UNIT 1: LESSON 1 - SHARING OF SOCIAL AND ◄it is the totality of a person’s social position and

CULTURAL BACKGROUNDS wealth combined.

Culture - is a way of life of a group of people. Socio-economic class - refers to the status of every
individual from the sociological and economic points of
●Tangible - perceived by man
view. (power, wealth, prestige)
●Intangible - all exist in mind
Social status - means a person’s standing or rank in the
Society - an organized group of people associated social ladder of stratification based on prestige, power,
together for religious, benevolent, cultural, scientific, popularity, etc.
political, patriotic, or other purposes.
Economic status - a person’s place in the society’s
Politics - activities associated with the governance of a economic stratification based on wealth, property, and
country or other area, especially the debate or conflict total assets.
among individuals or parties having or hoping to
Ethnicity - a condition in which a social group belongs to
achieve power.
a common national or cultural tradition, and other traits
Cultural Identity in common.

◄refers to the identity or feeling of belonging to a UNIT 1: LESSON 2 - Observation about social political
group. It is considered as part of a person’s self- behavior and phenomena
conception and self-perception.
Taboo – prohibitions to certain actions
◄It pertains to one’s nationality, ethnicity, religion,
A. FOOD TABOOS
social class, generation, locality or any kind of social
group that has its own. ◄a prohibition against consuming certain foods.
◄may be associated with special events such as
Cultural Background
childbirth, pregnancy, menstrual period or
◄essentially consists of the ethnic, religious, racial, breastfeeding.
gender, linguistic or other socioeconomic factors and
●Dietary rules - the result of health considerations or
values that shape an individual’s upbringing.
other practical reasons.
◄can be shaped at the family, societal or organizational
SOME DISHES THAT FILIPINOS CONSIDER AS TABOO:
level. Sociologically, people with different cultural
backgrounds need to interact with each other. ●Republic act No. 8485 Animal Welfare Act of 1998 -
illegal to slaughter a dog or cat for personal trade or for
FACTORS THAT SHAPE AN INDIVIDUAL’S CULTURAL
commercial trade and consumption.
BACKGROUND
●Any meat of animals considered as endangered meat
●Gender refers to the personal traits and social roles of
the male and female members of society. ●Any food that violates human dignity because they are
●Sexuality is the state of being either masculine or not anymore acceptable for human consumption by
feminine. public opinion. (botcha, pagpag, double-dead meat)
Identity crisis - does not accept or understand his/her
B. THE STANDBY (ISTAMBAY) PHENOMENON
sexuality or is unable to understand his/her status.
◄A person who does not have work and who usually
● Socio-economic status
hangs-out on street corners
◄the level of an individual’s social standing and
C. POLITICAL DYNASTY
financial position in the society.
◄A phenomenon with socio-economic undertones.
◄a personal or family’s financial and social esteem on Refer to families whose members are engaged in
the basis of income, education, and occupation. politics have been in the Philippine political structure
since me past.
●Thin Dynasty - isang family member ivolved sa politics AREAS OF SOCIOLOGY
at a peiod of time
1. Social Organization - study of social groups, social
●Thick Dynasty - sabay-sabay buong pamilya ang institutions, social stratification, mobility, ethnic
involved relations, and bureaucracy.

D. PHILIPPINE ELECTIONS 2. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY - tackles human behavior or

nature as a result of group life, personality formation,
◄A formal and organized choice by vote of a person
social attitude and collective behavior.
for a political office or other position in the Philippines.
3. SOCIAL CHANGE - the study of changes in the society
◄Every 2nd Monday of May
and culture, and the factors resulting from such change.
●Elected – mga taumbayan ang boboto (ex. pres at 24
4. Social Organization and Disorganization - study the
pero 16 senators)
emergence of societies, their structural formation and
●Appointed – chosen by some higher authority or head the ways they are strengthened. They also study crime,
ng department (ex. chief justice, senate president) delinquency, family conflict, poverty, subversion,
unemployment, and a wide range of current social
UNIT 1: LESSON 3 - MAJOR SOCIAL CHANGES IN THE issues and problems.
21ST CENTURY
5. HUMAN ECOLOGY - studies the behavior of a given
Text messaging - composing and sending electronic population and its relationship to present social
messages from one person to another using mobile institutions.
phones or portable devices over a phone network.
6. POPULATION - concerned with population size,
NEIL PAPWORTH TO RICHARD JARVIS composition, change and quality and on how they
◄1st ever person to send a text influence the economic, political and social systems.

◄December 3, 1992 “Merry Christmas!” 7. SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY AND METHOD - concerned

with the application of the results of sociological studies
Selfie Phenomenon- defined as a self-portrait to solve various human problems.
photograph, normally shot with a digital camera or
camera phone held in the hand or braced by a selfie ●ANTHROPOLOGY
stick. ◄the study of human’s past and present
st
1816 Joseph Niepce (invented 1 camera) ◄describe and explain human variation or the
1839 Robert Cornelius (1st ever person to take a pic) observed similarities and differences in people through
time and across space.
2002 Hopey/ Nathan Hope /Ben Hirschfeld (1st person
to say “selfie”) AREAS OF ANTHROPOLOGY

UNIT 1: LESSON 4 - DEFINITION OF ANTHROPOLOGY, 1. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY - studies human

POLITICAL SCIENCE AND SOCIOLOGY cultures, beliefs, ideas, technologies, economies,
practices, values, and other spheres of social and
●SOCIOLOGY rational organization. This branch is primarily
◄study of society and social interactions taking place. based on cultural understanding gained through
actual experiences, or participant observations of
◄deals with the origin, evolution, and development of the human population.
human society.
2. PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY - deals with the biological
◄focused on all kinds of social interactions, social and behavioral aspects of human beings. It focuses on
relationships, social organization, structure and process. their relationships to non-human primates and their
extinct hominid ancestors.
3. ARCHAEOLOGY - studies both the ancient and recent and the relationships of individuals among themselves
past of humans through the material remains, such as directly affecting the society.
artifacts, fossils and bone fragments.
6. POLITICAL METHODOLOGY - focuses on the
4. LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY - studies the relations quantitative methods used in the study of politics
between language and culture in relation to human combining Statistics, Mathematics, and formal theory. It
biology, human reasoning and human language. is often used in positive research, unlike normative
research. It is related to econometrics.
5. APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY - deals with the
application of anthropological facts, perspectives, UNIT 2: LESSON 1 - SOCIETY
theories, and procedures in identifying, assessing, and
SOCIETY - a group of people interacting with each other
solving social problems.
and having a common culture; sharing common
STATE – refers to community of a person more or less geographical or territorial domains, and having
numerous occupying in certain amount of territory with relatively common aspirations.
a system of government and enjoying, external freedom
THEORIES ON HUMAN SOCIETY
(People, Territory, Government, Sovereignty)
●Plato (427-347 BC) - ideal society ruled by
●POLITICAL SCIENCE philosopher-kings assisted by equally and intellectually
gifted “guardians.”
◄deals with the study of the state and government. It
is concerned about politics and policies of the ●Aristotle (384-322 BC) - man is self-sufficient and that
government. those who are unable to live in society and have no
needs in life must be either “beasts” or “gods.”
◄Aristotle, in his Politics, defined political science as
the study of the state. ●St. Augustine (354-430 AD) - City of God he described
society’s ultimate pilgrimage towards the kingdom of
◄It deals comprehensively with the theory and
God which is closely identified with the church, the
practice of politics. It also focuses on the analysis of
community that worshipped God.
political systems, political behavior, and political
culture. ●Sir Thomas More (1468-1535) - coined the word
"utopia" that refers to the ideal, imaginary island nation
AREAS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
whose political system he described. (utopia 1516)
1. POLITICAL THEORY - focuses on the ideas of classical
TYPES OF SOCIETIES
thinkers, such as Aristotle, Niccolò Machiavelli, Cicero,
and Plato among others. A. PRE INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

2. COMPARATIVE POLITICS - deals with the incisive ◄the main economic activity is food production carried
evaluation and comparison of the doctrines of various out through the utilization of human and animal labor.
constitutions, of political actors, legislature and other ◄societies are subdivided according to their level
allied fields. of technology and their method of producing food.
◄these are the hunting and gathering societies,
3. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION - focuses on the
pastoral societies, horticultural societies, agricultural
implementation of government policies, the academic
societies, and feudal societies.
disciplines involved and the principles governing civil
servants working in the government. 1. HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETY

4. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS - delve on nation-state’s ◄collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild
interactions including intergovernmental and animals on a daily basis.
transnational organizations.
◄humans gather and hunt around for food as nomads.
5. LAW – this is the rules & policies and governs the
◄usually form small groups such as bands and tribes
relationships between individuals and the government,
2. PASTORAL SOCIETY UNIT 2: LESSON 2 - CULTURE

◄pastoralism, slightly more efficient than the CULTURE - all that man has made for himself through
subsistence method time, material or non-material , still useful or not
anymore, all to provide benefits for his society.
◄depend on domesticated herd of animals to meet
their need for food Edward B. Tylor - “that complex whole which includes
knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any
◄the pastoralists move their herds from one pasture to
other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a
another
member of society.”
3. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
The Cambridge English Dictionary - “The way of life,
◄fruits and vegetables grown in garden plots that have especially the general customs and beliefs, of a
provided them their main source of food particular group of people at a particular time.”

4. AGRARIAN/AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE

◄advances to cultivate crops over a large area are  Culture is learned.

known as agrarian societies -Enculturation and Acculturation
 Culture is transmitted.
◄technological changes that occurred leading to
 Culture is adaptive.
extensive cultivation of crops and raising of farm
 Culture is gratifying.
animals
 Culture is symbolic.
5. FEUDAL SOCIETY
MAIN TYPES OF CULTURE
◄several groups became wealthy and able to acquire
Material culture - deals with the physical culture,
lands and declared these as their own domain.
including contemporary technology, artifacts, relics,
◄based on ownership of land. fossils, and other tangible remains of cultural
development, past and present.
B. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY Non-Material culture - deals with the intangibles
◄emerged between the 15th and 16th centuries including values, norms, beliefs, traditions, and
customs that collectively hold a society and shape
◄capitalism, free market and the right to acquire individuals as they interact within society.
private property
ELEMENTS OF NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
◄Foreign metals, silk, and spices in the market
●Beliefs - man’s perception about the reality of things
◄relied heavily on machines powered by fuels in the and shared ideas about how the world and his
production of goods became dramatically increased and environment operate. Beliefs are influenced by
efficient. emotions, attitudes, values, ideology, and religion.
C. POST INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY ●Values - broad preferences of a person on the
◄more advanced societies, dominated by information, appropriate courses of action or decisions he has to
services, and high technology, surfaced take. A reflection of a person’s sense of right and
wrong. A person’s values sociologically influence his
◄hallmarks of these societies were beyond the attitudes and behavior.
production of goods
●Norms - society’s standard of morality, conduct,
◄Advanced industrial societies are shifting toward an propriety, ethics, and legality. Vary according to age,
increase in service sectors over manufacturing and gender, religion, politics, economics, ethnicity, or race
production. These service industries have been used in to the group.
government, research, education, health, sales,
law, and banking and in almost all sectors of society.
●Folkways - patterns of behavior. are fairly weak techniques to create situational impressions and the
forms of norms, whose violation is generally not importance of perceptions of consensus among actors
considered serious within a particular culture. They are
UNIT 2: LESSON 3 - ASPECT OF CULTURE
the habits, customs, and repetitive
ART - includes the expression or application of human
●Knowledge - can natural, supernatural, magical or
creative skill and imagination
technical. These are the body of facts and beliefs
that people accumulate over time. LANGUAGE - system of communication used by
particular society. It is the most important tool of
●Ideas - comprise man’s concepts of his physical, social
verbal communication and it is the area where cultural
and cultural world as manifested in people’s beliefs
differences play it roles
and values.
FOOD - any substances consumed to provide nutritional
PERSPECTIVES/APPROACHES IN THE STUDY OF
support for the body. It is one of the best way to truly
CULTURE AND SOCIETY
experience cultural differences play it roles.
●SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
GOVERNMENT - aggregated of persons of groups of
◄theoretical perspective that examines the way persons exercising control and authority in the society.
participants in the socialization choose and agree on the
COSTUME - style of dress of an individual or group that
meaning symbols
reflects their class, gender, profession, ethnicity or
◄humans are symbol-manipulating and are capable of nationality.
creative behavior
RELIGION - unified system of beliefs and practices
●FUNCTIONALISM relative to sacred things. Its structural features include
a body of ideas beliefs, doctrines, ritual, and
◄resupposes that every aspect of society is
ceremonies.
interdependent and contributes to the total functioning
of society EDUCATION - process of teaching or learning, is
oftentimes associated with a place or a building in order
◄the government, the school and the family are
to attend classes and learn from the teachers.
significant social institutions which proper functioning
would make life in the society meaningful and UNIT 2: LESSON 4 - ETHNOCENTRISM AND RELATIVISM
productive.
THE PRIMARY CAUSES OF CULTURAL SIMILARITIES
●CONFLICT
A. BIOLOGICAL SIMILARITIES - all people in the world
◄originated primarily out of Karl Marx’s writings on have the same biological needs, namely food, clothing,
class struggles, presents society in a different light than shelter, and health care
do the functionalist and symbolic interactionist
B. NECESSARY PREREQUISITES FOR SOCIAL BEING -
perspectives
Society must fulfill some requirements in order to
◄constant competition between groups forms the function, such as replacing members, teaching new
basis for the ever-changing nature of society. members to participate, and the need to have
participation in production and distribution.
●DRAMATURGICAL PERSPECTIVE
C. PSYCHIC UNITY OF MANKIND - similar ranges of
◄interactionist perspective that analyzes human
emotion - the need for love, security, and language.
behavior in much the same way that a person would
analyze the presentation of play to the audience D. GEOGRAPHICAL ENVIRONMENT - limited food,
limited source of energy, and other delimiting factors
●ETHNOMETHODOLOGY
of the people's environment
◄social-cultural perspective which emphasizes the
process of interaction that uses interpersonal
CULTURAL DIVERSITY - Every society in the world is TYPES OF DATING METHOD:
unique from one another. Everyone has his own
1. RELATIVE DATING
cultural practices, values and interests. Each culture has
it's distinct features and characteristics. ◄IS A DATING PROCESS THAT IS NOT PRECISE. WHERE
THE SIGHT, AN ARTIFACT OR HUMAN REMAINS THAT
THESE DIFFERENCES IN CULTURE CAN BE ATTRIBUTED
CANNOT BE DETERMINED IS MEASURED IN
TO THE FOLLOWING FACTORS:
COMPARISON WITH THE DATE OF OTHERS
A. Though men all over the world have the same DETERMINED ALREADY. IT IS A MATTER OF WHETHER
biological needs, they differ in ways in meeting them. SOMETHING IS YOUNGER THAN OR OLDER THAN
Each culture adapts to it's environment. SOMETHING THAT CAN BE OR HAS BEEN DATED, OR
B. Differences in geographical characteristics like BEING IN BETWEEN TWO DATES.
climate, topography, or soil condition.
2. ABSOLUTE DATING
C. The absence or presence of natural resources.
◄WHEN THE DATING IS MORE PRECISE CONSIDERING
ETHNOCENTRISM - A feeling of superiority towards
IT CAN BE NARROWED TO A BRACKET OF WITHIN
one's own group over other groups.
YEARS
CULTURAL RELATIVISM - The principle of regarding the
A. RADIOCARBON DATING METHOD
beliefs, values, and practices of a culture from the
viewpoint of that culture itself Carbon-14 dating, also called radiocarbon dating, it is a
method of age determination that depends upon the
UNIT 3: LESSON 1 - HUMAN BIOCULTURAL AND SOCIAL
decay to nitrogen of radiocarbon (carbon- 14). This
EVOLUTION
method was developed by a nuclear physicist Willard F.
●BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION Libby

◄CHANGES THAT OCCUR IN A POPULATION OVER B. POTASSIUM ARGON K AR DATING

TIME.
Is a radiometric method determining the time of origin
◄PRODUCED AT THE GENETIC LEVEL AS ORGANISMS of rocks based upon the decay of radioactive
GENES MUTATE OR RECOMBINE IN DIFFERENT WAYS potassium- 40 to radioactive argon- 40 in minerals and
DURING REPRODUCTION AND ARE PASSED ON TO rocks. This method only dates inorganic materials like
FUTURE GENERATIONS. rocks and minerals.

●CULTURAL EVOLUTION C. URANIUM SERIES DATING

◄REFERS TO ANY LEARNT BEHAVIOR (KNOWLEDGE, Is the most accurate and reliable procedure at present.
ATTITUDES, CUSTOMS AND IDEAS) THAT IS PASSED It is done through radiogenic isotope facility. It is used
FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT BY LEARNING. to date the age of Callao man of the Philippines (67,000
years old.)
●ANTHROPOLOGY
GEOLOGY - SCIENCE THAT COMPRISES THE STUDY OF
◄STUDY OF ORIGIN, EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT
EARTH, ITS ROCK COMPOSITION AND THE PROCESS OF
OF HUMAN SPECIES THAT IS CONCERNED WITH ALL
CHANGES
PEOPLE EVERYWHERE, FROM THOSE ALIVE TODAY BACK
TO WHO LIVED IN PAST IN GEOLOGIC TIME, EARTH BEGUN 6 BILLION YEARS
AGO
●PHYSICAL/BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
ERA - IS DIVIDED BY TIME BLOCKS; IT IS A CHANGE ON
◄BIOLOGICAL ORIGINS AND EVOLUTION OF MAN,
EARTH DISTINCT CREATED BY AN EVENT AND ENDED
VARIATIONS OF HUMAN SPECIES AND THEIR PHYSICAL
BY OTHER.
CHARACTERISTICS, INCLUDING THE STUDY OF
DIFFERENT RACES. DISTURBANCES - IT REFERS TO THE CHANGES IN EVERY
ERA CAUSED BY EARTH CONDITIONS.
FOSSILS - MATERIALS EMBEDDED IN THE EARTH'S 1. Dryopithecus (Greek for "tree ape”)
CRUST SERVES AS EVIDENCE OF LIFE IN PRE HISTORIC
◄it had a large brain and could stand like a
TIMES.
chimpanzee.
3 GEOLOGIC ERAS
◄Middle Miocene (15-10 million years ago)
●PALEOZOIC
◄About four feet long and 25 pounds
●MESOZOIC
◄Diet: Fruit
●CENEZOIC - CRUCIAL TO THE EMERGENCE OF HUMAN
◄Moderate size: long front arms; chimpanzee-like
BEING (PALEOCENE, EOCENE, OLIGOCENE, MIOCENE,
head - First found in France, then Europe, China,
PLIOCENE, PLEISTOCENE, RECENT)
The best preserved and best known Dryophitecus is the
PALEONTOLOGY Is a scientific study of life in the past
Dryopithecus Africanus. It is a small-brained compared
of geologic periods. It deals with the life forms known
to human. They got about to the tree swinging by
fossils.
branches rather than walking.
◄DARWIN'S EVOLUTION THEORY OF NATURAL
2. Pliopithecus (Greek for "Pliocene ape”)
SELECTION
◄Middle Miocene (15- 10 million years ago)
S.O.T.F Survival of the Fittest - those individuals who
possess superior physical, behavioral, or other ◄About three feet tall and 50 pounds
attributes are more likely to survive than those which
are not so well endowed. ◄Diet: Leaves

◄THE EVOLUTION OF MAN FROM THE THEORY OF ◄Short face with large eyes; long arms and legs - They
NATURAL SELECTION had the look and feature similar of a gibbon. Its
skeleton & teeth suggest they are relatives of gibbon
Anthropology looks at human being at both biological and siamangs
and cultural perspectives. Man, as an animal underwent
to the process of biological evolution and has shared 3. Proconsul (Greek for "before Consul," a well-known
characteristics with other animals in the past, circus ape)
particularly what we called "hominids". Adaptation to ◄Early Miocene (23- 17 million years ago)
environment is must in order to survive.
◄About 3-5 feet long and 25-100 pounds
Man who has adapted well to changes in the
environment was able to develop a brain that is ◄Diet: Omnivorous
capable of rational characteristic where he can able to ◄Monkey-like posture; flexible hands and feet; lack of
develop culture that resulted to the changes of tail Considered to be very early ape. viewed ancestor of
behavior. chimpanzee and gorillas
●THE EVOLUTION OF PRIMATES - Humans, monkeys, 4. Gigantopithecus is the largest known primate. They
and apes belong to the group of mammals known as are graminivorous - meaning they eat small, though
the primates grass seeds, stem and rhizomes that requires a lot of
●THE EMERGENCE OF MAN grinding.

●MIOCENE HOMINOIDS - PERIOD OF ENVIRONMENTAL 5. Oreopithecus (Greek for "mountain ape")

CONDITIONS HIGHLY FAVORABLE TO ARBOREAL ◄Late Miocene (10-5 million years ago)
PRIMATES, WITH A MILD CLIMATE, MOIST AND
WETTER THAN AT PRESENT. RAIN FORESTS COVERED ◄About 4 feet tall and 50-75 pounds
MOST OF ASIA, AFRICA AND EUROPE
◄Diet: Plants, nuts and fruit
◄ Longer arms than legs; monkey-like feet It was 4. Australophitecus Boisei Is also called as "nut cracker
directly related to dryophitecus, however it was man" because its face and cheek are so massive. Close
bipedal to austroalophitecus. - it is said that relative of Robustus, same brain size but a better one is
oreopithecus suggest to walk and distinctively had high "dead end" branch of hominid line. - First hominid to
pelvis. use stone tools.

6. Ramaphitecus/Sivapithecus (Greek for "Siva ape”) ●THE RISE OF HOMO

◄Middle-Late Miocene (12-7 million years ago) Man alone is a RATIONAL animal. He alone has art or
aesthetic application. Man has a LANGUAGE. while
◄About five feet long and 50-75 pounds
other animals may communicate, Language is unique to
◄Diet: Plants a man. He can bring ideas that make, create and invent
tools or thing he needs to create CULTURE.
◄Chimpanzee- like feet: flexible wrists; large canines -
former discoveries gave it name Ramaphitecus and was Man has HISTORY, recording his past so that he may
suggested as old ancestor of humans in direct line. learn it from it as a guide to his future. Man is SELF-
Teeth, jaws and palate are human like- making scientists CONSCIOUS, even though some other species have self
think of it as hominid status. awareness the self conscious state of man is unique

●PLIOCENE HOMINOIDS - THE HOMINIDS CLOSE 1. Homo Habilis - "handy man" (because he made tool)
RELATIVES OF HUMANS. THE AUSTRALOPHITECUS IS
◄believed to be the first of the "great ape" type
AN EXTINCT GENUS OF HOMINIDS THAT HAS EVOLVED
creatures to have evolved into Homo (man) Existed
IN EASTERN AFRICA AROUND FOR MILLION YEARS AGO
about 2 million to 1.5 years ago.
AND SPREAD ACROSS THE CONTINENT UNTIL TWO
MILLION YEARS BEFORE THEY BECOME EXTINCT 2. Homo Erectus/ Upright Man

1. Australopithecus Afarensis: Lucy ◄believed to be the first creature to stand fully

upright. He was believed to be the first to use fire: built
◄lived between 2.9 to 3.9 million years ago
camp fire and made simple ovens with hot stones
◄more closely related to the genus Homo (including
3. Homo sapiens
Human Homo Sapiens)
◄Based on fossils found in Africa, Homo Sapiens it
◄The fossils Lucy found by Donald Johanson is the
existed 400,00 years ago.
most complete and oldest hominid dated 3.2 m years.
Afarensis is biped that walked, run and stood. It is also ◄Is believed to be ancestor of all human being
believed to be both tree and land dwellers. - Oldest
◄Bipedal stance and gait, brain capacity about 82
hominid found
inches, high forehead, small teeth and jaw, define chin
2. Australophitecus Africanus Has ability of constructing tools and make symbols such
as used in language and writing.
◄It was the southern african counterpart of the
Afarensis. named as “The South Ape Of Africa" ◄Early homo sapiens used simple technology. Their
tools were in form of chipped stone which sharpend to
◄Bipedal hominids with arms slightly larger than the
be used as simple knife.
legs. - slightly more human cranial features. - Human
like posture based on the fossils found in year 1942 at ◄Their garments were made from animal hide. Their
Taung lime line shelters were make - shift shelters if natural cave is not
available
3. Australophitecus Robustus (Paranthropus Robustus)
◄First discovered in 1938 and was called Paranthropus
It is more bigger bulkier and more muscular and had
larger molar teeth than africanus.
UNIT 4: Lesson 1 - Enculturation and Socialization ●Po and Opo - kind of respect you use among elders

Enculturation - process by which individuals acquire ●Harana - old Filipino courtship tradition
the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values that enable
2. Mores
them to become functioning members of their
◄Special folkways with moral and ethical values which
societies.
are strongly held and emphasized.
Socialization - is the process whereby the individual’s ◄unspoken but understood norms of a community or
behavior is modified to conform to the expectation of society.
the group.
3. Laws
Three levels of Human Development
◄formalized norms enacted by people vested with
1. Vegetative level authority. These laws reinforce the mores.

◄refers to embryo and early infancy. 4. Sanctions

◄by preoccupation with food. ◄penalties or other means of enforcement used to

◄infant grab things and brings them directly provide incentives for obedience with the law, or with
to the mouth. The main thought of the infant is rules and regulation.
survival.
◄threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule,
2. Animal Level official permission or approval for an action.

◄Characterized by desires for sex and reproduction. Forms of Sanctions

◄man is no different from animals in their need for
A. Informal Sanctions
food and sex.
◄Come in unfavorable or favorable public opinion,
◄socialization of man is incomplete. giving or withdrawing of support, or gossip.
◄not laws in a legal sense, but occur regularly
3. Human Level
in society.
◄Is considered the attainment of human of a
personality. B. Formal Sanctions
◄implies the assimilation of behavior, attitudes, and ◄May be in the nature of getting high academic
values the society considers necessary and important ratings, award in schools, promotion or salary increase
to the well-being of the group. for employees, certification of merits or other citation
fort achievement.
Social Norms and Social Values
◄actions that are legalized and official in nature and
•Social Norms enforced
◄standards of behavior which tell whether an action is
Application of Sanctions
right or wrong; appropriate or not.
A. Physical Sanctions
1. Folkways Bring physical pain or pleasure.
B. Psychological Sanctions
◄the traditional behavior or way of life of a particular
Address the feeling and emotions of a
community or group of people.
person.
◄the ways of living, thinking, and acting in a human
Positive psychological sanctions are
group, built up without conscious design but serving as
found in compliments ribbons, badges
compelling guides of conduct.
and awards.
Examples of Filipino Folkways Negative psychological sanctions are found in insults
and rejections.
●Mano Po (Blessing of the hand) - gesture where the
younger shows respect to the elder.
Status FORMAL CONTROL
•one’s position or place in a social group. ❏ designed and regulated by some authority like the
◄Ascribed- status that is assigned to an individual from government which makes laws to control order.
birth.
◄Achieved- one acquires either by choice or by force INFORMAL CONTROL
or through some form of competition ❏ unwritten rules and regulation characterized by
informal authority like criticism, sociability, and public
Role opinion.
●functional and dynamic aspect of the status. DEVIANCE
●totality of cultural patterns and behavior expected of ❏ recognized violation of cultural norms.
a particular status. SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION
●socially expected behavior pattern usually determined ❏ Cultural conflict suggests that deviant and criminal
by an individual's status in a particular society. behaviour results when two normative systems come
into contact.
Forms of Roles
LABELING
A. Roles as Expectation ❏ Deviant behaviour suggests that what defines
◄rights, duties and obligations an individual has while deviances is the action of others or by the actors
occupying a status. themselves.
B. Role as Performance VALUE CONFLICT
◄how the individual actually behaves while occupying
❏ Holds that acts are considered criminal or deviant
the status.
because they are at variance with a group’s values.
C. Role Conflict
◄Arises when an individual encounters conflicting MOST COMMON DEVIANCE
demands from his two or more statuses.
1. Drug addiction
D. Role Set 2. Alcoholism
◄individuals repertoire (list) of performances towards 3. Murder
variety of others while he/she occupies a given status. 4. Prostitution
5. Perversion
UNIT 4: Lesson 2 - CONFORMITY AND DEVIANCE
6. Atheism
CONFORMITY - act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and 7. Religious or Political
behaviors to group norms. extremism
8. Ear piercing
Social control - study of the mechanisms, in the form of 9. Tattooing
patterns of pressure, through which society maintains
social order and cohesion. UNIT 4: LESSON 3 - HUMAN DIGNITY, RIGHTS AND THE
COMMON GOOD
DIRECT CONTROL - exercised by the primary groups like
family, peer group, who praise or condemn the A MEMBER OF A POLITICAL COMMUNITY MUST BE
behavior of an individual. ABLE TO INTERNALIZE THE PREAMBLE OF THE
CONSTITUTION BY HEART
INDIRECT CONTROL - Is exercised by secondary groups
like traditions,customs,institutions etc. CITiZENSHIP

POSITIVE MEANS ◄Defined as a MEMBERSHIP in the political community

❏through praise,prizes,fame,respect and promotion. which is personal and more or less personal character

NEGATIVE MEAN ◄It is the status of or character of being a CITIZEN

❏criticism, gossip, punishment and ostracism. ◄Owes permanent allegiance and is entitled with
protection based on the legal and political conceptions.
◄entails assertions of one’s rights and privileges and INCLUSIVE CITIZENSHIP
conversely an unwavering performance of his duties ◄familiar with politics and keep the government
and obligations to the government accountable by staying on top with it’s latest
proceedings.
◄volunteer in the community and when they see a
The CONSTITUTION recognizes the HUMAN RIGHTS of
need, they do not idyl wait for someone else (like the
every citizen as enumerated with the BILL OF RIGHTS.
government) to address it.
●Natural Rights ◄respect the rights and opinions of others and do not
●Civil Rights use for or abuse government to silence people who
●Political Rights have different views because such actions subvert a free
●Economic Rights society
◄listen to others with sincerity and work with fellow
HUMAN RIGHTS citizens to find the best solution to problems.
 INHERENT to all Human Being what ever our
nationality, sex, ethnic origin etc. We are all
equally entitled without discrimination

 UNIVERSAL HUMAN RIGHTS are often guided by

the LAW

In forms of:

 Treaties

 Customary International Laws

 General principles and other sources of

international laws

The International human rights law lays down

OBLIGATIONS of the government to ACT in a certain
way or to REFRAIN from certain acts in order to
promote and protect human rights and fundamental
freedoms of individuals or groups.

INCLUSIVE CITIZENSHIP -

◄promotion of the COMMON GOOD or GENERAL

WELFARE.
◄promotes the common good by obeying the law,
paying taxes, informing himself about political issues,
volunteering in the community and respecting the
rights and opinions of others.
◄Willing to sacrifice his individual interests for the
collective good of the nation. He remembers his civic
duties and serves his country despite any discomfort
such a course might bring.
◄Responsible citizens obey the law. A harmonious
society has order. Every citizen implicitly consents in
maintaining social order by upholding the law even
when he does not like it. If he believes that the law is
unfair, he resorts to the political process to change the
law in a manner society prescribes.