Assignment of Particles With Auxiliary Words

CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF LITERATURE,
PHILOSOPHY AND CULTURE

eISSN: 2660-6828 | Volume: 04 Issue: 09 Sep 2023
https://cajlpc.centralasianstudies.org
Assignment of Particles with Auxiliary Words
Kakhkhorova Gulruh Shavkatovna

Doctoral student of Bukhara State University
Received 4th Jul 2023, Accepted 5th Aug 2023, Online 26th Sep 2023
ANNOTATION
This article explains that particle forms a function with auxiliary and connecting words that are close to it in
function. The article notes that particle is no exception, since the feature of transition to each other between
auxiliary words, performing the function of one of them, is characteristic of all auxiliary words. This is based
on the fact that they serve to connect word to word or sentence to sentence, giving them additional meaning.
The article also analyzes 4 aspects that combine the auxiliary word with particle in one category: first, both of
them help to connect words with words. Only the auxiliary word is subordinate to the word, and particle is
equal to; secondly, they both tend to attach meaning; third, in the content and formal structure of the sentence
it is combined with the word with which it is syntactically associated, indicating a separate implicit premise;
fourth, they differ in that they cannot be a separate part of the sentence in the sentence of which they are a
part, and they impart a unique logical meaning, complicating the meaningful structure of the sentence.
KEYWORDS: discourse, communication-relationship, pure and assigned, particle, connecting, auxiliary,
attachment, conflict, subtraction, equality, subordination.
In the linguistic system of most peoples of the world, auxiliary vocabulary has been formed, giving additional
meaning to independent words and serving to connect them with each other. Such lexical units, which have
grammatical meaning, form and function, although they do not have lexical meaning, attract attention from
the point of view of imparting emotion, expressiveness, intensity to words and sentences, as well as their
syntactic connection. Particle is one of such linguistic units and takes its place among the auxiliary groups of
words. This is based on the fact that they serve to connect word to word or sentence to sentence, giving them
additional meaning. A.B. Pardaev’s dissertation also provides comments on the auxiliary features of the
functional particle and some independent words as discursive words. [9]
Their task is defined as follows:
Auxiliary Conjunction Particle
A noun, pronoun, action noun Connects independent words, By giving words additional
subordinates the adjective to simple and complex parts of meaning, it connects words
another independent word sentences, both equal and and sentences.
only as a control. subordinate clauses.
© 2023, CAJLPC, Central Asian Studies, All Rights Reserved 136

136of Creative Commons Attribution
Copyright (c) 2023 Author (s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms
License (CC BY).To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF LITERATURE, PHILOSOPHY AND CULTURE
Volume: 04 Issue: 09 | Sep 2023, ISSN: 2660-6828
In modern Uzbek there are three groups of auxiliary words, known as auxiliaries, conjunctions and particle.
All three of them, depending on the proximity of their grammatical function, are united by the classification of
auxiliary words.
Auxiliary, conjunctions and particle words have grammatical form, grammatical meaning and function, but
differ from independent words in that they do not have the meaning of atasha, formation and stress, and all
three are considered auxiliary words.
So, the term “auxiliary” refers to words that help subordinate a noun, pronoun, action noun, adjective to
another independent word. The connection they participate in is the auxiliary control connection. Therefore,
auxiliary words are replaced by concordances, because both of them help to connect the subordinate word
according to the requirement of the control word, to establish a connection between them. In this regard,
auxiliary and connecting adverbs form mutual grammatical synonymy. Auxiliaries are used only with words
in the title, appendix, agreement of care and exit. Cannot appear after accusative (-ni) or locative (-da). Words
in basic agreement билан, учун, сайин, сари, узра, бўйлаб, орқали, каби; words in the indicative agreement
билан, учун, устида, ичида, остида, қошида, ѐнида; words in the exit agreement кўра, қараб, яраша,
томон; words in the withdrawal agreement may appear before the auxiliary words буѐн, бери, кейин, сўнг,
олдин, тортиб.
There are four things that auxiliary has in common with particle:
Firstly, both help to associate words with words. Only auxiliary is a subordinate word, and particle is equal;
secondly, they both tend to attach meaning;
third, in the content and formal structure of the sentence it is combined with the word with which it is
syntactically associated, indicating a separate implicit premise;
fourth - they differ in that they cannot be a separate sentence in the sentence of which they are part, and give
their own logical meaning, complicating the meaningful structure of the sentence. For example, auxiliaries
каби, сингари, янглиғ, чоғли similarity; auxiliaries томон, сари, қараб, қарата direction; auxiliaries кейин,
сўнг, олдин, бери, нари, буѐн, сайин, бурун, илгари, оша, бўйи time; auxiliaries билан, орқали the means;
auxiliaries сабабли, туфайли, учун cause and purpose; auxiliaries узра, бўйлаб level; auxiliaries
бошлаб,тортиб primary point, auxiliaries бошқа, бўлак, ўзга, ташқари, қадар subtraction-limiting, кўра,
қараганда, биноан, асосан, бўйича, мувофиқ base-source, ҳақида, тўғрисида the theme, ҳолда, йўсинда
the state, яраша, лойиқ weight, қарши, қарамай, қарамасдан is considered to indicate resistance of
auxiliary. Even some of the auxiliaries are ambiguous. For example, only "with" auxiliaries: a) meaning
means (to speak into a microphone); b) the meaning of time (read a book in the summer); c) the meaning of
the situation (entering the house with joy); g) the meaning of unity (going to the theater with my brother); d)
auxiliaries frhemes of b) in the sense of purpose (to come to study); c) in the sense of remuneration (receiving
payment for work); d) comes in the sense of a reason (I can’t go because it’s windy).
Apparently, with and for and for auxiliaries Formation of mutual meaning (synonym). Related words such as
/like/news (comparison); because of/due to/for (reason); via /s (instrument) is also observed in the
grammatical nature and function of auxiliaries.
And the comparison sign characteristic of auxiliaries is also characteristic of particle. This similarity may
serve as a basis for considering them as synonyms. For example:

Copyright (c) 2023 Author (s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution
Отаси каби бўйдор йигит.

Йигитнинг бўйдорлиги худди отаси.
In this case, not only the content of the sentence changes, but also the syntactic structure. The first syntactic
unit, containing auxiliary, is a complex phrase, and the second syntactic unit, consisting of particle, forms a
simple sentence. The first syntactic unit - in a complex phrase, "boy" is defined as the head (head) word, and
"tall as a father" is defined as a secondary word.
In the structure of the second syntactic unit - a simple sentence, the word "boy" is used as a demonstrative
determiner, height - owner, father - participle.
Based on this, it is also understood that auxiliary can only connect words and form a phrase, while particle can
connect fragments of a sentence and form a sentence.
Representing the auxiliary boundary value between objects reminds us of a problem specific to the definition-
delimitation type particle:
Featuring auxiliary: “Уни машинамда йўлга қадар чиқариб қўйдим.”
Featuring particle: “Уни машинамда атиги йўлгача чиқариб қўйдим.”
Both of these sentences select “road” as the limit and specify that the action is performed only up to that
object and not beyond it. Thus, the value of the limit can be expressed using auxiliary and particle. It is worth
noting that auxiliary - after the road word (before the road) with the addition of an exit agreement (before the
road), and particle, on the contrary, is presented before the road word with a logical accent and the limiting
suffix -, characteristic of nouns. As A. A. Shakhmatov pointed out, auxiliary forms of agreement strengthen,
complement, enhance the meaning.[10]
In general, auxiliary and particle play an important role in the formation of speech, both in form and content.
Auxiliary union and particle are closely related and included in the same category. Let's say all three look
clean and functional. For example, билан, учун, сари, сайин, каби, янглиғ, сингари, узра, туфайли auxiliary
usually becomes pure auxiliary, кейин, сўнг, олдида, қошида, ичида, ѐнида, кўра, томон, қараб, бўйлаб,
etc. are sometimes included in the list auxiliary because they have their own meaning. Because they don't
strictly fall into the auxiliary category, as opposed to the pure auxiliary. Their use is more common as part of
independent words. When used in the auxiliary function, it means portable.
For example, if it is given “қизнинг қошида ўсмаси бор экан”, the word“қошида” refers to the noun. If it is
given “мактабимиз қошида катта боғ бор”, the word “қошида” here will be associated as auxiliary. Because
“қош” – is the name of one of the organs of the human body (somatism) and refers to the arched hairy layer
on top of the skull. But again, it is the front part of some things, the place where it comes out, the bow-shaped
flower carved on things like a ring, a necklace - a decoration, in the form of third-person possessive and
spatial agreements. (қошига, қошида, қошидан) In the function auxiliary, it also means space relations [8].
It means the presence, location of another object in front of, next to, in the presence of, or in the composition
of one object.
Binding function and property of Auxiliary, Conjunction and Particle is shown as follows:
Auxiliary Conjunction Particle
connects word to word connects word to word connects word to word

connects the sentence equal connects the sentence to the

or subordinate to the sentence
sentence
only the subordinate connects connects word to word connects word to word
the word to the word connects the sentence to the connects the sentence to the
(can't connect) sentence sentence
connects the sentence to the connects the sentence to the
sentence sentence
Conjunction - performs the task of connecting word to word, sentence to sentence and connected parts.
Accordingly, the connecting words are divided into two:
Equal conjunctions Subjunctive conjunctions
Connects together clauses and related clauses Connects the parts of the following
with equal parts. conjunctions through a subordinate-dominant
relationship.
There is a fact that particle has been performing the task of connecting sentence fragments or sentences
equally among the connectives. In this sense, they form a function of conjunctions from equal
conjunctions and opposition conjunctions, and are recorded as their internal type:
Features of the use of equal conjunction internal types
N Naming Content and Pure In the Application
function place
In the form In the form
of words of suffix
1. Attachment It means an ва, билан ва, ҳамда, -у, -ю, -да
conjunction event that ҳамда auxiliary, билан particles
happened at -у, auxiliary,
one time. -ю, -да, ҳам particles
ҳам
particles
2. Contrasting Connects аммо, балки аммо, лекин, -у, -ю, -да
conjunction words and лекин, modal бироқ, particles
sentences with бироқ words балки modal
opposite -у, -ю, words
meaning. -да
Conjunctions particles
are preceded
by a comma.
3. Subjunctive Used Used
conjunction repeatedly repeatedly:
means the гоҳ-гоҳ, дам-
reality that дам, баъзан-
happened in баъзан, хоҳ-

turn by turn.: хоҳ, бир-бир,

ѐ-ѐ. The
second of
these is
preceded by a
comma.
Used alone:
ѐки, ѐхуд,
ѐйинки
4. Negative Connects на-на
conjunction words and
sentences in
the context of
mutual
negation. The
part of the
sentence in
which it
participates is
in the
affirmative
form.
Subjunctive conjunctions
N The naming of the internal Appearances
types
1. Causative conjunction чунки, зероки, негаки
2. Conditional conjunction агар, агарда, агарчи, гарчи, башарти,
мободо,гарчанд
3. Definition conjunction яъни, (ки, ким)
4. Purpose conjunction деб, токи
5. Conjunction of simile гўѐ, гўѐки
Conjunctions in modern English are divided into three types according to their meaning and function:
1. Coordinating Conjunctions. It is an answer to the same question and connects two or more words or
phrases that belong to the same category, have the same syntactic function in the same grammatical form, and
sentences with equal parts. For example, and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet, and/or are equal conjunctions.
Among them, it is often observed that the conjunction "va", "bilan", "hamda" is directly translated into Uzbek
through the words -u, -yu, -da and particle . For example: “Carrie nodded and asked her sister about the
neighbourhood”. (Th.D. Sister Carrie, 11). – “Керри хўп дегандай бош ирғаб қўйди-да, опасидан қўни-
қўшниларини суриштира бошлади”. (Т.Д. Бахтиқаро Керри, 18).
It is observed that the equivalent conjunction of the verb "nodded and asked" in the original of the quoted
sentence is given in the form of "nodded and ... began to inquire", that is, instead of the conjunction and,
particles performs the function of the conjunction and connects the clauses expressed by the verb.

If the conjunction connects the possessive parts of the sentence, then the verb must be used in the plural. The
sons and daughters are going to park.
Since the but conjunction expresses a contradiction, it is translated into Uzbek through the conjunctions of
contradictions such as but, but, but, or the modal word, sometimes -u, -yu, -particle: “She wanted to make
some reference to their relations upon the train, but was too timid. (Th.D. Sister Carrie, 12)”. – “У поездда
бирга келишганини тилга олиб ўтмоқчи бўлди-ю, бироқ тортинчоқлиги йўл қўймади. (Т.Д. Бахтиқаро
Керри, 19)”.
Since the conjunction yet also expresses a contradiction, it can be translated into Uzbek with particle, among
the conjunctions such as but, but, which can be used for this task: “Yet she had applied so often. (Th.D. Sister
Carrie, 54)”. – “Бироқ ҳар кимдан иш сўрайвериб ўлиб бўлди-ку! (Т.Д. Бахтиқаро Керри, 74)”.
In English, the conjunction or, used to express the meaning of selection or separation, is represented by
conjunctions of separation, such as "yo", "yo", "yokhud", "yoynki" in Uzbek.
Nor is a negative conjunction and is translated into Uzbek through na...na or particle. It is only preceded by
the words not or neither. Including: “ There were, in the last place, a few good followers, neither rich nor
poor, famous, nor yet remarkably successful, with whom he was friendly on the score of good-
fellowship.(Th.D. Sister Carrie, 36). – “Ниҳоят майхонага тез-тез қадам ранжида қилиб турувчилар
орасида бой ҳам, камбағал ҳам бўлмаган, бироқ ҳамма танийдигану шон-шуҳрат бобида омади
келмаганлар ҳам бўлиб, Герствуд улар билан чинакам ошначилик қиларди. (Т.Д. Бахтиқаро Керри,
51).
If "or" or "nor" connects the possessive clauses of the sentence, the participle is aligned with the possessive
clause that is close to it.
So is a conjunction that expresses the result, and this type of conjunction does not exist in the Uzbek
language. Therefore, in the process of translation into Uzbek, this word is expressed in the forms "as a result",
"thus", "therefore".
“So this was the game, was it? Shut him out and make him pay. Well, by the Lord, that did beat all! (Th.D.
Sister Carrie, 184)”. – “Уларнинг ҳунарлари шу экан-да! Уйдан ҳайдаб, пул тўлашга мажбур
қилишмоқчи бўлишибди-да! Буниси чиндан ҳам ҳаммасидан ошиб тушди-ку! (Т.Д. Бахтиқаро Керри,
243)”.
In the Uzbek translation of the quoted sentence, the meaning of the result is preserved, but the words and
phrases expressing it are not used. This situation is often observed.
For can be used interchangeably with the Uzbek conjunction "because" or "for", "due to", "caused"
conjunction in translation. But it can also be expressed in translation with the suffix from: “Temporarily she
gave little thought to Drouet, thinking only of the dignity and grace of her lover and of his consuming
affection for her. (Th.D. Sister Carrie, 102)”. – “Хаѐллари маҳбубининг олижаноблиги, кўркамлиги ва
беқиѐс эҳтироси билан банд бўлганидан бироз вақт Друэ ҳам эсидан чиқаѐзди. (Т.Д. Бахтиқаро Керри,
140)”.
Conjunctions differ stylistically. An example of this is the conjunctions for and yet. They are rarely used in
spoken speech and are used more in formal, bookish written speech.

2. Сorrelative Сonjunctions. In modern English language both . . . and (ва . . . (ҳар иккаласи) / ҳам . . .
ҳам); either . . . or (ё . . . ё, ё) not only . . . but also (нафақат . . . балки . . . ҳам), neither . . . nor (на . . .
нa) are correlative conjunctions. They are repeated before or after equal parts, or between such units. For
example: “The entire metropolitan centre possessed a high and mighty air calculated to overawe and abash
the common applicant, and to make the gulf between poverty and success seem both wide and deep. (Th.D.
Sister Carrie, 13)”. – “Нега деганда унинг кўриниши жуда ваҳимали бўлиб, оддий фуқарони танг
қолдириш ва камбағаллик билан омад ўртасидаги ўриннинг қанчалик кенг ва чуқурлигини кўрсатиб
қўйиш кўзда тутилганди-да. (Т.Д. Бахтиқаро Керри, 22)”.
It seems that in the Uzbek translation of this sentence, the conjunction "and" is used in two places and the
emphasis "da" is used in one place. It does not include subtractive conjunctions as in the original.
Conjunctions and/or(and/or) indicate that the word that comes after it is added or attached to the previous
thought. Although they are not used in formal literary language, they are often used in scientific style.
In the following sentence either . . . The or (or . . . or) pattern is prominent: “A man in his situation who
comes, after a long round of worthless or hardening experiences, upon a young, unsophisticated, innocent
soul, is apt either to hold aloof, out of a sense of his own remoteness, or to draw near and become fascinated
and elated by his discovery. (Th.D. Sister Carrie, 95)”. – “Герствуд мавқеидаги кўп йиллар мобайнида ҳеч
нарсага арзимайдиган аѐллар билан таниш-билиш бўлиб юрган одам ѐш, айнимаган, қалби очиқ
жувонга дуч келиб қолганда ё икковларининг орасида ер билан осмонча фарқ борлигини фаҳмлаб
ўзини четроққа олади, ё бўлмаса танишганлигидан суюниб кетиб бутун кучи билан унга етишишга
интилади. (Т.Д. Бахтиқаро Керри, 130)”.
Subjunctive conjunctions served to connect the parts of the quoted sentence.
3. Subbordinating Conjunctions. Subordinating conjunctions come at the beginning of subordinate clauses,
in front of them, to connect the main and subordinate clauses, and serve to explain and complete the meaning
of the main clause. A subordinate clause that begins with a conjunction is not separated as a separate clause.
For example: Whenever I see her, she alwayscurtseys and asks me how I do. (Таржимаси: Уни қачон
кўрсам, у доим таъзим қилиб мендан аҳволимни сўрайди.(Emmaby Jane Austen. Volume I.Chapter I. –
Р.4).
It is known that in English, connectives are divided into four according to their structure. These are: 1. Simple
Conjunctions: and, but, as, or, nor, after, till, that, so, for, hence, yet, since, when, if, lest, while, whether. 2.
Derivative Conjunctions: untill, unless, supposing, seeing, provided, because, once, directly, before,
consequently. 3. Compound Conjunctions: however, wherever, although, whereas, nevertheless, therefore. 4.
Composite Conjunctions: as well as, both ... and, either… or, neither … nor, whether … or, as … as, as … so,
so … as, so … that, rather ... than, such … as, in order … that, even though, even if, not so … as, no sooner
… than, not only … but, the … the, no matter …, who (when), such … that, but that, or else.
In the Uzbek language, conjunctions are divided into four types according to their structure and use:
1. Simple conjunctions: ва, ҳамда, аммо, лекин, бироқ, ѐки, ѐхуд....
2. Repetitive conjunctions: ѐ..ѐ, гоҳ...гоҳ, дам....дам, бир...бир, ҳам...ҳам, на...на....
3. Paired conjunctions: аммо-лекин, ва-лекин....
4. Abbreviated conjunctions: аммо-лек, лек, вале.

In English, particles are divided into the following three types according to their structure:
1. Simple: just, still, even, else...
2. Derived: merely, simply, alone...
3. Complex: also.
In Uzbek linguistics, it is observed that the term connecting- particles is also used in relation to "intermediate
events" formed by the transition of particles to the connecting rank.[1]
When particles serves to add words to words, with its help, pairs of words are often formed. For example:
Она-ю бола – гулу лола. / Она-бола – гул ва лола.
If -u/ -yu particles appears between pairs of words in the Latin script, this particles is written separated from
the previous name with a hyphen, and no hyphen is placed between the pairs of words. [8] For example: as
qor-u yomg`ir, ota-yu ona, opa-yu singil. In this case, the hyphen refers to the previous word. But in the
Cyrillic script, if -u/ -yu particles appears between the pairs of words, this particle is added to the previous part
and no hyphen is placed between the pairs of words. For example, қору ѐмғир, отаю она, опаю сингил.
Phrasal verbs with particle usually appear in three ways:
a) from words with close meaning, belonging to the same category (eg, ошу нон, дўсту ѐр, гулу лола);
b) an antonym, i.e., different in form and meaning, but opposite in meaning, and at the same time from the
same group of words (for example, яхшию ѐмон, каттаю кичик, ўғилу қиз);
c) synonym, i.e., different in form, but meaningful, from the same group of words (for example, бахту
саодат, ошу овқат).
It is clear from the examples that between such pairs, mainly -u / -yu and particle come. But as particle, they
do not have the function of loading meaning, but as a connector, they perform the function of bringing two
words into an equal relationship, connecting them.
No punctuation marks are used if the above pairs are joined by the conjunctions pure and functional (and, and
as – pure, and particle, and conjunctions – functional). For example: тун ва кун, чол ҳамда кампир, ота ҳам
она, шоҳ билан гадо …
-u, -yu, -da and particle, which act as conjunctions, can be used instead of the auxiliary -countable verb.
Because auxiliary, which does not have a clear independent meaning, can express the meaning of addition as
particle as a unit of the linguistic level.
Pairs used with particles are usually of the same word group:
Word group Uzbek English
Noun олмаю анор, шаҳару қишлоқ... city and county
Adjective узоғу яқин, каттаю кичик... big and small
Verb боришу келиш, юкламоғу туширмоқ … come and go
Adjective Оқу қора, қизилу сариқ black and white
Adverb эртаю кеч, эртаю индин early and late
Pronoun сизу биз,сену мен... you and me
Quantity учу тўрт, тўрту беш... three to five

And particles can be repeated before or at the end of structured clauses. A conjunction is only considered if it
comes before organized clauses.
It can be observed that particles in the English language acquire homonymy with other word groups. For
example, in modern English almost all particles are homonymous with other word groups, especially with
adverbial prepositions and conjunctions. A very small number of particles are non-homogeneous in other
words. Examples of this are particles like else, merely, barely, solely. But most form homonyms with the
following word groups:
With adverb: exactly, simply, too, never, still, just, yet, right;
With adjective: even, right, just, only, still;
With pronoun: all, either;
With verb: still;
With conjunction: but;
With preposition: but (бирхил).
The following examples show that it is necessary to correctly distinguish between particles, i.e. particles, and
adverbs, i.e.:
simply
I simply do not understand you. He did itquite simply.
(Рarticle). (Аdverb).
exactly
He always said exactly what he thought. Уҳамиша айнан (худди ўша) ўйлаган
(Рarticle) нарсасини айтган.
(Партикл)
She knew exactly what she thought about the Уҳамиша бошқалар ҳақида нима ўйлаганини
others. аниқ (равшан) биларди.(Равиш)
(Аdverb)
too
She is lazy, too. У дангаса ҳам эди.
(Рarticle) (Партикл)
She is too lazy. У ўта дангаса.
(Аdverb) (Равиш)
just
You are just the person I need. Сиз менга керак бўлган айнан (худди) ўша
(Рarticle) одамсиз.
(Партикл)
He has justleft the room. У ҳозиргина хонани тарк этди.

never
He never looked back, he never hesitated. У умуман орқага қарамади, у умуман
(Рarticle) иккиланмади.
(Партикл)
Ihave never been to London. Meн ҳеч қачон Лондонда бўлмаганман.
The following examples show that it is necessary to correctly distinguish between particles, particles and
adjectives, i.e. adjectives:
only
I have onlytwo letters to send. Meнда фақат иккита юборадиган хат бор.
She is theonly child in the family. (Аdjective) У оиласида ягона фарзанд.(Сифат)
just
They are just about to leave. Улар шунчаки кетмоқчи бўлиб турибди.
He is a justman. У адолатли киши.
(Аdjective) (Сифат)
even
Ican’tcook. I can’t evenboil an egg. (Рarticle) Meн пишира олмайман. Meн тухумни
ҳаттоки қайната олмайман.
(Партикл)
I couldn’t remember those even numbers on the Meндевордаги ўша жуфт сонларни эслай
wall. олмадим.
(Аdjective) (Сифат)
Most English particles are ambiguous. For example, this can be observed in the case of only and just. These
words can be both limiting and intensifying particles. In particular, when it appears as a "limiting particle", it
can be used with any word group and appear in different places of the sentence. For example, “Only Mary was
at home”. In this sentence, it is observed that the particle "only" comes at the beginning of the sentence.
According to L. Tipping, the position of the word only affects the meaning of the sentence. This can be seen
in the example of the following sentences:
Only Mary passed in French (= no one else passed).
Mary only passed in French (= passed but did not get honours).
Mary passed in French only (= passed in no other subject).

Only "Intensifying particle", that is, a particle used in the meaning of strengthening-emphasis, in this case it is
used with the conjunction "if" and affects the content of the whole sentence. For example: “If only she were
here, I should speak to her now!”. – Translation: “Қанийди у шу ерда бўлганида эди, мен у билан ҳозир
гаплашган бўлардим”.
Or one more: “If only I had seen her yesterday, I should have told here еverything”. – Translation: “Қанийди
мен уни кеча кўрганимда эди, мен унга ҳаммасини айтган бўлар эдим”.
When just occurs as a limiting particle, it is preceded by a number phrase and a number-specific quantifier:
“The man gave the boy just 3 dollars”. Or: “He gave me just a little”.
If just occurs as an "Intensifying particle", it implies a predicate and is often used in imperative sentences:
“Just listen to me. We were just about to start our journey”.
The particles and conjunctions in English and Uzbek languages show their evidence more vividly in
translation. It is noteworthy that in English and Uzbek languages, when particles serves to add words to
words, it is often observed that double words are formed with its help. For example, in Uzbek “Она-ю бола –
гулу лола” In his proverb, mother and child, flower and tulip connected personal and object nouns -u, -yu
particles as a conjunction "and" which is a type of equal conjunction. A similar grammatical situation can be
observed in English. For example, it is written in English by the famous American writer T.Dreiser “Sister
Carrie” – “Бахтиқаро Керри” occured “Time and repetition – ah, the wonder of it!”[3] in the part “and” the
words "time" (time) and "repetition" (repetition), which are interconnected and united with the help of the
conjunction "and" in the Uzbek language, not with the conjunction "va" which can fully correspond to this
conjunction "and", but through "-u" which is considered to be its counterpart expressed by: “Вақту
такрорийлик – о, нақадар зўр куч!”[3] So, the mutual function of the conjunction particle, connecting words
of the same category to form pairs of words and coherent fragments is typical for the English and Uzbek
languages.
In the passage below, you can see the translation of the English conjunction "and" with the Uzbek "-yu"
particle: “Her husband asked a few questions and sat down to read the evening paper”. (Р.10). – “Мистер
Гансон бўлса Керридан у-буларни суриштирган бўлди-ю, оқшомги газетани ўқишга тушди”. (Б.17).
In this translation, there are several places different from the original: a) the anthroponym "Mr. Hanson" was
deleted by the translator instead of the combination "Her husband" (her husband); b) the phrase "asked a few
questions" is given by the phrase "asked a few questions"; c) The verb "sat down" was not reflected in the
translation. However, since the original word "and" connects the parts of a compound sentence, it is justified
that in the translation it is not replaced by "-yu", which has the same grammatical function in Uzbek. In this
place, although "after" conjunction is not used in the original and in the translated text, its place is noticeable
before the word "evening". After all, as they say, "Mr. Ganson inquired first, then went to read the evening
newspaper."
Sometimes it is noticeable that particle is not in the original and is added to the translated text: “In the
intuitive graces she was still crude”.(Р.3). Translation: “Нозу карашма бобида унда таржима борлиги
мутлақо сезилмасди”. (Б.6).
It seems that in reality there is no equivalent of "mincing, manners, flirt" to the word "nozu karashma". And
the translator used a pair of words connected by "nozu karashma" particle. As a result, there was a non-
existing -enhancing-emphasis particle.

It is often observed that translators express the compound "Andyet" through the compound " particle ". For
example: “And yet she was interested in her charms, quick to understand the keener pleasures of life,
ambitious to gain in material things”.(Р.3). – Translation: “Шундай бўлса-да, у ўзига қараб юрар, ҳаѐт
қувончларига бағрини очар ва моддий неъматларга зўр бериб интиларди”. (Б.6).
The reason for this is that yetsozi in Uzbek can form an alternative with the conjunctions but, in any case, in
spite of this, but, but. This opinion can be based on the example of existing English-Uzbek translation
dictionaries.[2]
In the Uzbek language, however, but, as the conjunctions "andyet" appear at the beginning or in the middle of
the sentence, in English, the corresponding "andyet" combination is sometimes used at the beginning of the
sentence, sometimes in the middle of the sentence, as above: “She realised that hers was not to be a round of
pleasure, and yet there was something promising in all the material prospect he set forth. (Р.5). – “Ўзини
кўнгилочар нарсалардан бўлак нарсалар ҳам кутаѐтганини жуда яхши тушунар, шундай бўлса-да,
ҳамроҳи ҳикоя қилаѐтган нарсаларнинг барида умидвор қилувчи нимадир бор эди”. (Б.10).
The word "and" comes with the word "whatever" in the form of "and whatever" and also means non-
obstructive. After all, the English word "whatever" means "whatever" in Uzbek. For example: “He was, for
the order of intellect represented, attractive, and whatever he had to recommend him, you may be sure was
not lost upon Carrie, in this, her first glance. (Р.4). – “Шу важдан Керри унга бир қарагандаёқ унинг
устидаги нархини оширадиган нарсаларнинг барини пайқади-қўйди”. (Б.8).
Although the "first glance" combination in the original of this text is not used with particle, in its translation as
"at a glance" -particle is used. But this does not have a bad effect on the translation.
In English, the word "and" is often used as a conjunction, just like the Uzbek conjunctions "va", "hamda",
"bilan" auxiliary", -u", "-yu", "-da" and particle. serves to bind as a piece. For example, in the following
example, the conjunction "and" connects the verbs "nodded" and "asked": “Carrie nodded and asked her sister
about the neighbourhood”. (Р.11). – “Керри хўп дегандай бош ирғаб қўйди-да,опасидан қўни-
қўшниларини суриштира бошлади. (Б.18). However, in the translation, the particle "-da" used in its place
connects two simple sentences, not connected clauses.
In short, the function of particles and conjunctions in English and Uzbek is sometimes reflected in the
translation process. In English, it is noticeable that particles are often replaced by connecting words and
become a partner.
References:
1. Асқарова М. Ўзбек тилида боғловчи-юкламалар ҳақида // Ўзбек тили ва адабиѐти. – 1962. – 5-сон.
2. Бўтаев Ш., Ирисқулов А. Инглизча-ўзбекча, ўзбекча-инглизча луғат. 70.00 0 сўз ва ибора луғати. –
Т.: Фан, 2009. – Б.
3. Draiser Th. Sister Carrie. Gutenberg EBook FreeDetorial. 2008. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/233/233-
h/233-h.htm. – Р. 246.
4. Жўраев К., Жўраев Э. ва бошқалар. Таржима назарияси ва амалиѐти. –Андижон, 2008. – 116 б.
5. Зияев А. Инглиз тилида сўз маъноларини кучайтиришнинг когнитив талқини. – Фарғона, 2011. – 76
б.

6. Ирисқулов М. Тилшуносликка кириш. – Т.: Ўқитувчи, 1992. – 256 б.

7. Каримов С.А. Ўзбек тилининг бадиий услуби. –Самарқанд: Зарафшон, 1992.–140 б.
8. O`zbek tilining imlo lug`ati. Chiziqcha bilan yozish. – T.: O`qituvchi, 1995. – B.20.
9. Пардаев А.Б. Ўзбек тили ѐрдамчи сўз туркумларининг лисоний тизимдаги ўрни ва
лингвопрагматикаси: филол. фан. д-ри. дисс. – Тошкент, 2017. – Б. 44.
10. Шахматов А.А. Синтаксис русского языка. Вып.2. – Л., 1927. – С.97.
11. Kakhkhorova, G. (2021). Objectives Of Particles In The Uzbek And English Languages. Philology
Matters, 2021(3), 52-82.
12. Kakhkhorova, G. S. (2021). The Allocation Of Particles In Translation Dictionaries And Ways To Express
Them In Translation. Scientific Reports Of Bukhara State University, 5(2), 84-95.
13. Kaxxorova, G. S. (2020). Semantic Grouping Of Particles In English And Uzbek Languages. Scientific
Reports Of Bukhara State University, 4(3), 122-125.
14. Kakhkharova, G. S. (2020). Problems Of Translation Of Particles In The English And Uzbek Languages.
Scientific Reports Of Bukhara State University, 4(4), 149-153.
15. Uraeva, D. S., Khakharova, I. S., & Khakhorova, G. S. (2020). Meaning Of Emotional Words In The
Formation Of Expressions In English And Uzbek Languages. Scientific Reports Of Bukhara State
University, 3(2), 54-62.
16. Khamidova, M. K., & Qahhorova, G. S. (2020). Features Separate Linguistic Geopoetika In French And
Uzbek Languages. Scientific Reports Of Bukhara State University, 4(2), 104-108.
17. Kakhkhorova, G. S. (2021). The Skills Of Uzbek Writers Using Particles In English Translations.
Scientific Reports Of Bukhara State University, 5(4), 87-96.
18. Qakhkhorova, G. S., & Qakhkharova, I. S. (2020). Significant Features Of The Structure Of Emotional
Sentences. Scientific Reports Of Bukhara State University, 3(4), 156-161.
19. Cултонова, С. Х. (2018). русский язык в узбекистане: вчера и сегодня. Гуманитарный трактат,
(25), 8-10.
20. Cултонова, C. Х., & Насириддинова, м. м. (2023). использование цифровых технологий в практике
преподавания русского языка как иностранного (на примере онлайн-доски). новости образования:
исследование в xxi веке, 1(9), 1346-1352.
21. Султонова, с. х. (2022, april). коммуникативные аспекты в методике преподавании рки в школах
Eзбекистана. in international journal of conference series on education and social sciences (online) (vol.
2, no. 3).
22. Султонова, С.Х. "обучение научным терминам на занятиях по русскому языку как иностранному."
Finland international scientific journal of education, social science & humanities 11, no. 1 (2023): 777-
784.
23. Султонова, С. Х. (2023). Синтаксические конструкции на уроках русского языка как иностранного.
O'zbekistonda fanlararo innovatsiyalar va ilmiy tadqiqotlar jurnali, 2(15), 769-775.


Assignment of Particles With Auxiliary Words

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Assignment of Particles With Auxiliary Words

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Assignment of Particles With Auxiliary Words

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF LITERATURE,

PHILOSOPHY AND CULTURE

Assignment of Particles with Auxiliary Words

Kakhkhorova Gulruh Shavkatovna

© 2023, CAJLPC, Central Asian Studies, All Rights Reserved 136

Volume: 04 Issue: 09 | Sep 2023, ISSN: 2660-6828

© 2023, CAJLPC, Central Asian Studies, All Rights Reserved 137

Volume: 04 Issue: 09 | Sep 2023, ISSN: 2660-6828

Отаси каби бўйдор йигит.

© 2023, CAJLPC, Central Asian Studies, All Rights Reserved 138

Volume: 04 Issue: 09 | Sep 2023, ISSN: 2660-6828

connects the sentence equal connects the sentence to the

© 2023, CAJLPC, Central Asian Studies, All Rights Reserved 139

Volume: 04 Issue: 09 | Sep 2023, ISSN: 2660-6828

turn by turn.: хоҳ, бир-бир,

© 2023, CAJLPC, Central Asian Studies, All Rights Reserved 140

Volume: 04 Issue: 09 | Sep 2023, ISSN: 2660-6828

© 2023, CAJLPC, Central Asian Studies, All Rights Reserved 141

Volume: 04 Issue: 09 | Sep 2023, ISSN: 2660-6828

© 2023, CAJLPC, Central Asian Studies, All Rights Reserved 142

Volume: 04 Issue: 09 | Sep 2023, ISSN: 2660-6828

© 2023, CAJLPC, Central Asian Studies, All Rights Reserved 143

Volume: 04 Issue: 09 | Sep 2023, ISSN: 2660-6828

© 2023, CAJLPC, Central Asian Studies, All Rights Reserved 144

Volume: 04 Issue: 09 | Sep 2023, ISSN: 2660-6828

© 2023, CAJLPC, Central Asian Studies, All Rights Reserved 145

Volume: 04 Issue: 09 | Sep 2023, ISSN: 2660-6828

© 2023, CAJLPC, Central Asian Studies, All Rights Reserved 146

Volume: 04 Issue: 09 | Sep 2023, ISSN: 2660-6828

© 2023, CAJLPC, Central Asian Studies, All Rights Reserved 147

Volume: 04 Issue: 09 | Sep 2023, ISSN: 2660-6828

6. Ирисқулов М. Тилшуносликка кириш. – Т.: Ўқитувчи, 1992. – 256 б.

© 2023, CAJLPC, Central Asian Studies, All Rights Reserved 148

You might also like