Leaflets Ut1

what is building electrical system
An electrical system in a building is an assembly of electrical

components, materials, utilities, equipment, work system, machines,
products, or devices which require electrical energy in order to
perform their intended function.
1. The electrical system in a building begins at a step-down transformer provided

by the utility company and located within or very close to the building
2. The transformer reduces the standard line potential to two dual voltage systems,
which then pass through master switches and electric meters to record the
subscriber’s usage.
3. The purpose of the electrical system in a building is to distribute the power

safely to all of the different rooms and appliances
BRANCH CIRCUITS
Why are branch circuits important?

Branch circuits are important because they power the
essential appliances in a residence, along with the
lighting and power outlets. Without branch circuits,
you might not be able to access the electricity a
house receives from the power company.
What is a branch circuit? How do branch circuits work?

Branch circuits are the wiring that leads Branch circuits work by bringing
from the circuit breaker to the devices in power from the circuit box to the
a home. These circuits are the last line of devices and outlets in a home
electrical wiring from your electricity
provider to the appliances in the house.
TYPES OF BRANCH CIRCUITS
1. 120-volt circuits
120-volt circuits connect with the electrical wiring in a residence and provide
power to all the normal outlets and lighting fixtures in it.
2. 240-volt circuits
A 240-volt circuit is the more powerful of the main branch circuits types. These
provide power to large appliances and central heating and cooling systems
in a residence. Because they can provide twice as much power as 120-volt
circuits, you can use them to power multiple large appliances at once.
3. Dedicated appliance circuits

A dedicated appliance circuit is a type of branch circuit that powers one
device. You can use these circuits to power large appliances like refrigerators
and air-conditioning units because they might require a large amount of
power. It's important to ensure connect only one device to these circuits to
ensure they remain functional and to prevent any issues with the appliance it
powers.
4. Room circuits
Room circuits are branch circuits that provide service to a room in a
residence. Because each room may contain several lighting fixtures and
power outlets, you can use room circuits to divide the flow of power into
individual rooms.
5. Outlet circuits
Depending on the size and organization of the house, you may have multiple
outlet circuits that run throughout the property, or they may be a single circuit
that provides electricity to all the outlets at once.
6. Lighting circuits
Lighting circuits are branch circuits that power the lights in a home. These
types of circuits connect to the ceiling-mounted lights in every room, and
they provide power when you turn on the light switch.
Electricity connections
1. HOMERUN
The electrical cable that carries power from the main circuit breaker panel to
the first electrical box, plug, or switch in the circuit.
2. FEEDER
Feeders are the power lines through which electricity is transmitted in power
systems. Feeder transmits power from Generating station or substation to the
distribution points. The wire can be found between circuit breakers.
3. SERVICE ENTRANCE CONDUCTOR
A service conductor is the wire or set of wires that transmit electricity from a
transformer on a distribution line to a customer facility.
4. MULTI-WIRE BRANCH CIRCUITS
A multiwire branch circuit consists of two or more ungrounded circuit
conductors with a common neutral conductor.
5. MULTI-WIRE BRANCH CIRCUIT
BUILDING SYSTEM VOLTAGES
SYSTEM VOLTAGE
The principle voltages available in a building are called the system voltages.
Medium and high voltage systems carry voltages above 600 V may be used in
special cases such as the 2400/4160 V three-phase system found in industrial and
commercial installations such as for large signage, sports lighting in stadiums, and
services for large manufacturing plants and skyscrapers.
CIRCUIT
WIRING
A minimum of two types of conductors is required to deliver
alternating current in a building electrical system: the
ungrounded conductor and the neutral conductor. A third
conductor, called a grounding conductor, is added to most
circuits.
UNGROUNDED
The ungrounded conductor is the initial current-carrying

conductor in an AC system. The ungrounded conductor is
frequently known as the hot or live conductor because it
feeds current to the circuit. When an ungrounded
conductor is grounded (connected to ground), a closed
circuit in single phase results. This is the type of circuit used
to power small appliances.
GROUNDED
A grounded (neutral) conductor is required to complete a single-

phase circuit by connecting the ungrounded (hot) conductor to
ground. The neutral conductor is a grounded conductor that
serves more than one circuit. It carries the unbalanced load
between two ungrounded (hot) conductors. Both conductors
complete the circuit(s) by connecting it to ground and, as a result,
are treated as current carrying conductors.
GROUNDING
A third conductor known as the grounding conductor

provides supplementary but important grounding
protection. The grounding conductor is not normally a
current-carrying conductor, but is energized only on a
temporary, emergency basis when there is a fault
between an ungrounded (hot) conductor and any
metal associated to the electrical equipment.
Building in which they are used.
The 120 V AC, 1- The 600Y/346 V The 120/240 V

2W system is the AC, 3-4W is a AC, 1-3W is the
most basic less common most common
system voltage electrical residential
used. Today, this service in large electrical service
system is used to commercial and in use today. It is
serve industrial also used on a
outbuildings and buildings that is limited basis in
farm buildings used to power light commercial
because its use specially buildings such as
is limited to designed heavy small office
buildings with machinery. buildings,
loads up to 6000 churches, and
VA (50 A). retail shops and
stores.
The 208 Y/120 V AC, 3-4W is an older electrical service found in small
commercial buildings (e.g., office buildings and schools) and high-rise
buildings where three-phase motors (motors above about 1 ⁄2
horsepower) and equipment such as large air conditioners are used.
The 240/120 AC, 3-4W is another fairly common electrical service

found in commercial and industrial buildings where three-phase
motors (motors above about 1 ⁄2 horsepower) and equipment such
as large air conditioners are used.
TYPES OF BUILDING DISTRIBUTION
EQUIPMENT
DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION
- is a substation from which electric supply is distributed to the different users. In a
substation, there are numbers of incoming and outgoing Circuits each having its
isolator, circuit, breaker, transformer, etc. connected to bus-bar system.
1. DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
- is a main and largest equipment of distribution substation.
2. CIRCUIT BREAKER
- is an equipment which automatically cut off power supply of the system when any
fault or short circuit occurs in the system.
3. LIGHTNING ARRESTER
- is an important protective device of distribution substation to protect valuable
equipment as well as working personnel.`
4. AIR BREAK(AB) SWITCH/ISOLATOR

- are used to isolate equipment for maintenance and also for transfer of loads from one
bus to another.
5. INSULATOR
- the main function of an insulator is to insulate live conductor or equipment at
different voltages with reference to the ground structures as well as provide
mechanical support.
6. BUSBAR ARRANGEMENT
- is a conductor used to connect two and more equipment, located side by side
when the currents is very high.
7. CAPACITOR BANK
- is a series parallel contribution of capacitors required to improve power factor of the
system.
8. EARTHING
- provision of an effective, durable and dependable earthing in a substation and
switching stations is very important for the safety of operating personnel as well as
electrical devices.
9. FENCING ARRANGEMENT
- is provided at outdoor substation yard for restricting entry of unauthorized
person and livestock.
10. DISTRIBUTION PANELBOARD

- consists of MCCBs, control equipment, meters and relays are housed in the control
room.
What is electrical wiring? Electrical wiring devices
Electrical wiring is an installation These devices include fuses,

of cabling through which power switches, sockets, lights, fans,
is distributed to various devices etc.. If these devices and wirings
associated with electricity in a in a structure, such as building is
structured manner to ensure a installed correctly, then load
continuous power supply. control and distribution will be
improved.
The various types of electrical wire and types of wiring

connections have been provided in the following
slides;
1. TEE SYSTEM OR JOINT BOX SYSTEM
Using this wiring, the various appliances can be

connected.
2. Loop in system
This system is utilized, so lamps and other appliances

are connected in parallel to enable individual control
of each device.
3. Cleat wiring
Insulated wires with VIR OR PVC are used in this

wiring, and the wires are braided and mounted
on the walls and ceilings using porcelain cleats,
wood, or plastic.
4. Batten wiring
TRS cables with one core, two, and three cores are
utilized in this wiring configuration. These cables may be
resistant to steam and chemicals and water resistant.

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what is building electrical system

An electrical system in a building is an assembly of electrical

1. The electrical system in a building begins at a step-down transformer provided

3. The purpose of the electrical system in a building is to distribute the power

Why are branch circuits important?

What is a branch circuit? How do branch circuits work?

3. Dedicated appliance circuits

BUILDING SYSTEM VOLTAGES

The ungrounded conductor is the initial current-carrying

A grounded (neutral) conductor is required to complete a single-

A third conductor known as the grounding conductor

The 120 V AC, 1- The 600Y/346 V The 120/240 V

The 240/120 AC, 3-4W is another fairly common electrical service

4. AIR BREAK(AB) SWITCH/ISOLATOR

10. DISTRIBUTION PANELBOARD

Electrical wiring is an installation These devices include fuses,

The various types of electrical wire and types of wiring

Using this wiring, the various appliances can be

This system is utilized, so lamps and other appliances

Insulated wires with VIR OR PVC are used in this

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