from the or i g i n a l papers a n d spec i men j ars a r e vague a n d I h ave found that many
Co l o n i a l p l ace n ames are now very d i ff i cu l t to l oc ate .

Habi tat/Behav i our .

There are no papers or spec i men j ars wh i ch contai n data on the estab l i shed spec i es
of t h i s genu s . The on l y data wh i c h we possess i s on the new N i ge r i a n spec i es ogbun i k i a
Th i s spec i es was d i scovered i n the Ogbu n i ke c ave system i n N i ger i a , t h e spec i men
res i d i n g o n a web sheet i n s i de a rock crev i c e . If such behav i our is con s i stent w i t h
other spec i es of t h e genus w e c a n tentat i ve l y presume that they excavate chambers
beneath rocks and l ogs wh i ch they l i ne w i t h a t h i ck c l oak of s i l k . 0
H ab i ta t , ranges from Trop i ca l r a i nforest a l ong the c l as s i c West Afr i c an r i vers ,
Ben i to , Uban g i and the Congo , to h i l l and p l ateau grass l and and m i xed wood l and i n Cen­
tral and E ast Afr i c a .

( F i gs . 706 - 716 )

Speci es aff i n i s L aurent 1g45 Z a i re .

Ref . L aurent 1 94 6 . Rev . Zool . Bot . Afr i c . 39 ( 4 ) p . 296 .
Speci mens Ma l e ( Type ) Mus . de Congo . RGMC 2379 . 4 Fema l es 4037-39A . BMN H . Fema l e . Key.
1952-9-4-9 . I D . A . M . Smi t h , col l ected by Dr . A . L . Me i k l e , S . Tanzan i a . 1 ) aff i n i s
Remarks , The BMNH spec i men i s , I am con v i nced , affi n i s and I have used t h i s s pec i men 2 ) atropha
as a bas i s for my d i ssect i on notes . The type mater i al i s i n u rgent need of redescr i p ­ 3) decemnotato
tion. 4) gabonens i s
D i stri but i on Lokandu (Man i ema ) Z a i r e . A l so Southern Tan z an z i a ( BMNH spec i men ) . 5 ) honesta
Co mmon name Lokandu orange s p i nneret baboon . 6) hu l l wi l l i amso n i
7 ) ogbu n i k i a
Descri ption ( Ma l e ) Carap ace 8x7mm . Abdomen Bmm . Tota l l ength presumed to be 16mm . +
8 ) s p i n i pes
chel i cerae . P a l p 1 7mm . P a l p s l i gh t l y l ess than 2 x the l ength of t h e c arapace . Leg 1
( 3 1 . 3mm . ) Leg 2 ( 26 . 9mm . ) Leg 3 ( 25 . 6mm . ) Leg 4 ( 34 . 2mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Legs heav i l y 9 ) vi l l osel l a
spi ned . T i b i a , l eg 3 ( 7 - 8 ) s p i nes . 2 i nfer i or a p i c a l s p i n e s , 1 an ter i or ventral s p i n e .
( 4 - 5 ) dorsal s p i nes . P a l p a l b u l b ( 7 1 6 ) embo l us i s robu s t for genus and t apers gen t l y
1 18
up1�ards from base of bu l b . C l ypeus , absent . Col our C arapace and l egs , l i gh t brown
l'l i th an orange hue . I nd i st i nct pattern on abdomen . Femal e ( BMNH ) Length l8 . 25mm . C ar­
apace 6x5mm . Chel i cerae 2 . 25mm . Abdomen l Omm . P a l p 9 . 7 5mm . P a l p lt x l ength of cara­
pac e . Leg 1 ( 1 7 . 25mm . ) Leg 2 ( 1 4 . 25mm . ) Leg 3 { 1 4 . 25mm . ) Leg 4 { 19 . 50mm . ) Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3
Spi nes ( 7 1 2 ) Poster i or/fac e , t i b . met o f l eg 3 . ( 7 1 3 ) dors a l / f ac e . t i b , met of l eg 3
( 7 1 4 ) Dors a l face t i b . met . of l e g 4 . Anter i or/face t i b . met . of l e g 4 . ( 7D9 ) L ab i um ,
sternum amd c o x a of p a l p . F o r l ayou t of c u s p u l es/gran u l e s o n l ab i um and s i g i l l a on
s ternum - see i l l ustrat i ons . C l ypeu s , ( 7 1 1 ) absent . Spi nnerets ( 708 ) ventral surf ace
of s p i nnerets . Note l on g ap i c a l segment . Abdomen pattern ( 706 ) . Note ye l l owi sh spots
and d ark chevrons . Col our L i ght brol'ln w i th redd i sh orangey brown setae . H abi t a t grass­
l and and c l umps of dry fore s t . Behavi ou r No data .

712

After Laurent 709

F i gs . 706 - 7 1 6 . H . affi n i s ( 706 ) Abdomen . ( 707 ) Spi nneret ( dors a l ) ( 708 ) S p i nnert -
e n l arged , ventral surfac e . ( 709 ) Labi um, s ternum amd coxa of p a l p . ( 7 10 ) Chel i ceral
teeth . ( 7 1 1 ) C l ypeus , ocu l ar tubec l e . ( 71 2 ) P/f . t i b . met . l eg 3. ( 7 1 3 ) dors a l /
face t i b . met . l eg 3 . ( 7 1 4 ) D/f . t i b . met . l eg 4 . ( 7 1 5 ) Anter i or/face t i b . met . l eg 4
( 7 1 6 ) Mal e P a l p a l bu l b . After Laurent .

Speci es atropha S i mon 1907 Gabon .

706 Ref. S i mon 1 907 . Ann . Mu s . C i v . Geneva 4 3 . p . 222 . ( Fema l e ) .
Spec i men L i ke l y to be Zuri ch , MNH . ( No t stud i ed ) .
Remarks . S i mon ' s paper i s bri ef and l acks data .

' D i stri but i on F rench Congo , Gabon . Col l ected by Fernando Vaz .
Corrmon n ame Gabon brol'ln spi nneret baboon .
Descr i pt i on ( F ema l e ) . Length 20mm. Leg 1 , m i s s i ng . Col our dark u n i form brown , rusty/
ta1-my pubescence . Obscure med i an l i ne on abdomen . ( Note l at i n obscure ) . Legs , hai ry .
Hab i tat mi xed fore s t . Data l i mi ted .

708 707 Spec i es decemnotato ( S imon 1891 Congo .

Ref . S o l enothel e d . S i mon 1891 . Ann . Soc . Ent . France 60 p . 298 . Ma l e .
H . d . S i mon 1 903 . H i st . Nat . Ara i gn 2 ( 4 ) p . 92 5 .
Specimen MNH-Pctr i s . S i mon ( co l l ec t i on ) .
713 Co l our Abdomen , ye l l owi sh w i t h a doubl e s e r i e s of b l ac k i s h spot s .
Remarks . I have n o d ata o n th i s spec i es . I have not studi ed the type i n P ar i s and
h ave been u n ab l e to get ho l d of S i mon ' s or i g i na l 1891 s c i e n t i f i c descri p t i on .

{ F i gs . 7 1 7 - 720)

Speci es g abone ns i s ( Lucas 1858 ) Gabo n .

Ref . 111y ga l e g . Lucas 1858 . Arc h . E n t . 2 p . 38 2 . ( Mal e ) .
714 715 D i pl u r a l on g i p a l p i s Karsch 1879 . Zei tschr ges . N aturw. 5 2 p . 298 .
H . g . Pocock 1899 . Proc . Zoo l . Soc . Lond . p . 846 .
H . g . Geschman & Sch i ape l l i 1973 . REv . Mus . Argent i na Nat . l V . ( 2 ) p . 73 .
Specimens Type ( L ucas ) No . 1 5 , 443 Mal e . No . 1 5 , 443 ( Fema l e ) . MNH-Pari s . Note h ave
been unab l e to l oc ate spec i mens referred to by Pocock { 1899 ) as H . g abone ns i s and sub­
sequen t l y these must be presumed to be temporari l y l o st .
 1 19
Di stri buti on Gabon and Equator i a l Guinea. ( F i gs . 721 - 739)
Co111110n name Long palped spi nneret baboon . ( New spec i e s ) Cameroon .
Descri ption Mal e Note - Lucas ' s descr i p t i on l acks any data on measurements - simply Spec i es h u l l wi l l i amsoni
bei ng a phys i ca l description . Pal ps very long, over 2 x l onger than the l ength of the Ref . Smi th 1990 . Tarantu l as Of Afr i c a And The M i d d l e East .
carapace. Colour brown with an ornate pattern on abdomen - dark l i ne and yel l ow pat­ Spec i men Type BMNH 06-11-1 -42-92 . Mal e col l ected by G . L . Bates .
ches . Clypeus ( absent ) Note - ocu l ar arrangement unstab l e . PME eyes i n female much Etymol ogy named after my c l ose fri end and travel l i ng compan i on on col l ecting tri ps ,
smal ler· then PME in mal e . Pal pal bu l b ( 717-718) l ong and taper i ng , curvi ng s l owly Vi ncent Hul l -Wi l l i ams .
upward s . Femal e Spermathecae ( 720) s i mp l e pouch-l i ke semi nal receptacl e s . Di stri b u t i on R i ver J a , Cameroon . ( Oj a , near present day Lami e ) .
Habi tat/Behavi our N o data. Conman name Ja spindly shanked baboon
Descr i pt i on Mal e Length 27 . 50mm . Carapace 9x7 . 50mm . Spi nnerets 13mm. Spi nnerets ( 723)
F i gs . 717-720 H . gabonen s i s Mal e ( 7 1 6 ) Clypeus , ocu l ar tuberc l e . ( 717-718) palpal much l onger than carapace . Chel i cerae 4mm . Pal p 20mm . Pal p over 2 x l onger than car­
bu l b . Fema l e ( 71 9 ) C l ypeus , ocu l ar tuberc l e . ( 720) Spermathecae . apace. Leg 1 ( 52mm . ) Leg 2 (49mm . ) Leg 3 ( 46mm . ) Leg 4 ( 6lmm. ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Tarsal
scapu l ae of a l l segments parted . Tarsal c l aws ( 7 3 1 ) with 5 promi nent teet h . Tarsus and
met . ( 72 7 ) of l egs 1 , 2 , bowed with di sti nct tuft on unders i de of met . Labi um, sternum
and coxa o '. p a l p . ( '. 25) Fo'. l ayout of cuspu l es/granu l es on l ab i um and s i g i l l a on ster­
num - see i l l ustrat i on . Spi nes ( 732-734 ) For l ayout of spi nes on met . t i b . of l egs 3 4
-s � e i l l ustra � i on . N � t i b i a l spur. Pal pal bu l b ( 736-737-738 ) Embo l u s stout and tape�s
quickly � a . ap i cal poi nt - wh i_ ch has d i s t i nct l i ps . Foveal ho l e ( 722) deep and subc i r­
cu � ar . T i b i a of palp ( 736 ) l ong with no v i s i b l e spines. Spi nnerets ( 723) l ength 13mm .
Api ca l segment �! x as l ong as basal segment . Col our ( sp i ri t ) uni form brown with 4
pai rs of yel l owi sh spots on dark abdomen . Remarks A very unusual therapho s i d whi ch
at the present time we have no data on .

718
726

717

After Schi apel l i and Gerschman .

739

"
I
Speci es honesta Karsch 1879 Congo .
Ref. H. h . Karsch 187 g . S . B . Ges . N aturf . F r . Berl i n ( 4 ) p . 6 3 .
Simon 1go3 . H i s t . Nat . Ara i gn 2 ( 4 ) p . g25 .
Pocock 189 7 . Proc . Zool . Soc . Land . p . 738.
Speci men MNH-Ber l i n . 737
Co11100 n name Grey rumped l ong spi nneret baboon .
Descri ption (Ma l e ) Length 1 5 . 2mm. Carapace 7 . 2mm. Che l i cerae 3mm . Pal p 15mm . Palp 2 x
as l ong as carapace . Leg 1 ( 27mm . ) Leg 2 ( 22mm. ) Leg 3 ( 2lmm . ) Leg 4 ( 28mm . ) . Legs 4 , 738
1 , 2 , 3 . Spi nnerets 6mm . Spi nes . O n apex of t i b . of l eg 1 , there · are some strong spi nes .
Col our greyi sh-bro�1n . Femal e Length 1 7mm . Carapace ?mm . Pal p 10 . 5mm. legs Leg 1 736
( l8mm. ) Leg2 ( 16mm . ) Leg 3 ( 15mm . ) leg 4 ( 20mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Spi nnerets , shorter
than the carapace. Col our , dark brown wi th dark grey abdomen which becomes noticeab l y 723
darker a t t h e s i des . Habi tat/Behav i our. N o data.
120
( 740 - 7 5 7 )

Spec i es ogbun i k i a ( New spec i es ) N i ger i a .

Ref . Smi th 1 990 . Tarantu l as O f Afr i ca And The M i d d l e East�
Speci men Type BMNH 25-4 - 7 4 . col l ec ted by Dr . M . E d d i ngton . 2 5 , 4 , 75 .
/·
!1
Etymol ogy N amed after cave i n wh i c h spec i men was found .

1( 1 1
::1 1 1 .:.
Common n ame Ogbun i ke c ave baboon .
D i s t r i b u u t i o n Ogbun i ke c ave comp l ex , N i geri a .

1i
.

1 1-:
> I :. � -: ·(
:�1r.:. Descri p t i o n Fema l e ( 74 0 ) Length 23mm. C arap ace 8 . 50x5mm . Chel i cerae 2 . 75mm . Sp i n ­
·.·: /:.
nerets l lmm . P a l p 1 4 . 50mm . P a l p H x a s l on g as c arapace . Legs Leg 1 ( 23mm . ) Leg 2
.· J .
. ·� , .-:. r ·
.
( 1 9mm . ) Leg 3 ( 20mm . ) Leg 4 ( 25mm. ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Legs 1 , 4 a l most equ a l i n l ength .
\ ·':ii i· "
.

:·1 r·::
. Tar s a l segments ( 749-752-7 5 5 ) of a l l l egs d i v i ded . Tars a l c l aw ( 75 0 ) w i th short , stout
: ·: If
·.

·: I : \ "" f.:-
...1r·
teeth . L a b i u m , sternum and coxa of palp ( 749 ) For l ayou t of c u s p u l es/granu l es on l ab­
. :1//.: 1 :: 1 1 ·
i um and s i g i l l a on s ternum - see i l l u strat i on . Spi nes ( 75 1 - 75 3 - 74 5 - 7 56 ) For l ayout of

. :.! /r�
s p i nes on t i b . met . of l egs 2 , 3 , 4 - see i l l u s trat i on s . S p i nnerets ( 74 3 - 7 4 4 ) Length l lmm
"I :. .: 111 '.' I
.
Ap i c a l segment 2 x as l ong as basal segment and l ess than li x t h e l ength of the cara­
: ((
·:.\ -:
pace . Spennathecae abdomen spli t/damaged - spermathec ae not apparent . Col our ( sp i r i t )

r . :'\":
725
..·. � ·:·
U n i form brown . Abdomen has d i s t i nct pattern ( 74 2 ) made u p o f a segmented med i an l i ne
733
and 4 p a i r s of taper i ng chevro n s . Remarks No data on behav i ou r - but as the ocu l ar

I
tuberc l e i s we l l devel oped i t i s u n l i ke l y that the spec i e s frequents deep l evel pr i ­
735 mary cave s t rat a . Probab l y secondary c ave systems near to the entrance - feed i ng on

J
cockroaches and bat excreta , o r i entated i n sect l i fe . Found i n crevi ce on sheet of
729 si l k .

730
\ )
727

732

728
� 744 757

734

F i gs . 7 2 1 - 739. H. h u l l wi l l i amso n i ( 72 1 ) M a l e ( 72 2 ) Foveal groove . ( 72 3 ) Spi nn­

ere t . ( 724 ) Troch , coxa of p a l p . ( 72 5 ) L ab i um , s ternum and coxa of p a l p . ( 726 )
Chel i ceral teeth . ( 72 7 ) Met , tarsus of l eg 1 . ( 728 ) Dors a l /surface of met , . tars al -
of l eg 1 . ( 7 29 ) Tarsus of l eg 2. ( 730 ) Tars a l tuft and c l aw . ( 73 1 ) Tar s a l c l aw
( 732 ) Spi nes Met . t arsus of l eg 3 . ( 733 ) Tarsus of 1 eg 3 . ( 734 ) Met , t arsus of 741
l eg 4. ( 7 3 5 ) Tar s u s of l eg 4 . ( 73 6 ) l i b , tarsus of pal p . ( 73 7 ) P a l p a l bu l b .
( 738) Apex o f embo l u s . ( 7 39 ) C l ypeus , ocu l ar tuberc l e . 743
 121
F i gs . 740-7 5 7 H. ogbun i k i a ( 740 ) Dorsal i l l ustrat i on , fema l e . ( 74 1 ) Foveal groove
( 74 2 ) Abdomen/dorsal surface ( 74 3 ) E n l arged v i ew of s p i nnerets ( 74 4 ) S p i nneret
( 74 5 ) L ab i um , sternum and coxa of pal p . ( 74 6 ) Troch . coxa of l eg 1 . ( 74 7 ) Tarsus
of p a l p . ( 74 8 ) Fem. pat . t i b . met . tarsus of l eg 1 . ( 74 g ) Tarsus of l eg 1 . ( 7 50 )
Tar s a l c l aw . ( 75 1 ) Met . t arsus of l eg 2 . ( 75 2 ) Tarsus . of l eg 2 . ( 7 5 3 ) P/f . met .
tarsus of l eg 3 . ( 75 4 ) A/f . met . tarsus of l eg 3 . ( 755 ) Tarsus of l eg 3 . ( 7 56 ) Met .
tarsus of l eg 4 . ( 7 57 ) C l ypeus , ocu l ar tuberc l e .

( 758 - 7 7 7 )

Spec i e s s p 1 n 1 pes Pocock 18g7 Tanzan i a .

Ref . Pocock 18g7 . Proc . Zoo l . Soc . Lond . p . 737 .
Specimen Type BMNH go-4 - 1 5-6 . col l ected by Emi n Pas h a .
D i stri b u t i on Ugogo , German E as t Afr i ca ( Tanzan i a ) .
Common name Ugogo mustard l ong s p i nneret baboon .
Descri p t i on ( Ma l e ) Length 1 6mm . Carapace 7x5 . 8mm . Spi nnerets - l ength 8mm . P a l p
( 1 0 . 5mm. ) l es s than H x the l ength of the c arapac e . legs Leg 1 ( 24mm . ) leg 2 ( 2lmm . )
Leg 3 ( 20mm . ) Leg 4 ( 26 . 5mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Tarsus scopu l ae of a l l segments ( 765- 768 ,
7 78 , 7 7 2 ) d i v i ded . Tars a l c l aws ( 76 6 ) tarsal c l aw of l e g 1 w i thout teeth . Legs 3 , 4 ,
wi th teet h . C l ypeus ( 77 6 ) absent . ( 77 7 ) L ab i um , sternum and coxa o f pal p . For l ayou t
of c u s p u l es/granu l e s and s i g i l l a o f s ternum - see i l l ustrat i on . S p i nes . ( 76 4 , 76 7 , 76g ,
7 7 1 ) . For l ayout of s p i nes of t i b . met . of l egs 2 , 3 , 4 , - see i l l ustrati ons . S p i n nerets
( 75g ) damaged and a p i c a l segment m i s s i ng from j a r . Pocock desc r i bes the l ength as 8mm .
Tot a l l ength l ess than lt x the l ength of the c arapace . P a l p a l bu l b ( 7 74 , 77 5 , 77 3 ) em­
747
b o l u s cu rved , tapered w i t h not i ceab l e kee l s at ap i ca l end - s l i gh t l y f l anged . Colour
( sp i r i t - bad ly rubbed ) . Carapace and l eg s , chestnut brown . Ocu l ar tuberc l e and c he l ­
i cerae , b l ac k i s h c l othed w i t h ye l l owi sh setae . Habi tat Mi xed dry forest and grass l and .
Behav i our No data .

[;..
�. i
'·
\\

�
i I : :

776
75g

748
\
\
' ' 754

751
756 753
122
Spec i e s v i l l o se l l a Strand 1 907 E as t U s ambara .
Ref . Strand 1 907 . Zoo l . Anz . 3 1 . p . 552 . (mal e ) .
S trand 1 90 7 . Zei tschr . F . N aturw . 7 9 . p . 206 . (Mal e ) .
·

Spec imen Not l oc ated .

Common n ame Ama n i chestnut l on g s p i nneret baboon .
Di s t r i b u t i on Aman i , E as t Usambar a . Presumed to be German E as t Afr i ca - but as wi th so
many of Stran d ' s specimens the exact l oca l i ty is d i ff i cu l t to l ocate . It cou l d j u s t as
eas i l y be German pre 1914 terr i tori es in W. Afr i c a .
Descr i p t i on Length 1 9mm. C arapace7 . 2x6mm . C he l i cerae 2 . 3mm . Abdomen 8 . 5mm . Sp i nn ­
erets 6 . 2m . P a l p 1 6 . lmm . Over 2 x t h e l ength of t h e carapace . S p i nnerets , short - l es s
t h a n the l ength of t h e c arapace . L e g s L e g 1 ( 28 . lmm . ) L e g 2 ( 24 . 6mm . ) L e g 3 ( 22 . 6mm . )
Leg 4 ( 29mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . P a l pal bu l b Embo l u s short , curved and poi nted . Co lour
Carapac e , chestnut . Abdomen , brown i sh w i th yel l ow i s h - grey setae .
Remarks L i ke so many of Strands descr i p t i on s i t re l i e s h e av i l y on carapace and
pat+t i b . equat i o n s and l acks i l l u strat i on s . Spec i men , if s t i l l in ex i st ance , needs to
be u rgen t l y redescr i bed .

GENUS ISCHNOCOLUS Ausserer 1 8 7 1

Ref . Ausserer 187 1 . Verh . Zoo l . Bot . Ges . W i en 2 1 p . 185 .
S i mon 1 0 g 2 , H i s t . Nat . Ara i gn . 1 p . 135 .
Pocock 1 900 . Fauna of Br i t i sh I nd i a . p . 183 .
Gerschman de P i ke l i n and Schi ape l l i lg73 , Rev . Mus . Arg . E n t . Torno l V No . 2 p . 4 5 .
Remarks .
The I schnocol u s genus can best be descri bed as a t axonom i c mes s . Not I may add be­
cause it is a part i cu l ar l y d i ff i cu l t genus to d ef i ne - but s i mp l y because the maj ori ty
of spec i es contai ned w i t h i n it were i n adequ ate l y descri bed over a century ago . A pro­
b l em further compounded by the fact that many of the type spec i mens h ave now been l os t
or a r e i n a fragi l e s t ate a n d that more recent spec i es add i t i on s o v e r the century h a v e
b e e n e q u a l l y poor l y descri bed . Paves i a n d Ausserer , wri t i n g 1 20 years ago , were formu­
l at i ng taxonom i c categor i es and too l s from scratc h , the same excuse seems somewha t
l ame f o r C apori acco wr i t i ng i n the 1 930s .
We thus h ave the s i tuati on that i n many cases subs t i tute congeners d at i ng from the
per i od , wh i ch may or may not have been hol otypes , are represen ted in many E uropean
col l ec t i on s as exampl es of the spec i e s , but no key type spec i men to substan t i ate t h i s .
To add further to the confu s i on we have no type l oc a l i ty other than the country from
wh i ch the s pec i men was despatched .
An unhappy s i tuati on wh i ch I have h ad to overcome , where pos s i b l e , by u t i l i s i ng the
type or i f not avai l ab l e t he ori g i n a l paper - wi t h the prov i so that the
type has not been l oc ated and one shou l d real l y v i ew the spec i men as re s t i n g . If a
spec i men i s avai l ab l e from more recent co l l ec t i ng t r i p s and f i t s the or i g i n a l descr i p ­
t i on , these h ave been descri bed i n detai l and p l aced under t h e spec i es n ame wi th the
prov i so that they are recent congeners and not the or i g i n a l types . If I am in doubt ,
the spec i mens have been descr i bed as New Spec i e s - to f ace i n the fu l l ness of t i me the
771 rev i s i on i sts scalpal or the chance redi scovery of a spec i men j ar wh i ch reve a l s t h e
ori g i n a l typ e . Many of wh i c h , I suspect , a r e h i dden away i n the basement s of German
Uni ver s i ty col l ec t i ons .
769 767 Over the l as t 80 years a great d e a l of confu s i on has ari s en concern i ng the taxon­
764
omi c d i fferences between I schnoco l u s and i ts s i ster genus P l e s i op h r i c t u s - wh i ch has
F i gs . 758- 777 H. s p i n i pe s ( 758 ) C arapace ( 759 ) Spi nnerets ( damaged ) . ( 76 0 ) Lab­ meant that I schnoco l u s has ended up w i t h some strange Far E as tern bedfe l l ows amongst
i um , s ternum and coxa of pal p . ( 76 1 ) Troch . coxa of l eg 1 . ( 76 2 ) Chel i cerae , i nter­ i ts numbe r . P r i mar i l y because the key t axonom i c d i fferences between the two genera are
n a l fac e . ( 76 3 ) C h e l i ceral teeth . { 764 ) Fem . pat . t i b . met . tarsus of l eg 1 . { 76 5 ) based on the ma l e characteri s t i c s ( P l esi ophr i ct u s has a t i bi a 1 spur and k ee l s on the
Tarsus o f l eg 1 . ( 76 6 ) Tars a l c l aw of l eg 1 . ( 76 7 ) T i b . met . of l eg 3 . ( 7 7 7 ) Tar­ embo l u s of i ts p a l p a l b u l b ) subseque n t l y spec i es of F ar Eastern and I nd i an ori g i n ,
sus of l eg 3. ( 7 70 ) Tarsus of l eg 2 . ( 77 1 ) T i b . met of l eg 4 . ( 7 7 2 ) Tarsus of wh i ch are · based on fema l e characte r i s t i cs and wh i ch h ave been a s s i gned t o the I sc h ­
l eg 4. ( 7 7 3 ) T i b , tarsus and bu l b of pal p . ( 77 4 ) P a l p a l bu l b . ( 775) F l anged , noco l u s gen u s , m u s t be v i ewed as t axonomi cal l y du b i ou s .
k ee l ed ap i c al end of embo l u s . ( 7 76 ) C l ypeu s , ocu l ar tuberc l e . { 76 9 ) T i b . met . of l eg 2
 1 23
I n fact I h ave not i ced that mal e s from the Far E as t , w h i c h do not have t i b i a l spurs
and in the past h ave been ass i gned t o the I schnocol u s genus - in rea l i ty h ave a keel Generi c key.
on the enbo l u s and must subsequent l y be v i ewed as h av i ng a P l es i ophri ctus l i nk - a 1) No s t r i du l at i ng organ .
f actor wh i c h has l ed me to create a new genus for t h i s Far E astern mater i a l , Neop l e s i ­ 2) Tarsal scopu l ae of a l l l egs d i v i ded by a v ary i n g band of setae .
ophr i ctus . 3) C l yp e u s - moderat e l y w i de or narrow but not absent as i n P l e s i ophr i ctus and Neo-
The d i s t r i but i on of I schnoc o l u s c an thus be deemed to be l i mi ted to North Afr i c a , p l es i ophri ctus .
E urope and t h e M i dd l e E as t . A l l other rel ated materi al i n I n d i a and t h e F a r E as t f a l l s 4) Tarsus of mal e has a ventral s i gmo i d depres s i on .
i nto. two c l os e l y rel ated genera , P l e s i ophri ctus and the new genus Neop l es i ophri ctu s . 5) Ti b i al spur - absent .
These may best b e defi ned a s f o l l ows- 6) P a l p a l bul b - embo l u s tends to be l ong curved and taper i ng wi thout a tegu l ar keel .
S i mp l i fi ed Comparati ve Gener i c K ey . 7) Foveal groove - transverse or s l i gh t l y procurve d .
8) S p i nes t i b . met . o f l egs 3 , 4 , heav i l y s p i ne d .
1) North Afr i c a , Europe , Mi d d l e E a s t , E th i o p i a . g) Labio-sternum mounds present o n t h e suture between the l ab i um and s ternum .
2) Tarsal scopu l ae of a l l segment s d i v i ded b y setae of varyi ng degrees .
3) T i b i al spurs - absent . Spec i es i n c l uded .
al gericus Thore l l 187 5 . andalusi acus S i mon ( 1873 ) . fasc i c u l atus Strand 1go5
4) P a l pal b u l b - embo l u s l ong and taperi ng - no kee l s . fuscostri atus S i mon 1885 . graci l i s Ausserer 187 1 . hanco c k i ( New s pe c i e s ) h o l o ­
5) S i gmo i d depre ss i on i n t a r s a l segment o f ma l e p a l p . seri ceus Ausserer 187 1 . j i ckel i Koch 187 5 . jerusa l emen s i s ( New speci e s ) . maroc­
canus S i mon 187 3 . mogadorens i s S i mon 1go g . numidus S i mon 1 gog . syr i acus Auss­
6) C l ypeus - moderate l y w i d e . erer 187 1 . tomentosus Thorel l l8gg . tri po l i tanus C apori acco 1 g37 . tunetanus
. • . . • . • . • . . . • . • . . • • • . . • . • • • . . • • • • . . • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • . • • • . • • • • I schnoco l u s . Pave s i 1880 . tri angu l i fe r Au sserer 1871 . v a l enti nus Dufour 1820 .
l _.

1) Ind i a and the Far E as t .

2) Tarsal scopu l ae o f a l l segment s d i v i ded b y setae of v ary i n g degrees .
3) Ti b i al spur. P r i mary and second ary segments .
4) Pal pal bul b - stout taper i ng embo l us w i t h tegu l ar k ee l .
5) S i gmo i d depre s s i on i n tars a l segment of ma l e pa l p .
6) C l ypeus - absent or very n arrow .
• . • • • . • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • P l e s i ophri ctus . , - - - ... ,

,,
,
1) Tarsal scopu l ae of a l l tarsal segments d i v i ded by a l i ne of s etae .
2) Tibi a l spur - absent .
A l ge r i a
3) Palpal bul b - stout taper i n g embo l u s wi th tegu l ar k ee l . '
I
·'
' , 14
4) S i gmo i d depre s s i on i n t a r s a l segment of mal e p a l p . '
'
'
I

5) Clypeus - absent or very n arrow . :'

I
I
I
• . • • • • • . • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • Neop l e s i ophri ctus . I
,
,' .. -
'
'
( '
I
Note As many spec i es of the genus P l es i ophri ctus are based on femal e character i s t i c s L i bya
l ',,,
- - - - - • , ,

and not the mal es , i t i s h i gh l y l i ke l y that as ma l e s turn u p some spec i es wi l l have t o

'

'
be reas s i gned . I suggest t h a t unt i l t h e mal e i s descri bed a l l mater i a l i s p l aced i n ; - - - - "'
'·
E gypt
the P l es i ophri ctus genus . Th i s shou l d i n c l ud e a l l fema l e I nd i an and Far E astern spec- ; , - - - ·, '
i mens prev i ou s l y a s s i gned to the I schnocol us genus by Thore l l and Ti k ader . I

_;
.
( See Neopl esiophri ctus Smi t h 1gg1 . Vol ume 2. Tarantu l as of t h e O l d Worl d ) .
- - -
·'

: _
•
_
',
_ ...:. �.
· .
·•
'
I
r'
'

I
D i ag nosi s . I � - - - - - - - - - · - · --,;
As I have stated in the Remarks secti on of the Chaetopelma gen u s , it is l i ke l y that
an I schnoco 1 us/Pl e s i o p h r i ctus ancestor entered I n d i a v i a E t h i o p i a when both the Af­ .
' '
Key. '•
ri can l andmass and the I n d i an con t i nent were one , duri ng the Cretaceous peri od ( 13 6 - .
I
65 mi l l i on years ago ) . W e can probab l y deem t h a t i t possessed a t i b i a l s p u r - wh i c h 1 ) al geri cus 10) maroccanus I
Sudan
I
has been l os t i n the I schnocol u s genus i n North Afri c a , M i dd l e E as t and E t h i opi a and 2 ) and a l u s i acus 11) mogadoren s i s I
I
in the Neop l es i ophri ctus genus in I n d i a and the Far East . . 3 ) fasc i cu l atus 12) numidus ,
I
I
, ... ,.

The genus I schnocol us can be ascertai ned by the fol l ow i n g key factors . No s tr i d u ­ 4 ) fuscostri atus 13) I
syri acus I I

l at i ng organ . T h e tars a l scopu l ae o f a l l l egs are d i v i ded by v ary i ng degrees of setae .

I n the ma l e the tarsal segment of the p a l p has a s i gmo i d depress i on and the embo l us of
5 ) graci l i s
6 ) hancocki
14)
15)
tri pol i tanus
tunetanus I
I
I

,•
/ 3
I I
',

the p a l p a l bu l b l acks a tegu l ar keel - bei ng s i mp l y a l ong t apered embo l u s . The c l y­ 7 ) holosericeus 16) tri angul i fe r '
I
I 0
r E th i op i a
I
peus i n l schnoco l u s i s moderate l y w i d e . 8 ) j i ckel i 17) val enti nu s '

g ) jerusal emens i s '

.. - ... ... ... "' '.

124
Di stri but i o n .
The genus was ori g i na l l y created by Ausserer i n 1 8 7 1 t o house mater i a l c o l l ec ted
spec i f i c a l l y from Cypru s , Southern Spa i n , North Afr i c a and , i n the l atter part of the
n i neteenth century , E th i op i a . T h i s mater i a l l acked a s t r i d u l at i ng organ and possessed
a d i v i d i ng l i ne of setae down the tarsal scop u l ae of a l l l egs . Over the years , odd
spec i mens h ave turned up in the Far E a s t - wh i ch have l ac ked a t i b i a l spur - spec i f i c ­
a l l y T i k ader ' s mater i a l wh i ch h e bel i eved t o b e I schnoc o l us n o t P l es i op h r i ctus . A s i n
the cases o f decoratus T i k ader 1977 and k h as i en s i s T i k ader 1 9 7 7 - on l y the femal e
character i s t i c s h ave been desc r i bed . I h ave transferred these s pec i e s to the P l e s i oph­
r i ctus genus , unti l k ey ma l e c h aracteri s t i cs can be ascerta i ned wh i ch make it poss i b l e
to a l l ocate them t o e i ther P l e s i ophrictus o r Neop l es i ophri ctus .
As t h i s mater i a l has a tendency to be overl ooked , I suspect that i n t i me many ne1;
spec i es wi l l mater i al i se from North Afr i c a E gyp t , Sudan , E t h i op i a and Saudi Arab i a . 6cm.

Behav i ou r . Bern . p l ugged

The spec i es from t h e med i terranean area e i ther excavate a c h amber under rocks or
are burrowers , the maj o r i ty of the North Afr i can spec i es maroccanus , hancock i , seem­
i ng l y f i tt i ng i nto t h i s c ategory, a l t hough I suspect that a l l are opportun i st i c , even dry c l ay
adapt i n g to c e l l ars and basements as t r i po l i tanus has been recorded as do i n g .
I n Central Morocco i n the area o f Azrou I and M r . V . H u l l -W i l l i ams d i scovered l arge
·
numbers of maroccanus i n and among s t Lycos i d c o l on i es , on barren rock strewn c l ear i ngs ···
. , '. : . .
amongst dry oak scrub . The two be i ng read i l y separated by the c h aracter i s t i c s i l k l i p
o f the Lyco s i d burrow entrances . I schnocol us burrows tend to be f l ush w i t h the ground , .
.- : : :
9cm.
a l l ow i n g on l y a g l i mpse of the s i l k l i ned wal l s of the passage or tube� ·, �:
I t i s i n terest i ng to note that M r . J . Hancock d i scovered that the new I schnocol us p l ugged
spec i e s , hancocki tended to excavat e a chamber under a rock and then s i n k a s h af t
down i nto the groun d . I suspect that g i ven t i me spec i mens wou l d h ave a l so been d i scov­ ·· :

ered i n s i mp l e s i l k chambers under rocks and burrows in open ground .

The secondary burrow under the ma i n chamber i s probabl y both a means of evacuat i ng
the mai n c h amber i f entered by a scorp i o n or centi pede and as a means of regu l at i ng
both the temperature and humi d i ty of the system . Fema l e w i t h s p i der l i ngs . .
. .

· · .· . .
·: .'· ·�·: : ·= .=. : .
Notes on F i e l d Co l l ecti ng i n Morocco . d amp c l ay
. -· . .

I n Apr i l 1 98 7 V i ncent H u l l -W i l l i ams and mys e l f trave l l ed to the M i dd l e Atl as Moun t ­

a i n s , i n t h e v i c i n i ty of t h e I be l Hebri range , t o l ocate I schnoc o l us a n d scorp i on mat­
eri a l . The s i te was suggested by a fr i end , Tony Key , who h ad worked i n t he area as a
Fores try ad v i sor i n the 1 950s .
I n the v i c i n i ty of a pri vate a i r f i e l d owned by the K i ng of Morocco , some 1 4km . from
Azrou on the ma i n Azrou/ I l frane h i ghway , we began to survey s heep grazed rock s t rewn
c l ear i ngs i n amongst l arge patches of dry oak scru b . I n one spec i f i c area amongst a
l arge Lycos i d c o l ony, we began to not i c e that some burrows l acked the d i s t i nc t Lyco s i d
l i p and o n excava t i on reve a l ed I schnoc o l u s spec i mens . Burrows wh i ch I may add were as­
ton i s h i ng in the i r comp l e x i ty in compari son w i th data wh i ch we h ave on other Therapho­
s i d mater i a l . We a l so noti ced that the depth was consi derab l y deeper than the Lyc o s i d
burrows - i n order , o n e presumes , to t ake advantage of i ncreased humi d i ty i n l ower
l eve l s of c l ay .
NoteExc avated nursery chamber wh i c h i s above t h e l owest l evel o f t h e ma i n burrow - i n ­
d i ca t i n g poss i b l y a water dra i n o f f po i nt t o prevent f l ood i n g . Dur i ng prol onged r a i ny
spel l s the burrow wou l d probab ly be p l ugged .

C l imate Most rai n f a l l f a l l s between September and May , the heav i es t occur i n g from
November to March . R a i n f a l l - November 84mm. December 86mm . February 64mm. March
28mm . June Omm. Hum i d i ty/Temperature - December 67% ( 65F ) February 72% ( 6 5F ) Rock stre."lfl clearing
March 61% ( 74F ) J u l y 59% ( 8 2F ) . in scrub oak .
Note at 0530 hours a l l humi d i ty l eve l s are 30% greater . Recorded l eve l s are at 1 130
hours .
Azrou , Morocco . Near l be l Hebri Mount a i n range .
 125
The author , Andrew M . Sm i th , res t i ng i n one of the many rock s t re�m c 1 ear i n g s i n
the are a . Al l of these c l ear i ngs were heav i l y grazed by herds of Bedou i n shee p .

Lycos i d burrow - n o t e i so l ated pos i t i o n , s i l k r i m and

occupant near entrance .
Photographs A . M . Sm i th .

Azrou s i te - 14Km . east on the Azrou/ l l frane h i g hway . H ab i t a t Rock strewn c l e ar i n g s

amongst oak s c r u b fores t . Typ i c a l l schnoco l us burrow .
I schnoco l us burrow among s t scrub roots/rocks .
126
( F i gs . 778 - 786 )

Spec i e s a l ger i cus Thore l l 1875 A l geri a , Tun i s . ..

Ref . Thore l l 1 87 5 . Svensk Vet . Ak . H and l . 1 3 ( 5 ) p . 12 5 . ( M al e } .
S i mon 1 903 . H i st . Nat . Ara i gn 2 ( 4 ) p . 925 .
Spec imen Type S i mon col l ec t i on MNH - Pari s . BMNH 02- 1 1 - 18-20 - 2 1 . ( Spec i mens frag i l e
and damaged ) . 786
D i s t r i buti on A l geri a , T un i s . No col l ect i on s i te .
Common n ame Al geri an mustard .
Descri ption Mal e Length 1 6mm . Tarsal scopu l ae ( 878-879 ) of a l l segments d i v i ded .
Spi nes ( 781 ) Ti b . and met . of l eg 4 heav i l y s p i ned . Scop u l ae at apex of met . ( 780 ) '
Ti b i a of l eg 1 more heav i l y s p i ned than met . Cl ypeus ( 784 ) moderate l y w i de . L ab i um ,
sternum and coxa o f p a l p ( 882 ) ( d amaged ) cuspul es/granu l es o n l ab i um s cattered . C u s ­ .... ....
pu l es on c o x a of pal p l arge and d i spersed . ( see i l l ustrat i o n ) No t i b i al s p u r ( 780 ) but .....
i n s i de of t i b . and apex of met . has 4 stout s p i nes . Palp of m a l e ( 785 ) t i b i a has 4 ...... _ .,,. ,,. - ,,. - �
782
s p i nes on i n s i d e . Tarsus of mal e p a l p d i s t i nc t l y s i gmo i d . P a l pal bu l b ( 886 ) embo l u s sternum damaged
l ong a n d tapered , pract i c a l l y strai ght wi th s l i ght curve at ape x . Apex s l i gh t l y trun­ �
cate. Colour brown with ye l l owi s h setae on carapace . U n i form ye l l ow i s h -brown . ( Note
sp i r i t spec i men - abdomen f aded ) . Habi tat Marg i n a l scru b l and . Behav i ou r No d a t a .

�
x5 '

783 @

# @
785
\ 784
�

780

778
Spec i es andal u s i acus S i mon ( 187 3 ) Spa i n
REf . Avi cu l ar i a a . S i mon 187 3 . Mem . Soc . L i ege ( 2 ) 5 p . 1g7 _
I . a . Ausserer 18 7 5 . Verh . Zool . Bot . Ges . W i en 25 p . 1 7 3 .
Spec ime n Type S i mon col l ec t i on MNH - Pari s .
CoRITion n ame Ands l us i an s i l ky wh i t e .
D i stri buti on Anda l u s i a , Southern Spai n .
Descri p t i on ( Ma l e ) C arapace 7x5 . 5mm . Palp l l . 5mm . Legs Leg 1 ( 1 9 . 5mm . ) Leg 2 ( 1 7mm . )
Leg 3 ( 1 7mm . ) Leg 4 ( 21 . 5mm . ) Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . T i b . met . of l egs 3 , 4 , heav i l y s p i ned .
P a l p a l bu l b - embo l u s l ong and po i n ted ( 2 x as l ong as p a l p a l bu l b ) - arched on the
out s i de . Col our C arapace brown / b l ack wi th s i l ky wh i te h a i rs . Abdomen , dark go l den
col our wi th b l ac k i sh med i an l i ne and f i ve bands . S p i nnerets , wh i t i sh .
F i gs . 7 78-786 . I . a l geri cus ( 7 7 8 ) tarsus of l eg 1 ( 7 7 9 ) tarsus of l eg 4 ( 780 ) Fema l e Carapace 8x6mm . P a l p 6 . 5mm. Legs Leg 1 ( 1 9 . 5mm . ) Leg 2 ( 1 6 . 5mm . ) Leg 3 ( 18mm . )
Femur pat . t i b . met . t arsus of l eg 1 ( 781 ) Femur pat . t i b . met . tarsus of l eg 4 Leg 4 ( 2 3 . 5mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Colour S i m i l ar to mal e . Abdomen , wh i t i s h wi th med i an
( 782 ) Labi um/coxa of p a l p ( d amaged ) ( 783 ) Spi nneret ( 784 ) C l ypeu s , ocu l ar tuberc l e l i ne and f i ve bands . Note S i mon ' s desc r i pt i on l acks deta i l and re l i e s heav i l y on the
( 785 ) T i b . o f p a l p ( 786 ) P a l pal b u l b - apex o f embo l u s . ocu l ar arrangemen t . In need of redesc r i pt i on .

Spec i e s fas c i c u l atus Strand 1906 Eth i op i a .

Ref . Strand 1 906 . Zool . An z . 3 0 ( 19-20) p . 606 ( Fema l e ) .
Strand 1 908 . Jahresh VEr . N aturk . Wurttbg . 64 p . 2 2 .
Specimen N o t l oc ated .
Remarks Type needs to be l oc ated and redescr i bed .
 127
Speci e s fuscostri atus S i mon 1885 Tun i s , A l geri a .
Ref . S i mon 1885 . Expl . Sci . Tun i s Aracha . p . 4 1 . ( Mal e )
Speci men Type S i mon co l l ec t i on MNH - P ar i s .
Remarks I have been u n ab l e to l ocate a copy o f S i mon ' s descr i pt i on and h ave not stud­ 793

mI:�
i ed type . BHNH copy of paper is m i ss i ng from l i brary.
M
F;:.t�:.�:j 795
( F i gs . 787 - 802 ) 1.
t-. 11 ·• t"'" /I"·: 'I 796

Spec i e s grac i l i s Ausserer 1 8 7 1 Cyprus

Ref. Ausserer 187 1 . Verh . Zool . Bot . Ges . W i en 21 p . 187 .
f:.11 ·:5
\).;J
•·.·u.:I
794
\{']u.})
Spec i me n Type . I mmature 1 5mm . BMNH No . 09-09-8 - 1 - 2 col l ected by John Buckmi l l 1909 .
Di s tri buti on . Cyprus . No l oc a l i ty d a t a . 797
Conrnon n ame Cypr i at mustard . 799
Desc r i p t i on Fema l e Length 38mm . C arapace 1 3 x l lmm . Che l i cerae 5 . 00mm . P a l p 22mm . Legs .
Leg 1 ( 33mm . ) Leg 2 ( 30mm . ) Leg 3 ( 2 7nrn . ) Leg 4 ( 36mm. ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Tars a l segments
( 793-794-795- 796 ) a l l d i v i ded by a band of setae . Spi nes T i b . met . of l egs 3 , 4 ( 799-
800 ) heav i l y s p i n ed . L a b i u m , s ternum and coxa of p a l p ( 788 ) L ab i um , smal l w i t h t i gh t
compact group of cuspu l es/gran u l es wh i c h t a k e a rounded t r i angul ar s h ape on coxa o f
pal p . F o r l ayout of s i g i l l a - s e e i l l ustrat i on . C l ypeus ( 80 1 ) l es s t h a n a l geri cus
narrow for genus . ( 802 ) Spennathecae - semi n a l receptac l e s , s i mp l e s tout l ong pouches .
Col our Bas i c co l our u n i form ye l l owi s h - brown . Tarsus of p a l p has d i s t i nct p i tc h-brown \
h a i rs . Ausserer descr i bes setae of fresh spec i men as covered wi t h "numerous erect ye l ­
l ow-brown h a i rs " . ( I n s p i r i t ) L i gh t ye l l owi sh -reddy brown . Abdomen , rubbed ye l l ow.
Habi t a t Medi terranean scrub . Behav i our No d at a .
Remarks Note d i fferences o f t h e d i v i s i on of t h e tarsal scopu l ae , the tars a l s p i nes
and c l ypeus between I schnoco l u s g r ac i l i s and Chaetopel ma aegyptaci um . 798

F i g s . 787-802 I . grac i l i s ( 78 7 ) Fema l e ( 788 ) l ab i um , sternum and coxa o f p a l p .

( 789 ) che l i ceral teeth ( 79 0 ) s p i nneret ( 79 1 ) pat . t i b . of pal p . ( 792 ) · t arsus of
pal p ( 79 3 ) tarsus of l eg 1 . ( 794 ) tarsus of l eg 2. ( 79 5 ) tarsus of l eg 3. ( 796 )
tarsus of l eg 4 . ( 79 7 ) Met . of l eg 1 . ( 798 ) t i b . met . tarsus of l eg 2 . ( 79 9 ) t i b .
met tarsus o f l eg 3 . ( 800 ) t i b . me t . o f l eg 4 . ( 80 1 ) c l ypeus , ocu l ar tuberc l e .
( 80 2 ) spermathecae - semi n a l receptac l es .

( F i gs . 803-8 1 8 )

Speci e s h ancock i ( New spec i e s ) Morocco

Ref . A M Smi th 1 990 . Tarantu l as Of Afr i ca And The M i d d l e E as t .
Spec i men Type Femal e Depos i ted i n the BMNH . Co l l ected by John H ancock , Apr i l 1 988 .
Conrnon name L arache gol d .
Di stri buti on D i scovered on the s l opes of the R i ff Moun ta i n , near the anc i en t
Phoen i c i an town of L arache/L i xus . T h e area i s bu i l t on a l i mestone outcrop , devo i d of
a l l trees and s hrubs . Vegetati on l ow and sc attered w i th l i mestone rocks of a l l s i zes .
( Co l l ectors notes ) .
Desc r i p t i on ( Fema l e ) Length 2 7mm . C arapace 9 . 50x7 . 00mm . Abdomen 1 4mm . Che l i cerae 3mm .
P a l p 1 3mm . Legs Leg 1 ( 18mm . ) Leg 2 ( 16 . 5mm . ) Leg 3 16mm . ) Leg 4 ( 22mm . ) Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 .
801 Legs 2 , 3 , a l most equal . Tars a l scopu l ae of al l segments d i v i ded by a band o f setae
( 808-809-810) Labi um , s ternum and coxa of p a l p . ( 805 ) Cuspu l es are not l arge and scat­
tered . For l ayout of cuspu l es/granu l e s on l ab i um and coxa of palp and s i g i l l a on ster­
num - see i l l ustrat i o n . Spi nes ( 81 1 -81 5 ) T i b . met . of l egs 3 , 4 , heav i l y s p i ned. T i b .
o f l egs 1 , 2 , h ave spi nes present . Spi nneret ( 804 ) ap i c a l segment i s sma l l er than bas a l
791 segmen t . C l ypeus (806 ) w i d e . L aboi , sternum mounds ( 80 5 ) are l ow , s h a l l ow and w i d e l y
spaced . Spermathecae ( 8 1 7 -8 1 8 ) semi n a l recept ac l es are stout a t the b as e , l ean i ng o u t ­
wards w i t h a we l l rounded ap i c a l f ace . C o l our u n i form redd i s h -brown w i t h g o l den ye l l ow
790 setae , wh i t i s h h a i r on the carapace . Abdomen , o l i ve/be i ge wi t h a f a i n t med i an l i n e and
chevrons .
128
F i gs . 803-818 I . hancocki ( 803 ) Fema l e . ( 804 ) s p i nneret ( 805 ) l ab i um , s ternum
and coxa of p al p . ( 806 ) c l ypeus , ocu l ar tuberc l e ( 807 ) P a l p ( 808 ) tarsus o f l eg 1 .
- ( 809 ) tarsus of l eg 3 . ( 81 0 ) t arsus of l e g 4 . ( 81 1 ) Sp i ne s t i b . met . tarsus of
l eg 1 . A/f ( 8 1 2 ) Pat . t i b . P/f leg 1 . ( 8 1 3 ) Pat . t i b . met . tarsus of l eg 3 . ( 8 1 4 )
Pat . t i b . met . tarsus of l eg 4 A/f . ( 8 1 5 ) Pat . t i b . met . tarsus of l eg 4 P/f . ( 81 6 )
chel i ceral teeth . ( 81 7 ) spermathec ae . ( 81 8 ) Semi n a l recept a c l e .

807
806

810 809

808

�
804
x2

Col l ec t i on s i te
Coast a l p l a i n between R i ft and Atl as Mounta i ns , near L arache , Morocco .
818

\
'
813

811

812 Burrow was beneath a rock amongst a l i mestone outcrop . Vegetat i on l ow and sparse .
815
 129
( F i gs . Blg - 829 )

Spec i e s hol osericus Aus serer 1871 Spa i n

Ref . Ausserer 187 1 . Verh . Zoo l . Bot . Ges . W i en 2 1 p . 186 .
S i mon 189 2 . H i st Nat . Arai gn 1 ( 1 ) p . 1 3 6 .
Speci men Type not l oc ated . BMNH spec i men from Koch col l ec t i o n 1 9 - 9 - 18- 56g6-97 .
D i stri buti on Se i d l i tz , Spai n . Note t i cket i s not c l ear whether Sei d l i tz i s the col ­
l ec tor or a p l ace name .
Common name Span i sh s h aggy ye l l ow .
Descr i pt i on ( Femal e ) Length 1 7mm . C arapace 6 . 50x4 . 50mm. -Chel i cerae 2mm . Abdomen 8mm .
P a l p 9mm . Legs Leg 1 ( 1 6 . 5rnm . Leg 2 { 1 4rnm . Leg 3 ( 1 5mm . Leg 4 ( 20mm . ) Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 .
Tars a l scapu l ae o f a l l segments d i v i ded . P a l p ( 823 ) 2 s p i nes present o n t i b . Spi nes
( 825-826 ) T i b . of l egs 1 , 2 , more heav i l y s p i ned than i s usual . T i b , met . of l egs 3 , 4
( 827-828) heav i l y spi ned . Spi n nerets ( 82 1 ) Ap i ca l segment approx i mate l y equal t o basal
segment . C l ypeus ( 820 ) narrow for genus . L ab i um , sternum and coxa of palp (822 ) cus­
p u l es on l ab i um l arge, few and s c at tered . Greater number on coxa of palp - but s t i l l
l arge and s c attered . For l ayou t of s i g i l l on sternum - see i l l u s trat i o n . L a b i a - sternum
mound , w i de . Spennathecae ( 829 ) semi n a l recept ac l es broad and we l l rounded w i t h bowed
s i des . Colour ( sp i r i t ) ye l l owi s h - brown . Aus serer . B as i c col our , brown wi th l on g sh aggy
d i rty ye l l ow h a i rs . Abdomen , dark i s h w i th i nd i s t i nc t pattern .

826
820
819

825

827

821
F i g s . 819-829 I . holoseri cus ( 8 1 9 ) Fema l e . ( 820 ) c l ypeus , ocu l ar tuberc l e . ( 82 1 )
824 spi nneret . ( 822 ) l ab i um , sternum and coxa of pal p . ( 823 ) P a l p - pat . t i b . tars u s .
( 824 ) tarsus of pal p . (825 ) Spi nes t i b . met . tarsus of l eg 1 . ( 826 ) t i b . met . of
l e g 2. ( 827 ) Femu r , pat . t i b . met . tarsus of leg 3 A/f . ( 82 8 ) Femu r , pat . t i b . met .
tarsus o f l eg 4 . A/f . ( 829 ) spermathecae , semi n a l receptac l e s .

Spec i e s j i ckel i Koch 1875 Eth i op i a

Ref . Koch 1875 . Aegypt , Abys s i n , Arach . J i ckel i p . 58 . ( F emal e ) .
S i mon 1892 . H i st . N at . Ar a i g n 1 ( 1 ) p . 1 36 .
829 Spec i me n Type Koch col l ec t i on . BMNH 19-9-18-5698-99 .
D i stri buti on Hamazen , J i ckel i , Eth i op i a .
823 Remarks Spec i men t i cketed a s j i cke l i from the Koch col l ec t i o n ( wh i ch i s probab l y the
type ) is obv i ou s l y a j u ven i l e fema l e and c an not be sati s factor i l y c l as s i f i ed . I sug­
gest that unt i l new mater i al i s d i scovered that j i ckel i be temporar i l y su spended .
30
( F i g s . 830 - 846 )

Spec i es j erusal emen s i s ( New spec i e s ) I srael

Ref . Smi th 1 9gQ . Taran t u l as Of Afr i c a And The M i dd l e E as t . .
Spec imen Type BMNH 9 5 - 1 1 -9 - 4 5 -4 6 . Co l l ec ted by Hew Rol l e .
Comnom n ame I srae l i brown .
D i stri bution Jeru s a l em , I sr ae l .
Descri ption ( F ema l e ) Length 36mm . Carapace 1 8 . 50x l 0 . 50mm . Chel i cerae 5mm . Abdomen
1 7mm . P a l p 2 l mm . Legs Leg 1 ( 3 lmm . ) Leg 2 ( 27mm . ) Leg 3 ( 26mm . Leg 4 ( 37mm . ) Legs 4 , 1 ,
2 , 3 . Scapu l ae of tarsal segments d i v i ded by a band of setae . P a l p . Length of p a l p ex­
ceeds t i b . by ! of met . of l eg 1 . Spi nneret ( 832 ) ap i c a l segment l onger than basal
segment . Coxa of palp ( 834 ) s tout s p i nes a l on g an ter i or edge . C l ypeus ( 831 ) n arrow .
P a l p . t i b . ( 838 ) 4 s p i nes . L ab i um , s ternum, coxa of p a l p ( 83 3 ) cuspu l es/gran u l es on
l ab i um , l arge and s c attered - but more than 30 i n number . For l ayout of s i g i l l a - see 845
i l l u strat i o n . Spines ( 840-841 -842 -843-844 ) For l ayout of s p i nes on t i b , met of l eg s
1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - s e e i l l u strat i on s . Spi n e s l i gh t on l egs 1 , 2 - heavy o n l egs 3 , 4 . Spermath­
ecae semi n a l receptac l es s i mi l ar to grac i l i s but l onger and l es s stou t . ( Note abdomen
was s p l i t and semi n a l receptac l e s damaged ) . Colour ( sp i r i t ) u n i form redd i sh -brown .
Habi tat Med i terranean s crub . Behav i ou r l i ke l y to i nhabi t ho l es i n masonry and cel l ars .
No dat a . Remarks Un l i ke l y to be syr i acus . Ausserer s t ates i n h i s descr i p t i on that the 840
pal p of the femal e reaches the t i b i a of l eg 1 . In jerusal emensi s i t is c o n s i derab l y
l on ge r . 841

838
'
839
842

�
� 831
843

� 844

837
F i g s . 83D-846 I . j erusal emen s i s ( 830 ) Fema l e . (831 ) c l ypeus , ocu l ar tuberc l e
( 83 2 ) s p i neret ( 83 3 ) l ab i um , sternum and coxa o f p a l p . ( 834 ) troc . coxa o f p a l p .
( 83 5 ) c he l i cerae , i nternal face . ( 836 ) c he l i ceral teeth ( 837 ) c he l i cera e , external
face . ( 838 ) t i b . of pal p . ( 83 9 ) tarsus of p a l p . ( 840 ) Spi ne s t i b . met . tarsus of
832 l eg 1 . ( 84 1 ) t i b . met . t arsus of l eg 2. ( 84 2 ) t i b . met . of l eg 3. ( 84 3 ) t i b . met .
tarsus of l eg 3 . ( 844 ) Pat . t i b . met . of l eg 4 . Note bump on pat . ( 84 5 ) tarsus of
l eg 4 . ( 846 ) spermathecae - sem i n a l receptac l es ( d amaged ) .
 131
( F i gs . 847 - 860 )

Spec i e s maroccanus S i mon 1873 Morocco

Ref . Av i c u l ar i a m. S i mon 1873 . Mem . Soc . L i ege ( 2 ) 5 p . 199 .
I . m . Aus serer 1 87 5 . Verh . Zool . Bot . Ges . W i e n 25 p . 1 73 .
Spec i men Mal e . Pri vate co l l ec t i on VHWS . No . ME 102 . Col l ec ted by A . M . Smi th and
V. Hu l l -Wi l l i ams .
Common name Meknes Gol d .
Di stri bution Fez, Meknes , Azrou .
Descri ption Mal e Length 13mm . C arapace 6x4mm . Che l i cerae 1 . 50mm . P a l p 9mm . Legs Leg 1
( 1 5mm . ) Leg 2 ( 14mm . ) Leg 3 ( 13mm . ) Leg 4 ( 1 7mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Legs very s hort .
Tarsal scapu l ae of l egs 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , d i v i ded ( 849-851 -850 ) by setae . L ab i um , s ternum and
coxa of p a l p ( 84 7 ) . C u s p u l es/gran u l es on l ab i um l arge and . d i spersed , but not few i n
n umber . For l ayou t o f s i g i l l a - see i l l u strat i on . C l ypeus moderat e l y wi de but n arrow
for genu s . S p i nes (852-853-854-855 ) t i b , met . of l egs 3 , 4 , heav i l y s p i ned . More so
than any other spec i es observed . Spi nes of t i b . ( 859-860 ) of l egs 1 , 2 , heavy. Lab i o ­
sternum mounds on suture o f l ab i um and sternum ( 84 7 ) w i de a n d l ow , encompas s i ng com­
p l ete w i d th . Sp fonerets ( 856 ) Ap i c a l segment shorter than bas a l segment . P a l p a l b u l b
( 857 -858 ) - embo l u s l o n g a n d t aper i ng , strai ght for f i r s t h a l f than bow i n g gent l y down
wards , s l i gh t l y arched at ap i c a l end . Tarsus of p a l p w i th d i st i nc t s i gmo i d depress i on .
Col our U n i form brown w i t h p a l e-ye l l owi s h setae on c arapace . Med i an l i ne and chevrons
on abdomen . Hab i tat Rock s trewn c l ea r i ngs i n oak scru b . Behavi our ( See Notes On F i e l d
Col l ec t i ng Tr i p T o Morocco - a t the beg i nn i n g o f t h i s chapter ) .

I schnocolus maroccanus
·
Peter K i rk
i:
: 11 ::..

":f;
.:1, :.
·. I I ::

·.· I ll· :
�
�·
�
848 851 849

... , ..
. , •

850

' 860

\\
858
859

F i g s . 847-860 I . maroccanus ( 847 ) l ab i um , s ternum and coxa of p a l p . ( 84 8 ) c l y­

852 854
\ 855
peus and ocu l ar tuberc l e . ( 84 9 ) t arsus of l eg 1 . ( 85 0 ) tarsus of l eg 3 . ( 85 1 ) tarsus
of l eg 4. ( 859-860 ) Spi nes t i b . met . of l eg 1 . ( 852-85 3 ) Pat . t i b . met . of l eg 3 .
( 854-855 ) Pat . t i b . met . tarsus of l eg 4 . (856 ) s p i nneret ( 85 7 ) t i b . p a l pal b u l b
of pal p . A/f . ( 858 ) t i b . p a l p a l bu l b o f p a l p P/f . ( 85 9 )
32
Spec i e s mogadore ns i s S i mon 1 909 Morocco c r i p t i o n ) if there is a dark tri angu l ar p attern on the carapace or abdomen . C o l our of
Ref . S i mon 1 909 . Mem . Soc . E s p an . Nat . H i s t . ( 6 ) 1 p . 9 . eyes . AME , b l ack i s h . PME , ye l l owi s h . H ab i t at No d at a .
Speci men Type S i mon co l l ec t i on MNH - Pari s .
Common n ame Mogador rosy red .
D i s t r i bu t i on Mogador , Morocco . Spec i e s tripo l i tanus Capori acco 1937 L i bya
Descr i pt i on ( F emal e ) Length 1 0 - 1 2mm . ( Note l i ke l y to be a j uven i l e ) . S p i nes on the Ref . C apori acco 1937 . Mon i t . Zoo l . I ta l y 4B p . 57 .
i ns i de of t i b . of l eg 1 . ( 1 . 1 . 2 . ) Co l ou r Carapace p a l e redd i sh -brown w i t h ol i ve-brown Spec i me n Femal e Type U n i v . of F l orence .
setae . Setae on marg i n of c arapace rosy red i n col our . Abdomen , p a l e ye l l ow w i t h i n ­ Common n ame L i byan tawney-brown .
d i s t i nc t chevrons and med i an l i ne . Remarks S i mon ' s paper l acks detai l and i s based D i stri bution Coastal reg i o n , near T r i p o l i , L i bya .
heav i l y on a co l ou r descr i p t i on . Bear i n g in m i n d that the spec i men is a j u ven i l e fe­ Descri p t i on Fema l e Length 18 . 5mm . C arapace 8 . 5mm . Che l i cerae 3 . 75mm . Abdomen lOmm .
ma l e it wou l d be best to l e t t he spec i es l apse u n t i l a ma l e i s l oc ated and the or i g ­ Foveal ho l e deep and recurved ( probab ly a w i de transverse ho l e ) . P a l p 1 3mm . Legs Leg 1
i na l type i s redescri bed . ( 21 . 5mm . ) Leg 2 ( 20 . 5mm . ) Leg 3 ( 19mm . ) Leg 4 ( 23mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . S p i nes . Femora
have a s i ng l e s p i n e on the i n s i de - as does the p at . of l eg 3 . T i b . and met . of l egs
3 , 4 , heav i l y spi ned . Colour t awny-brown . Carap ace a l i t t l e d arker . H ab i t at/Behaviour
Spec i es numidus S i mon 1909 A l ger i a , Morocco Often found in the basements of old hou ses - whi ch i nd i c ates that it probab l y excav­
Ref. S i mon l go9 . Mem . Soc . E s p . Nat . H i s t . ( 6 ) 1 p . g . Mal e . ates s i mp l e c h ambers in o l d wal l s , p i l e s of masonry and u nder rocks .
Spec i men Type S i mon col l ec t i o n MNH - Par i s .
D i str i b u t i on Morocco . No exact l oc at i on data but S i mon bel i eved i t to be i n the Spec i es tunetanus P aves i 1880 Tun i s i a
A l geri an/Morocco border reg i o n . Ref . Pavesi 1880 . Ann . Mus . C i v . Geneva ( M al e ) .
Common name A l geri an Front i er ye l l ow . Strand 1 908 . Jahresh VEr . Naturk . Wurttbg 64 p . 2 3 . ( Fema l e ) .
Descr i pt i on ( Ma l e ) Length 1 2 - 1 5mm . Stout s p i nes o n the i ns i de of t i b i a of l eg 1 , 4 - 5 Spec i me n Not l oc ated . Probab l y Geneva .
i n number . T i b i a o f l eg 1 crooked . Col our P a l e red d i sh -brown wi th gol den ye l l ow h a i r s , Common n ame Tun i s i an speck l ed ye l l ow .
the outer mar g i n h av i ng gol den ye l l ow setae . Abdomen , brown w i t h gol den yel l ow setae Di stri buti on Keruan , Tuni s i a .
and an i nd i s t i nct med i an l i ne and chevron s . Remarks S i mon ' s p aper l acks detai l and Desc r i p t i on ( Ma l e ) Length 1 2 . 5mm . Carapace 5x4mm. Leg 1 ( 1 6 . 5mm . Leg 2 ( m i s s i n g ) Leg
p l aces great emph as i s on the c o l o u r descr i p t i on . In need of redescr i pt i on . H ab i tat 3 ( 16mm . ) Leg 4 ( 1 9 . 5mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . C arapace i s covered wi th t h i ck pubescence
marg i na l agr i cu l tural l an d - l i ke l y to be barren s heep grazed areas . wh i ch obscures foveal groove . Foveal groove transverse . C arapace as l on g as p at+t i b of
l eg 4. Leg 4 a l most 4 x l ength of c arap ace . Spi nes S i n g l e s p i n e at a p i ce of pate l l a
Seri e s syri acus Aus serer 1 B 7 1 Syr i a of l egs 1 , 2 and ap i ce of t i b , met . of l egs 3 , 4 . T i b i a o f l eg 1 , retro l ateral f ace -
Ref . Aus serer 1 B7 1 . Ver h . Zoo l . Bot . Ges . W i en 2 1 p . 189 . ( F ema l e ) . spi nes 2 . 2 . at api ce 1 . 1 . 1 . P a l p a l bu l b - oval , the emb o l u s ( red- brown ) i s s tout at
Spec i men Type not l ocated . Pos s i b l y V i en n a . base , l on g and cu rved to the r i ght wi th the a p i c a l end compressed . Col our Dark earthy
Common name Syr i an s haggy mustard . brown . Abdomen spec k l ed ye l l ow , orn amented wi th a d ark med i an l i n e and chevrons . H ab i ­
D i stri bution Syr i a . No prec i se l oc a t i o n d at a . tat/Behaviour N o d a t a .
Desc r i pt i on Length , i nc l ud i n g s p i n nere t s , 39mm . C arapace 1 3mm . Chel i cerae 4mm . Fove a l
ho l e deep a n d transvers e . Sternum s l i gh t l y l onger t h an w i de . Oppos i te coxa of l eg 3 , Spec i es v a l enti n u s ( Dufour 1820 ) Spai n .
d i mp l e s ( Au s serer does not make i t c l ear i f h e i s descr i b i ng the s i g i l l a . P a l ps reach Ref . Myga l e v . Dufour 1820 . Am . Gen . Sci . Phys . 5 p . . 101 .
to the end t i b . of leg 1 and have w i d e scap u l ae spi nes ( l eg 1 ) u nders i de t i b i a 1 , met . Myga l e val enci ana Wal ckenaer 1 837 . H i s t . Nat . I n s . Apt . 1 p . 228 ( Ma l e ) .
1 . ( l eg 2 ) under s i d e , t i b . 2 . met . 1 . ( l eg 3 ) unders i d e , t i b . l l . Anteri or f ace 1 , 2 . Trecho n a v . Thore l l 1870 . On E u rop . Spi d . p . 1 6 8 . Notes .
Poster i or f ace 1 . 1 . Met . under s i de 1 . 1 . 1 . Numerous pr i ck l y h a i rs . S p i nnerets t as l on g I . v . Aus serer 187 1 . Ver h . Zoo l . Bot . Ges . W i en 21 p . 186 . Notes .
a s abdomen . Longer than tarsus of l eg 4 . Legs 3 , 4 covered wi th l on g h a i rs . C o l our Di stri but i on V a l enc i a , Spai n .
brown wi th l ong s h aggy d i rty ye l l ow h a i rs . Abdomen wi th i nd i s t i nct d ark spots Remarks The or i gi n al sc i ent i f i c descr i pt i on s are of h i stor i c a l i n terest but o f very
H abi tat No data . l i t t l e sc i ent i f i c v a l u e . I h ave been u n ab l e to l ocate the spec i men - but pres ume i t to
be i n the NHM - Par i s . Spec i e s i n urgent need of redescr i p t i on .
Speci e s tomentosus Thore l l 1899 Cameroon
Ref. Thore l l 1899 . B i h . Svel'l'S k . Vet . Ak H an d l e 2 5 ( 4 ) p . 9 .
Spec i me n Pres umed t o b e i n Geneva co l l ec t i on .
Remark s I h ave not stud i ed the spec i men and have been u n ab l e t o get ho l d of a copy of
Thore l l ' s p aper . An i nteres t i ng s pec i e s wh i ch i s in urgent need of redescr i pt i on . GENUS N ES I E RGUS Si mon 1 90 3
Ref . S i mon 1 909 . H i s t . Nat . Ara i gn 2 ( 4 ) p . 928 .
H i r s t 1 9 1 1 . Trans . L i n n . Soc . Lond . ( 2 Zoo l ) 14 ( 3 ) p . 388 .
Beno i t 1 978 . Zool . Afr i c . 92 No . 2 p . 4 1 2 .
Spec i e s tri angu l i fer Aus serer 1871 Sici ly
Ref . Aus serer 1871 . Verh . Zoo l . Bot . Ges . W i en 2 1 p . 189 . Gener i c type N . i ns u l anus Type MNHP . 14ogo .
Syn Actena tri angu l i fe r Dol . Tof . 5 p . 21 . Remark s .
Spec i men Not l oc ated . Pos s i b l y V i en n a . Col l ected by Grohmann . The genus Nes i ergus was estab l i shed i n 1903 b y S i mon to house a fema l e spec i men
D i stri bution S i c i l y . No l oc a l i ty d a t a . despatched to him from the Seyche l l es .
Common name S i c i l i an Pharoah t arantu l a . I n 1978 Beno i t d i scovered that a spec i men i n the BMNH col l ec t i on ( d i scovered i n
Descri p t i on No d at a on measurement s . Spi nnerets l on g and erect . Legs l on g and t h i c k , 1910 by col l ectors i n the Percy S l aden exped i t i on ) wh i c h H i rst had l i sted i n 1 9 1 1 as
w i t h t h i ck tarsal scopu l ae . Note p aper l i mi ted to col our and descr i pt i on of ocu l ar N. i ns u l anus to be , on further i nvest i gat i on , a new spec i es wh i ch he c a l l ed N . h a l oph­
l ayou t . Col o u r The who l e body ( except the che l i cerae wh i ch i s rubbed/g l azed ) i s cov­ i l us . Note the BMNH spec i men is not the type s pec ime n , because Beno i t had l oc ated
ered with short t h i c k ( l onger setae on l egs ) h a i rs . B as i c col our of body red d i sh-brown spec i mens of the s ame spec i e s i n the Royal Museum of Afr i ca MRAC - wh i ch he d e s i g n ated
the poster i o r p art of the abdomen , ye l l owi s h -brown . Aus serer i s not c l ear ( l at i n des- as the types .
 1 33
Di agno s i s . Descri p t i on Fema l e , spec i men damaged . ( BMNH 10-5- 1 -4 ) Length 1 5mm . Carapace 8 . 5x6mm .
D i ffers from I schnocol u s by hav i ng on l y the tarsal scopu l ae of l eg s 3 , 4 , d i v i ded by Legs Leg 1 ( 22 . 5mm . ) Leg 2 ( 1 9 . 5mm . ) Leg 3 ( 1 7 . 2 5mm . ) Leg 4 ( 2 5 . 25mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 .
a w i de band of setae . Leg 2 i s d i v i ded by a t h i n band of s e tae and l eg 1 , i s on l y par­ C arapace ( 864 ) l onger than w i d e and rai sed i n the reg i on of the caput . Tarsal scopu l ae
ted . In many ways the genus is c l os e l y rel ated to Chaetopelma ( from wh i c h it is h i g h l y Tarsus of l eg 4 ( 870) d i v i ded . Tarsus of l eg 3 ( 8 7 7 ) d i v i ded . Tarsus of l eg 2 ( 869 )
l i ke l y t h e genus Nesi ergus deve l oped ) . I t h a s a dou b l e t i b i a l spur and n arrow c l ypeus . l i ght l y d i v i ded by setae . Tarsus of l eg 1 ( 868) parted . Tarsal c l aws ( 874 ) not toothed
The p a l p a l bu l b i s a l so very s i mi. l ar , h av i ng a l on g taper i ng embo l u s w i th no keel s . Spi nes . T i b . met . of l eg s 3 , 4 ( 8 7 1 -872-87 3 ) heav i l y s p i ned . L a b i u m , s ternum and coxa
D i ffers by t h e fact that the p r i mary t i b i a spur has a d i s t i nc t c l aw beneath the comb of p a l p ( 86 1 ) , l ab i um has a w i d e broad band of c u s p u l es/granu l e s . For l ayou t of s i g ­
of s p i nes and i s c apped by a l ong s i ng l e s p i ne . ( Note , the l ong s p i ne i s u n l i k e l y to i l l a - see i l l u strat i on . Spi nnerets very s hort ( H i rs t - s p i nnerets m i s s i ng ) . Sperma­
be a generi c taxonomi c feature ) . The c arapace/caput i s rai sed . thecae ( 865-866 ) - semi n a l receptac l es h ave a broad b a s a l end - con s i derably broader
than i n su l anus ( 86 6 ) After Beno i t . Male ( Beno i t ) Length 17 . 5mm . Carapace 7 . 4x50mm .
Gener i c key.
T i b i a l spur ( 87 5 ) d i v i ded i nto pri mary and second ary segmen ts . Pri mary spur has a comb
1) The tarsal scopul ae of l eg s 3 , 4 , i s d i v i ded by a w i de band of setae . Leg 2 , d i v i ­ of s p i ne s , a c l aw/hook and l on g s p i ne . P a l p a l bu l b ( 8 76 ) After Beno i t . - embo l us i n ­
ded by a narrow band o f setae . Leg 1 , i s s i mp l y p arted . i t i a l l y s tout but taper i n g q u i c k l y to a po i nted ap i c al end , curved . No keel s . Colour
2) Clypeus - very narrow o r n o d i v i s i on . Uni form redd i sh-brown wi th a b l ac k i sh med i an l i ne on the abdomen and chevron s .
3) Ti b i al spur - d i v i ded i nt o a p r i mary and secondary s p u r . P r i mary spur i s c apped Note Layout of ocu l ar arrangement i s very unstab l e and when a s e r i e s i s o bserved i t
w i t h a row/comb of s p i ne s and a l on g s p i ne . Beneath the comb i s a d i s t i n c t c l aw i s not i ce ab l y that some haloph i l us are very s i mi l ar to i ns u l anu s .
or hook . ( t«Jte , on l y the mal e of N . haloph i l us h a s been desc r i bed .
4) P a l pal bul b embo l us s tout as base and taperi n g to ap i c a l po i n t , curved but no
-

kee l s .
5) Ocul ar arrangement PME i s smal l er than PLE. ( S i mon ) . Note that i n one s pec i men
BMNH 1 0 - 5 - 1 - 4 the PLE and PME were a l mo s t equal - dubi ous taxonom i c feature .
6) Labio-sternum mounds - absent on l ab i um/s ternum su ture .
7) Carapace/caput i s r a i sed .
8) Foveal hol e - transverse/s t ra i g h t .
9) Spi nes - li b . met . of l eg s 3 , 4 , heav i l y s p i ned . 866
10) Spi nnerets - shor t . ( No t e , H i r s t s i ng l e s out th i s feature but h i s spec i men i s now
bad l y d amaged and the s p i nnerets are mi s s i n g . Beno i t f a i l s to men t i o n th i s taxon­
omi c feature in h i s paper . After Benoi t
Synonymy/Revi si ons .
Note Spec i mens l i s ted by H i rst ( 19 1 1 . Trans . L i n n . Soc . Lond . ) from the Percy S l a­
den exped i t i o n ) as N. i nsul anus were rev i sed in 1 978 by Beno i t and redescri bed as
N. haloph i l us .
Spec i es i n c l uded.
insu l anus S i mon 1 903 . haloph i l us Beno i t 1 978 .
Di stri buti on 865
The genus appears to be confi ned to the Seyche l l e i s l ands , spec i f i c a l l y the I s l ands
of Fregate , Curi euse , Rec i f and S i l houette - but as a number of spec i mens have no l oc ­
a t i on data ( other than l i sted as t h e Seyche l l e s ) i t i s probab l e that t h e genu s i s a l so
present on the l arges t i s l and , Mahe - on wh i ch the Percy S l aden exped i t i on spent some
t i me . I t i s l i ke l y that hal ophi l us i s more w i de l y d i stri buted than i ns u l anus .
Habi tat The Seyche l l es cons i st of over n i nety sma l l i s l ands - mos t of wh i ch are l ow
l yi n g and h ave a trop i c a l c l i mate and accompanyi ng veget a t i on . Some h i l l s i de forest s .
Behaviour N o data avai l ab l e . L i ke l y t o be a s h a l l ow burrow i n g s p i der - beneath o l d
l og s and roc k s .

Cl imate Port V i ctor i a Mah e . R a i nfa l l . November -March 380-230mm . Temperature/humi d i ty 867
Apr i l 74% ( 86F ) September 76% ( 82F ) December 78% ( 83F ) .

( F i gs . 861 - 8 7 7 )

Spec ies h a l oph i l us Beno i t 1 978 Seyc he l l e s

Ref. Beno i t 1972 . Zool . Afr i c . 92 ( N o . 2 ) p . 4 1 2 .
Syn . N . i nsul anus H i rst 1 91 1 . Tran s . L i nn . Soc . London . Zoo l . 1 4 p . 383 .
Specimens Type MRAC . ( Mu s . Roy. Afr i c . Centr . ) 145439 . Ma l e 143293 . c o l l ec tor H . P .
Thomas s et t . Congener BMNH . 10-5 - 1 - 4 . ( Percy S l aden E x p . ) . S i l houette , Rec i f . 864
Di stri but i on F regate , C u r i euse , S i l houette , Rec i f .
Conmon n ame L e s ser Seyche l l e brown .
134
Spec i es i nsu l anus S i mon 1 902 Seyche l l es
Ref . S i mon 1 902 . H i s t . Nat . Ara i gn 2 ( 4 ) p . g 22 .
874
.-, .
Benoi t 1978. Rev . Zoo l . Afr i c . 92 No . 2 . p . 4 1 1 .
Specimen Type MNH - Pari s . S i mon co l l ec t i o n No . 14090 .
D i stri bution Seychel l es . No l oca l i ty dat a .
Co111110 n n ame Greater Seyche l l e brown .
.I , ..
·
.
Descri ption ( Fema l e ) Length 2 g 1TVT1 . C arapace l l . 5x8 . 51TVT1 . Tarsal d i v i s i on as haloph i l us

··
.
..
.
I : Ti b . met . of l egs 3 , 4 , heav i l y s p i ned . L ab i um , sternum and coxa of p a l p . ( 878) cus­
'" <1
· r.
.\
1 I p u l es/granu l es on coxa of palp are t r i angu l ar in p at tern than h a l o ph i l us . For l ayou t
!J
. · II l/
of cuspu l es - s e e i l l ustrat i o n . F o v e a l groove , wi de a n d transvers e . Che l i ceral teeth
·: \''" ") : .
.
( 880 ) very s i mi l ar to halophi l us . Spermathecae ( 881 ) sem i n a l recep t ac l es are con s i de.r­
'"
.".II ·:
· · .
1 :. ab ly narrower than ha l oph i l us al though i t i s obv i ous from the organ t h a t the two
> '1 "
.

spec i es are c l o s e l y rel ated . Col our chestnut-brown , the abdomen b e i n g s l i gh t l y l i gh ter .
: \I" . 877 Remarks As the mal e of N . i nsu l anus has yet to be descr i bed , the spec i es i s l i m i ted
: :1r. : :·1 ."
·:_u: ·
to cri ter i a based pure l y on the femal e taxonom i c c h aracter i st i cs of a s i ng l e fema l e
\ spec i men w i t h n o l oc a l i ty dat a . I t wi l l b e i nterest i ng t o see i n the future i f new
Nesi ergus spec i es can be l ocated from the Seyche l l es and i n turn what are the
. . . . taxonomi c d i fferences between such c l ose l y re l ated i s l and mater i a l - h av i n g evo l ved i n
i so l at i on from i n i t i al Chaetopelma stoc k .

859 868

After Beno i t
. f 1 ·..
·: IjIJ :'
After Beno i t

· ·11' :
· .1 )
.

. : \'•
'

870
:�·�1\: 879
·
'/, )\

882
871

\
B75
B72 873 881

F i g s . 861-877 N . h a l oph i l us ( 85 1 ) l ab i um , sternum a n d c o x a of pa l p . ( 85 2 ) chel i c ­

erae , i nternal face . ( 853) che l i ceral teeth . ( 854 ) che l i cerae , rai sed c aput . ( 85 5 ) 880
spermathecae-sem i n a l receptac l es . ( 865 ) semi n a l recept ac l e - After Beno i t . ( 857 )
c l ypeu s , ocu l ar tuberc l e ( 868) tarsus of l eg 1 . ( 86 9 ) t arsus of l eg 2 . ( 8 7 7 ) tar­
sus of l eg 3. ( 87 0 ) tarsus of l eg 4 . ( 87 1 ) S p i nes , t i b . met . of l eg 3 . ( 872 ) met .
of l eg 4 . P/f . ( 873 ) met . t arsus o f l eg 4 . A/ f . ( 8 74 ) tarsal c l aw . (875) t i b i al
spu r . After Beno i t . ( B75 ) P a l p a l b u l b . F i gs . 878-882 . N . i nsul anus ( 87 8 ) l ab i um , sternum and coxa of p a l p . ( 879 ) c l ypeus
and ocu l ar tuberc l e ( 880 ) che l i ceral teeth ( 881 ) spermathecae - semi n a l receptac l e s .
( 882 ) semi n a l receptac l e ( After Beno i t ) .
 135

S i mp l i fi ed .
I l l u strated key to the genera of the Sel enogyr i nae subfami l y .
S ELENOGYRI NAE s ubfa m i ly (new subfa m i ly) A) Stri d u l a t i n g organ on t h e i n s i de o f t h e c he l i cerae . No s t r i d u l at i n g organ between
the coxa of the p a l p and the c he l i cerae or between the coxa of l eg 1 .
Ref . Sel e nogyr i n ae . Smi th 1 990 . Taran tu l as of Afr i c a And The M i d d l e East .
Type genus Sel enogyrus Pocock 189 7 .
... ....
...
Retaarks .
Th i s new subfami l y has been created to house Afri can genera wh i ch have a d i s t i nct , ... "' .....
.... "' ....
str i d u l at i n g organ on the i ns i de of the c he l i cerae and wh i c h l ack a stri du l at i ng organ ,, ....
...... .....
between the p a l p and the chel i cerae and between the palp and l eg 1 . F i rs t recogn i sed - .....
......
by H i rs t 1 908 . Ann . Mag . Nat . H i s t . (8) 2. p . 401 .
At present I have l oc ated two Afr i c an genera , S e l enogyrus Pocock 1897 and Euphr i c ­ .. .... ... - .......
t u s 1908 wh i c h d i s p l ay these c h aracter i st i cs . Raven 1985 concl uded that a t h i rd gen u s ,
Zophopelma Beno i t 1965 i s synonymous w i t h Euphri ctus . I be l i eve that Zophopel ma l ac k s
.... .... ... ..... ..... ,
.... .....
a key taxonom i c c h aracter i s t i c wh i ch i s found i n E uphri ctus a n d a l though c l o s e l y re­ ..... ....

l ated i s not synonymou s . ( see Synonymy ) .

..... .....
Both of these genera h ave certa i n key taxonom i c ch aracter i s t i cs , such as l ab i o ­ _ ..... .... .....
s ternum mounds , s i gmoi d depre s s i on of t h e ma l e t ar su s , heavy s p i n at i on of rear l eg s ..... , ....
wh i ch have d i rect l i nk s w i t h both the primary Afr i can subfami l y o f t h e reg i on , E umeno­
phor i nae and the secondary subfami l y J schnoco l i na e , wh i ch l eads me to conc l ude that
Sel enogyr i n ae is l i ke w i s e , a secondary subfami l y and a spin off from the E umenophori ­
nae.
A l e s s sat i sfac tory scenar i o is that Sel enogyrus and Euphrictus are the surv i v i ng gen ­
era of a much o l der grou p , pos s i bl y h a v i n g devel oped a l ongs i de t h e Eumenophor i n ae and
that the J sc h nocol i nae subfami l y evol ved from the Sel enogyr i n ae subfami l y - l os i ng
alon g the way the primi t i ve c he l i ceral stri d u l a t i n g organ . Such a devel opment wou l d
exp l a i n the absense ( once the c he l i ceral s tr i d u l a t i ng organ h a d been l o s t ) o f any ves­
t i ge of a s tr i d u l at i ng organ i n the J s chnoco l i nae s ubfam i l y - o n the pal p and leg 1 .

Note , I do not bel i eve that t h i s subfami l y i s re l ated i n any way to the Far E astern
Sel enocosmi n ae subfami l y - some of whose genera a l so h ave the remai ns of a promi t i ve
c he l i ceral s t r i du l at i ng organ .
Di agnosi s .
On the i ns i de of the chel i cerae there are c l avate or peg - l i ke set ae - wh i ch I
bel i eve are the rema i ns of a p r i m i t i ve s t r i d u l at i ng organ - wh i c h func t i o n s when the
two chel i ceral segmen ts are moved up and down and rub together . There i s no s t r i d u ­
l at i ng organ between t h e c o x a of the p a l p a n d the c he l i cerae a n d between the p a l p and
1 eg 1 . The c l ypeus i s a 1 so absent and 1 abi o- s tern um mounds are present i n some
spec i es . 1) Stout peg- l i ke setae and thorn - l i ke s p i nes on the i ns i de of the chel i cerae .
D i stribu t i on . Equator i a l Afr i c a .
2) Tarsal d i v i s i on tarsal scopu l ae of l eg 4 d i v i ded by a broad band of setae . Re­
Genera I nc l uded Euphri c t u s H i r s t 1908 . Selenogyrus Pocock 13g 7 , ma i nder by a t h i n l i ne of setae .
Synonymy.
Raven 1985 . Amer i can Mus . Nat . H i s t . ( 182 ) p . 160 came to the conc l u s i on on study i n g 3) Foveal groove - procurved .
Beno i t ' s type mater i a l a t t h e MRHC - Bel g i um , t h a t t h e Congo genus Zophopelma was syn­
onymou s w i t h Euphri c tu s . My on l y concern i s that Beno i t does not ment i on peg - l i ke set­ 4) C l ypeus - absen t .
ae on the i ns i d e of the c he l i cerae and h i s i l l ustrat i o n i nd i c ates that these are not
present . I wou l d thus conc l ude that a l though c l o s e l y re l ated Zophopelma i s not synony­ 5) Rastel l um - present o n front o f c he l i cerae .
mou s w i th Euphr i c tu s . The s i gmoi d tarsal g ap i n the m a l e i nd i c ates that the genus
be l ongs to the I schnoco l i n ae subfami l y . 6) T i b i al spur - absent . Two stout s p i nes present on s i ng l e representat i ve m a l e of
gen u s .

7) P a l pa l bu l b - embo l u s l on g and taper i ng - no kee l s .

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • . . • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Euphri c tu s .
36

G E N U S EUPH R I CTUS H i rst 1 908

Ref . H i rs t 1908. Ann . Mag . Nat . H i s t . (8) 2 P . 404 .
Beno i t 1965 . Rev . Zool . Bot . Af r i c . LXXXl ( 3 -4 ) p . 300 .
Raven 1985 . Ame r . Mus Nat . H i s t . ( 182 ) p . 1 6 0 .
Generi c type spi nosus H i rst 1908 .
Remark s .
A primi t i ve Therapho s i d and one o f the few Theraphos i d genera wh i ch have a ras­
tel l um at the front of the che l i cerae - and may i nd i cate a feature wh i ch has been l os t
i n many of t h e more advanced Theraphos i d subfami l i e s .
I f one fo 1 1 ows t h i s argument through to i t s cone l us i o n one tends to f i nd onese l f
ten t i ve l y arg u i ng that the S e l enogyri nae are the survi vors o f a much l arger primi t i ve
evo l u t i on ary Therapho s i d group . The probl em w i th so few genera i s that i t i s i mpos s ­
i b l e t o eval uate s u c h data o n a more broader sca l e .
D i ag n o s i s
The c he l i ceral s tr i d u l at i ng organ takes t h e form o f stout , peg - l i ke setae and t h i ck
thorn l i k e sp i nes . There i s a l so a raste l l um present on the front of the c he l i cerae .
The c l ypeus i s absent and i n the ma l e there i s no t i b i a l spur . Fovea l h o l e procurved
and s p i nes are present i n l arge numbers on the t i b . and met . of l egs 3 , 4 .
Generi c key
l} Stri dul ati ng organ - on the i n s i de of the c he l i cerae , made up of stout peg- l i k e
and t horn l i ke sp i ne s .
2) No str i d u l ating organ o n t h e coxa and troc h . of p a l p and l eg 1 .
3) C l ypeus - absent .
4) Foveal groove - procurved .
5) Rastel l um ( Sp i nes ) on front of c h e l i cerae .
6) Ti b i a l spur - absen t . Note Stout s p i nes at apex of t i b . of l eg 1 .
7) Spi nes - present i n l arge n umbers of t i b . met . and tarsus of l egs 3 , 4 .
Spec i e s i nc l uded
s p i nosus H i rs t 1 908 .
D i stri but i on R i ver J a , C ameroon s .

Habi tat Equator i a l r a i nfore s t . Data l i mi ted but raste l l um i nd i c ates a burrow i n g spe­
c i e s . Probab l y s i l k l i ned bu rrows on s l op i ng forest f l oors .
C l i mate Wet season between Apr i l -Septembe r . Gu i ne a mon soon effects c l i mate and zone
is part i c u l a r l y wet between June-September . Temperature 8DF . average . H um i di ty J anu ary
95% ( 80F } Apr i l 94% ( 86F ) September 95% ( 8 1F ) .
1) Large c l avate setae on i ns i de of the chel i cerae .
( F i gs . 883 - 891 )
2) Tarsa l d i v i s i on tars a l scopu l ae of l eg 4 d i v i ded by a band of setae .
Speci es spi nosus H i rs t 1 908 Cameroon
3) Foveal groove - procurve d . Ref . Type ( Ma l e ) BMNH 1 908-8- 1 1 - 2 . co l l ected by Mr . G . L . B ate s .
Di str i buti on R i ver Ja ( Oj a ) C ameroo n s .
4) Clypeus - absent or very n arrow . Common name Ja ye l l ow baboon .
Desc r i p t i on (Mal e ) Length 1 5 . 5mm . C arapace 7 . 7 5mm . Pat , t i b , t arsus of p a l p ( 7 . 75mm . )
5) Rastel l um - absent . Leg 1 ( 26mm . ) Leg 4 ( 29mm. ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Pat+ t i b of l eg 1 ( 9 . 5mm . ) . Pat+t i b of l eg 4
( 9 . 5mm . ) . C arapace equal to pat , t i b and t ars u s of p a l p . Met . of l egs 1 , 2 , h a l f scopu­
6) Ti b i a l s p ur - Pri mary and secondary segme n t s . B a s a l f l oor of spur has a number of l ate at d i s t a l end . Foveal ho l e ( 884 ) procurved . C l ypeus ( 89 1 ) absen t . Spi nes T i b . and
thorn - l i ke s p i nes . met . of l egs 3 , 4 , armed rentra l l y and l atera l l y wi th a l arge number of s p i nes . Leg 1
( 888-889 ) . A/f of t i b . w i t h a stout s p i ne and second ary sp i ne at ap i c al end . 3 spi nes
7) I n s i de o f Femur o f pal p has a number o f s p i ne s at apex . a l on g l ength ( 889 ) ventral s u rface of t i b . met . h e av i l y s p i ned - see i l l u strat i on .
Pal pal bu l b - embo l u s l on g and tapered w i t h a s l i ght twi s t i n the m i d d l e . Sp i ne a t
8) Labi a-sternum mounds - present i n some spec i e s . apex of t i b i a o f pal p - be l ow tarsus /cymb i um . Col our Carapace ye l l owi s h , abdomen brown
w i t h l on g l i ght yel l owi s h h a i rs . Unders i de much l i ghter i n co l ou r .
g) Pal pal bul b - embo l u s , stout a t base - l on g and t aper i ng . N o k ee l s .

• . • • • • • . • • • . . • • • • • . . • • . . • • • • . . . • • . . . . . • . . • • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . Se 1 enogyru s .
 137

' GENUS SELENOGYRUS (Pocock 1 89 7

Ref . Pocock 1 89 7 . Proc . Zoo l . Soc . Lon d . p . 76 7 .

'
... H i rst 1 908 . Ann . Mag . N at . H i s t . ( 8 ) 2 p . 404 .
....
.....
Type genus S . caeru l eus 8MNH 1896 - 1 2 - 20 - 2 1 - 2 5 .
....
' ..... Remarks .
886
..... ' The genus was or i g i n al l y created to house two spec i mens from S i erra Leone , wh i ch
..... ' Pocock had , on s tudyi ng i n 1896 , real i sed were examp l es of an exc i t i ng new genus . O n
.... ...
..... .... remov i ng t h e cne l i cerae , Pocock had noti ced d i s t i nct c l avate ( sc i m i tar s h aped ) setae
.... ..... ...... ..... o n the i ntern a l face - wh i c h he conc l uded was l i ke l y to be a p r i m i t i ve s tr i du l at i ng
...... .....
.... organ . These were the f i rst Theraphos i d spec i mens to be found wh i c h i nd i cated the ex­
i s tance of a group wHh a p r i m i t i ve stridul at i n g organ between the che l i cerae .
Unfortunate l y the two spec i mens d i d not have l oc a l i ty data ( other than country of
ori g i n ) and u p u n t i l two years ago no new mater i a l has su rfaced in the BMNH col l ec t i on
to wi den our understand i ng of t h i s genus . Note both S i mon and Stran d h ave a s s i gned
spec i es to the gener a , but only S i mon ' s afr i canus g i ves us a col l ec t i on s i te , Ass i n i e ,
884
o n the I vory Coast . Strand ' s brunneus i s o f u nknown ori g i n - h i s notes s i mp l y l i st i ng
the area of o r i g i n as W . Afr i c a . A somewhat l arge l oc a l i ty to s ay the l east .
I n 1988 wh i l e s tudyi n g congeners of Eumenophorus c l emen t s i - I d i scovered ( on re­
mov i ng the che l i cerae ) a new examp l e of S e l enogyrus , wh i c h was co l l ected by M r . E .
887 Aus t i n i n S i erra Leone i n l8g8 but wh i ch aga i n , unfortunat e l y , h ad no prec i se l oc a l i ty
889 data. Th i s mater i a l col l ected i n S i erra Leone between the years 1896 and 1898 , does on
the other hand g i ve a probab l e col l ec t i on l oc a l i ty - s i mp l y based on the t i me span
i nvol ved .
I n the l at e n i neteenth century a short l ength of rai l way was constructed between
Freetown and Pendembu , p as s i ng between Moyamb i , Mane , Bo and Keneman . I t i s l i ke l y
that i t i s from th i s reg i on that S i erra Leone Eumenophorus and Se l enogyrus mater i a l
was col l ected . I t i s i nterest i ng to note that a l arge number of BMNH Theraphos i d spe­
c i mens were col l ected by engi neers and c i v i l servants t ak i ng part in the bu i l d i ng of a
Co l on i a l i nternal i nfrastructure i n Afr i c a and I nd i a duri ng the l ate n i neteenth cen­
tury. Over two-thi rds of the BMH spec i mens h a i l from Bri t i sh Emp i re terr i tori es .
891
D i agnosi s
The Sel enogyrus have a d i s t i nct s tr i du l at i ng organ between the che l i cerae made up
of l arge c l avate ( sc i m i t ar shaped setae ) . The c l ypeus is n arrow or absent and u n l i ke
Euphri ctus there i s no raste l l um on the front of the che l i cerae . The foveal ho l e i s
procurved and i n the male there i s a t i b i a l spur made up of p r i mary and secondary seg­
men t s . Spi nes present in l arge numbers on the t i b i a and met atarsus of l egs 3 , 4 .
890
Generi c key
1) Str i du l ati ng organ on the i n s i de of the che l i cerae has l arge c l avate ( sc i m i tar
883 s h aped ) setae .
2) No stridul at i ng organ on the coxa of the p a l p , externa l f ace of the che l i cerae or
on the coxa o f l eg 1 .
3) No raste l l um on the front of the che l i cerae .
4) Foveal groove - procurved .
5) C l ypeus - narrow or absen t .
6) Ti b i al spur - Mal e . Leg 1 has a t i b i a l spur made up of a pri mary and second ary
segment s .
7) Spi nes - present i n l arge numbers or t i b . and met . of l egs 3 , 4 .
8) Tarsal scapul ae o f l e g 4 d i v i ded by a band of setae .

= i gs . 883-891 E . spi nosus ( 883 ) Coxa and s ternum . ( 884 ) Procurved foveal groove S pe c i e s i nc l uded
[ 885 ) Chel i cerae , i n terna l f ace . Note s t r i du l at i ng organ and raste l l um . ( 886 ) S tr i d ­ africanus ( S i mon 1887 ) . aureus Pocock 1897 . aust i n i u s ( New spec i es ) . brunneus
J l at i ng organ - stout peg and thorn l i k e setae . ( 88 7 ) Chel i ceral teeth . ( 888 ) A/f . Strand 1 907 . caer u l eus Pocock 1897 .
: i b . met . o f l eg 1 . ( 889 ) Ventral f ac e . t i b . met . o f l eg 1 . ( 89 0 ) P a l p a l bu l b . ( 8gl ) Di s t r i bution S i erra Leone ( see Remar k s ) and As s i n i e , I vory Coas t . I t i s h i gh l y l i ke l y
: l ypeys , ocu l ar tuberc l e . that Strand ' s brunneus h a i l s from t h e former German col ony o f Togo . T i cketed s i mp l y as
West Afri c a .
138
Habi tat Data l i m i ted - but i t is l i ke l y to be the E qu ator i a l r a i n forest bel t .
C l imate R a i ny season May-September . Peaks between J u l y-Augu s t . Apr i l 56mm . May 160mm.
June 302mm . J u l y 894mm . Augu s t 902mm . September 6 1 0mm . October 3 1 0mm . November Al
1 32mm. December 4 lmm . Temperature/Hum i d i ty . January 82% ( 81 F ) March 81% ( 80F ) lJ
June 86% ( 7gF ) September 90% ( 79F ) November 85% ( 8 2F ) .

Speci es africanus ( S i mon 1887 ) I vory Coast

Ref . Hapalopus a . S i mon 1887 . Ann . Soc . E n t . F rance ( 6 ) p . 27 5 .
S . a . S i mon 1 90 3 . H i st N at . Ara i gn 2 ( 4 ) p . 927 .
Speci men Type MNH - Pari s . S i mon col l ec t i on .
D i str i buti on As s i n i e , I vory Coas t .
Remarks .
Type not exami ned and I h ave not been ab l e t o get ho l d o f the ori g i n a l sc i en t i f i c
pape r . Th i s spec i es i s i n u rgent need o f redescr i pt i on and subsequen t l y I h ave tent­
at i ve l y fo l l owed S i mo n ' s o r i g i n a l c l as s i f i ca t i on and p l aced i t i nto the Sel enogyrus 892
genu s .

( F i g s . 892 - 91 1 ) 897
895
Spec i es aureus Pocock 1897 S i erra Leone
Ref. Pocock 1 8g7 . P roc . Zoo l . Soc . Lond . p . 768 .
894 ....... ........�
Specimen BMNH Type 6 5 -83 M a l e ( bad l y d amaged ) .
D i stri buti on S i er r a Leone . No type l oc a l i ty .
ColllTion name Go l den baboon s p i der .
Descr i pt i on ( Ma l e ) Length 3lmm . Carapace 1 2 x1 0mm . Che l i cerae 4mm. P a l p 23mm . Leg 1
( 40mm . ) Leg 2 ( mi s s i ng ) Leg 3 ( 35mm. Leg 4 ( 44 . 5mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Foveal groove
g
( 894 ) procurved . Coxa, troch . of p a l p ( 8 9 ) No stri du l at i ng organ . Cox a , troch . of
l eg 1 . ( goo ) No s t r i d u l at i ng organ . Chel i ce r a l , i n tern al f ace ( 895 ) i ns i de of chel i c­
erae h as a seri es ( 896 ) of c l avate ( sc i mi tas shaped ) setae . L ab i um , s ternum and coxa
of p a l p (898) smal l , l ab i o - sternum mounds of suture . For l ayout of cuspu l es/gran u l es
and s i g i l l a - see i l l u s t r at i on . S p i nes Femur of p a l p ( 90 1 ) has a p r i mary s p i ne and
thorns at ape x . T i b . met . of l egs 3 , 4 ( F i g s . 902-903-904-905- g Q6 ) heav i l y s p i ned - see
i l l u strat i o n . C l ypeus ( 893 ) absen t . Note projec t i ng soft t i ssue over che l i cerae i s
not anter i or face o f c arapace . T i b i a l spur ( 908-909 - 9 1 0 ) P r i mary and second ary spur 893
wi t h s i n g l e l on g s p i nes and smal l er secondary sp i nes . Femur of leg 3, s l i gh t l y i n ­
crassate. P a l p a l bu l b ( 90 7 ) embo l u s stout a t basal po i nt , l ong and taper i n g . Apex
broken off . Col our U n i form coat i ng of brown i sh ye l l ow h a i rs wh i ch have a f i ery gol den
t i nge - espec i al l y on the femora .

904

F i gs . 892-911 S. aureus ( 89 2 ) (Mal e ) ( 893 ) c l ypeus , ocu l ar tuberc l e ( 894 ) fo­

veal groove-procurved . ( 895 ) chel i cerae , i n tern a l face. Note . c l avate setae . ( 896 )
905 c l avate setae . ( 897 ) che l i ceral teeth ( 898 ) l ab i um , s ternum and coxa of p a l p . ( 899 )
Troch . coxa of p a l p . ( 90 0 ) Troch . coxa of l e g 1 . ( 901 ) Femur of pal p . Note . s p i nes .
909 908 ( 902 ) Spi nes Ti b . met . V/surface of l eg 4 . ( 903 ) D/S rr.et . of l eg 4 . ( 90 4 ) t i b . of
903
l eg 3. ( 905 ) met . of l eg 3. D/surface . ( 906 ) met . of l e g 3. V/surface . ( 90 7 ) p a l p a l
906 bu l b . ( 908 ) P/f . t i b i a l spu r , p r i mary segmen t . ( 90 9 ) t i b i a l spur . ( 91 0 ) secondary
902 segment . ( 9 1 1 ) s p i nneret x 2 .
 139
( F i gs . 9 1 2 - 929)
919
Spec i es aust i n i us ( New spec i es ) S i erra Leone
Ref. Smi t h 1990 . Taran t u l as O f Afr i c a And The M i dd l e E as t .
Specimen O r i g i n a l l y t i c keted as Eumenophorus c l ement s i BMN H . Type 99- 1 1 - 1 5 - 5 - 6 .
( Fema l e ) co l l ected b y Mr . E . E . Aus t i n i n 1898 .
Etymo l ogy Named after co l l ector Mr . E . E . Au s t i n .
Di stri but i on S i erra Leon e . No l oca l i ty d at a .
926
Conman name Aus t i ns baboon .
Desc r i pt i on ( Fema l e ) Length 4 lmm . Carapace 1 7 x l 2mm . Che l i cerae 5mm. P a l p 27 . 5mm .
Leg 1 ( 4 4mm . ) Leg 2 ( 36mm . ) Leg 3 ( 36mm . ) Leg 4 ( 47mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Femur of l e g 3 ,
s l i gh t l y i ncrassate. Che l i ceral s tr i du l at i ng organ ( 9 1 3 ) c l avate setae are very stout­
cons i derab l y stouter t h an aureus and c aeru l eu s . C l ypeus ( 9 1 9 ) very narrow ,
but not absen t . Fovea l groove , procurved but n arrower than c aerul eus . Troch . /coxa of
l eg 1 ( 9 1 6 ) Note t h i c k ened h a i rs on Left-hand s i de of s u tu re rem i n i scent of setae i n
the Eumenopho r i nae . L ab i um , sternum and coxa o f p a l p ( g 2 1 ) cuspu l es/granu l es form a
d i s t i nct crescent at ante r i o r edge of l ab i um . Labi o/sternum mounds are very d i s t i nc t . 927
For l ayout of cuspu l es and s i g i l l a - see i l l u strat i on . Femur of p a l p ( 920 ) S i n g l e
spi ne a t apex w i t h s u rround i ng thorn l i ke s p i nes . Spi nes T i b . met . o f l eg 3 ( 924-92 5 ) 928
T i b . met . of l eg 4 . ( 926-927-928 ) . SpenTiathecae ( 92 9 ) Sem i n a l receptac l es are cons i d ­
erab l y n arrower at thei r base t h an c aeru l eu s . Col ou r I n s p i r i t . Uni form brown .
Remarks Desp i te the absense of a fema l e for S . aureus and s i mi l ar i t i es such as the
i ncrassate femur of leg 3. - I feel that the s p i nat i on on the l egs , the s h ape of the 925
c l avate setae , the shape of the cuspu l es on the l ab i um and the l ab i o s ternum mou nd s ,
i nd i c ate a new spec i es . Nevert he l e s s much rev i s i on and f i e l d work needs to be c arried
out on t h i s genu s . Habi tat No d at a .

915

F i gs . 912-929 S. austi n i us ( 91 2 ) Fema l e . ( 9 1 3 ) chel i cerae , i n tern a l f ac e . ( 9 1 4 )

c he l i ceral teet h . ( 9 1 5 ) s p i nneret . ( 9 1 6 ) Troc h . coxa of l eg 1 . ( 9 1 7 ) P/F . coxa of
l eg 1 . ( 9 1 9 ) c l ypeus , o c u l ar tuberc l e . ( 920 ) F emur of p a l p . ( 92 1 ) l ab i um , s ternum
and coxa of p a l p . ( 92 2 ) t i b . of p a l p . ( 923 ) c l avate setae on i ns i de of c h e l i cerae .
921 ( 924 ) Spi nes D/S met . of l eg 3 . ( 92 5 ) V/S . t i b . met . of l eg 3 . ( 926 ) O/S met . of
l eg 4 . ( 9 2 7 ) V/S t i b . of leg 4 . ( 928) V/S met . of l eg 4. ( 929 ) Spermathecae - semi ­
n a l receptac l e .
140
Species brunneus Strand 1907 W. Afr i c a .
Ref. Strand 1 907 . Zoo l . An z . 3 1 p . 55 2 .
Strand 1907 . Z e i tscher f . Naturw 79 p . 2 1 0 .
Specimen Type not l oc ated . I n urgent need of redes c r i p t i o n .
D i stri buti on N o l oc a l i ty d a t a other than W . Afr i c a . L i ke l y t o b e Togo :
Conrnon name Togo o l i ve-brown .
Descri ption ( Fema 1 e ) Length approx i mate l y 50mm . C arapace 18xl6mm . Abdomen 32x23mm .
Legs . Leg 1 ( 5 6 . 4mm . ) Leg 2 ( 50mm . ) Leg 3 ( 47mm . ) Leg 4 ( 5 9 . 8mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Fo­
vea l groove procurved . P aper conta i ns no data other than a descr i pt i on of the ocu l ar
arrangement , s p i nes and a co 1 our ,descr i pt i on . Co 1 ou r brown wi th greyi sh-o 1 i ve green
h a i rs . No meta l l i c b l ue setae . Habi tat No data .

( F i g s . 930 - 946)
S p eci e s c aeru l eus Pocock 1897 Si erra Leone
Note Roewer 1 954 C l ass i f i c a t i o n scheme l i s ts th i s spec i es as coeru l eus . The spec i men
i s t i cketed as caeru l eus and both Pocock ' s ori g i na l descri p t i on and S i mon ' s l ater
notes 1 903 refer to the spec i es as caeru l eus . Roewer ' s use of coeru l eus must be v i ewed
as a typesett i ng erro r .
Spec i me n Type BMNH 1896 - 1 2 - 20- 2 1 - 2 5 . B ad l y damaged - l egs m i s s i n g . Col l ected by Sur­
geon-Capta i n C l emen s . ( a l so col l ected Eumenophorus spec i men s . 935
Di stri but i on S i erra Leone . No l oc a l i ty data . g46
Co11111o n name Meta l l i c b l ue baboon s p i der .
Descri pt i on ( Fema l e ) Length 4 4mm . C arapace 18xl3mm . P a l p 32mm . Legs Leg 1 ( 48mm . )
Leg 2 ( 431M1 . ) Leg 3 ( 4 lmm . ) Leg 4 ( 55mm . ) . Legs 4 , 1 , 2 , 3 . Legs l ong and of approx i mate 93g
equal t h i ck n es s . Femur of l eg 3 on l y very s l i gh t l y i ncras s ate . Foveal groove ( g39 ) -
procurved and w i d e . C l ypeus ( 93 5 ) absent . Che l i cerae , i n ternal face ( 93 2 ) s tr i d u l a t i n g
organ i s made u p of l on g c l avate ( 93 3 ) setae . L a b i u m , c o x a of p a l p a n d s ternum ( 93 1 )
' 943

very s l i ght l ab i o- sternum mou nds . For l ayout of cuspul es/granu l es on l ab i um and s i g ­
i l l a on s ternum - see i l l ustrat i on . Tarsal scopu l ae ( 94 0 ) of l eg 4 d i v i ded by a w i de 941
band of setae . S p i nes Ti b i as and metatar s a l segments of l egs 3 , 4 heav i l y s p i ned . Leg 3
( 94 1 -942 ) Leg 4 ( 943 -944-945 ) . Spermathecae ( 946 ) sem i n a l recept ac l es have a consi der­
ably s touter base than the c l os e l y rel ated new spec i es au sti n i us . Col our C arapace ,
abdomen and 1 egs covered w i t h grey i s h -brown h a i rs , showi n g espec i a 1 1 y on the 1 egs ,
meta l l i c b l ue ref l ec t i on s . Habi tat No data .
940

944

945 942

F i g s . 930-946 S. caerul eus ( 930) Fema l e ( 9 3 1 ) l ab i um , s ternum and coxa of p a l p .

( 9 3 2 ) c he l i cerae , i n tern a l face ( 93 3 ) c l avate setae . ( 934 ) che l i ceral teeth ( 93 5 )
c l ypeus , ocul ar tuberc l e . ( 936 ) Femur of pal p -apex . ( 9 3 7 ) T i b i a of p a l p . ( 938 ) s p i n ­
934 nere t . ( 93 9 ) Foveal groove . ( 940 ) Tarsus of l e g 4 . V/S . ( 9 4 1 ) S p i nes V / S t i b . met .
o f l eg 3 . ( 94 2 ) T i b . of l eg 3 . ( 94 3 ) V/S t i b . met . o f l eg 4 . ( 94 4 ) t i b . o f l eg 4 .
( 9 4 5 ) Met . o f l e g 4 d/s ( 946 ) Spermathecae .
 141
References - B i b l i ography .
Primary Source Papers

A l l pri mary source reference , for ease of use , are l i sted d i rec t l y under the appro­
pri ate Subfami ly, Genus or Speci es t i t l e . For the sake of space I have not been a b l e
t o quote the t i t l e o f the s c i en t i f i c paper o n l y t h e abri dged reference of the Sci ent i ­
f i c Journ a l i n wh i ch i t was pub l i shed .

Secondary Source Materi a l I ndex Of Genera And Subfami l i es .

Bonnet l g4 5 . B i b l ograp h i e Araneorum . Tou l ouse . Vol . 1 .
Bri gno l i 1 983 . Catal ogue Of The Araneae 1 940-81 . Manches ter. The Genera Are Arranged I n Al phabet i c a l Order In The i r Rel evant Subfami l i es .
Comstock & Gertsch 1 948 . The S p i der Book . Coms tock Pub .
Forster 1 06 7 . Spi ders Of New Zeal and . Duned i n . (1) Subfami ly Eumenophori nae .
Raven 1 985 . B u l l et i n Amer i c an Museum Of Natural H i s tory. Vol . 182 .
Roewer 1 94 2 . K at a l og der Araneae . Bremen . Vol . 1 . Anop l oscel us 1 8 , 1 9 , 2 1 Loxoptygel l a 1 8 , 4 1
S avory 1 96 1 . Spi ders Scorp i on s And Men . London . Batesi e l l a 18 , 19 , 22 , 26 l oxoptygus 18 , 19 , 41
C i thari sch ius 5 , 18 , 1 9 , 24 Monocentropel l a 18 , 41
B i b l i ography ( General Book On Tarantu l as ) Encyocratel l a 18 , 26 Monocentropus 5 , 18 , 19 , 4 1
Encyocrates 18 , 1 9 , 2 2 , 23 , 26 Myosto l a 18 , 19 , 44
Baerg 1 9 5 8 . The Tarantu l a . Un i v . Kansas Pre s s . Eumenophorus 1 8 , 19 , 27 , 4 2 , 1 3 7 , 1 3 9 Pel i nobius 1 8 , 44
C l ouds l ey-Thompson 1 968 . Spi der s , Scorp i ons , Cent i pedes . Oxford Pergamon Pres s . Heterscodra 18 , 19 , 27 , 29 Phoneyusa 4 , 5 , 18 , 19 , 2 1 , 44
Foel i x 1 982 . B i o l ogy Of Spi ders . H arvard Uni vers i ty Pres s . Hysterocrates 18 , 19 , 21 , 31 Scodra 18 , 30 , 56
Kaston 1 944 . How To Know S p i ders . P i ctured Key N at ure Ser i e s . Loxomphal i a 18 , 1 9 , 40 Stromatopel ma 5 , 18 , 2 1 , 27 , 29 , 56
Lawrence 1 96 4 . A conspectus O f South Afr i c an Spi der s . Sci ence Bu l l e t i n Dept . Agr i c . Loxomphobema 18 , 40
Tech . Serv .
Levi 1 968 . Spi ders And The i r K i n . Gol den Press . (2) Subfami l y Harpact i ri nae.
Newl ands/Me i l l on 1 986 . S p i ders . Stru i k Pocket G u i des .
Smith 1 985 . Tarantu l a C l as s i f i c at i on And I dent i f i c at i on G u i d e . F i tzgera l d . London . Ashan t i a 89 Harpact i rel l a 6 2 , 63 , 66 , 89
Yates 1968. Spi ders Of South Afr i c a . Books of S . Afr i c a . Brachi onopus 6 2 , 63 , 65 , 66 , 89 I d iothel e 92
Ceratogyrus 5 , 62 , 63 , 6 5 , 67 Luphocemus 89
Popul ar Care G u i des Coel ogen i um 5 , 62 , 63 , 65 , 75 Pterinoch i l i des 92 , 101
Eucratosce l us 9 , 62 , 63 , 6 5 , 78 Pterinochi l us 4 , 5 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 79
Browni ng 1 981 . Tarantu l as . TFH . Harpact i ra 4 , 5 , 6 2 , 6 3 , 64 , 79 , 92
Lund 1 9 7 7 . Al l Abou t Tarant u l as . TFH .
Murphy 1 980 . Keep i ng Spi ders And Other I n sects . Bartho l omew . (3) Subfami l y I schnoco l i nae ( Part One ) .
Schu l tz 1 984 . The Taran tu l a Keepers Gu i de . Ster l i ng P ub l i s hers .
Smith 1 987 . How To Keep Tarant u l as . F i t zger a l d . Avi cuscodra 105 I schnocol us 3 , 4 , 104 , 105 , 10 7 , 108 . 1 22 , 1 23
Webb 1 987 . Wal l To Wal l Spi ders I mpr i n t . Chaetope l ma 3 , 6 , 1 04 , 105 , 106 , 1 08 , 1 23 Neoplesi ophri ctus 1 0 5 , i07 , 12 2 , 1 2 3 , 1 24
Cratorrhagus 1 05 , 1 06 , 1 1 6 Nesi ergus 105 , 10 7 , 1 3 2
Encyocratel l a 1 8 , 2 6 , 105 P l esi ophri ctus 1 05 , 107 , 1 2 2 , 1 23 , 1 24
Soc i et i es . Heterothel e 4 , 10 5 , 1 06 , 1 1 6
To der i ve the greates t s a t i sfac t i on out of ones chosen hobby, i t i s i mportant to
j o i n a soci ety and subsequen t l y s hare i n terests and i nforma t i on w i th l i ke m i nded i nd i ­ (4) Subfami ly Sel enogyr i n ae ( New )
v i du a l s - poss i bl y pub l i s h i ng your notes and research i n one o f the Journ a l s c i rcu­
l ated . For the enthus i as t i c amateur arachno l og i st there are four soc i e t i es to t i c k l e Euph r i ctus 1 3 5 , 1 3 6 Zophopelma 1 3 5
t h e p a l ate . Sel enogyrus 135 , 1 3 6 , 1 37

1) Bri t i sh Arachno l ogical Soci ety. Secretary , M . J . Robert s , 200 Abbey L ane , Shef­
f i e l d S80 BU, E n g l and .
2) Ameri can Arachnological Soci ety. Ameri c an Museum of Natural H i story, Central P ark
Wes t , 76th Street , New York 10024 , USA .
3) South African Spi der C l ub . Dr . Mart i n F i l mer , PO Box 8 1 1 1 2 , Parkhurst 2 1 2 0 , South
Afri c a .
4) Bri t i sh Tarantul a Soci ety. I t i s recommended b y the author that you j o i n t h e BTS .
E s t ab l i s hed i n 1 983 , i t has a l arge competent comm i ttee , 500 members , a l i ve l y
Journa 1 a n d enab l es t h e amateur arachno l o g i s t and Tarantu l a enthu s i as t t o swap
i deas and correspondence w i t h l i ke m i nded peopl e from a l l over the worl d v i a the
l et ter p ages of i ts Journ a l . Secretary, Ann Webb , 81 P h i l l i more P l ace , R ad l et t ,
Hertfordshi re WD7 8NL , E n g l and . ( Te l . 0923-85-607 1 ) .
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A D I N D E X (SPECI ES)
adenense 4 , 108 , 109 , 1 1 0 dar l i ng i 67 , 68 , 69 , 7 1 , 72 , 73 , 74
aegyptac i um 3 , 108 , 1 1 0 , 1 2 7 decemnotato 1 1 7 , 1 1 8
aff i n i s 3 2 , 92 , 93 , 1 1 7 , 1 18 decoratus 124 K R
afr i c anus 1 3 7 , 1 38 d i c tator 79 , 80 , 84 , 86 k arroo i ca 89 , 90 raffrayi 2 2 , 26
a l ger i cu s 123 , 126 di dymus 3 2 , 34 , 35 , 54 k h as i en s i s 124 raptor 93 , 1 0 1
a l i capi l l atum 59 do l i chocep h a l u s 68 , 73 , 74 raveni 7 5 , 7 7 , 78
a l l uaud i 92 , 9 3 , 94 domi c o l a 89 , 90 L robus t u s 32
anda l u s i acus 1 2 3 , 126 l ambertoni 4 1 , 42 , 43 robus t u s s u l c i fer 3 2 , 3 9 , 6 6 , 6 7
angus t i ceps 3 2 E l ap i dari a 90 , 92 rubi d a 40
annu l atus 66 , 67 ectypus 4 1 , 52 l at i ceps 32 , 33....._ 3 7 , 38 rufa 44 , 45 , 54
ant i l ope 4 5 , 4 6 eful i en s i s 4 5 , 50 , 51 l at i thorax 30 · rut i l at a 4 1 , 4 5 , 55
apos to l i cu s 32 , 33 e l ephanti as i s 4 5 , 5 1 l eb l ondi 3
arab i ca 1 08 el evata 94 l e l eu p i 90 , 9 1 s
atra 3 , 79 80 , 82 , 87 erl angeri 4 1 l esserti 21 , 22 , 44 , 4 5 , 53 , 54 , 5 s anderi 68 , 75
atropha 1 1 7 , 1 18 l i gh tfoo t i 89 , 90 , 91 satanus 56 , 62
aureus 1 3 7 , 1 38 , 139 F l i neata 7 9 , 80 , 84 , 86 , 87 scep t i cu s 3 2 , 39 , 40
aus sereri 59 fas c i c u l atus 1 2 3 , 126 l on g i ceps 9 , 78 , 79 schon l an d i 93 , 101
aus t i n i u s 137 , 139 , 140 fumi gata 5 6 , 6 1 l o n g i manus 42 , 43 scodra 30
funebra 3 , 80 l on g i p a l p i s 1 18 s c u l tzei 68 , 75
B f u s costri atus 1 23 , 1 2 7 l o n g i pe s 90 , 91 , 92 sever i n i 32 , 40 , 48
ba l fouri 4 2 l ugard i 92 , 93 , 96 , 97 shabati 1 08 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 4 , 1 1 5
bates i 56 , 58 , 61 , 62 G l yrata 7 9 , 80 , 87 s i mon i 93 , 1 0 1
bav i an a 5 , 79 , 80 , 8 1 gabonens i s 1 1 7 , 1 1 8 , 1 1 9 sjostedti 32 , 40 , 93 , 1 0 1
bechuan i cu s 68 , 69 , 70 , 75 gabon i c a 44 , 45 , 52 M s pe l l enberg i 32
bel andana 44 , 45 gard i n i er i 108 , 1 1 2 macu l at a 30 , 3 1 s p i n i fer 9 3 , 101
betton i 4 4 , 4 5 , 4 7 g i gas 3 2 , 33 , 35 , 36 , 79 , 80 , 85 magna 90 , 91 s p i n i pe s 1 1 7 , 1 2 1 , 122
bi dentata 44 , 4 5 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 53 g i l t ayi 4 5 , 52 mammi l l atus 93 , 97 s p i n o s a 90 , 91
bi dentata i turi ens i s 4 5 , 48 grac i l i pes 44 , 45 , 52 man i c ata 45 , 54 s p i nosus 1 36 , 1 3 7
bouveri 4 5 , 48 , 49 graci l i s 1 23 , 1 2 7 , 130 mark s i 7 9 , 80 87 strae l e n i 56 , 62
brachycepha l u s 69 , 70 , 7 1 greeffi 32 , 34 , 36 maroccanus 5 , 1 2 3 , 124 , 1 3 1 syr i acus 1 2 3 , 1 30 , 1 3 2
brachypoda 56 , 58 , 59 , 6 1 gregori 4 1 , 44 , 45 , 4 7 , 52 , 53 marsh a l l i 6 7 , 68 , 74 , 7 5
breyeri 92 , 9 3 , 94 greshoff i 3 1 , 32 , 36 max i mu s 32 T
brunel l i 92 , 93 , 94 gr i se i pe s 56 , 59 , 6 1 meri d i on a l i s 93 , 97 , 98 , 100 tetramerus 1 1 6
brunneus 1 3 7 , 140 guttata 79 , 80 , 85 mi n i mu s 32 t i g r i n a 3 , 7 9 , 80 , 85 , 89
buttneri 4 5 , 49 mur i n u s 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 98 , 100 tomentosus 1 2 3 , 1 3 2
H murphyi 27 trel eaveni 89 , 90 , 91 , 92
c haasi 32 mut i cu s 44 , 4 5 , 54 tri angu l i fer 3 , 1 2 3 , 1 32
caeru l eus 1 3 7 , 139 , 140 h a l oph i l us 132 , 1 33 , 134 mut u s 9 3 , 100 t r i po l i tanus 1 2 3 , 1 2 4 , 1 3 2
cafrer i ana 3 , 79 , 80 , 8 1 hami l toni 79 , 80 , 85 , 86 mogadorens i s 1 2 3 , 132 t r i s t i s 66 , 67
c a l ceata 56 , 5 7 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 6 1 , 62 hancock i 1 23 , 1 24 , 12 7 , 128 tunetanus 1 2 3 , 1 3 2
cal ceata g r i s e i pes 5 6 , 6 1 h e l enae 89 , 90 N
carn i vorous 92 , 9 3 , 94 hercu l es 24 , 32 , 36 , 37 namaquen s i s 79 , 80 , 81 , 87 u
caud i c u l a 1 1 6 h i l l yardi 7 5 , 76 , 7 7 n i grofu l vus 93 , 100 , 101 uman g i ana 48
cel er i eri 45 , 49 , 50 h i ndei 92 , 93 , 9 5 , 96 , 98 n i groventri s 5 2
ce l eri pes 2 1 , 23 hol oseri ceus 3 , 123 , 1 2 9 num i d u s 1 23 , 132 v
chev a l i er i 4 5 , 50 honesta 4 , 11 6 , 1 1 7 , 1 1 9 v a l e nc i an a 1 3 2
chordata 94 hor r i d a 59 0 v a l e n t i n u s 3 , 4 , 12 3 , 1 3 2
chrysogaster 80 , 8 1 , 82 h u l l wi l l i amsoni 1 1 7 , 1 1 9 , 120 occ i dent a l i s 44 , 48 , 9 3 , 100 , 10 1 ve l ut i n a 4
c l ement s i 27 , 28 , 1 37 , 1 39 ochraceus 3 2 v i l l os a 8 1
conco l or 1 1 6 ochraceus congonus 32 v i l l os e l l a
constri ctus 92 , 93 , 94 , 102 i n s i d i osus 89 , 90 ol i v acea 26 , 108 , 1 1 3 vorax 92 , 9 3 , 94 , 101 , 102
corac i na 3 , 80 i n s u l anus 132 , 13 3 , 1 3 4 o l i v aceum 3 , 108 , 1 12 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 5 vosse l er i 32
coturnatus 4 1 i turi en s i s 4 8 ogbun i k i a 1 1 7 , 1 20 , 1 2 1
cras s i pes 30 , 3 1 , 32 , 33 , 34 openbergeri 92 , 9 3 , 101 w
crass i sp i na 90 , 93 , 94 , 95 J webbi 1 08 , 1 1 5
crawshayi 24 , 25 jerus a l emen s i s 123 , 130 p we i l e r i 3 2
cri n i ta 22 , 23 j i ck e l i 123 , 129 pachypoda 5 6 , 62 wes t i 4 5 , 55
c u l tri deus 44 , 4 5 , 50 junodi 4 , 9 2 , 93 , 96 p i l l an s i 75 , 76 , 77 wi denman n i 93 , 104
curator 79 , 80 , 83 pri n c i p i a 4 5 , 54
curv i pes 79 , 80 , 84 pul chri pes 7 9 , 80 , 8 7 , 88