Introduction Biosensor

The significance of monitoring important processes and parameters in numerous sectors has led to the
development of biosensors, which are tiny analytical instruments. Drug research, illness diagnostics,
biomedicine, food safety and processing, environmental monitoring, defense, and security are just a few
of the applications that have benefited from the development of these devices [1, 2]. Biosensors are
analytical instruments that are used to check for the presence of a certain analyte in a sample. These are
self-contained integrated devices that employ a biological recognition element in conjunction with a
transduction element to deliver qualitative and semi-quantitative analytical data. These analytical
gadgets' main aim is to deliver accurate and trustworthy information regarding an analyte of interest in
real time [3, 4, 5, 6].
Biosensors are devices that combine a biological component for detecting analytes with a
physicochemical component for producing a quantifiable signal. In 1962, the first biosensor was used to
measure blood gas levels during surgery [7]. Home pregnancy tests and glucose detectors are the most
prevalent biosensors today, but there is a push to develop novel biosensors for a variety of purposes,
including food analysis, deoxyribonucleic acid testing, and drug detection. Thin films provide the
possibility of making these sensors smaller and with lower detection limits [8].
Because of the population's ageing, the health-care system will face a big issue in the near future.
Biomedical sensors may be able to help with this problem by allowing for the monitoring of essential
bodily processes as part of preventative medical practices or by serving as an enabler for telemedicine
to minimize healthcare expenses. Important FET-based biological sensors include the pH-sensitive ion-
selective field effect transistor (ISFET) and the FET-based oxygen-sensitive gas sensor, such as using
biocompatible hydrogel Nafion. The change in pH that coincides with the change in liquid-phase CO2
concentration as a result of the creation or dissociation of carbonic acid can be used to monitor plasma
carbon dioxide levels. An ISFET, in instance, may be used to monitor variations in pH that correlate to
changes in CO2 partial pressure.
A transducer is the biosensor's second most important component. A transducer, in general, is a

substance that can transform one type of energy to another [9]. A transducer in a biosensor converts
the biochemical signal received from the biological receptor, which is the result of the interaction
between the target analyte and the biological receptor, into a measurable and quantifiable signal that
can be piezo-electrical, optical, electrochemical, or other. The transducer recognizes and measures the
change that happens during the contact of a biological receptor with analyte [10]. A pH sensor in a
glucose biosensor is an example of a transducer. In the presence of oxygen, an enzyme called glucose
oxidase acts as a biological receptor, binding glucose and converting it to gluconic acid. The pH sensor
(transducer) detects the pH change (due to gluconic acid generation) and transforms it to a voltage
change [11, 12]. Specificity to the target analyte, analyte concentration range, reaction time, and
appropriateness for practical applications are all aspects that should be considered while designing a
transducer. A transducer should, in theory, be extremely selective to the analyte and provide
measurement at the lowest feasible analyte concentration in the shortest amount of time [13].
Monosik R, Stredansky M, Sturdik E. Biosensors — classification, characterization and new trends. Acta
Chimica Slovaca. 2012;5(1);109-120, DOI: 10.2478/v10188-012-0017-z
Turner APF. Biosensors: sense and sensibility. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2013; 42; 3184-3196.
DOI:10.1039/c3cs35528d
Mehrotra P. Biosensors and their applications – A review. Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial
Research. 2016;6;153-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobcr.2015.12.002
Thevenot D.R., Toth K., Durst R.A., Wilson G.S. Electrochemical biosensors: recommended definitions
and classification. Pure Appl Chem. 1999;71:2333-2348
Damiati S, Schuster B. Electrochemical Biosensors Based on S-Layer Proteins. Sensors. 2020; 20; 1721;
doi:10.3390/s20061721
Sabr AKH. Biosensors. American Journal of Biomedical Engineering. 2016; 6(6); 170-179. DOI:
10.5923/j.ajbe.20160606.03
Electrochemical glucose sensing. Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved February 10, 2022, from
https://encyclopedia.pub/3755
Holzinger, M., Le Goff, A., & Cosnier, S. (1AD, January 1). Nanomaterials for biosensing applications: A
Review. Frontiers. Retrieved February 10, 2022, from
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2014.00063/full
Bhalla N, Jolly P, Formisano N, Estrela P. Nikhil Bhalla, Pawan Jolly, Nello Formisano and Pedro Estrela.
Essays in Biochemistry. 2016;60;1-8. DOI: 10.1042/EBC20150001
Thevenot DR, Toth K, Durst RA, Wilson GS. Electrochemical biosensors: recommended definitions and
classification. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 2001; 16; 121-131. DOI.org/10.1016/S0956-
5663 (01)00115-4
Wilkins E, Atanasov P. Glucose monitoring: state of the art and future possibilities. Medical Engineering
and Physics. 1996; 18; 273-288. doi.org/10.1016/1350-4533 (95)00046-1
Ramirez NB, Salgado AM, Valdman B. The evolution and developments of immunosensors for health and
environmental monitoring: Problems and perspectives. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2009;
26 (02); 227-249. DOI: 10.1590/S0104-66322009000200001
Sethi RS. Transducer aspects of biosensors. Biosensors & Bioelectronics. 1994; 9; 243-
264. doi.org/10.1016/0956-5663 (94)80127-4

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The significance of monitoring important processes and parameters in numerous sectors has led to the

A transducer is the biosensor's second most important component. A transducer, in general, is a

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