R N S Institute of Technology

RR Nagar Post, Bengaluru – 560 098.

Academic Year: June 2023 – September 2023

Programme B E – CSE (Data Science)

Semester IV
Course Code 21CSL483
Course Title R PROGRAMMING LABORATORY
Mr. Saravana M K
Course Plan Assistant Professor,
Author Department of CSE (Data Science)
RNS Institute of Technology, Bengaluru.
 21CSL483: R PROGRAMMING Laboratory

21CSL483: R Programming Laboratory

Course objectives
Upon completion of this course, students are expected to:
1. Explore and understand how R and R Studio Interactive environment
2. To learn and practice programming techniques using R programming
3. Read Structured Data into R from various sources
4. Understand the different data structures, data types in R
5. To develop small applications using R Programming

Course Outcomes
After studying this course, students will be able to:

21CSL483.1 Understand the fundamental syntax of R through readings and Practical

Sessions
21CSL483.2 Experiment with the concepts such as data types, iteration, control
structures, functions and Boolean operators by writing R programs
21CSL483.3 Examine a variety of data formats into R using R- Studio
21CSL483.4 Create a data to use for small applications using R Programming

CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
21CSL483.1 3
21CSL483.2 3
21CSL483.3 3
21CSL483.4 3

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Date EXPERIMENT NAME Page

Week No
05/06– 09/06 Installation and Configuration of R and R Studio 04
Week - 1
12/06– 16/06 Module 1- Programs 05
Week - 2
19/06– 23/06 Module 1- Programs 09
Week - 3
26/06 - 30/06 Module 2- Programs 15
Week - 4
03/07 -07/07 Module 2- Programs 16
Week 5
10/07 -14/07 Lab Internal Assessment
Week 6
17/07 – 21/07 Module 3- Programs 20
Week 7
24/07 – 28/07 Module 3- Programs 21
Week 8
31/07 – 4/08 Module 4- Programs 26
Week 9
7/08 – 11/08 Module 4- Programs 27
Week 10
14/08 – 18/08 Module 5- Programs 30
Week 11
21/08 – 25/08 Module 5- Programs
Week 12
28/08 – 01/09 Lab Internal Assessment
Week 13

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Date Laboratory Conduction Plan

05/06– 09/06 1. Demo of Installation and Configuration of R Studio
Week - 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YrEe2TLr3MI

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Module 1:
1. Write a program to create a sequence of numbers from 20 to 50 and find the mean
of numbers from 20 to 60 and sum of numbers from 51 to 91.

print ("Sequence of numbers from 20 to 50:")

print (seq (20,50))
print ("Mean of numbers from 20 to 60:")
print (mean (20:60))
print ("Sum of numbers from 51 to 91:")
print (sum (51:91))

Output:
[1] "Sequence of numbers from 20 to 50:"
> print (seq (20,50))
[1] 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
[23] 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
> print ("Mean of numbers from 20 to 60:")
[1] "Mean of numbers from 20 to 60:"
> print (mean (20:60))
[1] 40
> print ("Sum of numbers from 51 to 91:")
[1] "Sum of numbers from 51 to 91:"
> print (sum (51:91))
[1] 2911

2. Write a program to create a vector which contains 10 random integer values

between -50 and +50.

v = sample (-50:50, 10, replace=TRUE)

print ("Content of the vector :")
print ("10 random integer values between -50 and +50 :")
print (v)

Output:
print ("Content of the vector:")
[1] "Content of the vector:"
> print ("10 random integer values between -50 and +50 :")
[1] "10 random integer values between -50 and +50:"
> print (v)
[1] 8 -33 -14 -22 -18 19 43 -4 17 31

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3. Write a program to extract first 10 English letter in lower case and last 10 letters in
upper case and extract letters between 22nd to 24th letters in upper case

print("First 10 letters in lower case:") t = head(letters, 10)

print(t)
print("Last 10 letters in upper case:") t = tail(LETTERS, 10)
print(t)
print("Letters between 22nd to 24th letters in upper case:")
e = tail(LETTERS[22:24])
print(e)

Output:
> print("First 10 letters in lower case:")
[1] "First 10 letters in lower case:"
> t = head(letters, 10)
> print(t)
[1] "a" "b" "c" "d" "e" "f" "g" "h" "i" "j"
> print("Last 10 letters in upper case:")
[1] "Last 10 letters in upper case:"
> t = tail(LETTERS, 10)
> print(t)
[1] "Q" "R" "S" "T" "U" "V" "W" "X" "Y" "Z"
> print("Letters between 22nd to 24th letters in upper case:")
[1] "Letters between 22nd to 24th letters in upper case:"
> e = tail(LETTERS[22:24])
> print(e)
[1] "V" "W" "X"

4. Write a program to find the maximum and the minimum value of a given vector

nums = c(10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60)

print('Original vector:') print(nums)
print(paste("Maximum value of the said vector:",max(nums)))
print(paste("Minimum value of the said vector:",min(nums)))

Output:
[1] "Original vector:"
> print(nums)
[1] 10 20 30 40 50 60
> print(paste("Maximum value of the said vector:",max(nums)))
[1] "Maximum value of the said vector: 60"
> print(paste("Minimum value of the said vector:",min(nums)))
[1] "Minimum value of the said vector: 10"

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5. Write a program to create three vectors numeric data, character data and logical
data. Display the content of the vectors and their type
a = c(1, 2, 5, 3, 4, 0, -1, -3)
b = c("Red", "Green", "White")
c = c(TRUE, TRUE, TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE)
print(a)
print(typeof(a))
print(b)
print(typeof(b))
print(c)
print(typeof(c))

Output:
[1] 1 2 5 3 4 0 -1 -3
> print(typeof(a))
[1] "double"
> print(b)
[1] "Red" "Green" "White"
> print(typeof(b))
[1] "character"
> print(c)
[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE
> print(typeof(c))
[1] "logical"

6. Write a R program to draw an empty plot and an empty plot specify the axes
limits of the graphic.
#print("Empty plot:")
plot.new()
#print("Empty plot specify the axes limits of the graphic:")
plot(1, type="n", xlab="t in sec", ylab="Sensor output", xlim=c(0,
20), ylim=c(0, 20))

Output:

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7. Write a R program to create a simple bar plot of five subjects marks.

marks = c(70, 95, 80, 74)
barplot (marks,
main = "Comparing marks of 5 subjects",
xlab = "Marks",
ylab = "Subject",
names.arg = c("English", "Science", "Math.", "Hist."),
col = "darkred",
horiz = FALSE)

Output:

8. Write a R program to create bell curve of a random normal distribution.

n = floor(rnorm(10000, 500, 100))
t = table(n)
barplot(t)

Output:

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9. Write a R program to compute sum, mean and product of a given vector elements.
nums = c(10, 20, 30)
print('Original vector:')
print(nums)
print(paste("Sum of vector elements:",sum(nums)))
print(paste("Mean of vector elements:",mean(nums)))
print(paste("Product of vector elements:",prod(nums)))

Output:
[1] "Original vector:"
> print(nums)
[1] 10 20 30
> print(paste("Sum of vector elements:",sum(nums)))
[1] "Sum of vector elements: 60"
> print(paste("Mean of vector elements:",mean(nums)))
[1] "Mean of vector elements: 20"
> print(paste("Product of vector elements:",prod(nums)))
[1] "Product of vector elements: 6000"

10. Write a R program to create the system's idea of the current date with and without
time.
print("System's idea of the current date with and without
time:")
print(Sys.Date())
print(Sys.time())

Output:
[1] "System's idea of the current date with and without time:"
> print(Sys.Date())
[1] "2023-05-12"
> print(Sys.time())
[1] "2023-05-12 09:49:35 IST"

11. Write a program to create three vectors a,b,c with 3 integers. Combine the three
vectors to become a 3×3 matrix where each column represents a vector. Print the
content of the matrix
a<-c(1,2,3)
b<-c(4,5,6)
c<-c(7,8,9)
m<-cbind(a,b,c)
print("Content of the said matrix:")
print(m)
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Output:
[1] "Content of the said matrix:"
> print(m)
a b c
[1,] 1 4 7
[2,] 2 5 8
[3,] 3 6 9

12. Write a R program to create a 5 × 4 matrix , 3 × 3 matrix with labels and fill the
matrix by rows and 2 × 2 matrix with labels and fill the matrix by columns

m1 = matrix(1:20, nrow=5, ncol=4) print("5 × 4 matrix:")

print(m1)
cells = c(1,3,5,7,8,9,11,12,14)
rnames = c("Row1", "Row2", "Row3")
cnames = c("Col1", "Col2", "Col3")
m2 = matrix(cells, nrow=3, ncol=3, byrow=TRUE,
dimnames=list(rnames, cnames)) print("3 × 3 matrix with
labels, filled by rows: ")
print(m2)
print("3 × 3 matrix with labels, filled by columns: ")
m3 = matrix(cells, nrow=3, ncol=3, byrow=FALSE,
dimnames=list(rnames, cnames))
print(m3)

Output:
[1] "5 × 4 matrix:"
> print(m1)
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] 1 6 11 16
[2,] 2 7 12 17
[3,] 3 8 13 18
[4,] 4 9 14 19
[5,] 5 10 15 20
> print("3 × 3 matrix with labels, filled by rows: ")
[1] "3 × 3 matrix with labels, filled by rows: "
> print(m2)
Col1 Col2 Col3
Row1 1 3 5
Row2 7 8 9
Row3 11 12 14
> print("3 × 3 matrix with labels, filled by columns: ")
[1] "3 × 3 matrix with labels, filled by columns: "
> print(m3)
Col1 Col2 Col3
Row1 1 7 11
Row2 3 8 12
Row3 5 9 14

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13. Write a R program to find common elements from multiple vectors.

x = c (10, 20, 30, 20, 20, 25, 29, 26)

y = c (10, 50, 30, 20, 20, 35, 19, 56)
z = c (10, 40, 30, 20, 20, 25, 49, 26)
print ("Original Vectors:")
print ("x: ") print(x)
print("y: ") print(y)
print("z: ") print(z)
print ("Common elements from above vectors:")
result = intersect(intersect(x,y),z)
print (result)

Output:
[1] "Original Vectors:"
> print("x: ")
[1] "x: "
> print(x)
[1] 10 20 30 20 20 25 29 26
> print("y: ")
[1] "y: "
> print(y)
[1] 10 50 30 20 20 35 19 56
> print("z: ")
[1] "z: "
> print(z)
[1] 10 40 30 20 20 25 49 26
> print("Common elements from above vectors:")
[1] "Common elements from above vectors:"
> result = intersect(intersect(x,y),z)
> print(result)
[1] 10 20 30

14. Write a R program to extract every nth element of a given vector.

v <- 1:100
print("Original vector:") print(v)
print("After extracting every 5th element of the said vector:")
n <- v[seq(1, length(v), 5)]
print(n)

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Output:
[1] "Original vector:"
> print(v)
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
[17] 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
[33] 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
[49] 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64
[65] 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
[81] 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96
[97] 97 98 99 100
> print("After extracting every 5th element of the said vector:")
[1] "After extracting every 5th element of the said vector:"
> n <- v[seq(1, length(v), 5)]
> print(n)
[1] 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96

15. Write a program to list the distinct values in a vector from a given vector.

v = c(10, 10, 10, 20, 30, 40, 40, 40, 50)

print("Original vector:")
print(v)
print("Distinct values of the said vector:")
print(unique(v))

Output:
[1] "Original vector:"
> print(v)
[1] 10 10 10 20 30 40 40 40 50
> print("Distinct values of the said vector:")
[1] "Distinct values of the said vector:"
> print(unique(v))
[1] 10 20 30 40 50

16. Write a program to find the elements of a given vector that are not in another
given vector.

a = c(0, 10, 10, 10, 20, 30, 40, 40, 40, 50, 60)
b = c(10, 10, 20, 30, 40, 40, 50)
print("Original vector-1:")
print(a)
print("Original vector-2:")
print(b)
print("Elements of a that are not in b:")
result = setdiff(a, b)

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print(result)

Output:
[1] "Original vector-1:"
> print(a)
[1] 0 10 10 10 20 30 40 40 40 50 60
> print("Original vector-2:")
[1] "Original vector-2:"
> print(b)
[1] 10 10 20 30 40 40 50
> print("Elements of a that are not in b:")
[1] "Elements of a that are not in b:"
> result = setdiff(a, b)
> print(result)
[1] 0 60

17. Write a R program to access the last value in a given vector.

x = c(10, 20, 30, 20, 20, 25, 9, 26)

print("Original Vectors:")
print(x)
print("Access the last value of the said vector:")
print(tail(x, n=1))

Output:
[1] "Original Vectors:"
> print(x)
[1] 10 20 30 20 20 25 9 26
> print("Access the last value of the said vector:")
[1] "Access the last value of the said vector:"
> print(tail(x, n=1))
[1] 26

18. Write a R program to find nth highest value in a given vector

x = c(10, 20, 30, 20, 20, 25, 9, 26)

print("Original Vectors:")
print(x)
print("nth highest value in a given vector:")
print("n = 1")
n = 1
print(sort(x, TRUE)[n])
print("n = 2")
n = 2

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print(sort(x, TRUE)[n])
print("n = 3")
n = 3
print(sort(x, TRUE)[n])
print("n = 4")
n = 4
print(sort(x, TRUE)[n])

Output:
[1] "Original Vectors:"
> print(x)
[1] 10 20 30 20 20 25 9 26
> print("nth highest value in a given vector:")
[1] "nth highest value in a given vector:"
> print("n = 1")
[1] "n = 1"
> n = 1
> print(sort(x, TRUE)[n])
[1] 30
> print("n = 2")
[1] "n = 2"
> n = 2
> print(sort(x, TRUE)[n])
[1] 26
> print("n = 3")
[1] "n = 3"
> n = 3
> print(sort(x, TRUE)[n])
[1] 25
> print("n = 4")
[1] "n = 4"
> n = 4
> print(sort(x, TRUE)[n])
[1] 20

19. Write a R program to create a vector of a specified type and length. Create vector
of numeric, complex, logical and character types of length 6.

x = vector("numeric", 5)
print("Numeric Type:")
print(x)
c = vector("complex", 5)
print("Complex Type:")
print(c)

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l = vector("logical", 5)
print("Logical Type:")
print(l)
chr = vector("character", 5)
print("Character Type:")
print(chr)

Output:
> x = vector("numeric", 5)
> print("Numeric Type:")
[1] "Numeric Type:"
> print(x)
[1] 0 0 0 0 0
> c = vector("complex", 5)
> print("Complex Type:")
[1] "Complex Type:"
> print(c)
[1] 0+0i 0+0i 0+0i 0+0i 0+0i
> l = vector("logical", 5)
> print("Logical Type:")
[1] "Logical Type:"
> print(l)
[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
> chr = vector("character", 5)
> print("Character Type:")
[1] "Character Type:"
> print(chr)
[1] "" "" "" "" ""

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Module 2

1. Write a program to get all prime numbers up to a given number (based on the
sieve of Eratosthenes)

prime_numbers <- function(n) {

if (n >= 2) {
x = seq(2, n)
prime_nums = c()
for (i in seq(2, n)) {
if (any(x == i)) {
prime_nums = c(prime_nums, i)
x = c(x[(x %% i) != 0], i)
}
}
return(prime_nums)
}
else
{
stop("Input number should be at least 2.")
}
}
prime_numbers(12)
Output:
2
3
5
7
11

2. Write a program to find the factors of a given number

print_factors = function(n) {
print(paste("The factors of",n,"are:"))
for(i in 1:n) {
if((n %% i) == 0) {
print(i)
} } }
print_factors(4)
print_factors(7)
print_factors(12)

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Output:
> print_factors(4)
[1] "The factors of 4 are:"
[1] 1
[1] 2
[1] 4
> print_factors(7)
[1] "The factors of 7 are:"
[1] 1
[1] 7
> print_factors(12)
[1] "The factors of 12 are:"
[1] 1
[1] 2
[1] 3
[1] 4
[1] 6
[1] 12

3. Write a script that will print "Even Number" if the variable x is an even number,
otherwise print "Not Even":

x <- 3 # Change x to test

if (x%%2 == 0){
print('Even Number')
}else{
print('Not Even')
}

Output:
> x <- 3 # Change x to test
> if (x%%2 == 0){
+ print('Even Number')
+ }else{
+ print('Not Even')
+ }
[1] "Not Even"

4. Write a script that will print 'Is a Matrix' if the variable x is a matrix, otherwise
print "Not a Matrix". Hint: You may want to check out help (is.matrix)

x <- matrix()
if (is.matrix(x)){
print('Is a Matrix')
}else{
print("Not a Matrix")

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Output:
> x <- matrix()
> if (is.matrix(x)){ print('Is a Matrix')
+ }else{
+ print("Not a Matrix")
+ }
[1] "Is a Matrix"

5. R program to find inverse of a Matrix

# Create 3 different vectors # using combine method.

a1 <- c(3, 2, 5)
a2 <- c(2, 3, 2)
a3 <- c(5, 2, 4)
# bind the three vectors into a matrix using rbind() which is
row-wise binding
A <- rbind (a1, a2, a3)
# print the original matrix
print(A)
# Use the solve() function to calculate the inverse.
T1 <- solve(A)
# print the inverse of the matrix.
print(T1)

Output:
> A <- rbind (a1, a2, a3)
> # print the original matrix
> print(A)
[,1] [,2] [,3]
a1 3 2 5
a2 2 3 2
a3 5 2 4
> # Use the solve() function to calculate the inverse.
> T1 <- solve(A)
> # print the inverse of the matrix.
> print(T1)
a1 a2 a3
[1,] -0.29629630 -0.07407407 0.4074074
[2,] -0.07407407 0.48148148 -0.1481481
[3,] 0.40740741 -0.14814815 -0.1851852

6. R Program to find determinant of a matrix

# Create 3 different vectors.

a1 <- c(3, 2, 8)

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a2 <- c(6, 3, 2)
a3 <- c(5, 2, 4)

# Bind the 3 matrices row-wise

# using the rbind() function.
A <- rbind(a1, a2, a3)
# determinant of matrix
print(det(A))

Output:
> # determinant of matrix
> print(det(A))
[1] -28

7. R Program to draw the sine wave

t=seq(0,10,0.1)
y=sin(t)
plot(t,y,type="l", xlab="time", ylab="Sine wave")

Output:

library(ggplot2)
qplot(t,y,geom="path", xlab="time", ylab="Sine wave")

Output:

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Module 3

1. Write a R program to create a Dataframe

df <- data.frame(
Training = c("Strength", "Stamina", "other"),
Pulse = c(100, 150, 120),
Duration = c(60, 30, 45)
)

# print the dataframe

print(df)

Output:
> print(df)
Training Pulse Duration
1 Strength 100 60
2 Stamina 150 30
3 other 120 45

2. Write a R program to create a summary of the above Dataframe

summary(df)
> summary(df)
Training Pulse Duration
Length:3 Min. :100.0 Min. :30.0
Class :character 1st Qu.:110.0 1st Qu.:37.5
Mode :character Median :120.0 Median :45.0
Mean :123.3 Mean :45.0
3rd Qu.:135.0 3rd Qu.:52.5
Max. :150.0 Max. :60.0

3. Write a R program to use single brackets [ ], double brackets [[ ]] or $ to

access columns from a data frame:

df <- data.frame(
Training = c("Strength", "Stamina", "other"),
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Pulse = c(100, 150, 120),

Duration = c(60, 30, 45)
)
# print the dataframe
print(df)

df[1]
df[["Training"]]
df$Training
Output:
> df[1]
Training
1 Strength
2 Stamina
3 other
> df[["Training"]]
[1] "Strength" "Stamina" "other"
> df$Training
[1] "Strength" "Stamina" "other"

4. Write a R program to use rbind() function to add new rows in a Data Frame:
df <- data.frame(
Training = c("Strength", "Stamina", "other"),
Pulse = c(100, 150, 120),
Duration = c(60, 30, 45)
)
# Add a new row
New_row_DF <- rbind(df, c("strength",110,110))
# Print the new row
New_row_DF
Output:

> # Print the new row

> New_row_DF
Training Pulse Duration
1 Strength 100 60
2 Stamina 150 30
3 other 120 45
4 strength 110 110

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5. Write a R program to use cbind() function to add new rows in a Data Frame:
df <- data.frame(
Training = c("Strength", "Stamina", "other"),
Pulse = c(100, 150, 120),
Duration = c(60, 30, 45)
)

# Add a new column

New_col_DF <- cbind(df, steps= c(6000,11000,9000))
# Print the new row
New_col_DF
Output:
# Print the new row
> New_col_DF
Training Pulse Duration steps
1 Strength 100 60 6000
2 Stamina 150 30 11000
3 other 120 45 9000

6. Write a R program to read a CSV file as input to store as a Data Frame:

# read in data from a CSV file
dataframe <- read.csv("C:/Priya/Module 3/iris.csv")

# print the dataframe

print(dataframe)
Output:
print(dataframe)
sepal.length sepal.width petal.length petal.width variety
1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 Setosa
2 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2 Setosa
3 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 Setosa
4 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 Setosa
.
.
51 7.0 3.2 4.7 1.4 Versicolor
52 6.4 3.2 4.5 1.5 Versicolor
53 6.9 3.1 4.9 1.5 Versicolor
54 5.5 2.3 4.0 1.3 Versicolor
.
.
147 6.3 2.5 5.0 1.9 Virginica
148 6.5 3.0 5.2 2.0 Virginica
149 6.2 3.4 5.4 2.3 Virginica
150 5.9 3.0 5.1 1.8 Virginica

7. Write a R program to find maximum petal length from the Data Frame:
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pe.len <- max(dataframe$petal.length)

print(pe.len)
Output:
print(pe.len)
[1] 6.9

8. Write a R program to read a Text file as input to store as a Data Frame:

# read in the text file
data <- read.delim("C:/Priya/Module 3/text.txt")

# print the dataframe

print(data)
Output:
> # print the dataframe
> print(data)
Hi
1 Hello
2 How are you

9. Write a R program to use apply function to Rows or Columns of matrix

In R, apply () function is used to apply a function to a matrix or an array, or to a specific margin (row
or column) of a matrix or array. Here is the general syntax of apply () function:
apply (X, MARGIN, FUN, ...)

Where,
X: the matrix or array to apply the function to
MARGIN: an integer specifying which margin to apply the function to. Use 1 to apply the function
to each row, 2 to apply the function to each column, or c(1,2) to apply the function to both rows and
columns
FUN: the function to apply
...: additional arguments to the function FUN
X <- matrix(c( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), nrow=2, ncol=3)
apply (X, 1, sum)

Output:
> apply(X, 1, sum)
[1] 9 12

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apply(X, 2, sum)

Output:
> apply(X, 2, sum)
[1] 3 7 11

10. Write a R program to use custom function to Rows or Columns of matrix

X <- matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), nrow = 2, ncol = 3)

myfun <- function(x) {
return(2 * x)
}
apply(X, 1, myfun)

Output:
> apply(X, 1, myfun)
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 2 4
[2,] 6 8
[3,] 10 12

apply(X, 2, myfun)

Output:
> apply(X, 2, myfun)
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 2 6 10
[2,] 4 8 12

11. Write a R program to create a List containing Strings, Numbers, Vectors and
logical values
# create a list
my_list <- list("Hello", 123, c(1, 2, 3), TRUE)
# print the list
print(my_list)
Output:
> print(my_list)
[[1]]
[1] "Hello"

[[2]]
[1] 123

[[3]]
[1] 1 2 3

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[[4]]
[1] TRUE

# Access the first element of the list.

print(my_list[1])

Output:
> print(my_list[1])
[[1]]
[1] "Hello"

# Access the list element using the name of the element.

print(my_list$A_Matrix)
Output:
> print(my_list$A_Matrix)
NULL

# create a list with named elements

my_list2 <- list (name = "Alice", age = 30)
print (my_list2 )
Output:
> print (my_list2 )
$name
[1] "Alice"

$age
[1] 30

# Access the list element using the name of the element.

print(my_list2$name)
Output:
> print(my_list2$name)
[1] "Alice"

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Module 4

1. Write a R program to find a factorial using function().

# Using the function() keyword to create a factorial function
factorial <- function(n) {
if (n == 0 || n == 1) {
return(1)
} else {
result <- 1
for (i in 1:n) {
result <- result * i
}
return(result)
}
}

# Example usage
number <- 5
factorial_result <- factorial(number)
print(paste("The factorial of", number, "is", factorial_result))

Output:
> number <- 5
> factorial_result <- factorial(number)
> print(paste("The factorial of", number, "is", factorial_result))
[1] "The factorial of 5 is 120"

2. Write a R code to find the sequence of number from 32 to 44, to find the mean
of numbers from 25 to 82 and to find a sum of number from 41 to 68
# To create the sequence of number from 32 to 44
print(seq(32,44))
# To create the mean of numbers from 25 to 82
print(mean(25:82)
# To create a sum of number from 41 to 68
print(sum(41:68)
Output:
> # To create the sequence of number from 32 to 44
> print(seq(32,44))
[1] 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
> # To create the mean of numbers from 25 to 82
> print(mean(25:82))
[1] 53.5
> # To create a sum of number from 41 to 68
> print(sum(41:68))
[1] 1526
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3. Write a R program to create functions with arguments.

# Create a function with arguments
new.function <- function( a=3, b=6) {
result <- a* b
print(result)
}
# Call the function without giving any arguments
new.funtion()
#Call the function with giving new values of the arguments
new.function(9,5)
Output:
[1] 18
[1] 45

4. Write a R program to create a plot using functions.

plot( 1,3)
Output:

plot(c(1,3,5,7,9,11),c(2,7,5,10,8,10),type='o',lt=3,col='pink',lwd=4, main= "This is

graph",col.main='blue', xlab="Time", ylab="Performance")
Output:

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5. Write a R program to create a different plots using functions.

# Plot out the graphs using various options
plot(x,cos(x),col=c('blue','orange'), type='o', pch=19,lwd =2, cex = 1.5)
plot(x,x*2,col='red', type='l')
plot(x,x^2/3+4.2,col='violet',type='o',lwd=2,lty =1)
plot(c(1,3,5,7,9,11),c(2,7,5,10,8,10), type='o',lty = 3,col='pink',lwd=4)
plot(x <- seq(1,10,0.5),50 * x/(x+2), col = c('green','darkgreen'),type='h')
plot(x,log(x),col='orange',type='s')
Output:

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6. Write a R program to install and load the scatterplot3d package

# Install and load the scatterplot3d package

install.packages("scatterplot3d")
library(scatterplot3d)

# Sample data
x <- c(1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11)
y <- c(2, 7, 5, 10, 8, 10)
z <- c(3, 5, 7, 2, 6, 9)

# Create a 3D scatter plot

scatter3D(x, y, z,
clab = c("sepal", "width (cm)"),
main = "3D Scatter Plot",
xlab = "X-axis",
ylab = "Y-axis",
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zlab = "Z-axis",
pch = 16,
col = "blue"
)
Output:

Module 5
1.
a) Write R program to create an S3 class studentRecord for objects that are a list
with the named elements ‘name’, ‘subjects completed’, ‘grades’, and ‘credit’.
b) Write a studentRecord method for the generic function mean, which returns a
weighted GPA, with subjects weighted by credit.
c) Write a studentRecord method for print, which employs some nice formatting,
perhaps arranging subjects by year code.
d) Finally create a further class for a cohort of students, and write methods for
mean and print which, when applied to a cohort, apply mean or print to each
student in the cohort.
# Define the studentRecord class
studentRecord <- function(name, subjects_completed, grades, credit) {
record <- list(
name = name,
subjects_completed = subjects_completed,
grades = grades,
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credit = credit
)
class(record) <- "studentRecord"
return(record)
}

# Define the mean method for studentRecord

mean.studentRecord <- function(object) {
weighted_gpa <- sum(object$grades * object$credit) / sum(object$credit)
return(weighted_gpa)
}

# Define the print method for studentRecord

print.studentRecord <- function(object) {
cat("Name: ", object$name, "\n")
cat("Subjects Completed: ", paste(object$subjects_completed, collapse = ", "), "\n")
cat("Grades: ", paste(object$grades, collapse = ", "), "\n")
cat("Credit: ", paste(object$credit, collapse = ", "), "\n")
}

# Define the cohort class

cohort <- function(students) {
cohort <- list(students = students)
class(cohort) <- "cohort"
return(cohort)
}

# Define the mean method for cohort

mean.cohort <- function(object) {
sapply(object$students, mean)
}

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# Define the print method for cohort

print.cohort <- function(object) {
for (student in object$students) {
print(student)
cat("\n")
}
}
# Create student records
student1 <- studentRecord(
name = "Alice",
subjects_completed = c("Math", "English", "Science"),
grades = c(80, 90, 85),
credit = c(3, 4, 3)
)

student2 <- studentRecord(

name = "Bob",
subjects_completed = c("History", "Physics"),
grades = c(75, 88),
credit = c(4, 3)
)

# Calculate mean GPA for a student record

mean_student1 <- mean(student1)
print(mean_student1)

# Print a student record

print(student1)

# Create a cohort of students

cohort1 <- cohort(list(student1, student2))

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# Calculate mean GPA for a cohort

mean_cohort1 <- mean(cohort1)
print(mean_cohort1)

# Print a cohort of students

print(cohort1)

Let Omega be an ordered vector of numbers and define a subset of Omega to be an

ordered subvector. Define a class set for subsets of Omega and write functions that
perform union, intersection, and complementation on objects of class set. Do not use
R’s built-in functions union, intersect, setdiff, or setequal.
# Define the set class
set <- function(elements) {
obj <- list(elements = sort(unique(elements)))
class(obj) <- "set"
return(obj)
}

# Define the union function for sets

union.set <- function(set1, set2) {
elements <- sort(unique(c(set1$elements, set2$elements)))
return(set(elements))
}

# Define the intersection function for sets

intersection.set <- function(set1, set2) {
elements <- intersect(set1$elements, set2$elements)
return(set(elements))
}

# Define the complementation function for sets

complement.set <- function(set1, universe) {
elements <- setdiff(universe$elements, set1$elements)

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return(set(elements))
}
# Create sets
omega <- set(1:10)
subset1 <- set(c(2, 4, 6, 8))
subset2 <- set(c(4, 6, 8, 10))
universe <- set(1:20)

# Perform union of subsets

subset_union <- union.set(subset1, subset2)
print(subset_union)

# Perform intersection of subsets

subset_intersection <- intersection.set(subset1, subset2)
print(subset_intersection)

# Perform complementation of subset

subset_complement <- complement.set(subset1, universe)
print(subset_complement)

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Viva Questions:
1. What are the main features of R?
2. What is the difference between R and other programming languages?
3. Explain the basics of R programming syntax?
4. How to create variables and assign values in R?
5. Explain the different data types in R and how to handle them?
6. How will you import and export data in R?
7. What is a data frames in R?
8. How will you perform basic statistical analysis in R?
9. What are the different data visualization techniques in R?
10. Explain the concept of packages in R and how to use them?
11. What are the different control structures in R and how to use them?
12. Explain the concept of functions in R and how to write them?
13. Explain the concept of object-oriented programming in R?
14. What are the different classes in R and how to create them?
15. Explain the concept of exception handling in R?
16. Explain the concept of regular expressions in R and how to use them?
17. Explain the concept of time series analysis in R?
18. What is Shiny in R and how to use it for web development?
19. Write a function in R to calculate the mean of a given vector of numbers.
20. How will you create a scatter plot of two given vectors of numeric data in R?
21. How will you create a histogram of a given vector of numeric data in R?
22. How will you generate random numbers from a specified distribution in R?
23. How will you calculate the standard deviation of a given vector of numbers in R?
24. How will you compute the correlation between two given vectors of numeric data in R?
25. How will you create a bar plot of a given vector of categorical data in R?

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