Per Unit System

Power System Analysis
5. Per Unit System
Jayson Bryan E. Mutuc
1
Introduction
Power system engineers have devised the per-unit system such
that different physical quantities such as current, voltage, power
and impedance are expressed as a decimal fraction or multiple
of base quantities. In this system, the different voltage levels
disappear and a power network consisting synchronous
generators, transformers, and lines reduces to a system of simple
impedances.
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦
For example in single phase system
𝑉! " 𝑆! 𝑉! 𝑆! 𝑉! 𝑉! "
𝑆! = 𝑉! 𝐼! = ; 𝑉! = 𝐼! 𝑍! = ; 𝐼! = = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍! = =
𝑍! 𝐼! 𝑍! 𝑉! 𝐼! 𝑆!
2
3 Phase Per Unit System
For 3 phase system
𝑆!
𝐼! #$# =
3 𝑉! #$#
𝑉! # $#
𝑉!∅ ;
3
𝑍! = =
𝐼!∅ 𝐼! #&
(𝑘𝑉! )"
𝑍! =
𝑀𝑉𝐴!
3
Per Unit System
Per-Unit in single phase and three-phase system

𝑆 𝑉 𝐼 𝑍
𝑆'( = = 𝑉'( 𝐼'( 𝑉'( = = 𝐼'( 𝑍'( 𝐼'( = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍'( =
𝑆! 𝑉! 𝐼! 𝑍!
4
Change of Base
The impedance of individual generators and transformers, as
supplied by the manufacturer, are generally in terms of percent
or per unit quantities based on their ratings. The impedance of
transmission lines are usually expressed in per unit on a common
system base.
𝑀𝑉𝐴+,- 𝑘𝑉./0 "
𝑍)* +,- = 𝑍)* ./0 𝑥 𝑥
𝑀𝑉𝐴./0 𝑘𝑉+,- "
5
Per Unit System
The advantages of the per-unit system for analysis are described
below.
• The per-unit system gives us a clear idea of relative
magnitudes of various quantities, such as voltages, current,
power and impedance.
• The per-unit values of impedance, voltage and current of a
transformer are the same regardless of whether are referred
to the primary or the secondary side. This is a great advantage
since the different voltage levels disappear and the entire
system reduces to a system of simple impedance.
• The per-unit systems are ideal for the computerized analysis
and simulation of complex power system problems.
• The circuit laws are valid in per-unit systems, and the power
and voltage equations.
6
Sample Problem
1) A single phase two-winding transformer is rated 25 kVA, 1100 V/440
V, 50 Hz. The equivalent leakage impedance of the transformer
referred to the low voltage side is 0.06∟78o Ω. Using transformer
rating as base values, determine the per-unit leakage impedance
referred to low voltage winding and referred to high voltage
winding
2) Figure below shows single line diagram of a single-phase circuit.
Using base values of 3 kVA and 230 volts, draw the per-unit circuit
diagram, and determine the per unit impedance and the per unit
source voltage. Also calculate the load current both in per unit and
Amperes.
7
Sample Problem
3) Figure below shows single line diagram of a power system. The ratings of the
generators and transformers are given below:
G1: 25 MVA, 6.6 kV, xg1 = 0.2 pu
G2: 15 MVA, 6.6 kV, xg1 = 0.15 pu
G3: 30 MVA, 13.2 kV, xg1 = 0.15 pu
T1: 30 MVA, 6.6 Δ – 115 Y kV, xT1 = 0.10 pu
T2: 15 MVA, 6.6 Δ – 115 Y kV, xT2 = 0.10 pu
T3: Single phase unit each rated 10 MVA, 6.9/69 kV, xT3 = 0.1 pu
Draw per unit circuit diagram using base values of 30 MVA and 6.6 kV in the
circuit of generator -1.
8
Supplementary Problem
The one line diagram of a three-phase power system is shown in figure
below. Select a common base of 100 MVA 22 kV on the generator side.
Draw an impedance diagram with all impedances including the load
impedance marked in per-unit. The manufacturer’s date for each
device is given as follow:
The three-phase load at bus 4 absorbs 57 MVA, 0.6 power factor lagging
at 10.45 kV. Line 1 and line 2 have reactances 48.4 Ω and 65.43 Ω
respectively
9
A 3-bus system is given in the Figure. The ratings of the various
components are listed below:
Generator 1 = 50 MVA, 13.8 kV, X″ = 0.15 p.u.
Generator 2 = 40 MVA, 13.2 kV, X″ = 0.20
Generator 3 = 30 MVA, 11 kV, X″ = 0.25
Transformer 1 = 45 MVA, 11 kV, Δ/110 kV Y, X = 0.1 p.u.
Transformer 2 = 25 MVA, 12.5 kV, Δ/115 kV Y, X = 0.15 p.u.
Transformer 3 = 40 MVA, 12.5 kV, Δ/115 kV Y, X = 0.1 p.u.
The line
impedances
are shown in
the Figure.
Determine the
reactance diagram
based on 50 MVA and
13.8 kV as base quantities
in Generator 1. 10
A 100 MVA, 33 kV 3-phase generator has a subtransient reactance of
15%. The generator is connected to the motors through a transmission
line and transformers as shown in the Figure The motors have rated
inputs of 30 MVA, 20 MVA and 50 MVA at 30 kV with 20% subtransient
reactance. The 3-phase transformers are rated at 110 MVA, 32 kV, Δ/110
kV Y with leakage reactance 8%. The line has a reactance of 50 ohms.
Selecting the generator rating as the base quantities in the generator
circuit, determine the base quantities in other parts of the system and
evaluate the corresponding p.u. values.
11

Per Unit System

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Per Unit System

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Power System Analysis

5. Per Unit System

Jayson Bryan E. Mutuc

Per-Unit in single phase and three-phase system

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