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    Cooling Tower

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    Ankush Verma NIT Hamirpur
    In a cooling tower, hot water is introduced through spray nozzles into fills that create surface area for contact with rising air. As air heats up from contact with evaporating water, the water is cooled. Different types of fills maximize this contact. Water losses occur from evaporation, blowdown to prevent solids buildup, and drift of entrained droplets. Makeup water replaces losses to maintain water levels. Cooling tower efficiency is measured as actual cooling versus theoretical maximum cooling possible.

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    Cooling Tower

    Uploaded by

    Ankush Verma NIT Hamirpur
    23 views8 pages
    In a cooling tower, hot water is introduced through spray nozzles into fills that create surface area for contact with rising air. As air heats up from contact with evaporating water, the water is cooled. Different types of fills maximize this contact. Water losses occur from evaporation, blowdown to prevent solids buildup, and drift of entrained droplets. Makeup water replaces losses to maintain water levels. Cooling tower efficiency is measured as actual cooling versus theoretical maximum cooling possible.

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    Cooling tower

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    In a cooling tower, hot water is introduced through spray nozzles into fills that create surface area for contact with rising air. As air heats up from contact with evaporating water, the water is cooled. Different types of fills maximize this contact. Water losses occur from evaporation, blowdown to prevent solids buildup, and drift of entrained droplets. Makeup water replaces losses to maintain water levels. Cooling tower efficiency is measured as actual cooling versus theoretical maximum cooling possible.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    23 views8 pages

    Cooling Tower

    Uploaded by

    Ankush Verma NIT Hamirpur
    In a cooling tower, hot water is introduced through spray nozzles into fills that create surface area for contact with rising air. As air heats up from contact with evaporating water, the water is cooled. Different types of fills maximize this contact. Water losses occur from evaporation, blowdown to prevent solids buildup, and drift of entrained droplets. Makeup water replaces losses to maintain water levels. Cooling tower efficiency is measured as actual cooling versus theoretical maximum cooling possible.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 8

    Cooling tower in detail

    In a cooling tower, the hot water stream (CWR)


    is introduced downward through spray nozzles
    into fills inside the tower.

    Fills
    There are different types of fills-splash,trickle and
    film - that are aimed at creating more surface area, to
    maximize contact between the hot water stream and
    air.

    As air rises inside the tower, it receives the latent heat


    of vaporization from the water, and thus the water is
    cooled.
    Thumb rule :
    For every 5.5°C of water cooling, 💦
    1% of water loss due to evaporation

    The humidity level of the up-flpwing stream increases


    and once it leaves the tower, the air stream is almost
    saturated and the cooling water is collected in the
    sump and is typically pumped to the plant as the CWS.
    Approach:
    Difference between the water temperature at the
    tower outlet (tout) and the wet-bulb temperature of
    the inlet air (Tw,in).
    Note : The approach represents the capability.

    Range:
    The difference between the water temperature at
    inlet and outlet of
    cooling tower.
    Note : The range
    does not represent the
    cooling tower
    capability; rather the
    range is based on the
    cooling water
    circulation flow rate and
    sum of the heat loads.
    ∆T= Q/Lin Cw

    Cooling tower efficiency:

    The ratio of actual cooling to the theoretically


    possible maximum cooling.

    n= Tin- Tout / (Tin- Tw,in) *100

    Note : Industrial cooling towers have an approach


    temperature between 4° and 8.5 °C and an efficiency
    between 70 and 75%.
    Water losses in a cooling tower :

    1. Evaporation:

    Not all the temperature drop across the tower is due to


    evaporative cooling. Depending on outside
    temperature and humidity conditions, some of the
    cooling is due to convective heat transfer.

    If the air temperature is warmer than the wate,


    essentially all cooling is evaporative.

    In the winter, when air temperatures are low, more


    cnvective cooling take place.
    2. Blow down:

    All water sources contain various levels of dissolved or


    suspended solids. When water evaporates from the
    cooling tower, these solids become concentrated.

    Concentrated solids can build up in the form of scale,


    causing blockages and corrosion to the cooling system
    materials.

    Multiplication of algae and other biological matter can


    lead to corrosion, plugging of film fill and eventually
    collapse of film fill.

    Over-concentration of the dissolved and suspended


    solids is controlled by tower blowdown. A controlled
    flow of concentrated cooling water is sent to drain in
    order to removed these solids from the system.
    3. Drift
    Cooling tower drift are small water droplets that are
    emitted from cooling towers. As air moves up the
    tower, it entrains a fraction of the sprayed water
    droplets outside of tower and into the ambient.

    Make up water = Evaporation+ Blow down +


    Drift
    Water that is lost from the cooling tower by
    evaporation and bleed must be replaced with fresh
    source water.
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