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©IDOSR PUBLICATIONS
International Digital Organization for Scientific Research ISSN: 2579-0811
IDOSR JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ALLIED FIELDS 8(3): 23-37, 2023.
https://doi.org/10.59298/IDOSR/JBBAF/23/13.4322

Navigating Disclosure Obstacles Encountered by Individuals with HIV at

Kakomo Healing Centre IV in Kabale District
Ahimbisibwe Godfrey

Faculty of Clinical Medicine and Dentistry Kampala International University Western

Campus Uganda

ABSTRACT
HIV/AIDS remains a pressing global health concern, particularly impacting socio-economic
development in various African nations, Uganda included. Revealing one's HIV-positive
status to a family member or relative is crucial for adherence to effective antiretroviral
therapy, which significantly enhances the survival and well-being of those living with HIV.
To evaluate the hurdles faced by individuals with HIV at Kakomo HC IV in Kabale District
regarding disclosure and to curtail new infections in this community, a descriptive cross-
sectional study was conducted. The study sampled individuals living with HIV at Kakomo
HC IV randomly, utilizing a pretested questionnaire as the data collection instrument. The
gathered data underwent coding, sorting, entry, and analysis through statistical software
(SPSS), presented via tables and charts. Findings revealed that only 40 (50.6%) were
adequately prepared before disclosing their status, while 30 (37.0%) neither prepared nor
disclosed to anyone. 61 (63.5%) received education on the importance of disclosure during
clinic visits, but 26 (46.4%) neither disclosed nor received such education. Barriers to
disclosure primarily stemmed from anxiety about blame, stigma, fear of losing a partner,
and violence among 18 (54.5%), 19 (52.8%), 30 (39.0%), and 2 (18.2%) individuals,
respectively. Despite 62 (43.4%) intending to disclose to someone, 88 (98.9%) faced barriers
to disclosing their status. Misconceptions in 51 (31.9%) communities and potential
discrimination by families in the same proportion highlighted the challenges.
Consequently, 123 (76.9%) still fear others spreading word of their HIV-positive status.
Understanding disclosure motivations is crucial, requiring tailored strategies for decision-
making based on the discloser's needs and their intended audience. The significance of
support, proximity, and relational dynamics between the discloser and the recipient
emphasizes the necessity for a secure environment during disclosure.
Keywords: HIV/AIDS, Antiretroviral therapy, HIV-positive, HIV status, Stigma.

INTRODUCTION
HIV is referred to as Human disclose his/her status as a coping action
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which is to regain control over his/her life.
the most dangerous virus and is the major Disclosing one's HIV seropositive status
cause of AIDS in human life[1, 2]. It has been described as a complex issue
continues to spread worldwide and is one and a ‘double-edged sword’, which could
of the serious health challenges. Although either have a positive or negative
much of the news on AIDS is encouraging, outcome, or both.
the challenges have continued [3] Globally, there were 36.7 million people
Disclosure is defined as the willingness of living with HIV in 2023[2, 5–7]. This was a
people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) to high of 33.3 million in 2010. These
reveal their seropositive status to another increments in the number of patients
person [4]. An individual who has resulted from continuing new infections,
accepted the diagnosis may be likely to people living longer with HIV, and general

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population growth [8]. 1.1 million people HIV/AIDS. The failure of people infected
died of AIDS in 2015. There were about with HIV to disclose their positive status
2.1 million new infections in 2015, or can expose their sexual partners and
about 5700 new infections per day. In other relatives who have close contact
developed countries, an average of 79% of with them to the virus. There are different
HIV-positive patients disclosed their HIV factors that affect the disclosure of their
status to other people [9]. Whereas in HIV status; such as marital status,
developing countries, the rates of knowledge of partner HIV status, fear of
disclosure of HIV serostatus were very negative outcomes of disclosure,
low compared to developed countries. communication skills, initiation of
Sub-Saharan Africa, the hardest-hit region, antiretroviral, receiving ongoing
is home to nearly 70% of people living counseling, and duration of HIV-related
with HIV but only about 13% of the care follow-up are some of the identified
world’s population [1, 10]. The rates of reasons [15].
HIV-positive disclosure serostatus ranged Similarly, a growing body of research has
from 16.7% to 86%, with an average of explored the disclosure experiences of
49%, as almost half of the HIV-positive people living with HIV and AIDS in Kabale
patients do not expose their serostatus to District. Results suggested that most
other people, including their sexual people, particularly men living with HIV,
partners [11]. do not disclose knowledge of their
In Africa, the situation is even worse, with seropositive status to their partners [16].
Ethiopia having a large and very The decision to disclose seropositive
vulnerable population with more than half status among men is a complex process
a million (671,941) HIV-positive influenced by multiple factors such as
population, 14,405 new HIV infections, knowledge of the partner’s HIV status,
and 24,813 deaths in 2016, with a very anticipated support, and being the head
low percentage of HIV-positive patients of the household. The current study,
disclosing their serostatus to other therefore, seeks to assess disclosure
people, including their sexual partners challenges faced by people living with
[12]. In Tanzania, 41% of HIV-positive HIV/AIDS at Kakomo Health Centre IV
women living with the infection had located in Ndorwa West in Kabale District,
disclosed to their partners, and the most western Uganda. HIV/AIDS remains a
common reasons for disclosure status global public health issue with
were age, level of education, and financial devastating effects, especially on the
independence, particularly for women, to socio-economic development in several
be important factors in predicting HIV African countries, including Uganda [17,
serostatus disclosure [13]. 18]. Disclosure of HIV-positive status to at
HIV status disclosure has been reported to least one family member or relative is
benefit PLWHA in several ways, including paramount for adherence to highly active
psychological, emotional, and material antiretroviral therapy (HAART), which
support from family and other increases the survival and quality of life
community members and freedom to use of people living with HIV [19–22]. The
ARV medications [4, 14]. In Uganda, an Government of Uganda has deployed
estimated 1.3 million people were living qualified health workers and provided HIV
with HIV in 2017, and an estimated prevention and testing materials in
26,000 Ugandans died of AIDS-related various hospitals recently to promote,
illnesses (UNAIDS, 2018). Men were among other things, HIV seropositive
disproportionately affected, with only disclosure to family members or relatives
8.8% of adult women living with HIV through multi-sectoral collaborative
disclosing their HIV-positive serostatus to efforts together with other key
their partners compared to 4.3% of men. stakeholders such as peer educators,
Disclosure of Human Immunodeficiency social workers, opinion leaders,
Virus (HIV) positive status has a key role community members, and the PLWHA
in the prevention and control of themselves. Despite the above efforts in

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place and the importance of HIV day (HMIS, August 2018). This has
seropositive status disclosure, still, most resulted in 30% of new HIV infections
PLHIV conceal their seropositive status occurring yearly, poor retention, and an
from their family/relatives. In Kakomo increased number of unsuppressed viral
Health Centre IV, a recent Health load clients on care due to non-adherence
Management Information System (tool to ART. No clear documentation exists on
105) report indicated that, of 100% of what exactly influences non-disclosure of
PLHIV, only an estimated 55% disclosed HIV seropositive status among PLHIV, and
their HIV seropositive status, although this has motivated the researcher to
health workers working in the ART clinic assess disclosure challenges faced by
provide routine health education talks on PLWHA at Kokomo HC IV in Kabale District
the importance of HIV seropositive status to make some relevant recommendations
disclosure to PLHIV on every ART clinic to the stakeholders for implementation.
METHODOLOGY
Study Design and Rationale Z = standard normal deviation set at 95%
The researcher employed a cross- confidence level corresponding to 1.96
sectional study design and used a P = expected prevalence (portion)
quantitative method of data collection d = acceptable marginal error.
and analysis. This was because data was P=21% Based on Kabaale Hospital Study
obtained at one point in time and did not (Ignatius Wadunde, 2018),
involve any manipulation of respondents. Z = 1.96,
Area of Study d = 5%
The study took place in Kakomo Health n = (1.96)2(0.21) (1-0.5)/(0.05)2 =
Centre IV in Kabale district. Kakomo 161patients
Health Centre IV is located in Ndorwa Sampling Procedure
West County approximately 15 km from Due to the availability of respondents, the
Kabale-Katuna road has a bed capacity of researcher used a convenient sampling
18 and serves people of different socio- method to select the required number of
economic backgrounds. The health facility respondents. The researcher selected all
offers various services including OPD, the potential respondents who met the
LAB, medical, MCH, ANC, and FP among study criteria and included them in the
others. The staffing level comprises study. This continued until a total number
Clinical officers, nurses, midwives, of 32 respondents was achieved on a daily
Laboratorytechnologists, laboratory basis.
assistants, Records assistants, and other Inclusion Criteria
supportive staff. The Bakiga tribe is the The study included all HIV-positive clients
dominant ethnic group in the facility already enrolled in ART and attending HIV
although other tribes can be found. This services at Kakomo Health Centre IV who
area was chosen because many PLWHs are agreed to consent to participate in this
available and few seem to have shared study.
their seropositive status with others. Exclusion Criteria
Study Population All children below 18 years who are HIV
The study included all adult clients living positive and already enrolled on ART and
with HIV-positive illness who consented are attending HIV services at Kakomo
to participate in the study. Health Centre IV.
Sample Size Determination Definitions of Variables
The sample size was determined by Kish The variables are defined as dependent
Leslie [23] formula since the catchment and independent variables. The
population of the art clinic at KAKOMO HC dependent variables include; HIV
IV was not known. seropositive disclosure status and
n = Z2P(1-P) independent variables include; individual-
d2 related factors, community-related
Where; factors, and health service-related factors
n = minimum sample size required.

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influencing HIV seropositive status among Data Analysis and Presentation
PLWH. Data collected was compiled, processed,
Research Instruments and analyzed for the outcome of the
The researcher used self-structured variables using a non-programmable
administered questionnaires for data scientific calculator and computer
collection because theycover a wide range statistical software package for social
of respondents, save time, and minimize scientists and the results were presented
interactions with respondents. in bar graphs, figures, tables, frequencies,
Data Collection Procedures percentages, and pie charts based on the
A self-administered questionnaire was kind of the tool used. Data editing,
designed and pre-tested for validity and checking, and cleaning were done before
thereafter was used for data collection. entry into computer statistical programs.
The questionnaires were administered by These methods are preferred by the
the researcher in Kakomo Health Centre IV researcher because they are convenient
where selected subject respondents are and easy to use.
available. Each respondent was given an Ethical Consideration
equal chance to participate in the study An introductory letter was obtained from
by picking any PLWH above 18 yearsold the University Faculty administration
who came for HIV services. Consent was which was then presented to the in charge
obtained from all the respondents. of Kakomo Health Centre IV. Permission
Data Management was granted upon reaching the facility
At the end of each day, completed tools and the facility charge introduced me to
were organized and kept under safe the clients who fully explained, the
custody before entry. The researcher purpose of the study then their consent
checks for completeness, errors, and was obtained, and other principles of
omissions of the data collected with an ethics put into consideration like
interview schedule before entry and confidentiality, autonomy, beneficence,
analysis. and non-maleficence among others, to
ensure clients are not affected negatively
in the research process.

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RESULTS
Table 1: Social demographic characteristics of the study participants
Variables Frequency Percentage
(n=160) (%)
Patient’s Age
18-25 18 11.3
26-30 18 11.3
31- 35 19 11.9
36-40 45 28.1
41 & above 60 37.5
Gender
Male 75 46.9
Female 85 53.1
Marital State
Single 91 56.9
Married 31 19.4
Widow 19 11.9
Divorced 19 11.9
Education Level
Primary level 75 46.9
Secondary 85 53.1
Occupation
Employed 111 69.3
Unemployed 49 30.7
Religion
Muslim 70 43.8
Christian 90 56.2

The Individual related disclosure shared their positive HIV health status
challenges faced by PLWHA in Kakomo (test results) with someone while 43.1%
HC IV in Kabale District. had never.
As shown in figure 1, majority 56.9% of
the study participants had disclosed or

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SHARED HIV POSITIVE TEST RESULTS WITH

SOMEBODY
Yes No

43.10%

56.90%

Figure 1: Level of HIV + Status Disclosure among PLWHIV in Kakomo HC IV, Kabale
District
Accordimg to the study findings; majority sickness.Disclosure is mostly hindered
of those who never disclosed; 46(54.1%), because victims mostly 18(54.5%),
26(28.6%), 12(63.2%) and 19(100.0%) were 19(52.8%), 30(39.0%) and 2(18.2%); are
females by gender, either singles, anxious about blame, stigma, and fear of
widowed and divorced by marital status losing a partner and violence
and mostly 51(63.8%) moslems by respectively.Despite 62(43.4%) planning to
religion. The majority 70(79.5%) of those disclose to someone and
who had disclosed to some was mostly 88(98.9%)planning to disclose further,
owing to it being a doctor’s 88(98.9%) have ever been denied an
recommendation, followed by a Partner’s opportunity having disclose their HIV-
illness/death 21(36.2%) while 0(0.0%) positive results with someone.
shared because of their

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Table 2: Individual-related disclosure challenges faced by PLWHA in Kakomo HC IV in

Kabale District.
Variable Shared about the HIV +
results disclosure
Yes [N(%)] No [N(%)]
Gender Male 52(69.3%) 23(30.7%)
Female 39(45.9%) 46(54.1%)
Marital Status Single 65(71.4%) 26(28.6%)
Married 19(61.3%) 12(38.7%)
Widow 7(36.8%) 12(63.2%)
Divorced 0(0.0%) 19(100.0%)
Religion Muslim 29(36.2%) 51(63.8%)
Christian 62(77.5%) 18(22.5%)
Reason For Testing My sickness 0(0.0%) 14(100.0%)
My Partner’s 21(36.2%) 37(63.8%)
illness/death
Doctor’s 70(79.5%) 18(20.5%)
recommendation
Hinderance To Disclosure Stigma 17(47.2%) 19(52.8%)
Fear to lose a 47(61.0%) 30(39.0%)
partner
Blame 15(45.5%) 18(54.5%)
Violence 9(81.8%) 2(18.2%)
Plan To Disclose Yes 81(56.6%) 62(43.4%)
No 10(58.8%) 7(41.2%)
Ever Denied Oppoertunity Owing Yes 88(98.9%) 1(1.1%)
To Hiv+
No 3(4.2%) 68(95.8%)

The Health Facility-related disclosure their results with somebody. Furthermore,

challenges faced by PLWHA in Kakomo 61(63.5%) agreed to have received
HC IV in Kabale District. education on the importance of HIV status
According to the study findings, only disclosure during clinic visits. 26(46.4%)
40(50.6%) had been well prepared before had neither disclosed nor educated on its
disclosure whereas 30(37.0%) were neither importance during such clinic visits.
prepared nor did they disclose their HIV- However, supporting health worker
positive results with anybody. [P- visiting family to discuss, counsel and do
value=0.115; OR=0.60(0.32-1.13)]. The HIV test proved to be statistically
majorityof 53(67.1%) support the health significant [P-Value=0.021, OR=2.16(1.12-
workers to visit their families to discuss, 4.16)]
counsel and do HIV status and did share

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Table 3: Health Facility-related disclosure challenges faced by PLWHA in Kakomo HC IV
in Kabale District.
Variable Shared about the HIV + P- OR
results Disclosure Value [95% C.I]
Yes [N(%)] No [N(%)]
Prepared for disclosure Yes 40(50.6%) 39(49.4%) 0.115 0.60(0.32-1.13)
during the clinic visit?
No 51(63.0%) 30(37.0%) Ref 1
Support health worker Yes 53(67.1%) 26(32.9%) 0.021 2.16(1.12-4.16)
visiting family to discuss,
No 35(48.6%) 37(51.4%) Ref 1
counsel and do HIV test
I get health education on Yes 61(63.5%) 35(36.5%) 0.226 1.51(0.773-2.95)
the importance of HIV
No 30(53.6%) 26(46.4%) Ref 1
status disclosure during
clinic visits

Similarly, it was strongly agreed that; counseling and information about HIV
47(29.4%) received assistance from health status after testing, while 135(84.4%)
care providers which facilitated their HIV revealed that its the health workers’
positive status disclosure. 64(40.0%) attitude that gave them hope to disclose
added that Health workers give adequate to their partners/friends.

Health Facility Based Services

The health workers’ attitude gave me…
Health workers give adequate…
Assistance from health care providers…
Health workers
Assistance from The health
give adequate
health care workers’ attitude
counseling and
providers gave me hope to
information about
facilitated my disclose to my
HIV status after
disclosure status partners/friends
testing
Strongly Disagree 8.10% 38.10% 1.30%
Disagree 24.40% 5.60% 3.80%
Agree 38.10% 16.30% 10.60%
Strongly Agree 29.40% 40.00% 84.40%
Figure 2: Health Facility based activities

The Community Related Disclosure members encouraged and consoled the

Challenges faced by PLWHA in Kakomo victims after disclosure.However,
HC IV in Kabale District 51(31.9%) Communities had a wrong
According to the study findings, a impression of life owing to HIV-positive
considerable number strongly agreed that status disclosure and 51(31.9%) Families
24(15.0%) families were supportive after would discriminate against the victims
disclosure and reminded the victims to after knowing their HIV status thus
take their pills, and 22(13.8%) Community 123(76.9%) continue to fear that people

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could go around talking about their HIV positive status.

Table 4: Community-Related Disclosure Challenges Faced by PLWHA in Kakomo HC IV

in Kabale District
Variable Response
Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly
Agree Disagree

My family was supportive after disclosure 24(15.0%) 95(59.4%) 21(13.1%) 20(12.5%)

and reminded me to take my pills

Community had a wrong impression of my 51(31.9%) 46(28.8%) 62(38.8%) 1(0.6%)

life owing to my HIV status

I fear that people go around talking about 123(76.9%) 25(15.6%) 8(5.0%) 4(2.5%)
my HIV

Community members encouraged and 22(13.8%) 91(56.9%) 26(16.3%) 21(13.1%)

consoled me after the disclosure

Families would discriminate against me 51(31.9%) 47(29.4%) 60(37.5%) 1(0.6%)

after knowing my HIV status

DISCUSSION
The individual-related disclosure due to gender imbalances and
challenges faced by PLWHA in Kakomo discrimination in many communities [13].
HC IV in Kabale District Women who had more than six lifetime
According to the study findings, the sexual partners were less likely to
majority of those who never disclosed disclose their status [12, 21]. Disclosure is
(54.1%, 28.6%, 63.2%, and 100.0%) were mostly hindered because victims (54.5%,
females by gender, either single, 52.8%, 39.0%, and 18.2%) are anxious
widowed, or divorced by marital status about blame, stigma, fear of losing a
and mostly (63.8%) Muslims by religion. partner, and violence, respectively.
This complements a study by Mburu et al. In a similar way, in a survey done by
[24] in which it was concluded that HIV- USAID [19], shame (39%), blame (27.6%),
infected patients find it hard to disclose low self-esteem (19.4%), and guilt (16.0%)
their HIV status soon after diagnosis. were expressed by patients upon
Similarly, Sanga et al. [25]put it that for disclosure preparedness. Many HIV-
disclosure to happen, it depends on positive individuals (63%) find it desirable
several factors, which include age, to share information about their HIV
socioeconomic status, level of education, status with their partners immediately.
marital status, social relations, Others (21.9%) took time to weigh
knowledge, cultural factors, and potential negative consequences while the
acquaintance with the importance of HIV rest (8%) were reluctant to disclose,
disclosure. especially those in relatively new
Furthermore, PLHAs showed that Muslims relationships [27]. According to WHO [28],
are stigmatized more often if their fear, stigma, and lack of understanding
partners die from AIDS. Cultural beliefs inhibit people from sharing their status,
often prevent Muslims, especially women, thus placing their loved ones at the risk of
from attending HIV/AIDS clinics and getting the disease.
disclosing their status [26]. Also, women After HIV testing, most people fear to
may be ill-treated if they disclose their disclose their status for fear of being
HIV status to their male sexual partners blamed for infidelity and promiscuity

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[29]. When a patient is diagnosed with HIV results with somebody. This supports
seroreactive, the close people get worried findings in a study by Kiula et al., [35] in
about the possibility of being infected which HIV disclosure of positive status
with the disease [30]. The couples are also causes tension among partners, women
worried about the chances of being more vulnerable as disclosure can
transmission, which causes blame on who lead to either an extension of former
might have brought the disease. Some violence or new conflict specifically
have been forced not to share their status associated with HIV serostatus disclosure.
at all for fear of mistreatment, mistrust, Furthermore, 61(63.5%) agreed to have
or isolation [31]. received education on the importance of
According to the study by Evangeli and HIV status disclosure during clinic visits.
Roei. [32] on determinants of HIV 26(46.4%) had neither disclosed nor
seropositive disclosure status, results educated on its importance during such
revealed that 76.1% of the HIV-positive clinic visits. However, supporting health
pregnant women who had not disclosed worker visiting family to discuss, counsel
their results two months after diagnosis and do HIV test proved to be statistically
said that they never intended to disclose significant with 2.16(1.12-4.16) times
to their partners for fear of abandonment. more likely for one to disclose their HIV-
Despite a considerable number (43.4%) positive status. This adds to findings by
planning to disclose to someone and only Patel et al., [36] which suggest that being
8.9% planning to disclose further, the symptomatic at baseline was associated
majority (98.9%) had ever been denied an with disclosure of HIV status to their
opportunity to disclose their HIV-positive sexual partners.Similarly, it was strongly
results with someone. agreed that a considerable number (29.4%)
PLHIV may suffer stigma from co-workers received assistance from health care
and employers such as social isolation, providers which facilitated their HIV-
and discrimination like termination from positive status disclosure. Only 40.0%
work or refusal of employment[32]. Other revealed and added that Health workers
studies by Tibebu et al. [33] show give adequate counselling and
discrimination in household activities and information about HIV status after testing,
healthcare workers respectively. In Kenya, while 135(84.4%) revealed that it’s the
it was found that women of lower health workers’ attitude that gave them
socioeconomic status had a higher hope to disclose to their partners/friends.
disclosure rate than women of higher The research finding by Gultie et al [37]
socioeconomic status. In a study found that only 30.8% of participants
conducted in Tanzania among HIV- agreedthat assistance from healthcare
positive women, lower income was providers facilitated their disclosure
negatively associated with disclosure [34]. status and the majority agreed that enrol
The health facility-related disclosure with disclosure support groups would
challenges faced by PLWHA in Kakomo assist them in facilitating disclosure. A
HC IV in Kabale District. similar study by Odiachi et al [38] found
According to the study findings, only show the highest number of participants
(50.6%) had been well prepared before prefer contract referral disclosure where
disclosure whereas 37.0% were neither the Health Care Provider provides
prepared nor did they disclose their HIV- assistance. A study by Gass et al.,, [39] in
positive results with anybody. This the United States of America found
complements a study done among HIV- thatthe majority of participants prefer
positive pregnant women in Ethiopia contract referral where HCP allow the
showed that HIV disclosure to their sexual index patient a short period of time to
partners was associated with adequate contact, notify and refer sexual partners,
counselling [6]. Similarly, the Majority then advise the contact of their exposure
(67.1%) support the health workers maintaining the anonymity of the index
visiting their families to discuss, counsel case.
and do HIV status and did share their

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The community-related disclosure HIV-positive status disclosure, and a
challenges faced by PLWHA in Kakomo considerable number (31.9%) of families
HC IV in Kabale District would discriminate against the victims
According to the study findings, a after knowing their HIV status. Ford et al.
considerable number strongly agreed that (2012) found that 4 out of 10 PLHIV fear
24 (15.0%) families were supportive after disclosing their HIV serostatus due to the
disclosure and reminded the victims to fear of abandonment when they need
take their pills, while 22 (13.8%) support the most, while Patel et al., [36]
community members encouraged and show that 25% of women fear disclosing
consoled the victims after disclosure. due to economic support. Some people
Positive behavior from partners, friends, are willing to disclose their status given
and neighbors after the revelation of they can receive social support, which
participants’ HIV status motivates they may lose after disclosure.
disclosure[36] . According to Norman et Furthermore, more than half (76.9%) of
al. [40], in a study on factors related to the participants continue to fear that
HIV disclosure, 1 out of 16 respondents people could go around talking about
depended on their neighbors and friends their HIV-positive status. This is
for support after family member’s comparable to a study by Bbosa et al.[31],
abandonment on HIV disclosure; in which it was concluded that HIV
neighbors had been filling in the support disclosure of positive status causes
gap through child care and food sharing. tension among partners, with women
However, while there are many being more vulnerable as disclosure can
advantages and reasons for disclosing lead to either an extension of former
one's status, there are also risks and violence or new conflict specifically
reasons for deciding not to disclose [22]. associated with HIV serostatus disclosure.
In this study, only 31.9% of communities
had a wrong impression of life owing to
CONCLUSION
The findings suggest that the reasons for needs of the disclosers and who they are
disclosure may differ by the target of disclosing. The prominence of support,
disclosure or nondisclosure, highlighting closeness, and social distance between
the need for tailoring interventions and the discloser and the disclosure target
strategies for improving disclosure highlights the need for people to feel safe
decision-making according to the specific when disclosing.
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CITE AS: Ahimbisibwe Godfrey (2023). Navigating Disclosure Obstacles Encountered by

Individuals with HIV at Kakomo Healing Centre IV in Kabale District. IDOSR JOURNAL
OF BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ALLIED FIELDS 8(3): 23-37.
https://doi.org/10.59298/IDOSR/JBBAF/23/13.4322

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