CHAPTER MODULE 3

8
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
MOTIVATION

After studying this chapter, you should be able to…

1. Explain the classification and other concepts of Motivation
2. Determine the kinds and theories of work motivation
3. Discuss the different forms of motivation.

MOTIVATION
Motivation looks at the factors that directs and energizes human behavior and that of other
organisms. Motivation is also referred to as “WHY” of behavior. It is a general arousal to reaction that
when it becomes strong it urges the individual toward some kind of activity. This urges is generally
called need, drive, or motive.
Need is felt when there is lack or absence of anything desired for survival.
Drive is the internal stimulus or arousal which energizes behaviour or action in order to fulfil
a need like hunger, sleepiness, and sex.
Motive is a desired goal that activates behaviour. Example: drinking to quench thirst.

Classification of Motives
Motives are commonly grouped into two major classifications as biological or physiological
motives and social or psychological motives. Another way of classifying motives is as primary and
secondary motives.
Biological or physiological motives are those that are needed for survival such as food, water,
air, temperature. In other words the body has to free himself from the following:
 Hunger. This is caused by the lowering or sugar or glucose level in the blood. When the supply
of sugar (glucose) in the body goes low apart of the hypothalamus is activated and it gives
signal for one to eat to replace the sugar supply. It will cause hyperphagia (desire to over eat/
of hypophagia) (loss of the desire to eat). The desire for food to satisfy the need for sugar is
referred to as general hunger while the desire of the body for certain food which is deficient
is called specific hunger. For example if the body needs sugar, one is motivated to eat sweats.
This condition is known as innate wisdom of the body. Hunger drive can be likewise modified
by learning, for instance, the body can be condition to eat at specific time and with specific
amount only.

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• Thirst. Thirst is caused by the lowering of water level in the body cells. One losses more than
a quart of water everyday through evaporation of moisture via the skin, when one breathes and
in elimination. (Bustos e.t. al.,’ 99) taking too much salty foods causes water to leave the bodies
cell and so a person becomes dehydrated. When a person is dehydrated the thirst center in the
hypothalamus is stimulated and activated in the satiety center. After drinking water, the water
level in the body is restored to normal. The satiety center in the hypothalamus activates and
puts stop to drinking. In some instance thirst can be quenched by drinking soft drinks coffee,
tea or milk. Succulent fruits can also satisfy thirst.
• Air generally people take for granted the need for air or oxygen. One only realizes the
importance of air when one is trapped in a crowded room or in the Metrorail during power
failure. Deprivation of oxygen even for few seconds may result in anoxia. Anoxia is the lack
of oxygen in the brain which may cause in mental retardation or even death.
• Cold and warmth- the body has no maintain certain temperature around 98 to 99 F. When the
body temperature goes too high or too low one has to cold weather and thin ones on hot
weather, or turn on the air condition or electric fan when one feels hot to cool the body.
• Pain Avoidance another motive is he need to avoid pain the external body surface seems to
have more pain spots than the internal. Pain is an “early warning device” (Bustos et. Al., ’99)
of possible injury. When there is pain in any part of the body one has to do something to relieve
one of the pain. There are people who have great increased sensitively to pain. This is called
hyperalgesia.
When the physiological or biological primary motives are met there is homeostasis.
Homeostasis is the maintenance of biological or internal balance “or steady state”. (Feldman.
’93)
Social Motive. Social motives are born out of relationship with other people. When
one’s primary or biological needs are met, the association with others becomes interesting and
satisfying. Here are some social motives.
• Achievement Motive- this is concern for competition and to live up to asset standard for
excellence. A person who always does some good work and receives appreciation would strive
further to improve his work.
• Altruism-Altruism is a helping behaviour that is beneficial to others while requiring sacrifices
on the part of the helper.in simple term altruism is helping others without expecting anything
in return. Example of this helping behaviour is volunteering work in disaster areas, working in
religious agencies or donating goods anonymously.
• Affiliation Motives- Affiliation motives are the desire of everyone to associate with other
people. This desire or motive is fulfil by friendly relationship and affectionate association with
one’s family teachers and neighbors. The saying “No Man is an Island “other is an example of
affiliation motives. Other social motives are desire for recognition, mastery, security status,
conformity, prestige and power.

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Other Concepts of Motivation
Psychologists attest that behaviour is motivated but they differ on what specific motive a
person has. According to McDougal (Amparo, Tuason, ’92) instinct is the prime mover of human
activity. It is an inborn pattern of behaviour that is biologically determined. Examples of these are flight,
curiosity, repulsion, pugnacity and mating.
According to Sigmund Freud in his psychoanalysis he traces all motivation to the “libido”
which is often misinterpreted by other psychologists as sexual instinct. To Freud libido is the instinctive
energies- “Eros” or instinct of self-preservation and “Thanatos” or the instinct of self-destruction

Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need

Aside from classifying needs as to primary (Psychological/Biological) and secondary
(Social/Psychological) there are more complex needs conceptualized by Abraham Maslow which is
illustrated in pyramid.

According to Maslow there are five motivational needs shown in the pyramid. The most basic
needs in the hierarchy is physiological and these concern the following: air, water, food, and
temperature which occupies the first level. This should be fully met before moving to the next level.
Safety needs are the next.
Maslow suggests that people need s safe, secured environment in order to function more
effectively.
Only when the basic-lower needs are met can a person think of fulfilling the higher-order needs
which consist of love and belonging, self-esteem and self-actualization. Love and belonging needs
include the need to get and give affection and be a contributing member of some social groups. After
these needs are fulfilled, the person strives for self-esteem. To Maslow, self-esteem relates to the need

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to develop a feeling of self-worth by knowing that others are aware of one’s competencies, capabilities
and values.
Once these four needs are fulfilled which are not easy tasks, the person is ready for the highest
level need which is self-actualization. Self-actualization is the state of fulfilment wherein people realize
the highest potential. Maslow contends that even if a person has progressed to higher level of needs if
the lower needs are not fully satisfied, he will move down again to the lower needs until these are met.
According to Maslow there are few people who have reached the level of self-actualization.
(Feldman,’93).

Motives and Incentives

Generally motives is different from incentive. Motive is a desired goal the prompts behavior.
It comes from within the individual. Incentive is an external stimulus anticipated as a reward which
directs and energizes behavior. An example of incentive is reward or praises or good behavior and
punishment or censure for bad behavior. In school, incentives come in the form in the form of raise in
salary, promotion in position or bonus. So one can say that motives and incentives are driving forces
that make people work.
KINDS OF MOTIVATION. Usually people are motivated to do or behave in two ways
intrinsically or extrinsically.
• Instinctive motivation is one that causes people to participate in an activity for their own
enjoyment. For instance, Mrs Santos after retiring from teaching joined the Glee Club for
senior citizen for socialization and enjoy herself.
• Extrinsic motivation is a motivation which causes people to participate in an activity for a
tangible reward. For instance, Timmy who is a good athlete joins the football tournament for
the MVP (Most Valuable Player) cap.

Theories of Work Motivation

There are two theories of work motivation. The expectancy theory and the goal-setting
theory.
• Expectancy theory. Expectancy theory states that people select type level of effort that will
accomplish a goal they want. People work harder on tasks they know will give rewards that
they expect to get. An example is a student who works hard in his study to get high grade and
finish his chosen course on the expected time. A teacher devotes tirelessly his time to teaching
and related work to bring about change in his students for better behavior and positive attitude
in life.
• Goal-Setting Theory. Goal-setting theory states that what motives people to work is their
added desire to reach a goal. People work harder when they have certain goals in their mind
than when they do not. Example: students devote more time to their studies because they want
to maintain their scholarship, still others study harder to graduate with honors or awards.
If one puts more importance to these theories perhaps it can be said that one can always strive
for the higher goals.

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 Exercise 8
A. Multiple Choice. Encircle the letters of the correct answers.
1. A college student practices his literary piece to earn a medal. What kind of motive is this?
a. Affiliation motive c. Achievement motive
b. Incentive motive d. Altruistic motive
2. According to Abraham Maslow only when the basic needs are met can one think of fulfilling
the higher order needs. Which needs should be fully satisfied before going to higher level?
a. Self-actualization c. Safety needs
b. Physiological needs d. Love and belonging
3. A good example of the instinct of self-preservation is:
a. Running away from an approaching fierce barking dog.
b. Getting out of trouble
c. Turning away from an impending danger
d. Avoiding getting near a cage with poisonous snake.
4. This term refers to the lack of oxygen in the brain which may result in mental retardation or
even death.
a. amnesia c. anoxia
b. hyperalgesia d. bolemia
5. Which of the following are in correct grouping?
a. Food, air, temperature, hunger
b. Air temperature, food, oxygen
c. Affiliation, altruism, thirst, pain
d. Drive, need motive, warmth
6. Awards, high grades and prizes are examples of
a. drive c. instinct
b. motive d. incentive
7. Which of these is an instinctive behavior.
a. Smiling at a friend
b. Running away at the sight of a snake
c. Helping an old woman cross the street
d. Hugging a cute baby
8. A mastery motive is a:
a. Physiological motive c. social motive
b. instinct d. incentive

9. Studying like other activities is influenced greatly by motives, but they must be reinforced by:
a. drives c. instincts
b. needs d. incentives
10. According to Maslow, a person with no permanent job, no home and no friends can be self-
actualized.
a. yes c. maybe
b. no d. maybe yes, may be no

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B. Ask Yourself
You have just been hired in a call center. Which theory of work motivation will you put to
practice in your workplace.

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 CHAPTER

9
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
EMOTIONS

After studying this chapter, you should be able to…

1. Recognize the importance and meaning of emotion
2. Explain and discuss the aspects and theories of emotions.
3. Illustrate the fundamentals and control of emotions

Aspect of Emotion
Emotion are feeling that everyone experience. They are important components in motivating
one’s behavior. Emotion like love, joy, surprise, despair or sorrow make life interesting, colorful and
meaningful. Based on how one qualities emotional reaction, there are three basic aspect of emotions –
physiological changes, observable behaviors and subjective experiences.
Physiological Changes. When a person is in a state of intense emotion, like fear, anger, or
surprise there are some bodily reactions such as:
 Changes in breathing the heart beats faster and there is increase in blood pressure.
 The kidney and bladder become more active so there is urinary frequency
 The mouth gets dry because the salivary gland is suppressed
 There is an increase secretion of adrenalin
Observable Behavior. It is easy to see people who feel strong emotions because of overt
behavior such as:
 The pupils of the eyes open wider, allowing more light to enter thereby increasing visual
sensitivity
 There is profuse perspiration
 There is raise in the tone of voice
 Inflicting harm on other people
 Hair seems to stand on ends.
Subjective Experiences. People show their emotion in many ways. Some people who are
angry may hurt others physically, while others just become quiet and isolate themselves.
One who is afraid may either instinctively run away from fear or maybe rooted in his place
because he is paralyzed with fear. A person who is in love wants to be always near the object of his
love.

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Importance of Emotions
As mention ahead emotion contribute to normal experiences in daily life. Being such, emotion
should be viewed as important feelings. Zulueta &Pasano, (2004) proposed some reason why emotions
are important.
 For Survival. Emotion alert a person when nature of human needs are not met. For instance,
when one feels lonely, the need for connection with other people is not met. When one is afraid,
the need for safety is not met. So if one can connect with other people and as well secured then
one can surely survive.
 For Decision Making. Emotion are valuable source of information. This help one makes
decision. There is a study that shows that when a person’s emotional link is cut in the brain,
the person cannot make even single decision because he does not know how to make a choice.
 For Unity. Emotion are universal. Emotion of sympathy, compassion, cooperation and
forgiveness have all the potentials to unite human beings. Generally speaking, “beliefs Divide
Us” and “Emotions Unite Us”.
 For Communication. Emotion helps one to communicate with others through facial
expression. If one is hurt or sad his/her emotions are shown in the facial expression thus
signaling others to help.

Function of Emotions
One cannot imagine how it would be if he has no emotions, no happiness, joy or love and at
the same time no despair, depression, fear, sadness or remorse. It is obvious that life without emotion is
less interesting. Psychologists have identified a number of important functions of emotions in one’s
daily lives.
Prepares one for Actions. Emotions serve as a link between events in the outside environment
and behavioral response that a person makes. For instance, if one sees a dog chasing a person, his
reaction is to run away.
Shapes Future Behavior. Emotions provide a means to promote learning of information that
will help one in making appropriate responses in the future. For instance when one experiences
unpleasant emotion like the threatening dog he tries to avoid such experience by not getting into that
situation again. If past experiences were pleasant one tends to repeat them. An example is when one
spent a happy and enjoyable vacation he wants a repetition of that experience.
Helps regulates social interaction. The emotions experienced are usually obvious to
observers as they are communicated through verbal and non-verbal behaviors. These behavior can act
as signals to observers making them understand what are being experienced and thus predict future
behavior. For instance a mother who sees the fear in her 2 year old child’s face, every time there is a
visitor, would embrace and reassure him and introduce the visitor that she is a friends, thereby, helping
the child overcome his fear when he sees new faces in the future.

Fundamentals of Emotion
Psychologists vary in the concepts regarding emotion but whatever classification they
expound, one can easily recognize them because they are within the range of man’s experiences.

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 Based on Plutchik’s configuration of emotion as cited by Fieldman, there are eight
fundamental emotion- joy, acceptance, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger and anticipation. These
emotion are consolidated into two-emotion combinations as shown in the outside part of the wheel.
Plutchik’s Wheel of Emotion demonstrates how emotions are related to one another.
Emotions adjacent to one another in the wheel are closely related and those opposite each other
are conceptual opposites. For example, sadness is opposite to joy and anticipation is opposite to surprise.

Theory of Emotion
There are many psychologists who explore theories of emotion but the most popular ones are
the James-Lange Theory, Cannon Bard Theory and Schachter-Singer Theory.
The James-Lange Theory. William James and Carl Lange, the first researchers to explore the
nature of emotions believe that emotional experience is a reaction to bodily events occurring as a result
of an external situation. Example, a person feels sad because he cries or he is angry because he fights,
or he is in love because he smiles. In other words, James-Lange theory simply means that one
experiences the emotions first, and is followed by behavioral responses.
Emotional Arousal Interpretation
The Cannon-Bard Theory. Walter Cannon and Philip Bard suggested an alternative view to
the James-Lange Theory. Cannon-Bard Theory is belief that both physiological and emotional arousal
are produced altogether by the same nerve impulse. According to this theory after an emotion-inducing
stimulus is perceive; the thalamus is the initial site of the emotional response. Awareness and feeling of
fear come at the same time. For instance when one perceives fear he instantly runs away from it.
EMOTION
EVENTS
AROUSAL

The Schacter-Singer Theory. This theory states that emotions are determined jointly by a
non-specific kind physiological arousal and its interpretation are based on the environmental cues. This
emphasizes that an emotion is identified as the experience is observed considering the environment, and
comparing such affect with others.

Event Arousal Reasoning Emotion

Control of Emotion
Emotions are normal experiences in daily lives of people. At times emotions are positive and
at times they are negative. Whatever its affects are, emotions should not be suppressed but they should
be controlling emotional experiences so that they will not have negative consequences. Controlling
emotion calls for intentional effort to overcome disturb emotion by redirection and modification. To
achieve emotional control is a sign of emotional maturity.
According to Guilford (Bustos et. al., ’99) suggestions to achieve emotional control:
• Avoid emotion-provoking situations. Situations that may cause negative emotion should be
avoided.
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 • Change the emotion-provoking situations. Negative attitude can be changed to a positive
one as in making friends with people one hates at first encounter.
• Increase skills in coping with the situation. Emotion results because of incompetence in
reaching goals. These could be avoided by acquiring necessary skills in coping with the
situation.
• Re-interpret the situation. There are people who are very sensitive to the attitude of other
people or on what people say or do. This is because they cannot analyze correctly the situation.
• Keep-working towards your goal. It is normal for one to meet difficulties in solving
problems, But if one realizes that problem solving requires many hits and misses and if one
continuously strives to work hard until he achieves his goals, then that student will wonder
why he always gets a low score in the test even if he reviews the lesson the night before. He
tries to analyze the situation and realizes that making an outline of the lesson can help him to
remember the lesson and eventually in the next examination he may get a high score.
• Find substitute outlet. Sometimes one set up goals which are too difficult to reach. Replacing
these goals may lessen emotional tension although they do not solve the problem. So one
should teach another to substitute his first higher goal with a reachable one.
• Develop a sense of humor. There is a saying “humor is the best medicine.” When one can
laugh off his mistake or an embarrassing situation, he can always find a release of emotion
tension.

Panic Attack and Emotional Hijacking

When someone is having a panic attack, or become very anxious his emotional response can
actually bypass his ‘thinking brain’. The red dot in the diagram in the next page is the amygdala, which
is involved with creating a “faster than thought’ panic attack. It is very difficult, or impossible, to think
clearly when someone is highly emotional because that part of the brain responsible for thinking, that
is, the thalamus (the blue dot in the diagram) is being inhibited.
The amygdala is a very primitive part of the brain, designed for survival, rather than problem
solving in complex situation. Usually people who experience panic attack made similar comment; ‘It’s
totally irrational’, which is quite right. It’s not the rational part of the brain that deals with panic attacks.
This is why people often find it hard to make decisions during a panic attack.
This response has been termed as an ‘emotional hijacking’ by Daniel Goleman (retrieved,
2008). By this, he means that person’s thinking, planning rational mind is hijacked by his emotional
response.

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 Exercise 9
A. Multiple Choice. Encircle the letters of the correct answers.
1. It is a theory of emotion which states that emotions are responses to instinctive bodily events.
a. James-Lange c. Schacter-Singer
b. Cannon-Bard d. Grilford
2. Psychologists attest that emotion should be
a. suppressed c. controlled
b. expresses d. avoided

3. Based on Plutchicks configuration of emotion those emotion near other in the wheel are closely
related and those facing each other are conceptual opposite. Which of the following are closely
related to love and optimism?
a. Acceptance, fear and surprise
b. Acceptance, joy and anticipation
c. Acceptance, surprise and joy
d. Joy, anticipation and love
4. You were at a party last night. As the evening dragged on your general level of arousal
increased as you enjoyed being with these people. You assumed that you really felt happy.
What theory of emotion do you attribute this?
a. James-Lange c. Schacter-Singer
b. Cannon-Bard d. Grilford
5. Some people show their emotions in many, either by hurting others when angry, crying when
sad or simply keeping quiet. What aspects of emotion are displayed here?
a. Physiological aspect c. Subjective experience
b. Observable behavior d. Cognitive behavior
6. During strong emotion the pupils of the eyes dilate or the heart beats faster. What is manifested
here?
a. Physiological aspect of emotion
b. Observable behavior of emotion
c. Subjective experience by an individual
d. Suppression of emotion
7. Is it correct to say that an emotion is accompanied by a unique set of physiological responses
that relate to James-Lange theory of emotion?
a. Yes, because emotion is physiological and cognitive components.
b. No, a wide number of emotions are the same bodily reaction.
c. No, an emotion is sometimes not manifested
d. Yes, an emotion is always physiologically manifested.
8. Emotion as an accompaniment of motivated behavior arises in the course of goal-seeking
activity when is that activity? It is when we:
a. Met with success c. Are thwarted
b. Failed to meet social approval d. Are beyond fulfilment

9. The idea the both physiological and emotional arousal are produced simultaneously by the
same nerve impulse is attributed to:
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 a. James-Lange theory of emotion
b. Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
c. Schacter-Singer theory of emotion
d. Plutchick’s emotional wheeel
10. Emotions are always accompanied by cognitive responses.
a. Yes, emotion has always cognitive responses.
b. No, emotions sometimes is not manifested by any overt behavior.
c. No, emotion may happen without cognitive response.
d. Yes, emotion is a definite cognitive response.

B. True or False. Write T if the statement is correct and F if the statement is incorrect.
1. Setting up unrealistic goal creates tension
2. When a person is experiencing intense emotions, the mouth sets dry because the salivary
gland is suppressed. This is an observable behavior.
3. Shedding tears is a sign that the person is happy.
4. Emotions are important part in motivating one’s behavior.
5. When one experiences heartbreak his/her tendency is to fall immediately in love again.
6. Emotions even how intense should be controlled.
7. Problem solving is usually a trial and error which creates pleasant and unpleasant feeling.
8. Loving someone unconditionally gives a feeling of joy and acceptance.
9. Intelligent people can easily handle a frustrating situation.
10. Emotion alerts a person when human needs are not met.

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 CHAPTER

10
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
PERSONALITY

After studying this chapter, you should be able to…

1. Discuss what are the improving and types of personality
2. Describe the elements of personality
3. Explain approaches to the study of personality

Personality
According to Akinson, et.al. (2000) Personality is the distinctive and characteristic patterns of
thought, emotion and behavior that define one’s personal style of interacting with the physical and social
environment. It may also mean the stability in a person to cope with different situations. A person must
be physically healthy, emotionally sound, mentally alert, morally upright and socially competent
(PEM2S) to meet the challenges of daily life.

Approaches to the Study of Personality

Psychology views personality in different approaches, namely; Psychoanalytic Model,
Humanistic Model, Behavioristic Model, and Existentialistic model.
Psychoanalytic Model. This model is expounded by Sigmund Freud. According to Freud,
psychoanalytic model of personality gives three key subsystems within the personality which are
interrelated ID, Ego and Superego.
The first key is the ID which develop at birth, is the raw, unorganized part of personality the
purpose of which is to satisfy biological drives and irrational impulses such as hunger, thirst aggression
and sex. The ID works in terms of pleasure principles and is concerned with immediate satisfaction. For
instance, when a baby sees something he wants he will reach for it. It doesn’t matter if the object belongs
to someone or if it is harmful.
The second key subsystem is the Ego. The ego serves as the balance between the demand of
the ID and the realities of the outside world. The ego works on the reality principles. The ego controls
the instinctual demand of the ID in order to maintain safety of the person and helps him integrate in the
social group. For instance, a young child who is hungry may get food from his parent’s plate without
permission, that the ego cautions him not to either because the food is not good for him.
The third key subsystem is the Superego. The superego represent the morality of society for
trade by parents, teachers and other important figures. This is a part of personality that makes a person
know what is right and wrong, good and bad.

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 The superego has two components- the conscience and ego ideal. The conscience prevents a
person from doing morale bad things, while the ego ideal inspires a person to do what is morale proper.
It appears that the superego together with the ID works through the ego system. The superego pushes
the person towards greater virtue that if not checked the person may become perfectionist who cannot
balance the demand that life requires. In the same manner, an unchecked ID would create in the person
primitive pleasure- seeking and selfish desires seeking immediate fulfilment. It is the ego that must
compromise the demand of the superego and ID.
Humanistic Model. This humanistic model in personality emphasizes a person’s basic
goodness and his natural tendency to rise to a higher level of functioning here, the person has the
conscious self-motivated ability to change and improved together with his unique creative impulses
which make up the very core of personality. Carl Rodgers as sited by Feldman (1993). Suggest that a
person has positive regard that reflects on the universal need to love and be loved, and be respected.
Existentialistic Model. This model approach to personality puts importance to the uniqueness
of the person and his desires to give value and meaning to his life and freedom to have self-direction
and self-fulfillment. To an existentialist to survive, the person must stand on its own and must shape his
own destiny and must make his life meaningful. In the existentialist model, man must be responsible in
putting essence to his experience.
Behavioristic model. This model assumes that behavior is learned. Important to the learning
experience is the environment, the stimulus that maybe related to the acquisition, modification or
weakening of patterns of behavior. Basic this concept of model are respondent and operant behavior.
 Respondent behavior are responses which are relatedly simple reflexes and emotional
reaction which are effected by appropriate stimuli even before the learning occurs.
 Operant behavior responses. These are responses by which the person “operate” on the
environment or modifies and changes such environment. Here, instead of having the stimulus
presented to the person, it is the person that is placed in a condition where in learns responses
that brings about the achievement of his goal or the fulfilment of his needs. (Bustus,et.al.,’99
and Fieldman,’93).
One very important factor to respondent and operant behavior is reinforcement. Reinforcement
is the strengthening of new responses by showing an appropriate condition or stimulus.

Types of Personality
Aside from the various approaches to personality, other psychologists expounded different
theories of personality based on temperament. Galen worked on four types of personality Sanguine,
Melancholic, Phlegmatic and Choleric.
Sanguine. This personality is optimistic tending to see the bright side of life. A sanguine is
warm- hearted, cheerful and makes friends easily. Its body fluid is blood.
Melancholic. A melancholic person is easily depressed. He is moody, seldom smile and seems
to see the dark side of life. The prominent body fluid is bile.
Phlegmatic. Phlegmatic personality is slow and calm in its behavior, he is cautious and
deliberates carefully before taking an action. The body fluid is phlegm.

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 Choleric. This is a personality that is of the nervous type. They are easily provoked and behave
aggressively when they fail to accomplish their goals. The prominent body fluid is the yellow bile.
(Amparo, Tuason,’92).

Elements of Personality
There are two elements of personality - Levels of personality and characteristics of
personality.
Levels of personality. Personality has two distinct levels (Bustos,et.al.,1998)- the external and
internal levels
 The external level of personality shows the typical behavior of the person, his revealing
qualities and the way he affects other people.
 The internal level represent the inner qualities or the psychic structure of the person. There
should have been a balance integration of the two level so that the person can be perceived to
have a rounded personality.
Characteristic of personality. Another element of personality is its characteristics- dynamic
and consistent.
 Dynamic personality. This is a characteristic of personality that can easily be change or
modified. Because of learning and experienced, a person characteristics are established or
modified. This shows that when a person meets a new situation, difficult or dramatic
experiences, his attitude or outlook and response tendency are modified or altered.
 Consistent personality. This is a characteristic of personality which implies that a person has
already established a characteristic mode of viewing live, meeting challenges in life like
success or frustration and finding long range goals in the form of chosen values. These values
which the person has are less susceptible to modification or change. Hence, even if a person
has met new experiences and even after the passage of time, the same basic structure of
personality still exists.

Improving Personality
Personality is shaped on heredity and environment. The person’s physical, emotional,
mental, moral and social characteristics which come from his parents and nurtured by the environment
give him his on type of personality.
Learning and Experiences contribute to the shaping of persons characteristic. However,
there is still something that the person has to work on to acquired added characteristic to improve or
polish his established traits.
Acquire a good philosophy of life. A philosophy is a guiding norm that assist a person to
balance his purpose in life and to serve as pointer in directing his activities in his association with others.
Manifest unselfish interest in others. Unselfishness is the real foundation of relationship with
others- parents, friends, co-workers. There is a saying “friendship begets friendship, love begets love”.
Cultivate the habit of admitting ones mistakes. Generally, it is very difficult to admit ones
mistake. Usually one blames other for his mistake to save face. However, an intelligent and morally
upright person would find it easy to admit his mistake because he knows that admission of a fault is a
road to greatness telling a lie. And blaming others are characteristic of a psychologically weak person.
15
 Make a change of environment. Going on a vacation or travelling somewhere is a good way
for relaxation. The new places and other people that the person meets will help him unwind from his
hectic work.
Socialize with happy and successful people. Being with people who are happy and successful
contributes to a person’s outlook in life and improved attitude towards work and people. A person’s
personality is much improved by internalizing those qualities of happy and successful people.
Develop and practice desirable and consistent style of disciplining oneself: that is tempering
actuation.

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 Exercise 10
A. Direction. Choose the best answer. Encircle the letters of your choice below each numbered
question:
1. According to Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic model of personality this key subsystem works
on the reality principle.
a. ID c. Super Ego
b. Ego d. consciousness
2. This model of personality puts importance to the uniqueness of the person and essence to his
existence.
a. Behavioral model c. Existentialist model
b. Psychoanalytic model d. Humanistic model
3. A characteristic of personality is one that can be changed or modified. Which is it?
a. Dynamic personality c. Egoistic personality
b. Consistent personality d. Humanistic personality

4. Lily was a shy sensitive girl when she was still in high school. Now in college she is chosen to
represent her department to the Miss University contest because of her very unique type of
beauty. However, no amount of encouragement would make her accept the nomination. She is
too shy to face the crowd. What characteristic of personality does Lily possess?
a. Dynamic c. Submissive
b. Consistent d. Egocentric
5. This represents the morality of society. It pushes the person towards greater virtue.
a. Super ego c. Ego
b. ID d. Conscience
6. In this superego key sub-system the person is inspired to do what is morally right.
a. Conscience c. Ego-Ideal
b. Dynamic d. Ego
7. What type of personality shows warm-heartedness and pleasant disposition?
a. Melancholic c. Choleric
b. Sanguine d. Phlegmatic
8. A shy sensitive person who finds adjustment in a new situation painful is:
a. An introvert c. An ambivalent
b. An extrovert d. None of the above
9. A person who is easily depressed, moody and always sees the dark side of life and very
pessimistic is:
a. Phlegmatic c. Choleric
b. Sanguine d. Melancholic
10. This model of personality emphasizes the person’s basic goodness and his natural tendency to
a higher level of functioning.
a. Behavioristic model c. Psychoanalytic model
b. Humanistic model d. Existentialist model

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B. Modified True or False. Read each sentence carefully. If the sentence is true write T on the
space before each number, if it is false change the underlined word/s to make the sentence true.
Write your answer on the space.

1. The ID is the key subsystem which is the raw unorganized part of the personality.
2. Melancholic personality always sees the dark side of life.
3. The conscience as superego component of personality inspires a person to do what is
morally right.
4. One very important factor to operant and classical condition is reinforcement.
5. The person with sanguine personality is easy and happy to be with.
6. The typical and revealing qualities of a person shows his or her internal level of
personality.
7. A person who is easily provoked and very aggressive has a phlegmatic personality.
8. The ego controls the instinctive demand of the person in order to maintain his integration
in the social group.
9. A philosophy is a guiding norm that helps the person in his purpose in life.
10. One characteristic of a consistent personality is the ability to change and modify his
behaviour.

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