Java Programming

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1. Why is Java a platform independent language?
Java language was developed in such a way that it does not depend
on any hardware or software due to the fact that the compiler
compiles the code and then converts it to platform-independent
byte code which can be run on multiple systems.
The only condition to run that byte code is for the machine to
have a runtime environment (JRE) installed in it.

2. Briefly explain the concept of constructor overloading.

Constructor overloading is the process of creating multiple
constructors in the class consisting of the same name with a
difference in the constructor parameters. Depending upon the
number of parameters and their corresponding types, distinguishing
of the different types of constructors is done by the compiler.

3. Differentiate between method overloading and method

overriding.

No. Method Overloading Method Overriding

1) Method overloading is used to Method overriding is used to provide

increase the readability of the the specific implementation of the
program. method that is already provided by its
super class.

2) Method overloading is Method overriding occurs in two

performed within class. classes that have IS-A (inheritance)
relationship.
 3) In case of method In case of method overriding, parameter
overloading, parameter must be must be same.
different.

4) Method overloading is the Method overriding is the example of run

example of compile time time polymorphism.
polymorphism.

5) In java, method overloading can't Return type must be same or covariant in

be performed by changing return method overriding.
type of the method only. Return
type can be same or different in
method overloading. But you
must have to change the
parameter.

4. What part of memory - Stack or Heap - is cleaned in garbage

collection process?
Heap
5. What are the differences between JVM, JRE and JDK in Java?
Criteria JDK JRE JVM

Abbreviation Java
Development Java Runtime Java Virtual
Kit Environment Machine

Definition JDK is a JRE is a JVM is a platform-

complete software dependent,
software package abstract machine
development providing comprising of 3
kit for Java class specifications -
developing libraries, JVM document
Java and all the describing the
Criteria JDK JRE JVM
applications. required JVM
It comprises components implementation
JRE, JavaDoc, to run the requirements,
compiler, Java computer
debuggers, applications. program meeting
etc. the JVM
requirements and
instance object for
executing the Java
byte code and
provide the
runtime
environment for
execution.

Main JRE is mainly

Purpose JDK is mainly used for JVM provides
used for code environment specifications for
development creation to all the
and execute the implementations
execution. code. to JRE.
Tools JDK provides JRE provides JVM does not
provided tools like libraries and include any tools,
compiler, classes but instead, it
debuggers, required by provides the
etc for code JVM to run specification for
development the program. implementation.

Summary JDK = (JRE) +

Development
JRE = (JVM) + JVM = Runtime
tools
Libraries to environment to
Criteria JDK JRE JVM
execute the execute Java byte
application code.

6. What is the difference between an object and an instance?

An Object May not have a class definition. eg int a[] where a is an
array.An Instance should have a class definition. eg MyClass my=new
MyClass();my is an instance.
7. What is meant by the term OOPs?
OOPs refers to Object-Oriented Programming. It is the programming
paradigm that is defined using objects. Objects can be considered as
real-world instances of entities like class, that have some
characteristics and behaviors.
8. What is Compile time Polymorphism and how is it different from
Runtime Polymorphism?
Compile Time Polymorphism: Compile time polymorphism, also
known as Static Polymorphism, refers to the type of Polymorphism
that happens at compile time. What it means is that the compiler
decides what shape or value has to be taken by the entity in the
picture.
Runtime Polymorphism: Runtime polymorphism, also known as
Dynamic Polymorphism, refers to the type of Polymorphism that
happens at the run time. What it means is it can't be decided by the
compiler. Therefore what shape or value has to be taken depends
upon the execution. Hence the name Runtime Polymorphism.
9. What is Abstraction?
If you are a user, and you have a problem statement, you don't want
to know how the components of the software work, or how it's
made. You only want to know how the software solves your
problem. Abstraction is the method of hiding unnecessary details
from the necessary ones. It is one of the main features of OOPs.
For example, consider a car. You only need to know how to run a car,
and not how the wires are connected inside it. This is obtained using
Abstraction
10. What is meant by Inheritance?
The term “inheritance” means “receiving some quality or behavior
from a parent to an offspring.” In object-oriented programming,
inheritance is the mechanism by which an object or class (referred to
as a child) is created using the definition of another object or class
(referred to as a parent). Inheritance not only helps to keep the
implementation simpler but also helps to facilitate code reuse
11. Is it mandatory for a catch block to be followed after a try
block?
No, it is not necessary for a catch block to be present after a try
block. - A try block should be followed either by a catch block or by a
finally block. If the exceptions likelihood is more, then they should
be declared using the throws clause of the method.
12. Differentiate between string and stringbuffer.

No. String StringBuffer

1) The String class is immutable. The StringBuffer class is mutable.

 2) String is slow and consumes more StringBuffer is fast and consumes
memory when we concatenate too less memory when we
many strings because every time it concatenate t strings.
creates new instance.

3) String class overrides the equals() StringBuffer class doesn't

method of Object class. So you can override the equals() method of
compare the contents of two strings by Object class.
equals() method.

4) String class is slower while performing StringBuffer class is faster while

concatenation operation. performing concatenation
operation.

5) String class uses String constant pool. StringBuffer uses Heap memory

13. What is the static variable?

The static variable is used to refer to the common property of all
objects (that is not unique for each object), e.g., The company name
of employees, college name of students, etc. Static variable gets
memory only once in the class area at the time of class loading.
Using a static variable makes your program more memory efficient
(it saves memory). Static variable belongs to the class rather than
the object.
14. Can we override the static methods?
No, we can't override static methods.
15. What are access modifiers in Java?
In Java, access modifiers are special keywords which are used to
restrict the access of a class, constructor, data member and method
in another class. Java supports four types of access modifiers:
a. Default
b. Private
c. Protected
d. Public
16. What is encapsulation in Java?
Encapsulation is a mechanism where you bind your data(variables)
and code(methods) together as a single unit. Here, the data is
hidden from the outer world and can be accessed only via current
class methods. This helps in protecting the data from any
unnecessary modification. We can achieve encapsulation in Java by:
Declaring the variables of a class as private.
Providing public setter and getter methods to modify and view the
values of the variables.
17. What is JDBC Driver?
JDBC Driver is a software component that enables java application to
interact with the database. There are 4 types of JDBC drivers:
JDBC-ODBC bridge driver
Native-API driver (partially java driver)
Network Protocol driver (fully java driver)
Thin driver (fully java driver)
18. What are the steps to connect to a database in java?
 Registering the driver class
 Creating connection
 Creating statement
  Executing queries
 Closing connection
19. What do you understand by JDBC Statements?
JDBC supports 3 types of statements:
Statement: Used for general purpose access to the database and
executes a static SQL query at runtime.
PreparedStatement: Used to provide input parameters to the query
during execution.
CallableStatement: Used to access the database stored procedures
and helps in accepting runtime parameters.
20.What is Serialization?
Java provides mechanism called serialization to persists java objects
in a form of ordered or sequence of bytes that includes the object’s
data as well as information about the object’s type and the types of
data stored in the object.So if we need to serialize any object then it
can be read and deserialize it using object’s type and other
information so we can retrieve original object.Classes
ObjectInputStream and ObjectOutputStream are high-level streams
that contain the methods for serializing and deserializing an object.
21.What is need of Serialization?
Serialization is usually used when there is need to send your data
over network or to store in files. By data I mean objects and not text.
22. Can you Serialize static variables?

No,you can’t.As you know static variable are at class level not at
object level and you serialize a object so you can’t serialize static
variables.
23. What is wrapper class?
The wrapper class in Java provides the mechanism to convert
primitive into object and object into primitive.
24. What is inner class?
Java inner class or nested class is a class that is declared inside the
class or interface.
We use inner classes to logically group classes and interfaces in one
place to be more readable and maintainable.
Additionally, it can access all the members of the outer class,
including private data members and methods.
25. What is package?
A java package is a group of similar types of classes, interfaces and
sub-packages.
Package in java can be categorized in two form, built-in package and
user-defined package.
There are many built-in packages such as java, lang, awt, javax,
swing, net, io, util, sql etc.
26. What is use of super keyword in java?
The super keyword in Java is a reference variable which is used to
refer immediate parent class object.
Whenever you create the instance of subclass, an instance of parent
class is created implicitly which is referred by super reference
variable.
27. What is interface in java?
An interface in Java is a blueprint of a class. It has static constants
and abstract methods.The interface in Java is a mechanism to
achieve abstraction
There can be only abstract methods in the Java interface, not
method body. It is used to achieve abstraction and multiple
inheritance in java.
In other words, you can say that interfaces can have abstract
methods and variables. It cannot have a method body.Java Interface
also represents the IS-A relationship.
28. What is the use of this keyword in java?
The this keyword refers to the current object in a method or
constructor.
29. Briefly tell about multithreading?
 Multithreading in Java is a process of executing multiple
threads simultaneously.
 A thread is a lightweight sub-process, the smallest unit of
processing. Multiprocessing and multithreading, both are used
to achieve multitasking.
 However, we use multithreading than multiprocessing because
threads use a shared memory area. They don't allocate
 separate memory area so saves memory, and context-
switching between the threads takes less time than process.
 Java Multithreading is mostly used in games, animation, etc.
30. What are advantages of multithreading?
1) It doesn't block the user because threads are independent and
you can perform multiple operations at the same time.
2) You can perform many operations together, so it saves time.
3) Threads are independent, so it doesn't affect other threads if an
exception occurs in a single thread.
31. What is thread synchronization?
Thread synchronization is the concurrent execution of two or more
threads that share critical resources. Threads should be synchronized
to avoid critical resource use conflicts. Otherwise, conflicts may arise
when parallel-running threads attempt to modify a common variable
at the same time.
32. What is difference between Container and Component ?
Main difference between Container and Component is that former
can hold other components e.g. JFrame which is used as container to
hold other components e.g. JButton. This is rather a simple Swing
question and mostly asked in telephonic or upto 2 years experienced
programmers.

33. What is difference between AWT and Swing?

No. Java AWT Java Swing

1) AWT components are platform- Java swing components are platform-

dependent. independent.

2) AWT components are heavyweight. Swing components are lightweight.

3) AWT doesn't support pluggable look Swing supports pluggable look and feel.
and feel.

4) AWT provides less components than Swing provides more powerful

Swing. components such as tables, lists,
scrollpanes, colorchooser, tabbedpane
etc.

5) AWT doesn't follows MVC(Model View Swing follows MVC.

Controller) where model represents data,
view represents presentation and
controller acts as an interface between
model and view.

34. What is JFC?

The Java Foundation Classes (JFC) are a set of GUI components which
simplify the development of desktop applications.

35. What is an Applet?

Applet is a special type of program that is embedded in the webpage
to generate the dynamic content. It runs inside the browser and
works at client side.
36. Briefly explain about the term GUI.
GUI stands for Graphical User Interface, a term used not only in
Java but in all programming languages that support the development
of GUIs. A program's graphical user interface presents an easy-to-use
visual display to the user. It is made up of graphical components
(e.g., buttons, labels, windows) through which the user can interact
with the page or application.
37. What is an event?
Changing the state of an object is known as an event. For example,
click on button, dragging mouse etc.
38. Explain about Applet Life Cycle.
The applet life cycle can be defined as the process of how the object
is created, started, stopped, and destroyed during the entire
execution of its application. It basically has five core methods namely
init(), start(), stop(), paint() and destroy().These methods are invoked
by the browser to execute.
39. What is an exception?
Exception is an abnormal condition which occurs during the
execution of a program and disrupts normal flow of the program.
This exception must be handled properly. If it is not handled,
program will be terminated abruptly.
40. How the exceptions are handled in Java? OR Explain exception
handling mechanism in Java?
Exceptions in Java are handled using try, catch and finally blocks.
try block : The code or set of statements which are to be monitored
for exception are kept in this block.
catch block : This block catches the exceptions occurred in the try
block.
finally block : This block is always executed whether exception is
occurred in the try block or not and occurred exception is caught in
the catch block or not.