UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY

New Site Campus Balzain

Tuguegarao City, Cagayan

VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND CONTROL

INTRODUCTION

The educational institutions in the Philippines today have been mandated by law to
include in their academic curriculum a program on drug education. This is to comply
with the educational approach in dealing with globally acclaimed drug problem.

In a general perspective, the real problem we are dealing with. Today’s global
market for illicit drugs is the product of a complex evolutionary process that begun in
the early years of the century. In response to growing public alarm over high levels of
drug use and addiction in America, Europe and in Asia the great powers took their
first steps to control what they had previously sanctioned. Through a series of
international conventions buttresses by domestic laws, the production, sale and
consumption of a wide range of drugs for anything other than medical and scientific
purposes were progressively prohibited around the world (Stares, 1996)

Education is critical for it gives people the ability to alter beliefs and attitudes
based on what they know (Girdano, 1988). Knowledge about the effects of drugs
especially dangerous drugs and its related vices, the mechanism of actions and the
influences of emotions on drug or vice-taking behavior forms the basis of drug
education and vice control.

DRUG
A Chemical substance that brings about physical, physiological, behavioral, and or
psychological change in a person.

DRUG (W.H.O) → Any substance or product that is used or is intended to be used to

modify or explore physiological systems or pathological States for the benefit of the
recipient.

ARE ALL DRUS HARMFUL? Any drug may be harmful when abused.
Drugs that affect the mind can have subtle or obvious side effects which can be
Immediate or may only become evident after continuous use.
Certain drugs are taken not as medicines but to satisfy a craving a strong
desire and taking them becomes an ingrained habit.

1 MODULE IN VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND CONTROL

 DRUGS VS MEDICINE
DEFINITION Any substance or product Substance used in the
that is used or is intended diagnosis, prevention and
to be used to modify or treatment of diseases.
explore physiological
systems or pathological
States for the benefit of
the recipient.
AMOUNT Drug doesn’t have any Has a definite form and
definite form of and dose. dose.
COMPARE All drugs are not All medicines are drugs.
medicine.

THE HISTORY OF DRUGS FROM PAST TO PRESENT

Drug laws have been a regular Feature of human culture throughout history.

 The earliest recorded use of law in the old world is the prohibition of the use of
alcohol under Islamic law (sharia), which is usually attributed to passages in
the Quran purportedly dating from 7th century.
 Religious intolerance was also the driving Force For drug prohibition in
Christian Europe at the time of crusades, the Arabs were using marijuana.
1484 Fiat Pope innocent VIII banned the use of cannabis to support the efforts
of the Spanish inquisition against the Arabs.
 Inquisition proceeded rapidly in Meso - America and South America, where
peyote, coca leaves and magic mushrooms were used in Mexican culture
religious economies, the church declared it prohibited as works of the devil.
 In Northern Europe, the protectants have passed drug laws. The 1516
Reinheitsgebot, which stipulates that beer may only contain water, barley, and
hops was a manifestation of protestant intolerance about drugs and the
Catholic Church.
 In late Qing Imperial China - Opium imported by the British East India
Company was vastly consumed by all social classes in southern China.
Between 1821-837 imports of the drug increased Five-fold. The Chinese
attempted to end this trade due to public health reasons. Their effort was
initially successful with the distraction of all British declared the first opium
war against China, the latter was defeated and the war ended with the signing
of the treaty of nanking, which resulted to the immunity of foreign opium
smugglers from Chinese law.

TREATY OF NANKING - British Forced China to increase foreign trade, give

compensation and cede Hong Kong to the British.

2 MODULE IN VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND CONTROL

  A related American treaty guaranteed to end the smuggling of opium by
Americans. It took until the next opium war for the trade to be legalized.
 FIRST INTERNATIONAL DRUG CONFERENCE held in Shanghai, China in 1908
and the Hague convention in 1912, measures were adopted to ask participating
countries to oppose free trade in drugs because of growing domestic concerns.
 In 1876, San Francisco, California an ordinance which banned the smoking of
opium in opium den, because of the many woman and young girls, as well as
young men of decent family, were being induced to visit the Chinese opium-
smoking dens, where they were ruined morally. THE LAWS WERE AIMED AT
SMOKING OPIUM, BUT NOT INGESTING IT.
 Cocaine was prohibited in the first part of the 20th century. This was followed
by the Harisson Act, passed in 1914, which required sellers of opiates and
cocaine to procure license. Originally intended to require paper traits of drug
transactions between doctors, drug stores, and patients, it soon became a
prohibitive law.
 The prohibition of Alcohol commenced in Finland in 1919 and the United
States in 1920. Alcohol was the most popular recreational drug in these
countries reactions to its prohibition were very different to those of other drugs,
which were commonly perceived to be associated with racial and ethnic
minorities. PUBLIC PRESSURE led to the repealing alcohol prohibition in 1932
in Finland and in 1933 in United States.
 In Sweden, a referendum a starting in 1922 decided against an alcohol
prohibition law, but starting in 1914 and until 1955 Sweden employed an
alcohol rationing system with personal liquor ration books called "MOTBOK".
 Major milestones introduction of convention in the single campaign against
drugs include the successful introduction of the single convention on narcotic
drugs in 1961, the convention on Psychotropic substance in 1971.

PHILIPPINES

The drug problem in the country since in the early port of 1900's encouraged
the Philippine authorities to enact laws in the country for regulation of drug use and
productions. The first drug control law in the country was RA No. 953 known as the
"NARCOTIC DRUGS LAW OF 1953".

Drug education was formally incorporated as part of school program curricula

in the country with the enactment of RA 6425 known as the "DANGEROUS DRUGS
ACT OF 1972". The signing of the act by the late President Ferdinand E. Marcos Sr.
marked the government's assurance to a strict policy against drug abuse.

In 1992, RA 7624 the integrating drug prevention and control in the

intermediate and secondary curricula as well as the non-formal, informal and
indigenous learning systems concerning the ill effects of drug abuse and or drug
addiction. Then in 2002, RA 9165 known as the "Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act
of 2002" was enacted repealing the RA 6425. This law provides the instruction on drug

3 MODULE IN VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND CONTROL

abuse prevention and control shall be integrated in the elementary, secondary, and
tertiary curricula of all public and private schools.

IMPORTANT TERMNOLOGIES:

Abstinence- Cessation from use of psychoactive substance previously abused, or on

which the user has developed drug dependence.

Abuse of Drugs- Regardless of what drugs are used it causes such great changes in
the physical, psychological, and social conditions of the dependent.

Addict - A person with an overpowering physical and psychological need to take a

particular substance.

Administer-Act of introducing any dangerous drug into the body of any person, with or
without his knowledge, by injection, ingestion or other means of committing any act of
indispensable assistance to a person administering a dangerous drug to himself.

Alcohol- Fermented or distilled liquids or drug containing ethanol and intoxicating

substances. Alcohol

Abuse- Use of ethyl alcohol or liquor in a quantity and with a frequency that causes
the individual significant physiological, psychological, or sociological distress or
impairment.

Alcoholic - A person who has experienced physical, psychological, social or

occupational impairment as a consequences of habitual, excessive consumption of
alcohol.

Alcoholic Anonymous- One of the most successful approaches in recovery from

alcoholism, alcoholics anonymous is a fellowship of problem drinkers who want help
in maintaining sobriety. Alcoholic anonymous (A.A) is a self-help organization founded
in the United States in 1935 by two alcoholics, Bill W. and Dr. Bob, for the express
purpose of providing a fellowship for compulsive drinkers desiring to obtain from
alcohol.

Alcoholic Dependence- A chronic loss of control over the consumption of alcohol

beverages despite obvious psychological or physical harm to the person: Increasing
amounts are required over time and abrupt discontinuance may precipitate
withdrawal symptoms. Relapse is frequent.

Alcoholic Liquor - Any beverage or compound, whether fermented, or otherwise, which

will produce intoxication or which contains in excess of one percent of alcohol and is
used as a beverage.

Alcoholism-State or condition of a person, produced by drinking intoxicating liquors

excessively and with habitual frequency.

4 MODULE IN VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND CONTROL

Anesthetic Drugs -Are used for nervous system depressant local anesthetics block
nervous system, general anesthetics act on the brain produce a generalized of
sensation, stupor, or unconsciousness.

Amphetamine Group- Drugs belonging to this category are mostly appetite

suppressants and potent stimulants. Users are unable to sleep and may develop high
fever which may result to dehydration. Chronic users may undergo hallucinations, dry
mouth, ulcerations of the buccal mucosa.

Anorectic -Drug that tends to curb the appetite.

Antacid-Drug intended to relieve symptoms of heartburn, sour stomach and/or acid

indigestions. Antidotes- Refers to a mechanical, chemical agents which neutralize a
poison.

Antipyretic -Drug that reduces fever. Anxiety Neurosis- Individual suffers physical
complaints of varying degree as headache, nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath,
palpitation. menstrual dis-function, insomnia.

Banker - Person who keeps the money from which the winner is to be paid. Bankroll
Man-Gambler's slang to denote a person who wins.

Barbiturate Group- Commonly referred to as depressants, it may be taken orally or

intravenously, its users are known to suffer from severe withdrawal symptoms.

Beta-Alcoholism- A type of alcoholism in which severe medical complications occur,

such as nerve irritations, gastric disturbances, and cirrhosis of the liver.

Betting - Waging money or any object or article of value or representative of value

upon the result of any game, races and other sports contests.

Bhang - Refers to the dried leaves and flowering shoots of the cannabis plant,
containing smaller amounts of THC.

Blackleg -A professional swindler or gambler, a chart, a cardsharp. A gambler who

frequent race tracks and gambling places electing the best odds and offering the least
he can.

Blackmail -Extortion by threats to expose some derogatory information about the

victim, family members or close associates.

Blind Tiger- A place where liquor is sold illegally, a place where liquor sold without
license contrary to law. Board-Refers to the Dangerous Drugs Board.

Bong- Is a tube with a small bowl at the end of a thinner tube inserted through the
side near the base. The bong is partly filled with water for the smoke to bubble
through.

5 MODULE IN VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND CONTROL

Broken Home - A family in which one or both parent is absent due to divorce or
separation, children in such an environment may from to anti- social behavior.

Brothel - Refers to a house of prostitution.

Call Girls - Refers to prostitutes who makes date arrangement via phone and then
provides services to customers at a pre-agreed venue.

Cannabis- A general terms for any of the various hemp plant, cannabis sativa, and
used interchangeable with the term marijuana. They render substantial increase in
the heart rate, blood shot eyes, dry mouth and increased appetite.

Ecstacy-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Refers to the drug having such

chemical composition, including any of its isomers or derivatives in any form.

Enabling- Is any action taken by a concerned person that removes or softens the
negative or harmful consequences of drug use upon the user. Enabling only makes
things worse. It is like fighting the fire with gasoline.

Etorphine - Derived from thebaine, etorphine is more than a thousand times as potent
as morphine in its analgesic, sedative, and respiratory depressant effects.

Factory Girls - These are real professional type of prostitutes who work in regular
houses of prostitution or brothels.

Flashback- After repeated use of psychedelics a drug user may experience this
phenomenon, which is an undesirable recurrence of a drug's effects with no recent
drug intake (consumption) to explain alternation of one's sense of time and visual
illusions and hallucinations.

Freebase- Purified cocaine crystals that are crushed and smoke to provide a more
powerful high than cocaine.

Gaffer- "Tagatari" A person knowledgeable in the art of arming gaming cocks with gaff
or gaffs on either or both legs.

Gambling- refers to a game or scheme the result of which depends mainly upon
chance or hazard.

Gambling Device- A device or apparatus designed to carry out the actual gambling, for
determining whether the player is to win lose.

Game Machination - Any other fraudulent, deceitful, unfair or dishonest means,

method, manner or practice employed for the purpose of influencing the result of any
game, races or sports contest.

6 MODULE IN VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND CONTROL

Game Fixing - Any arrangement, scheme, combination or agreement by which the
result of any game, races or sports contests shall be predicted and/or knows other
than the basis of honest playing skill or ability of players or participants.

Graffiti - Inscription or drawing means on a wall or structure and used by delinquents

for gang messages and turf definition.

Gullible Person gambling -A person who easily deceived especially in crooked

Hallucinogenic Group - The 7th group of the periodic system of table of elements in
chemistry are non-metallic elements such as fluorine, bromine, iodine and chlorine
when processed and turned into drugs such as phencyclidine(PCP), lysergic acid
diethylamide LSD, mescaline, psilocybin it interrupts the function of the neo-cortex,
which is the section of the brain that controls the intellect and keep instinct in check

Hallucinogens -Natural or synthetic substances that produce vivid dissolution of the

sense without greatly disturbing consciousness.

Hashish - A concentrated form or cannabis made from an adulterated resin from the
female cannabis plant.

Hypnotic-Pertaining to hypnosis or sleep

Illegal Trafficking- Refers to the illegal cultivation, culture, delivery, administration,

dispensation, manufacture, sale, trading, transportation, distribution, importation,
exportation and possession of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and
essential chemical.

Indian Hemp-Otherwise known as "marijuana", embraces every kind, class, genes or

specie of the plant cannabis sativa.

Inhalants - Volatile liquids that give off a vapor, which is inhaled producing short-term
excitement and euphoric, followed by a period of disorientation. Its effects include
nausea, sneezing, coughing nosebleeds, fatigue, and lack of coordination and loss of
appetite.

Insufflation - Commonly known as "snorting," "sniffing," or "blowing i the most

frequent method of ingestion of recreational powder cocaine in the Western world.
Interstitial

Group-Delinquent group that fills a crack in the social fabric and maintain standard
group practices.

Lottery- It is a game for the distribution of prizes by chance among who have paid or
agreed to pay a valuable consideration for the chance to obtain a prize.

7 MODULE IN VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND CONTROL

 Maintainer- Refers to a person who sets up and furnishes the means with which to
carry on the gambling game. Manufacture-Means the production, preparation,
compounding or processing of a dangerous drug.

Rehabilitation-The restoration of an optimum state of health by medical, physical,

psychological, social and his significant others.

Relapse- Recurrence of alcohol or drug dependent behavior in an individual who has

previously achieved and maintained abstinence for a significant time beyond the
period of detoxification.

Sedatives- Drugs of the barbiturate family that depress the central nervous system
into a sleep-like condition.

Sell -Means the act of giving a dangerous drug, whether for money or any other
material consideration.

Shabu -Methamphetamine Hydrochloride) Popularly known as "poor man's cocaine". It

is a Japanese form of drug abuse. It is amphetamine type of stimulant that was
originally known as "Kakuseizai". "Kakusei" is the Japanese word for waking and "Zai'
the term for drugs. The stimulant started in Japan immediately after the end of the
Pacific War and brought into the Philippines by Japanese tourists.

Slight Inebriation - Degree of intoxication where there is a reddening of the face. There
is no sign of mental impairment and difficulty of speech.

Speed Freak- Amphetamines taken orally can be used in excess with unfortunate
results; but enormous quantities of oral amphetamines were consumed in the United
States during the 1940s and 1950s with apparently little misuse.

Steroid Anabolic-Drugs used by athletes and body builders to gain muscle bulk and
strength.

Stimulants- Chemical substance that generally speed up central nervous system

function, resulting in alertness and excitability. (uppers", "speed", "pep pills") are
synthetic drugs that stimulate action in the central nervous system. It increases
respiratory and heart rate didates the pupils and decreases one's appetite.

Substance- Abuse Using drugs or alcohol in such a way as to cause physical harm to
the user.

Tetra-Hydro-Cannabinol - It is the psychoactive agent of Marijuana. The e THC

present in marijuana, the more potent is the drug. It is also known as the "sinister
element in marijuana. This is what causes the "high", "lift" or "trip" in marijuana
users. The Delta 9, THC or Tetra hydro cannabinol is the component responsible for
the adverse physical and mental effect as well as alteration in the nervous system of
the user.

8 MODULE IN VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND CONTROL

Thebaine -One of the minor components of opium, thebaine is chemically similar to
both morphine and codeine.

Tolerance- The physiological adaptation to the effect of drugs so as to diminish the

effects with constant dosages or to maintain the intensity and duration of effects
through increased dosage.

Totalizer-refers to a machine for registering and indicating the number and nature of
bets made in horse races.

Toxic Reaction- The effect of a toxic or poisonous reaction due to overdose

accompanies the use of any drug.

Trading -Transactions involving the illegal trafficking of dangerous drugs and/or

controlled precursors and essential chemicals using electronic devices such as, but
not limited to, text messages, email, mobile or landlines, two-way radios, internet,
instant messengers and chat rooms or acting as a broker in any of such transactions
whether for money or any other consideration.

Tranquilizers -Relieves uncomfortable emotional feelings by reducing anxiety and

promoting relaxation.

Treatment- The application of planned procedures to identify and change patterns of

behavior that are mal-adoptive, destructive, health injuring or to restore appropriate
levels of physical, psychological or social functioning.

Tupada - An illegal cockfighting conducted on a day or at a cockpit not permitted by

law. Use - Refers to the act of injecting intravenously or intramuscularly or of
consuming, either by chewing, smoking, sniffing, eating, swallowing. drinking or
otherwise introducing into the physiological system of the body, and of the dangerous
drugs.

Very Drunk - Degree of intoxication where the mind is confused and disoriented.

Wager-It is the bet or consideration placed on gambling games.

Werniche's Syndrome -Related to thiamine (part of the vitamin B complex) deficiency,

is characterized by total be wilderment and disorientation, paralysis of the motor
nerves of the eye, rhythmical. oscillation of the eyeballs, loss of muscular coordination,
and diseases of the peripheral nerves.

Whores/Knockers - Term often used for all types of prostitutes. White

Slavery - The procurement and transportation of women across state line for immoral
purposes.

Withdrawal - Cessation of drug or alcohol use by an individual in whom dependence is

established.
9 MODULE IN VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND CONTROL
Withdrawal Symptoms- the onset of a predictable constellation of signs and symptoms
involving altered activity of the central nervous system after the abrupt
discontinuation of the intake of an addictive substance.

THE NATURE OF DRUGS, ITS USES, APPLICATION AND EFFECTS

(With Origin of Drugs and its identification)
1. MARIJUANA PLANT

Historians credited that the Marijuana (cannabis sativa L) is the world’s oldest
cultivated plant.

Citizens of the Persian Empire would share in the ceremonial of burning of massive
cannabis bonfires, directly exposing their children and neighboring tribes to the
clouding fumes lasting for over 24 hours.

The word hashish (resin) of the marijuana plant was derived from the name Hasan
or Hasashin, the Muslim cult leader who fed his disciples a preparation made from
the resin of the female hemp plant as a reward for the successful activities in
assassinations.
 It grows in tropical region and attains an approximate height of 12-20 feet in
height.
 The FEMALE PLANT is known as the PISTILLATE while the MALE PLANT is
called STAMINE.
 It leaves formed a fingerlike look odd in numbers from 3 to 13 fingers like
leaves.
 The resin called Hashish can be found on the most top portion of the female
plant.
 The primary biologically active chemical compound in Cannabis is
TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL, commonly referred to THC. It has
psychoactive and physiological effect when consumed, usually by smoking,
injection, or sniffing.
 Cannabis is an ideal therapeutic drug for cancer and AIDS patients, who
frequently suffer from clinical depression, and from nausea resulting to
weight loss due to chemotherapy and other aggressive treatments. It is also
claimed to be useful for treating certain neurological illnesses such as
epilepsy, migraine, and bipolar disorder.

2. OPIUM

Opium is obtained from the poppy plant known as Papaver Somniferum which was
known to be cultivated in lower Mesopotamia as long as 3400 BC.
Hippocrates, the father of medicine, prescribed the juice of the poppy plant as
early as 5,000 B.C. in the belief that it can cure many illnesses both in the internal
and external use.
 The opium poppy plant is scientifically known as Papaver Somniferum.
 The word Papaver is a Greek term which means poppy while the word
Somniferum is a Latin term which means dream/induces sleep.

10 MODULE IN VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND CONTROL

  The plant grow from 3 to 6 feet in height originally in Mesopotamia.
 The Summerians called it as “Hul Gil” which means “plant of joy” due to its
joyful effect when administered.
 The slashes exude white, milky latex, which dries to a sticky brown resin
that is scraped off the pods as raw opium. Opium has potent narcotic
properties.
 Its active ingredient is the Meconic acid - An analgesic property of Opium
that can be found to its derivatives morphine, heroin, and codeine.

3. MORPHINE

1806- German Pharmacist Friedrich W. Serturner discovered Morphine, the first

derivative of opium. He called this new drugs as the Morphium and later change
to morphine after the Greek God of dream, Morpheus.

Morphine addictive properties came to prominence during the American civil war,
because of the numbers of Americans Soldier that became addictive so much to the
drug. The morphine addiction became known as soldier’s disease.

4. HEROIN

1896- Heroin (Diacetylmorphine). It was first synthesized from the drug

morphine, discovered by a British chemist in the name of C.R ALDER WRIGHT.
However, Wrights invention did not lead to any further developments. It was
independently re-synthesized 23 years later by another chemist, Felix Hoffman.
Hoffman was working at Bayer’s Pharmaceutical Company, where the head of his
laboratory was Heinrich Dreser. Dreser instructed Hoffman to acetylate morphine,
with the objective of producing codeine, a natural derivative of the opium poppy,
similar to morphine but less potent and held to be less addictive. But instead of
producing codeine, the experiment produced a substance that was actually several
times more potent than morphine.

Bayer would name the substance heroinI, probably from the word heroisch, German
word for heroic, because in field studies people using the medicine felt heroic. It is
also called miracle drug.

From 1898-1910 heroin was marketed as non-addictive morphine substitute and

cough medicine for children. Bayer marketed heroin as a cure for morphine
addiction before it was discovered that heroin is converted to morphine when
metabolized in the liver. The company was somewhat embarrassed by this new
finding and it became a historical blunder for Bayer.

Heroin is the most addictive of all drugs and most potent Opium derivative because
it is five times stronger than morphine.

5. CODEINE

Codeine, the third derivative of opium was discovered in France by Robiquet

while in the process of discovering other drugs that could cure opium, morphine

11 MODULE IN VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND CONTROL

and heroin addiction but it also ended in the same tragic result. Today, it was
widely used as an ingredient in most cough syrup.

Combination of codeine with paracetamol at higher-than-recommended doses can

possibly cause hepatotoxicity (liver damage), combination with ibuprofen can result
in kidney problems or failure and additional stomach pain and nausea, and
combination with aspirin can lead to internal bleeding, particularly gastrointestinal
hemorrhage.

6. COCAINE

The Coca Bush plant is scientifically known as Erythroxylon Coca - common in

South America. It is a stimulant of the central nervous system and an appetite
suppressant, giving rise to what has been described as euphoric sense of
happiness and increased energy.
 Cocaine is legally used in medicine as a topical anesthetic, specifically in
eye, nose, and throat surgery.
 A fully grown cultivated coca plan attains a height of 6 to 8 feet and can be
harvested 3 to 4 times in a year.
 Cocaine is a crystallinetropanealkaloid that is derived from the leaves of the
coca plant.
 COCAINE usually in the form of powder that can be taken orally, injected or
even sniffed.
 In 1886, Coca-cola was introduced into the market and its original formula
includes cocaine. It was not until 1903 that cocaine was eliminated as a
direct ingredient of Coca-cola.
 In 1970’s cocaine gained popularity as a recreational drug, the Medellin and
Cali cartel were founded in Colombia to meet the new demand for cocaine.
The Cali cartel became the number one cocaine trafficker after the death of
Pablo Escobar, founder of Medellin cartel.

7. SHABU

Ephedra plant was first used in the year 1889 and this is known to the Chinese as
“MA-HUANG”. The Ephedra plant (Epedra Vulgaris) is a psychoactive plant that
contains psychotropic properties. Examples are the alkaloid EPHEDRINE and
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE, active ingredient for anti-asthma used in over-the-counter
drugs.

Methamphetamine was discovered in Japan in 1919. This crystalline powder is

soluble in water making it an ideal drug for injection. During World War II, the
drug was used as stimulants for combat soldiers.

 The chemical methamphetamine hydrochloride is regarded as poor man’s

cocaine, highly popular among Filipino substance users. It is usually
insufflated, ingested, or injected.
 It is called ice because it resembles rock candy or a chip of ice and is
odorless.

12 MODULE IN VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND CONTROL

  Shabu is normally packaged in penny size plastic bag, commonly
administered by placing the substance in a glass pipe and heating it and
inhaling the vapors. Another popular method is using foil instead of glass.

8. ECSTASY

In 1912, MDMA or Methylenedioxymethamphetamine was developed in Germany

as an appetite depressant by the pharmaceutical company Merck.

During the late 1970’s psychiatrist and psychologists used the drug as treatment
for emotional and psychological disorders.

 Among the youth user’s, it is referred as the sex drug.

 Ecstasy in its purest form is a crystalline white with mustic odor. It is
commonly found in the illegal drug trade in tablet form, capsule, or powder.
 It is generally ingested orally.

CAUSES OF DRUGS AND ITS PROHIBITION

There are various views which attempt to explain the origin of substance abuse.

The psychodynamic view of drug abuse claim that substances help the users to
express and control unconscious impulses and needs.

 Low self-image and low self-esteem contribute to the non-medical use of drugs
to enable the user to cope with life’s stresses,
 Need for belongingness or acceptance for some users particularly the youth and
young adults, who tend to think that taking in drugs, will help them gain
acceptance to a group and to compensate that feeling of isolation.
 Feeling of more freedom and autonomy. Study reveals that many drugs users
resort to abuse due to the simple reason that they feel suppressed. The more
inhibition and prohibition, the more they will resist it and take in drugs to
experience lack of restrictions, more independence and self-determination.
 Escape. Many who fell victim with drug dependence started taking drugs to
divert their attention from reality to forget the melancholy, problems and
challenges inherent to living. To them out of sight, is out of mind making them
feel that their problems have been solved by distraction.
 Mental problem. Taking in drugs is an expression of personality deficiency or a
symptom of some basic psychotic disturbance.
 Curiosity. The desire for drug experimentation is incumbent upon many
individuals to experience the effects of substances. Once satisfied with the
pleasurable upshot, they tend to get hook on the habit.
 Need or clamor for attention. Recognition from parents, relatives, friends and
society in general is an inherent need of men being rational social animals. A
number of drug dependence has begun due to this simple desire for an
individual to obtain notice when the drug problem becomes apparent.
13 MODULE IN VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND CONTROL
 The sub-cultural view argues that drug abuse as having ecological basis engaged
on lower class of addiction. Due to the social conditions of many drug addicts, the
start of drug abuse may be related to racial intolerance, low self- esteem, diminished
identity, poor socio-economic class, defiance and a high level of mistrust. Drug users
resort to such illicit ways to receive social support for their habit. Significant study
reveals that peer influence is a vital predicator of drug careers that persist and grows
stronger as one reaches maturity.

Rational choice contends that not all persons who take drugs because of personal
pathology. They contend that people, who use drugs because they want to enjoy, get
high, improve creativity, escape reality, increase sexual drive and relax. Hence,
substance abuse may be a function of mistaken belief that drugs can benefit the user.

Social psychologists advocate that substance abuse may be due to exposure and
observance of drug use. Curiosity and experimentation is more likely to occur to
persons who has seen drug administration by others, a habit may develop if the user
undergoes lower anxiety, fear and tension levels.

Drug use does not occur in isolation with other environmental factors by rather
greatly affected by all of these variables. The following are sociological factors which
tend to influence drug use:

 Social pressures wielded by peers.

 Lower value on academic achievement. Alienation and feeling of helplessness
and being powerless. Disintegration of religious values. Impact of affluent
lifestyles. Availability of over-the counter and prescription drugs. Poverty and
high unemployment.
 Influence of mass media, which creates societal acceptance towards drugs.
 Effect of exposure to different culture and societal values.
 Availability of over the counter prescription drugs which encourages poly drug
abuse.
 Modeling or mimicking role models such as parents, icons and personalities who
are known drug users.
Other sociological factors point to parental and family influences which are strongly
associated with the initiation of adolescents. In addition the use of drugs is linked with
persons who come from families with heavy emotional problems regardless of
economic status, among others are:

 Childhood stress trauma

 Lack of parental concern
 Over dominating parents
 Parental permissiveness
 Rejection by parents
 Absence of parents
 Family disorganization and instability

14 MODULE IN VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND CONTROL

  Infliction of harsh physical punishments
Genetic factors attempts to explain substance abuse as a factor which lead to
such a lifestyle. Studies reveal that children whose parents are alcoholic and drug
dependents have a greater probability of developing the problem as opposed to siblings
and children of non- abusers.

Pre-existing induced biological abnormalities of chemical, structural nature induces

a person to use drugs.

 Individual's general health. Fatigue, chronic cough, insomnia, physical distress,

and other diseases and illness are reasons compelling enough to urge the
sufferer to resort to drug use to ease the physical discomfort, but in the process
the problem becomes complicated for in the process of obtaining palliative cure
or having therapeutic effect, these persons get hooked on the drugs which they
believe to have remedied their original ailment.
 A study revealed that there is an inherited defect in the production of endorphin
similar to morphine. A deficiency of such substance leads to bodily discomfort;
hence the use of drugs makes the body cells work actively. With discontinuation
of drug use, active cells become tired and weak.
 Another is the misguided belief among many drug users that taking in such
substances increases their sexual drive and increases their sexual prowess as
well as prevents and shields them from being afflicted with other diseases.

The Prohibited and Regulated Drug

Prohibited drug, which includes opium and its active components and derivatives,
such as heroin and morphine; coca leaf and its derivatives, principally cocaine; alpha
and beta eucaine, hallucinogenic drugs, such as mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide
(LSD) and other substances producing similar effects; Indian hemp and its derivatives;
all preparations made from any of the foregoing and other drugs, whether natural or
synthetic, with the physiological effects of a narcotic drug.

Regulated drug, which includes self-inducing sedatives, such as secobarbital,

Phenobarbital, pentobarbital, barbital, amobarbital and any other drug which contains
a salt or a derivative of a salt of barbituric acid; any salt, isomer or salt of an isomer,
of amphetamine, such as Benzedrine or Dexedrine, or any drug which produces a
physiological action similar to amphetamine; and hypnotic drugs, such as
methaqualone or any other compound producing similar physiological effects.

Major Classification of Psychoactive Drugs:

Psychoactive drugs are often described as a psychotropic (mind-affecting) or mind-

altering drug, a psychoactive drug is a chemical substance that changes ones thinking,

15 MODULE IN VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND CONTROL

feelings, perceptions, and behavior. It directly alters the normal functioning of the
central nervous system. They are classified into three, namely depressants, stimulants
and hallucinogens:

1. Depressants
They are drugs that affect the central nervous system causing it to relax.
The use of depressants causes both physical dependence which is a
physiological state of a adaptation to a drug or alcohol usually characterized by
the development of tolerance to drug effects and the emergence of a withdrawal
symptom during prolong abstinence and psychological dependence which is the
emotional state of craving a drug either for its positive effect or to avoid the
negative effects associated with its absence. Chronic users over time results in
tolerance to the drug, urging the user to increase the intake or dose of
consumption to gain gratification.
The onset of a predictable constellation of signs and symptoms involving
altered activity of the central nervous system after the abrupt discontinuation of
the intake of an addictive substance. The most common withdrawal symptoms
experienced in depressants or "downers" ranges from insomnia, anxiety,
restlessness, and convulsion and may cause death in some extreme cases.
Babies of mothers who are known to abuse depressants during pregnancy are
usually born with defects and develop behavioral problems.

The common types of depressants:

A. Narcotics - Refers to any drug which produces insensibility, stupor,

melancholy or dullness of mind with delusion and which may be habit
forming. Medically they are potent pain killers.

B. Barbiturates - Drugs that affect the central nervous system causing

sedation. It may be taken orally or intravenously, it users known to
suffer from severe withdrawal symptoms.
C. Tranquilizers - Are drugs which relieve uncomfortable emotional
feelings by reducing anxiety and promoting relaxation.
D. Solvents/Inhalants - Volatile liquids that give off a vapor, which is
inhaled producing short-term excitement and euphoric, followed by a
period of disorientation. Its effects include nausea, sneezing, coughing,
nosebleeds, fatigue, and coordination and loss of appetite.
E. Alcohol - Fermented or distilled liquids or drug containing ethanol and
intoxicating substances.

2. Stimulants
Chemical substance that generally speed up central nervous system
function, resulting in alertness and excitability. ("Uppers", "speed", "pep pills")
are synthetic drugs which tend to arouse the central nervous system, curbing
hunger and making the user awake. Its immediate effects include elevated

16 MODULE IN VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND CONTROL

 blood pressure, increase in heart beat and body temperature and dilated pupils
of the eye.
Occasional use causes runny nose, while chronic use generally ulcerates
the mucous membrane of the nose. Physical dependency which is an adaptive
state caused by repeated drug use that reveals itself by development on intense
physical symptoms when the drug is stopped, as well as tolerance or the
physiological adaptation to the effect of drugs so as to diminish the effects with
constant dosages or to maintain the intensity and duration of effects through
increased dosage develops rapidly.
Stimulants are extremely addictive, and its effects are felt almost
immediately after intake or administration to the body.

The common types of stimulants are:

A. Cocaine - A natural stimulant derived from the plant erythroxylon coca.
B. Methamphetamine/Amphetamine- Man made stimulant drugs.
Usually prescribed to reduce appetite. This drug is representative of a
broad class of stimulants known as “pep pils”.
C. Caffeine - A stimulant found in coffee.
D. Nicotine - An addictive substance usually obtained - from cigarette
smoking.
E. MDMA or METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE – Commonly
known as ecstacy. It comes with bitter taste and in the form of either a
tablet, capsule, or powder. Its tablet form comes in various designs and
shapes hence it is dubbed as designer drugs.
F. METHAMPHETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE – Commonly known as
shabu. It is a white, odourless, and crystalline powder. It is popularly
known as poor man’s cocaine. It is considered as the most abused
stimulants in the Philippines.

3. Hallucinogen/Psychedelics
Sometimes known as "all arounders" and "mind expanders” these drugs
affect a person's perception, awareness, and emotions, and can also cause
hallucinations (completely groundless, false perceptions) as well as illusions
(misinterpretations of reality or something imagined).

The effect of hallucinogens varies, but a sense of distance and

estrangement is common to users. Time and body movement are slowed down.
Muscular coordination worsens and senses are dulled, speech becomes
incoherent and blocked. Chronic users report persistent memory problems and
speech difficulties. Mood disorders, anxiety, violent behavior as well as
depression may occur. Some of these effects may last from 6 months to one
year. In later stages of chronic use paranoia, hallucinations and violent
behavior becomes regular.

17 MODULE IN VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND CONTROL

 Large doses may produce convulsion, lung failure, and ruptured blood
vessels in the brain, heart failure and coma. Physical effects include dilated
pupils, tremors sensation and feeling rapidly changing, loss of appetite and
sleepiness. Some users particularly of LSD, mescaline and psilocybin may
experience panic, confusion, suspicion, loss of control and delayed effects of
flashbacks can occur even after use has come to an end.

Common types of hallucinogens:

A. Marijuana – Marijuana is a Mexican term meaning pleasurable meaning.

It is a mixed preparation of the flowering tops, leaves, seeds, and stem of
the hemp plant. It is known as the world oldest cultivated drugs.
B. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide – A compound produced from lysergic
acid, a crystalline substance derived from the fungus called claviceps
purpurea which infects wheat. It was discovered by Dr. Albert Hoffman
while working in a Swiss pharmaceutical company. Known on the street
as “acid”. IT IS BEST KNOWN AS THE MOST POTENT
HALLUCINOGENS.
C. PCP or Phencyclidine – Considered as a menace and highly dangerous
drug because it can be easily synthesized, this drug has no medical
purpose for humans but is occasionally used by veterinarians as an
anesthetic and sedative for animals. It is popularly known as angel dust.
D. Psilocybin Mushroom – hallucinogenic compound obtained in
mushroom, known psilocybe Mexicana.
E. Mescaline – Also known as STP which stands for serenity-tranquility-
peace. A drug derived from the dried tops of the peyote cactus, a small
cactus native to Mexico.

SEVEN CATEGORIES OF DRUGS

The following are the categories of drugs namely:

1. Herbal Drugs - Herbal drugs are plant substance that have drug effects
whose use is not generally regulated by the law. These substances
require little processing after the plants are gathered. These drugs may
be grown locally.
2. Over-the-counter Drugs - Over-the-counter drugs are commercially
produced drugs that may be purchased legally without prescription.
These drugs are also known as "propriety drugs".
3. Prescription drugs - Prescription Drugs are commercially produced
drugs that can be legally sold or dispensed only by a physician or on a
physician's order. They are like over-the-counter drugs in that they are
manufactured by pharmaceutical companies, but they differ, in that the
decision to use drugs is legally vested in a licensed physician not in the
user.

18 MODULE IN VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND CONTROL

 4. Unrecognized Drugs - Unrecognized drugs are commercial products
that have a psychoactive drug effects but are not usually considered
drugs. These substances are not generally regulated by law except in so
far as standards of sanitation and purity is required.
5. Illicit Drugs - Illicit drugs are drugs whose sale, purchase or use is
generally prohibited by law. Criminal penalties usually apply to violators
of these laws.
6. Tobacco - Tobacco is not generally considered a drug, thus, may be
classified as an unrecognized drug. However, tobacco holds such a
distinct position in terms of usage patterns, economic importance, and
health consequences that it merits a category to itself.
7. Alcohol - Although alcohol may be included in the unrecognized drugs,
alcohol in forms such as beer wine, and distilled liquor is one of the
most widely used drugs in our society. It is regarded by many experts as
the most commonly abused drug in our society.
Drug Abuse
Drug abuse may refer to any non-medical use of drugs that cause physical,
psychological, legal, economic, or social damage to the user or to people affected by
the user's behavior.
It is the overuse or consumption of drugs other than for medical reasons.

Abuse usually refers to illegal drugs but may also be applicable to drugs that
are available legally, such as prescribed medications and certain over-the-counter
medications.

Habituation
A form of psychological dependence, characterized by continuous desire for a
drug. A person believes that the drug is needed to function at work or home because
drugs often produces an elated/ excited emotional state.

Addiction
A form of physical dependence, severe craving for the drug even to the point of
interfering with the person’s ability to function normally.

Psychological Dependence

Exhibited when a user relies on a drug to achieve a feeling of well-being. It is

also arising from the ability to satisfy some emotional or personality needs of an
individual.

Physical Dependence
A physiological state of an adaptation to a drug or alcohol usually characterized
by the development of tolerance to drug effects and the emergence of a withdrawal
symptom during prolong abstinence.

19 MODULE IN VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND CONTROL

Drug Addiction
A state or chronic or periodic disorder characterized by the compulsive use of
substance resulting in physical, psychological, or social harm to the user and
continued use despite of harm.

Drug Dependence
A term which refers to the state of physical or psychic dependence or both on
dangerous drugs arising in a person following administration and use of drugs on a
periodic or continuous basis.

20 MODULE IN VICE AND DRUG EDUCATION AND CONTROL