Oracle Reference Architecture - Services

Oracle® Reference Architecture
and Service Orientation

Release 3.0
E15827-03
September 2010
ORA and Service Orientation, Release 3.0
E15827-03
Copyright © 2009-2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Primary Author: Bob Hensle
Contributing Author: Cliff Booth, Dave Chappelle, Jeff McDaniels, Mark Wilkins, Steve Bennett
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Contents
Send Us Your Comments ....................................................................................................................... vii
Preface ................................................................................................................................................................. ix
Audience....................................................................................................................................................... ix
How to Use This Document....................................................................................................................... ix
Document Structure .................................................................................................................................... ix
Related Documents ..................................................................................................................................... ix
Conventions ................................................................................................................................................. x
1 Introduction
1.1 Oracle Reference Architecture .................................................................................................. 1-1
1.1.1 ORA Perspectives ................................................................................................................ 1-2
1.2 Service-Oriented Architecture .................................................................................................. 1-2
1.3 ORA and SOA ............................................................................................................................. 1-3
1.4 Products Labeled “SOA” ........................................................................................................... 1-4
1.5 ORA without SOA ...................................................................................................................... 1-4
2 Definition of a Service
2.1 Definition of “SOA Service” ...................................................................................................... 2-1
2.2 Facets of a SOA Service .............................................................................................................. 2-1
2.2.1 Contract ................................................................................................................................. 2-2
2.2.2 Interface................................................................................................................................. 2-2
2.2.3 Implementation.................................................................................................................... 2-2
2.3 Usage Agreement........................................................................................................................ 2-3
3 Combining Technology Perspectives

3.1 SOA Conceptual Introduction .................................................................................................. 3-1
3.1.1 SOA Services and the Oracle Reference Architecture .................................................... 3-2
3.2 BPM Perspective Conceptual Interlock ................................................................................... 3-4
3.2.1 BPM Solutions ...................................................................................................................... 3-4
3.2.1.1 Human-Centric Workflow .......................................................................................... 3-4
3.2.1.2 System-Centric Processes ............................................................................................ 3-4
3.2.1.3 Document-Centric Processes ...................................................................................... 3-5
3.2.2 BPM and SOA ...................................................................................................................... 3-5
iii
3.2.3 BPM and the Oracle Reference Architecture ................................................................... 3-6
3.3 EDA Perspective Conceptual Interlock ................................................................................... 3-7
3.3.1 EDA Solutions ...................................................................................................................... 3-7
3.3.2 EDA and SOA ...................................................................................................................... 3-8
3.3.3 EDA and the Oracle Reference Architecture ................................................................... 3-9
3.4 MDM Perspective Conceptual Interlock ................................................................................. 3-9
3.4.1 MDM Solutions .................................................................................................................... 3-9
3.4.2 MDM and SOA ................................................................................................................. 3-10
3.4.3 MDM and the Oracle Reference Architecture .............................................................. 3-11
3.5 BI Perspective Conceptual Interlock ..................................................................................... 3-11
3.5.1 BI Solutions ........................................................................................................................ 3-12
3.5.2 BI and SOA ........................................................................................................................ 3-13
3.5.3 BI and the Oracle Reference Architecture ..................................................................... 3-14
3.6 Enterprise 2.0 Perspective Conceptual Interlock................................................................. 3-14
3.6.1 E2.0 Solutions .................................................................................................................... 3-14
3.6.2 E2.0 and SOA..................................................................................................................... 3-15
3.6.3 E2.0 and the Oracle Reference Architecture ................................................................. 3-16
3.7 B2B Perspective Conceptual Interlock .................................................................................. 3-16
3.7.1 B2B Solutions..................................................................................................................... 3-16
3.7.2 B2B and SOA ..................................................................................................................... 3-17
3.7.3 B2B and the Oracle Reference Architecture .................................................................. 3-18
3.8 CM Perspective Conceptual Interlock .................................................................................. 3-19
3.8.1 CM Solutions ..................................................................................................................... 3-19
3.8.2 CM and SOA...................................................................................................................... 3-20
3.8.3 CM and the Oracle Reference Architecture .................................................................. 3-20
4 Summary
iv
v
List of Figures
1–1 ORA Perspectives........................................................................................................................ 1-2
1–2 SOA ETS and ORA ..................................................................................................................... 1-3
2–1 Facets of a SOA Service .............................................................................................................. 2-2
2–2 Service Consumer Usage Agreement....................................................................................... 2-3
3–1 SOA Services and Infrastructure .............................................................................................. 3-2
3–2 Oracle Reference Architecture .................................................................................................. 3-2
3–3 Services Leverage and Expose Infrastructure......................................................................... 3-3
3–4 BPM and SOA Relationship ...................................................................................................... 3-5
3–5 Process Lifecycle ......................................................................................................................... 3-6
3–6 EDA Relationships...................................................................................................................... 3-8
3–7 EDA Solution in a SOA Environment...................................................................................... 3-8
3–8 MDM in a SOA Environment................................................................................................. 3-10
3–9 BI Solution Concept ................................................................................................................. 3-12
3–10 BI in a SOA Environment ....................................................................................................... 3-13
3–11 B2B Solution Concept .............................................................................................................. 3-17
3–12 B2B in a SOA Environment .................................................................................................... 3-18
vi
Send Us Your Comments
ORA and Service Orientation, Release 3.0

E15827-03
Oracle welcomes your comments and suggestions on the quality and usefulness of this
publication. Your input is an important part of the information used for revision.
■ Did you find any errors?
■ Is the information clearly presented?
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Preface
This document introduces the concepts of service orientation and describes the
relationship between the Oracle Reference Architecture (ORA) and Service-Oriented
Architecture (SOA). The document describes why service-orientation is fundamental
concept within ORA, provides the unambiguous definition of a SOA Service in the
context of ORA, and presents the service-oriented architecture principle underpinning
ORA. This document also describes how various Enterprise Technology Strategies
(e.g. BPM, MDM, BI) can be combined using a service-oriented approach. This
document does not cover any Oracle products nor does it discuss any specific industry
standards.
Audience
This document is intended for Enterprise Architects and Solution Architects who want
to understand the foundation upon which ORA is based.
How to Use This Document

This document is intended to be read from start to finish. However, each section is
relatively self contained and could be read independently from the other sections. This
document should be read to understand the underpinnings for the entire ORA
document set.
Document Structure
This document is organized in sections that first introduce the primary concepts
underpinning ORA and then provides concrete definitions for the terms used. The
architecture principles infused into ORA are also identified. Specifically,
■ Chapter 1 introduces the fundamental concepts for ORA.
■ Chapter 2 provides an unambiguous definition of SOA Service used as a building
block with a SOA.
■ Chapter 3 describes how different Enterprise Technology Strategies can be
combined by following the foundational concepts of ORA.
■ Chapter 4 is a summary of the document.
Related Documents
IT Strategies from Oracle (ITSO) is a series of documentation and supporting
collateral designed to enable organizations to develop an architecture-centric approach
ix
to enterprise-class IT initiatives. ITSO presents successful technology strategies and
solution designs by defining universally adopted architecture concepts, principles,
guidelines, standards, and patterns.
ITSO is made up of three primary elements:

■ Oracle Reference Architecture (ORA) defines a detailed and consistent
architecture for developing and integrating solutions based on Oracle
technologies. The reference architecture offers architecture principles and guidance
based on recommendations from technical experts across Oracle. It covers a broad
spectrum of concerns pertaining to technology architecture, including
middleware, database, hardware, processes, and services.
■ Enterprise Technology Strategies (ETS) offer valuable guidance on the adoption
of horizontal technologies for the enterprise. They explain how to successfully
execute on a strategy by addressing concerns pertaining to architecture,
technology, engineering, strategy, and governance. An organization can use this
material to measure their maturity, develop their strategy, and achieve greater
levels of adoption and success. In addition, each ETS extends the Oracle Reference
Architecture by adding the unique capabilities and components provided by that
particular technology. It offers a horizontal technology-based perspective of ORA.
■ Enterprise Solution Designs (ESD) are industry specific solution perspectives
based on ORA. They define the high level business processes and functions, and
the software capabilities in an underlying technology infrastructure that are
required to build enterprise-wide industry solutions. ESDs also map the relevant
application and technology products against solutions to illustrate how
capabilities in Oracle’s complete integrated stack can best meet the business,
technical, and quality of service requirements within a particular industry.
This document is one of the series of documents that comprise Oracle Reference
Architecture. ORAand Service Oriention describes the relationship between ORA and
service orientation and how service orientation is a fundamental concept used within
ORA. It describes how service-oriented principles are used to combine different
Enterprise Technology Strategies thereby bringing together disparate technologies
into a unified architecture.
Please consult the ITSO web site for a complete listing of ORA documents as well as
other materials in the ITSO series.
x
Conventions
The following typeface conventions are used in this document:
Convention Meaning
boldface text Boldface type in text indicates a term defined in the text, the ORA
Master Glossary, or in both locations.
italic text Italics type in text indicates the name of a document or external
reference.
underline text Underline text indicates a hypertext link.
“SOA Service” - In order to distinguish the “service” of Service-Oriented Architecture

from the wide variety of “services” within the industry, the term “SOA Service”
(although somewhat redundant) will be used throughout this document to make an
explicit distinction for services that were created as part of an SOA initiative; thus
distinguishing SOA Services from other types of services such as Web Services, Java
Messaging Service, telephone service, etc.
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1
1Introduction
The modern IT environment is generally an eclectic mix of products and technologies

that have accumulated over years or even decades. Adding to the complexity is a
continuous stream of new products and technologies each with its own promise of
value that it can deliver to IT and/or business. CIOs and Enterprise Architects are
given the unenviable task of bringing order to the chaos and are expected to deliver
more business value while also reducing costs.
Bringing order to the chaos requires creating an architectural vision (i.e. Enterprise
Architecture) that functions as the blueprint for the enterprise IT environment. This
blueprint must incorporate the existing products and technologies as well as provide
guidance for incorporating new products and technologies.
The IT Strategies from Oracle (ITSO) series of documents provide information and
guidance to address this exact problem faced by architects. These documents are
written by Oracle architects for architects. This particular document details the
fundamental concepts that are incorporated into the reference architecture provided by
ITSO - the Oracle Reference Architecture. (Please see the ITSO Overview document
for a description of the scope, structure, and contents of ITSO.)
1.1 Oracle Reference Architecture

The Oracle Reference Architecture (ORA) is designed to help companies create their
own architectural vision. ORA provides a reference architecture for building and
integrating solutions based on Oracle technology. Thus, ORA is narrower in scope
than the entire IT environment, but for companies that have invested (or plan to
invest) in Oracle technology, ORA brings valuable information, principles, and
guidance focused specifically on the problem of building a sound architectural vision.
ORA provides a clear architecture blueprint that includes recommendations that
promote best practices, and reduce or eliminate ambiguity and inconsistencies. It
describes many principles and technology-based strategies to help architects build
better solutions and help companies maximize their information technology
investments.
ORA offers architecture principles and guidance based on recommendations from
Oracle Product Development architects and field experts. It covers a broad spectrum of
technology from virtualization to user interaction, security, and management.
Information provided by ORA gives architects an understanding of how to design
solutions for the Oracle environment and best leverage its capabilities.
Introduction 1-1
Service-Oriented Architecture
1.1.1 ORA Perspectives

ORA is focused specifically on architecture and provides a single, consistent reference
architecture. This reference architecture can be viewed from multiple different
“perspectives” that focus on particular technologies and products (e.g. SOA, BPM,
EDA, BI). An ORA perspective is NOT a separate reference architecture; rather it is
focused view into the totality of ORA. This relationship is illustrated in Figure 1–1.
Figure 1–1 ORA Perspectives
There are both horizontal, technical perspectives as well as vertical, industry

perspectives of ORA. As more perspectives are added to ORA, the totality grows, but
as each new perspective is created consistency across ORA is maintained. This allows
users of ORA to select and combine perspectives to create a customized reference
architecture without introducing ambiguities or inconsistencies.
1.2 Service-Oriented Architecture

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a strategy for constructing business-focused,
software systems from loosely coupled, interoperable building blocks (called SOA
Services) that can be combined and reused quickly, within and between enterprises, to
meet business needs.
SOA has garnered widespread attention and adoption due to its promise to deliver
agility and cost savings to IT. SOA is an architecture discipline designed to handle the
heterogeneity of enterprise IT. SOA facilitates the inter-operability of diverse
applications and computing platforms by packaging or wrapping functionality as
interoperable SOA Services.
SOA provides high-level architectural principles, but it does not prescribe specific
products or technologies. There are multiple products and technologies, frequently
with overlapping capabilities, that could be included in an SOA. Therefore, architects
must “fill in the details” by creating a reference architecture before any SOA initiative
has a chance to succeed within an organization.
Additionally, achieving the benefits of SOA requires more than just the definition of a
sound reference architecture. There are many other areas that must be addressed to
successfully change the solution delivery process into a service-oriented approach
including changes to software engineering, organizational structure, roles and
responsibilities, governance, etc.
Thus, SOA requires both architecture and a broader strategy to be successfully
implemented. The distinction between these two aspects is generally not clearly
1-2 ORA and Service Orientation

ORA and SOA
delineated in writings about SOA and frequently leads to confusion and ambiguity
about what is SOA and what is not.
1.3 ORA and SOA

ORA is strictly focused on architecture. The SOA Perspective is a view of ORA
focusing on the architectural components specific to SOA. Other non-architecture
aspects of SOA are addressed by the SOA Enterprise Technology Strategy (ETS). The
SOA ETS includes practical guidance on how to succeed at SOA by providing a
variety of material including guidance on service identification, service engineering,
governance for SOA, etc.
In essence, the SOA Perspective is a connection between ORA and the strategy of SOA.
This relationship is illustrated in Figure 1–2.
Figure 1–2 SOA ETS and ORA
While the illustration is for the SOA ETS, a similar illustration could be shown for any
other ETS such as the BPM ETS, BI ETS, etc. This illustrates the composability inherent
in the structure of ORA and the ETSs.
However, ORA does have a special relationship with SOA. ORA embraces
service-orientation as a core tenet to improve agility, rationalize functions and data,
and promote reuse in an effective manner. The entire strategy of SOA is not core to
ORA, but the concept of exposing data and functionality as interoperable SOA
Services is core to ORA.
ORA must provide interoperability across all Oracle products and must also
effectively deal with the heterogeneity that exists in IT environments. SOA Services
provide a clean, consistent approach to deal with both of these complexities. This is
the reason that ORA includes service orientation as a core tenet. Stated as an
architecture principle, this becomes:
■ The architecture embraces services as the primary mechanism for
interoperability and integration.
Service orientation offers tremendous value in the form of agility, interoperability,
rationalization, standardization, manageability, and reuse. By incorporating
service-oriented principles at the core, ORA can infuse these benefits into all
layers, aspects, and perspectives of the computing environment. Service
orientation is a key enabler for emerging strategies such as Software as a Service
(SaaS) and Cloud Computing.
Introduction 1-3
Products Labeled “SOA”
1.4 Products Labeled “SOA”

The term “SOA” has become a marketing term and a wide variety of products have
the term SOA included in their marketing verbiage. Some of these products are
rightfully described as SOA infrastructure products (e.g. ESB, Registry, Web Service
Management). Other products that are label with SOA have only a very ancillary
association with SOA. Today any product that can either consume or expose a Web
Service has been labeled as “100% SOA”, “SOA ready”, or something similar.
This widespread use of the term SOA demonstrates that service orientation has
become the primary architectural approach for the IT industry. Unfortunately, the
overuse of the term SOA has diluted the true meaning and has led to confusion and is,
in some cases, creating a backlash. Nonetheless, the concept of using SOA Services as
the modus for interoperability is well established, and it is this concept that ORA
embraces. It should be noted that ORA has a unambiguous definition of what
constitutes a SOA Service (see Chapter 2).
1.5 ORA without SOA

Although widespread, the adoption of SOA is far from universal. For some companies
there is no justification to embark on an SOA initiative, for example, a small
homogeneous IT environment gains little from SOA. ORA is as applicable to these
situations as it is to any full blown SOA initiative.
ORA is documented using a modular structure that allows the pieces to be used in
isolation or in combinations. Thus, for example, ORA is applicable to a company that
is embracing BI but has no interest in SOA. The SOA Perspective would not be
applicable, but the BI Perspective would fit perfectly. Other core topics within ORA
(e.g. security, monitoring and management, application infrastructure) would likely
also be directly applicable.

2
2Definition of a Service
The term “service” is widely used in IT to mean many different things. ORA addresses
this ambiguity by providing a precise definition of a service that is part of SOA versus
other uses of the term. This section includes a concrete verbal definition of a SOA
Service as well as describing the meta-model for a SOA Service. This provides a
precise definition for the term “SOA Service” when used in the ORA context.
2.1 Definition of “SOA Service”

ORA makes a distinction between the generic term service and a SOA Service. A SOA
Service has been built as part of a SOA initiative i.e. it is published, discoverable, and
was designed, implemented, and deployed using a service-oriented approach.
To illustrate this distinction, a web service may or may not be a SOA Service. A web
service is a technology (i.e. SOAP over HTTP). This technology may be (and frequently
is) used when creating and exposing a SOA Service. However, a web service may also
be created when no service-oriented approach is employed i.e. the web service is
simply a technical artifact of the implementation. Conversely, a SOA Service may be
implemented using technologies other than web services (e.g. REST, JMS, JSON).
This chapter uses capitalization to distinguish ORA defined terms from other industry
terms. When used as a noun, the word service is capitalized when it means the ORA
SOA Service as defined in the first paragraph of this section. When used as an
adjective, the word service is not capitalized unless it is part of an ORA defined term.
For example, service consumer is not capitalized since ORA does not specifically
define this term; whereas Service Contract is capitalized because ORA defines this
term as an essential aspect of a SOA Service.
2.2 Facets of a SOA Service

ORA defines a meta-model for SOA Services. A depiction of this meta-model is
provided in Figure 2–1.
Definition of a Service 2-1

Facets of a SOA Service
Figure 2–1 Facets of a SOA Service
The three primary parts of a SOA Service as defined by ORA are contract, interface,
and implementation.
2.2.1 Contract
A Service Contract describes the SOA Service in human-readable terms. It includes
descriptions of both functional and non-functional capabilities. Contracts describe
functional capabilities of the available operations of a SOA Service using business
terms. Contracts also specify non-functional aspects of SOA Service, such as semantics,
invocation style, security requirements, transaction requirements, quality of service,
etc.
2.2.2 Interface
A Service Interface provides a means for the consumers of a SOA Service to access its
functionality according to the Service Contract. The interface separates the consumer
from the Service Implementation and isolates the consumer from the details of the
implementation. The consumer is only able to access functions and data offered
through the interface.
2.2.3 Implementation
The Service Implementation is the technical realization of the contract. It is responsible
for fulfilling all functional and nonfunctional capabilities stated in the contract. The
implementation may leverage functionality in existing systems, newly developed
code, or a combination of both. Since infrastructure is often used to help satisfy certain
capabilities of the SOA Service (either functional or non-functional), the infrastructure
components act as part of the Service Implementation.

Usage Agreement
2.3 Usage Agreement

The previous section defined the constituent parts of a SOA Service. A common
mistake is to assume that the Service Contract is between the service provider and the
service consumer. However, this would create a point-to-point relationship between
the service consumer and the service provider. Each time a new consumer wanted to
use the SOA Service, a new Service Contract would need to be created. This is not a
path to facilitating reuse.
The Service Contract defines what the SOA Service agrees to provide to the
environment. So, for example, if the Service Contract guarantees a throughput of ten
transactions per second (TPS), that is the total for all service consumers.
The service consumer Usage Agreement defines what a particular service consumer is
entitled to consume. This relationship is illustrated in Figure 2–2.
Figure 2–2 Service Consumer Usage Agreement
Figure 2–2 illustrates two SOA Services that share a backend system exposed via two
interfaces, one synchronous and one asynchronous. There are three Usage
Agreements illustrated for these two SOA Services. This is only an example and there
could be different combinations of backend systems, Service Interfaces, Service
Contracts, and Usage Agreements.
Having both a Usage Agreement and a Service Contract provides a decoupling
between the service provider and service consumer. This not only facilitates reuse but
also provides a separation of concerns. The Service Contract defines the totality of
what the SOA Service guarantees to provide, and can be written and validated
independent of any knowledge of specific service consumers. The Usage Agreement
is service consumer specific and defines what capabilities of the SOA Service each
consumer is allowed to consume.
Definition of a Service 2-3

Usage Agreement

3
Combining Technology Perspectives
3
As described earlier in this document, the reference architecture is designed to support

an expanding list of technology strategies. It is also important that the various
technology perspectives can be easily combined since they are very much
complementary.
Documenting how each technology perspective relates and combines with all the other
technology perspectives would be onerous and unwieldy. This is the reason that ORA
embraces service orientation at the core so that services provide a consistent
mechanism to expose and combine various technologies and the capabilities. The
following sections offer a glimpse of how service orientation is used to provide a
consistent approach to combining different technology perspectives.
A high-level conceptual model for SOA is used to illustrate how technology
perspectives consume and provide SOA Services. Additionally, the Oracle Reference
Architecture from the ITSO Overview document is used to illustrate how technology
perspectives leverage the common core capabilities of ORA.
3.1 SOA Conceptual Introduction

The intent of SOA is to provide common reusable SOA Services that can be leveraged
by a variety of consumers. SOA Services are made available to various types of service
consumers in order to rationalize the way business functions are performed and
enterprise data is managed. Its modular architecture approach promotes reuse and
business agility, and the use of widely adopted technology standards improves
interoperability between business solutions.
As shown in Figure 3–1, SOA acts as a value-add layer on top of existing IT assets. It
exposes these assets, as well as custom-built capabilities, as reusable SOA Services.
SOA Services will typically originate from functionality and data that already exist in
the enterprise - SOA Services created by “service-enabling” existing assets. As new
projects are implemented, standalone SOA Services may also emerge as autonomous
entities that do not have dependencies on existing systems.
Combining Technology Perspectives 3-1

SOA Conceptual Introduction
Figure 3–1 SOA Services and Infrastructure
SOA also includes infrastructure to aid in the discovery, management, mediation,

monitoring, and security of SOA Services. Consumers discover and interact with SOA
Services via the SOA infrastructure.
Service consumers consist of various types of business solutions. SOA Services can
also act as service consumers. SOA Services invoking other SOA Services can be
commonplace as each may represent the capabilities of various architecture levels. For
instance, a SOA Service that performs a business function may invoke other SOA
Services that provide access to data aggregations and legacy systems.
This level of detail is sufficient to describe how ORA employes SOA Services to
provide the mechanism to join various technology perspectives. Greater detail about
SOA is available from the SOA Perspective i.e. the ORA SOA Foundation document
and the ORA SOA Infrastructure document
3.1.1 SOA Services and the Oracle Reference Architecture

The ITSO Overview document introduces and describes the Oracle Reference
Architecture. The Oracle Reference Architecture is reproduced in Figure 3–2.
Figure 3–2 Oracle Reference Architecture
ORA provides a framework to describe how various technology perspectives are

related. For example, Figure 3–3 illustrates how SOA Services and SOA Infrastructure
relate to ORA.

SOA Conceptual Introduction
Figure 3–3 Services Leverage and Expose Infrastructure
SOA Services may be developed from a number of sources, such as exposing

operations or data from custom or legacy applications, packaged applications,
databases, etc. They may also be developed from scratch using popular application
infrastructure platforms such as J2EE, .NET, and Tuxedo
SOA Services can function as important building blocks of enterprise-class business
solutions. Therefore they must be built on a run-time infrastructure platform that
delivers the RASP qualities required by mission-critical applications. In fact these
qualities are often more critical for SOA Services as they can be shared by multiple
applications. Concepts included in the Application Infrastructure layer, such as Grid
Computing, complement SOA very well since they offer unique deployment and
scalability options.
In addition, Security and Management also factor into the run-time environment for
SOA Services. Each SOA Service must account for security, which includes identity
validation, authorization, auditing, data confidentiality and integrity, and identity
propagation. Likewise, SOA Services must be monitored for operational concerns as
well as their ability to meet their stated levels of availability and performance.
Administration and management infrastructure must enable SOA Services to be
provisioned, versioned, and reconfigured as needed.
SOA Services can be created to expose capabilities of the underlying platform at many
levels. For instance:
■ Integration infrastructure can be exposed to provide messaging or connectivity as
a SOA Service.
■ Rules infrastructure can be exposed to provide business rule decisions as a SOA
Service.
■ BI infrastructure can be exposed to provide reports, graphs, etc. as a SOA Service.
■ Security infrastructure can be exposed to perform authentication, access control,
auditing, encryption/decryption, etc. as a SOA Service.
■ Content search, publishing, and subscription capabilities can be exposed as SOA
Services.
■ Data aggregation and normalization SOA Services can be created based on
capabilities of the MDM and integration capabilities.
SOA Services can leverage and expose infrastructure capabilities in many different
ways. This is another reason why service orientation was included as a core
component of ORA.

BPM Perspective Conceptual Interlock
3.2 BPM Perspective Conceptual Interlock

This section introduces some of the basic concepts of BPM. It describes how BPM
relates to the Oracle Reference Architecture. A section is also provided to briefly
describe the relationship between BPM and SOA. Detailed information on BPM is
available in the ORA BPM Perspective documentation.
3.2.1 BPM Solutions

BPM Solutions are composite applications in the form of business processes. Business
processes are collections of activities, orchestrated in a controlled sequence, to
accomplish a unit of work. The unit of work is generally related to common business
functions, for example: product sales, order fulfillment, and employee benefits
enrollment.
The spectrum of business processes can be defined as having two extremes: purely
human-centric processes and purely system-centric processes. Quite often processes
will be comprised of a mix of human interaction (manual activities) and system
interaction (automated activities). Though any processes can involve both types of
interaction, there are reasons to consider them separately. In addition, a third type of
workflow pertaining to document management is also introduced.
3.2.1.1 Human-Centric Workflow

Human-centric processes are used to orchestrate business activities that primarily
involve manual tasks. It is also known as workflow, since it involves controlling the
flow of work throughout the organization.
Human workflow benefits the business by defining and managing an orderly structure
and flow to activities that may otherwise be ad-hoc or haphazard. It ensures order in
the process and provides the ability to monitor how often processes and activities are
performed, how quickly they are performed, and by whom. Workflow instances can
also be monitored to track status as the process progresses.
Human workflow involves a lot of interaction with users and the scheduling and
completion of tasks. Tasks are either assigned to individual users or to members of a
group that perform a particular role. As such, important aspects of human-centric
processes include the definition of roles, assignment of tasks to roles, management of
task assignment to users, and task completion. Much of the work involved in
constructing this type of process is done by the Business Analyst. IT's primary role is
to provide a means to connect users to the process, which is often accomplished using
a tasklist interface.
3.2.1.2 System-Centric Processes

System-centric processes automate the activities and interactions between systems in
order to perform business or technical functions. The intent is to drive efficiencies by
automating as much, if not all, of the activities required by the process. This type of
process is also known as orchestration.
System-centric process may also represent the technical aspects of a higher level
business process. They may be designed as sub-processes, invoked at various points in
a business process to orchestrate complex automated business activities. This approach
to process architecture helps segregate the concerns of the business analyst from the
concerns of IT. The business analyst can construct a process that focuses on the flow of
work in terms of business activities, while IT constructs system-centric sub-processes
that accomplish the supporting system interactions.

Examples of system-centric processes include data synchronization, data processing,

and legacy system integration. These processes work behind the scenes to perform the
technical machinations required for systems to work together harmoniously. They
replace hard coded business logic and/or manual data entry, improving transparency
and IT agility. They are much easier to maintain as systems are added, versioned, and
retired over time.
3.2.1.3 Document-Centric Processes

Document-centric processes are used to manage the lifecycle of content, particularly in
the stages leading up to release or publication. These processes coordinate the tasks
required to advance content into its final release state. Common activities would
include reviews, editing, and approvals. Since the infrastructure and tools used to
manage these processes is generally associated with (and provided by) Content
Management systems, this type of process will be described further in the ORA CM
Perspective documentation.
3.2.2 BPM and SOA

BPM and SOA are often used together, as they both support a closer alignment
between business and IT, and they both promote agility. BPM targets alignment and
agility at the process level, while SOA applies more at the activity level. Hence,
business processes and SOA Services can represent business constructs, providing a
mapping between the things business does and the way IT helps get it done.
Figure 3–4 BPM and SOA Relationship
The convergence of BPM and SOA generally happens via process decomposition. That
is when business processes are modeled as, (i.e. decomposed into), activities. All
automated activities must be backed by some form of executable code or function call.
These functions, if they are deemed worthy, can be engineered as SOA Services
following service-oriented design principles. Agility at the process level is attained by
changing the process model. Agility at the service level is achieved by deploying
services that are loosely coupled and independently managed.
Further, BPM processes and sub-processes can themselves be exposed as SOA
Services. This enables processes to be composed of SOA Services that are implemented
as processes. It can be beneficial in two ways. First, it improves reuse of lower level
system-centric processes (i.e. service orchestrations), and second, it offers a standard
interface mechanism with which to invoke all types of business processes.

3.2.3 BPM and the Oracle Reference Architecture

Business processes tend to go through a development lifecycle similar to that of other
applications. The initial work involves analysis of business activities related to
accomplishing the goal, and the design of process models to illustrate how activities
need to be orchestrated. This initial development work can be done using business
process analysis (BPA) tools that are designed for the business analyst.
Figure 3–5 Process Lifecycle
Once the process models reach a certain level of completeness, further design and
implementation must take place in order to turn it into something that is executable.
The design-time tool for this is geared toward process architects and developers. It
must support execution of the process and testing. Testing should address functional
operation as well as load simulation.
When development and testing are complete, the process must be deployed to a
production environment. This environment must provide the reliability, availability,
scalability, and performance (RASP) qualities required by the business. As process
instances are executed, run time statistics can be recorded. These data provide insights
into the efficiency of the process, where business exceptions most often tend to occur,
and where the process exceeds or fails to meet expectations. By analyzing these data
business analysts and architects can determine where changes to the process can be
made for optimization. Changes are introduced in subsequent versions of the process,
as the lifecycle continues another revolution.
The following table describes how the Oracle Reference Architecture supports BPM
throughout the process lifecycle.
Table 3–1 BPM and the Oracle Reference Architecture

Infrastructure capabilities provided for Business Process
ORA Layer Management
Interaction Supports human interaction, required for processes that include
manual tasks that must be posted, accepted, assigned, completed,
etc. Also supports process administration and process performance
analysis.
Business Processes These are the actual business processes that BPM technology is used
to automate and manage.
Business Services These are the SOA Services that are consumed by the business
processes. Also includes the BPM processes and sub-processes that
are exposed as SOA Services.
Application Provides infrastructure to support process initiation, execution, and
Infrastructure versions; management of all process instances in progress; service
enablement, discovery, and mediation for SOA Services consumed by
business processes. Also enables business processes to integrate with
the many back-end systems and data stores that contribute to, or are
affected by process execution.

EDA Perspective Conceptual Interlock
Table 3–1 (Cont.) BPM and the Oracle Reference Architecture

Infrastructure capabilities provided for Business Process
ORA Layer Management
Information Assets Provides data entities and content that can be consumed or updated
by business processes.
Information Handles management of process data, both operational data and
Management process state. Also handles the process metrics that supports process
analysis, process improvement, and business performance
management.
Shared Infrastructure Run-time network, storage, and computing platform on which the
BPM infrastructure executes providing enhanced RASP capabilities.
Security Ensure identity of process participants, access control of process
execution, confidentiality and integrity of process data, and auditing.
Management Provides process monitoring and management of BPM
infrastructure.
Development Includes analyst and architect level tools for process analysis, design,
implementation, and test.
3.3 EDA Perspective Conceptual Interlock

This section introduces some of the basic concepts of EDA. It describes how EDA
describe the relationship between EDA and SOA. Further information on EDA is
available in the ORA EDA Perspective documentation.
3.3.1 EDA Solutions

In order to describe what an EDA solution is, we must first look at what this
technology strategy is all about. This strategy revolves around the concept of
designing systems that create, process, and react to events. An event can be a change
in state, a condition being met, or the detection of an action being performed. The
architecture employs four main participants:
1. Event Producer - generate events (messages) representing what was detected
2. Event Consumer - receives events and takes appropriate action based on the event
contents
3. Event Channel - mechanism to deliver events to interested parties
4. Event Processor - perform the necessary meaningful work in response to an event
including aggregation, correlation, filtering, etc.

EDA Perspective Conceptual Interlock
Figure 3–6 EDA Relationships
Event generation can be done in a number of ways, including database triggers,

sensors, and various types of detection and measuring devices. Event processing can
be accomplished using specialized infrastructure known as a Complex Event
Processing (CEP). It is configuration-driven software that can process large volumes of
events looking for patterns that match pre-defined conditions. A CEP can be used to
process either simple or complex (multiple correlating) events. When meaningful
event conditions are detected, it can notify interested parties.
Notification can occur via a direct invocation of business logic, or via a publish and
subscribe mechanism. The latter method is preferred as it establishes an architecture
pattern that is loosely coupled and easily expandable. It allows multiple downstream
processors to come and go based on business needs.
Since processing involves performing (orchestrating) a number of activities, the most
recommended implementations are business processes. However, SOA Services could
act as downstream processors in cases where simple activities need to be performed.
3.3.2 EDA and SOA

The intersection of EDA and SOA primarily pertains to the downstream processor. As
shown below, it can take many forms, including that of a business process or SOA
Service. As a result it is easy to see where EDA, SOA, and BPM might coexist. In
addition, the publish / subscribe mechanism can be exposed as a set of SOA Services
in order to create a universal, product-agnostic interface.
Figure 3–7 EDA Solution in a SOA Environment

MDM Perspective Conceptual Interlock
One could argue that the other types of actors in an EDA solution could be developed
as SOA Services. For example, the Event Processor could be a type of SOA Service that
receives and processes events. However, there are factors to consider, including:
■ The technology used to detect when an event occurs. Events can be generated by
sensors, measurement devices, and other low level devices that receive inputs in
ways other than through APIs.
■ Such event generators may not have the capabilities required to invoke SOA
Services. They may only be able to send events in very simple forms.
■ The frequency of event generation can be much greater than the frequency of
downstream processing. If only a small fraction of events actually require any
action be taken, then a large number of SOA Services will be invoked to perform a
small amount of work. This would be an inefficient architecture pattern.
3.3.3 EDA and the Oracle Reference Architecture

The following table describes how the Oracle Reference Architecture supports EDA.
Table 3–2 EDA and the Oracle Reference Architecture

Infrastructure capabilities provided for Event-Driven
ORA Layer Architecture
Interaction Supports human interaction, which may be a form of downstream
processing when users need to be notified and react to events.
Business Processes The pusiness processes that may either consume or produce events.
Business Services The SOA Services that may either consume or produce events.
Application Provides infrastructure to support the detection, generation,
Infrastructure processing, and distribution of events. Also provides the
infrastructure for business processes and SOA Services that
participate in event producing, consuming, and processing.
Information Assets Provides data entities that are impacted by the events or that provide
additional information that enriches the event content.
Information Handles management of event data.
Management
EDA infrastructure executes providing enhanced RASP capabilities.
Security Ensure confidentiality and integrity of event data, ensure source of
events is authentic, and provide auditing of events.
Management Provides capabilities to monitor the flow of events and manage event
processing and notification.
Development Includes tools to develop complex event processing rules.
3.4 MDM Perspective Conceptual Interlock

This section introduces some of the basic concepts of Master Data Management
(MDM). It describes how MDM relates to the Oracle Reference Architecture. A section
is also provided to briefly describe the relationship between MDM and SOA. Further
information on MDM will be available in the ORA MDM Perspective documentation.
3.4.1 MDM Solutions

As the number of applications and databases grows over time, so too do cases where
data entities are duplicated and fragmented across the organization. This is a natural

MDM Perspective Conceptual Interlock
occurrence since most legacy applications were built in a standalone fashion, with very
little sharing of data. The problem is compounded enormously when companies go
through mergers and acquisitions. As a result it becomes difficult, if not impossible, to
merge common entities to create a holistic view and to keep everything synchronized.
Copies diverge and the overall integrity of data degrades. Consumers and aggregators
of data must determine which copies to use and which to ignore. Business analytics
can produce different versions of truth depending on the data sources selected.
MDM solutions are designed to address this problem by creating a master “golden”
source of data, and providing a mechanism to keep other copies synchronized with the
golden source. New applications, processes, and services that need access to such data
are encouraged to go to the master data source, as is feasible.
With respect to the Oracle Reference Architecture, MDM solutions can support the
data needs of any type of business solution. There isn't a specific type of business
solution that an MDM effort produces. Instead, it is an enabler of architecture,
integration, and data management best practices.
3.4.2 MDM and SOA

In many ways MDM and SOA are complementary strategies that are designed to
accomplish many of the same goals. Both address the issue of IT fragmentation by
unifying and rationalizing existing assets. Both attempt to establish a gold source,
either of function or of data. And both promote reuse and agility.
The synergy of MDM and SOA lies in the focus of each strategy. Where SOA defines a
modular approach to solution engineering where SOA Services encapsulate reusable
functionality and access to data, MDM provides quality data to operate on or expose.
MDM enhances the value of SOA by establishing a clean, unified, master source of
data. As SOA Services are leveraged beyond application silos and departmental
boundaries, their applicability and integrity depend on the establishment of a
consistent and universally accepted source of data.
Figure 3–8 MDM in a SOA Environment
As illustrated in Figure 3–8, master data can be exposed directly to consumers or via
SOA Services. Direct access through database connections would yield master data in

BI Perspective Conceptual Interlock
its native form, (typically relational and normalized). The consumer would need to
transform it into object or hierarchical form as needed. By developing SOA Services
the transformation can be encapsulated in the service implementation. The service
interface could offer master data in a hierarchical form aligned with canonical model
specifications. Likewise, access to legacy data by the MDM infrastructure may or may
not utilize SOA Services. Unless such SOA Services pre-date the MDM effort, it is more
likely that new SOA Services will be created from master data rather than from legacy
data.
3.4.3 MDM and the Oracle Reference Architecture

The following table describes how the Oracle Reference Architecture supports the
MDM technology strategy.
Table 3–3 MDM and the Oracle Reference Architecture

Layer or Component Infrastructure capabilities provided for Master Data Management
Interaction UI infrastructure may be leveraged by MDM solutions in cases
where human interaction is required, such as manual data
reconciliation and cleansing.
Business Processes Generally a consumer of MDM but may also support MDM
processes such as data synchronization and cleansing
Business Services Generally a consumer of MDM but may also support MDM by
providing access to data sources.
Application Generally a consumer of MDM, generally not a contributor of
Infrastructure capabilities.
Information Assets These are the data entities that feed the MDM solution as well as the
“golden source” from the MDM solution.
Information Handles persistence of master data and includes the data integration
Management capabilities required to create an MDM solution from many disparate
sources.
MDM infrastructure executes providing enhanced RASP capabilities.
Security Ensures confidentiality and integrity of, and secure access to, master
data. Auditing, particularly of write operations.
Management Provides capabilities to manage MDM processes such as data
cleansing and synchronization
Development Includes tools to develop mapping, aggregation, and transformation
functions
3.5 BI Perspective Conceptual Interlock

Business Intelligence (BI) is a term used to describe the collection and analysis of
information that helps businesses with decision making. Infrastructure supports BI
initiatives by providing capabilities to manage, query, process, report, and display
information in ways that decision makers can analyze and act upon.
This section introduces some of the basic concepts of BI. It describes how BI relates to
the Oracle Reference Architecture. A section is also provided to briefly describe the
relationship between BI and SOA. Further information on BI will be available in the
ORA BI Perspective documentation.

3.5.1 BI Solutions
A BI solution is one that provides information that enables users to make informed
decisions. In its simplest form a BI solution might offer the ability to query records
from an operational data store. This provides access to data but requires the end user
to know what data to query, where the data are located, and how to interpret the
results.
A more complete solution would abstract the user from the physical data sources, offer
a logical unified view of data, provide powerful multidimensional query capabilities,
alert users of events taking place, monitor key performance indicators, generate
reports, and present information via multiple delivery channels. This not only adds
value to the solution but makes it possible for users to acquire the greatest business
intelligence with little or no understanding of all the complex technical underpinnings.
Ideally the BI user interface would be integrated into portals, dashboards, or
applications in a way that provides information when and where decisions need to be
made. This enables users to make informed decisions without having to switch
applications, terminals, windows, etc., or having to remember where such information
can be found. As depicted below, the user interface components access some form of
processing engine that provides all the BI capabilities as well as integration with
various data sources.
Figure 3–9 BI Solution Concept
Source data may come from operational systems such as CRM, ERP, customer service
systems, HR, etc. The processing engine must have the ability to access these systems
and/or their underlying databases.
Since organizations want to make decision based on reliable data, BI solutions must
tap into data sources that are reliable. Master Data Management solutions that perform
data cleansing and establish a single version of truth complement BI solutions nicely
by providing that reliable data source. It is therefore worth considering MDM to some
extent when undertaking BI.
Often the data needed are not stored in a manner that efficiently supports
multidimensional queries. Likewise, operational systems are seldom designed to
accommodate large queries and reports. To rectify issues such as these, organizations
set up data warehouses to store historical data. Data is restructured in a way that

better supports query and reporting operations. This provides faster response times
and offloads the processing to resources that are dedicated to the BI solution. Data are
extracted from the operational systems, transformed to match the reporting and query
structure, and loaded into the data warehouse. This is known as Extract, Transform,
and Load (ETL).
3.5.2 BI and SOA

The following graphic illustrates a typical mapping between BI solutions and SOA.
Figure 3–10 BI in a SOA Environment
At a very high level, the BI solution breaks down into: systems where operational data
are found, BI processing capabilities, desktop tools, and various forms of information
presentation. There are many links to SOA such as:
■ Operational systems and data can be classified as existing IT assets, e.g. existing
prior to the BI and SOA initiatives. Some of these assets may be service-enabled,
offering the ability to access operational data as a SOA Service.
■ The BI processing engine may access data through a variety of means including
direct access to operational systems and data warehouses as well as SOA Services
exposed via SOA infrastructure.
■ BI capabilities may be accessed by business solutions that are service consumers.
For example, BI portlets can be developed as presentation services and leveraged
by multiple portal and dashboard applications. BI capabilities may also be
accessed directly, without using a service-based interface.
The illustration does not draw a reference between SOA and the data warehouse. This
is because data warehouses are generally populated via ETL processes, which are not a
natural fit for SOA due to high data throughputs and low potential for reuse. Likewise
data warehouses are not often exposed via services since the BI processing engines
they are designed for can access them using means that are more efficient than typical
service interfaces.

Enterprise 2.0 Perspective Conceptual Interlock
3.5.3 BI and the Oracle Reference Architecture

The following table describes how the Oracle Reference Architecture supports BI.
Table 3–4 BI and the Oracle Reference Architecture

Layer or Component Infrastructure capabilities provided for Business Intelligence
Interaction Provide user interaction capabilities via portlets, dashboards, web
apps, etc.
Business Processes BI solutions may interact with business processes both by providing
intelligence to process participants and by incorporating metrics
gathered via BPM into the BI solution.
Business Services SOA Services that are either consumed by BI solutions or that
provide access to BI capabilities.
Application Enables BI solutions to interact with back end systems using various
Infrastructure means such as adapters, messaging systems, etc. Also provides the
ability to move data between operation stores and data warehouses.
Information Assets These are the data entities that feed the BI solution as well as the
information that the BI solution provides.
Information Includes both operational data stores and data warehouses as well as
Management the data integration capabilities needed to create a BI solution from
multiple disparate sources.
Shared Infrastructure Run-time network, storage, and computing platform on which the BI
infrastructure executes providing enhanced RASP capabilities.
Security Ensure identity and authenticity of users and controls access to data
and functions.
Management Provides monitoring and management of BI infrastructure.
Development Includes tools to design and develop BI solutions.
3.6 Enterprise 2.0 Perspective Conceptual Interlock

Enterprise 2.0 (E2.0), as a business-centric tangent of Web 2.0, is a way to categorize the
emerging trend towards greater user participation and input in web-based computing.
While previous systems were designed to bring content to the user, this movement is
about users contributing content and knowledge to a collective intelligence
environment (the new and improved web).
This section introduces some of the basic concepts in Enterprise 2.0 and describes how
E2.0 relates to the Oracle Reference Architecture. A section is also provided to briefly
describe the relationship between E2.0 and SOA. Further information on E2.0 will be
available in the ORA E2.0 Perspective documentation.
3.6.1 E2.0 Solutions

Enterprise 2.0, also know as enterprise social computing, is a mix of social networking
and business collaboration. The objective is to leverage social computing for the
advantages it can provide to business. It differs from Web 2.0 in that it applies to all
types of businesses where users can benefit from collaboration and knowledge
sharing, rather than just businesses designed for Internet social networking, such as
Facebook, YouTube, Plaxo, etc.
E2.0 solutions empower the end user. They provide tools that let users express their
ideas, share insights and information, and collaborate in an ad hoc manner. They
essentially take the interactions that have gone on for years on a verbal or physical

Enterprise 2.0 Perspective Conceptual Interlock
level and instantiate them on the desktop. It adds to traditional forms of computing by
giving the end user the opportunity to contribute knowledge and value.
For example, E2.0 solutions include:
■ Wikis to collaboratively build and organize information
■ Blogs to give users the opportunity to post thoughts and ideas (and others the
chance to read and respond)
■ Mashups to spontaneously combine content from multiple sources to enhance
one's knowledge or understanding
■ Social tagging and page ranking to provide users the ability to identify content
according to their perceptions of application and value
■ Presence capability to help determine the best method available to contact
someone
■ IP-based communication support for VOIP interaction
Comparing these solutions to the Oracle Reference Architecture, we see that most are
made available through Interaction infrastructure. Infrastructure provides the tools for
end users to leverage as it suits their needs and job functions.
E2.0 solutions might be constructed to satisfy particular business needs. For example,
mashups may be constructed by IT to meet specific business requirements,
collaboration processes may be defined to support business processes, and
presence/communication capabilities can enhance the way communications within
the company occurs.
Other forms of social computing are constructs created by users to meet personal and
group needs. Their forms and characteristics are driven more by personal preference.
Therefore they are primarily classified as productivity enhancement tools rather than
complete business solutions. (Admittedly, this is a grey area that may be disputed.)
3.6.2 E2.0 and SOA

The overlap between E2.0 and SOA is somewhat limited, as a subset of E2.0 solutions
simply pertain to social interaction. Solutions such as blogs, wikis, and tagging mainly
rely on users to post content in one form or another. These solutions don't have a
strong, direct relationship to SOA since they are neither service consumers nor service
providers. The solutions are not engineered by solution architects and therefore do not
follow a service-oriented engineering process.
The main exceptions are mashups and collaboration. Mashups are client-side
applications that aggregate data from multiple sources. They obtain value by creating
a view of data for a given aggregate context. For example, a mashup might combine
map data with office supply locations in order to help determine the closest place to
purchase supplies. In order to provide data sources that are easily identified,
understood, and consumed by multiple clients, it makes perfect sense to implement
those data sources as SOA Services.
Some E2.0 services, such as collaboration, are offered by Interaction infrastructure as a
way to surface common E2.0 capabilities across multiple client applications.
Collaboration capabilities can be hosted by a common infrastructure deployment and
exposed on various company portals in order to promote group activity planning,
communication, and knowledge sharing.

B2B Perspective Conceptual Interlock
3.6.3 E2.0 and the Oracle Reference Architecture

The following table describes how the Oracle Reference Architecture supports E2.0.
Table 3–5 E2.0 and the Oracle Reference Architecture

Layer or Component Infrastructure capabilities provided for E2.0
Interaction Provides the end user tools to support all forms of E2.0 solutions
Business Processes E2.0 may be used to support business processes especially
collaborative processes.
Business Services SOA Services that are incorporated into an E2.0 solutions. For
example, data services that are provided to support mash-ups.
Application Supports the business processes and SOA Services that are
Infrastructure incorporated into an E2.0 solution.
Information Assets The actual information that is pertinent to the E2.0 solutions.
Information Handles persistence of content contributed by users and groups, and
Management collaboration groups, tasks, calendars, contact information, etc.
E2.0 infrastructure executes providing enhanced RASP capabilities.
Security Provides user authentication, access to content, and management of
groups and roles
Management Manages group assignments, contact information, etc.
Development Generally not applicable to E2.0 solutions - they don't usually
involve traditional software development tools and frameworks.
3.7 B2B Perspective Conceptual Interlock

Business-to-Business (B2B) computing refers to electronic transactions between two
businesses. Common scenarios are transactions between manufacturers and
wholesalers, and between wholesalers and retailers. Establishing a system of electronic
trading helps businesses conduct transactions quickly and efficiently. The role of
humans is reduced to activities that require authority or intervention, such as final
approvals, transactions involving large sums of money, exceptional cases, etc.
This section introduces some of the basic concepts of B2B computing. It describes how
B2B relates to the Oracle Reference Architecture. A section is also provided to briefly
describe the relationship between B2B and SOA. Further information on B2B will be
available in the ORA B2B Perspective documentation.
3.7.1 B2B Solutions

A B2B solution consists of all that is necessary to achieve the goal of establishing
electronic commerce between companies. Though they can be implemented in a
variety of ways, (and automated to varying degrees), solutions tend to include the
following components:

Figure 3–11 B2B Solution Concept
1. An agreed upon set of trading processes that describe the message exchange
pattern for each type of interaction, along with the message types and formats.
This defines the messages that are sent, the order they are sent, and any alternate
scenarios, business exceptions, etc.
2. An agreed upon method of communication between the businesses including
specifications for type of transport and protocols.
3. Each business will have some means of coordinating the exchange of messages on
their end, adhering to the predefined trading process. This is represented above as
Choreography Processes. They choreograph the exchange of messages and
initiation of Functional Processes.
4. Each business will have a means to perform back end processing related to the
exchange of messages. For example, the processing of purchase orders, sales
orders, shipping notices, and billing information transmitted and received
throughout the trading process. This is represented above as a set of Functional
Processes interacting with the back end systems. These processes encapsulate the
logic needed to process and produce or consume a particular type of message.
5. Each business will need communications infrastructure to send and receive
messages.
The use of processes in this illustration represents a recommended pattern, since
business processes are an ideal means to represent, coordinate, and execute sets of
business activities. It is up to the business to determine which activities it needs to
perform and which should be automated or performed manually. B2B solutions are
often implemented as a set of business processes along with all supporting message
schemas, business logic, and underlying infrastructure configurations.
3.7.2 B2B and SOA

There are a number of touch points between B2B and SOA as illustrated below.

Figure 3–12 B2B in a SOA Environment
Most notably, Choreography and Functional Processes can gain all the benefits of
agility and flexibility that BPM and SOA have to offer. This is a key driver for
designing the B2B architecture in this manner. It becomes a natural extension of the
existing BPM+SOA environment. In fact, since many processes and activities will
mirror internal processes, B2B becomes another way to apply and reuse existing
resources.
In addition, interaction with the communications infrastructure and back-end systems
may be implemented following SOA principles. This can be accomplished either by
service-enabling legacy assets, or by engineering new systems that support B2B
transactions in a service-oriented manner.
3.7.3 B2B and the Oracle Reference Architecture

The following table describes how the Oracle Reference Architecture supports B2B.
Table 3–6 B2B and the Oracle Reference Architecture

ORA Layer Infrastructure capabilities provided for B2B
Interaction Provide user interaction capabilities where manual tasks (e.g.
approvals, exception processing) are performed as part of the B2B
process. Provides the B2B infrastructure capabilities to support B2B
interactions such as RossettaNet, EDI, ebXML, HL7, etc.
Business Processes The business processes (Functional Processes) that participate in the
B2B choreography.
Business Services SOA Services that are consumed by B2B processes, especially those
that expose back-end systems.
Application Enables B2B processes to interact with integration infrastructure as
Infrastructure well as the many back-end systems and data stores that contribute to,
or are affected by process execution.
Information Assets Provides the ability to make run-time process decisions based on
external configuration-driven rules.
Information Handles management of process data, both operational data and
Management process state.
B2B and BPM infrastructure executes providing enhanced RASP
capabilities.

CM Perspective Conceptual Interlock
Table 3–6 (Cont.) B2B and the Oracle Reference Architecture

ORA Layer Infrastructure capabilities provided for B2B
Security Ensure identity and authenticity of remote systems involved in B2B
transactions, provides confidentiality and integrity of transaction
data, and establishes non-repudiation of transactions.
Management Provides monitoring and management of B2B infrastructure
Development Includes analyst and architect level tools for B2B process analysis,
design, implementation, and test.
3.8 CM Perspective Conceptual Interlock

Content Management (CM), in the scope of ORA, includes the collection of
technologies used to maintain information and provide easy, secure access to it. This
includes the management of content lifecycle as well as the ability for knowledge
workers to contribute to, and locate content.
This section introduces some of the basic concepts of CM and describes how CM
describe the relationship between CM and SOA. Further information on CM will be
available in the ORA CM Perspective documentation.
3.8.1 CM Solutions
Content Management can be considered a very broad topic, as there are a number of
types of content that can be managed, and a number of reasons for doing so. Examples
include:
■ Document Management. This type of solution targets the management of files
such as documents, emails, reports, presentations, spreadsheets, etc.
■ Digital Asset Management. Similar to document management, however it pertains
to assets that are digitally encoded and not searchable, such as images, video files,
etc. Also handles Digital Rights Management (DRM).
■ Web Content Management. Solutions for designing and publishing web sites and
managing the content from which they are created.
■ Records Management. Maintaining records based on retention policies to satisfy
legal obligations. Read-only warehousing of all types of documents.
CM solutions can be implemented to solve any one particular problem, or can be all
inclusive. Solutions that address the broader spectrum of CM are often referred to as
Enterprise Content Management (ECM) solutions.
ECM solutions, at a high level, offer six main capabilities:
1. the ability for users to locate, access, and contribute content,
2. the ability to manage the lifecycle of content,
3. the ability to manage content retention policies,
4. the ability to convert content into other formats,
5. the ability for applications to interact with the CM system, and
6. the ability to store content securely and provide structure in the form of
taxonomies, policies, rules, etc.
Most of these capabilities can be realized via modern computing infrastructure. For
instance, content persistence, security, taxonomy, search, lifecycle process

management, and system access can all be provided by infrastructure. As such, they
are represented and realized within the scope of the Oracle Reference Architecture.
The remaining capabilities, left to construct in the form of business solutions, are the
methods in which CM can effectively and efficiently be integrated into the users'
environments. This is where all the benefits CM infrastructure provides are surfaced to
the end user. The most common forms include:
■ CM portlets for search, taxonomy navigation, and lifecycle management surfaced
in enterprise portals.
■ Web based applications that present content to end users
■ Dashboards that expose content access and usage metrics in support of business
intelligence
■ Mashups that merge content in user-defined ways
3.8.2 CM and SOA

The intersection of CM and SOA most naturally occurs as CM capabilities are exposed
as SOA Services. This opens up the infrastructure capabilities to a wide variety of
users and delivery channels. SOA Services that support internal solutions over an
intranet can be leveraged for external users via Internet and wireless network devices.
To accomplish this, one might implement the logical interface between infrastructure
components and business solutions as a collection of SOA Services. Example services
might include: search, content publish and subscribe mechanisms, lifecycle
management services, and report generation and statistics.
3.8.3 CM and the Oracle Reference Architecture

The following table describes how the Oracle Reference Architecture supports CM.
Table 3–7 CM and the Oracle Reference Architecture

Layer or Component Infrastructure capabilities provided for Content Management
Interaction Provide user interaction capabilities such as search and content
delivery
Business Processes Content-related processes (document workflow, content approval
workflow, content publishing process, etc.) as well as business
processes that access and update content.
Business Services SOA Services that expose CM capabilities.
CM Content lifecycle management, conversions, retention policies,
maintains taxonomy, accumulates metrics, generates reports
Application Offers a standard set of APIs to access CM functions.
Infrastructure
Information Assets The actual content stored in the CM solution.
Information Content lifecycle management, conversions, retention policies,
Management maintains taxonomy, accumulates metrics, generates reports, and
persists the content.
CM infrastructure executes providing enhanced RASP capabilities.
Security Ensure identity and authenticity of users and grants access to content
and functions. Auditing, particularly of content updates.
Management Monitor and manage CM infrastructure deployments.

Table 3–7 (Cont.) CM and the Oracle Reference Architecture

Layer or Component Infrastructure capabilities provided for Content Management
Development Provides tools and utilities for file conversions, web content
generation, etc.


4
Summary
4
This document introduced and detailed the fundamental concepts that underpin the
Oracle Reference Architecture (ORA). ORA is a unified reference architecture that
covers the Oracle technology space. ORA is a modular structure that allows new
“perspectives” focused on particular technologies or industries to be added as needed
to address the changing technical landscape.
Each ORA technology perspective is associated with an Enterprise Technology
Strategy. Example ETSs include SOA, BPM, BI, etc. This document examined the
relationship that ORA has with the SOA ETS. Since ORA incorporates service
orientation as a core tenet, the relationship between ORA and the SOA ETS is tighter
than with other ETSs. This document also discussed and illustrated how the core tenet
of service orientation facilitates composition of ETSs.
Summary 4-1

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Oracle® Reference Architecture

and Service Orientation

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Primary Author: Bob Hensle

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3 Combining Technology Perspectives

ORA and Service Orientation, Release 3.0

How to Use This Document

ITSO is made up of three primary elements:

“SOA Service” - In order to distinguish the “service” of Service-Oriented Architecture

The modern IT environment is generally an eclectic mix of products and technologies

1.1 Oracle Reference Architecture

1.1.1 ORA Perspectives

Figure 1–1 ORA Perspectives

There are both horizontal, technical perspectives as well as vertical, industry

1.2 Service-Oriented Architecture

1-2 ORA and Service Orientation

1.3 ORA and SOA

Figure 1–2 SOA ETS and ORA

1.4 Products Labeled “SOA”

1.5 ORA without SOA

1-4 ORA and Service Orientation

2.1 Definition of “SOA Service”

2.2 Facets of a SOA Service

Definition of a Service 2-1

Figure 2–1 Facets of a SOA Service

2-2 ORA and Service Orientation

2.3 Usage Agreement

Figure 2–2 Service Consumer Usage Agreement

Definition of a Service 2-3

2-4 ORA and Service Orientation

As described earlier in this document, the reference architecture is designed to support

3.1 SOA Conceptual Introduction

Combining Technology Perspectives 3-1

Figure 3–1 SOA Services and Infrastructure

SOA also includes infrastructure to aid in the discovery, management, mediation,

3.1.1 SOA Services and the Oracle Reference Architecture

Figure 3–2 Oracle Reference Architecture

ORA provides a framework to describe how various technology perspectives are

3-2 ORA and Service Orientation

Figure 3–3 Services Leverage and Expose Infrastructure

SOA Services may be developed from a number of sources, such as exposing

Combining Technology Perspectives 3-3

3.2 BPM Perspective Conceptual Interlock

3.2.1 BPM Solutions

3.2.1.1 Human-Centric Workflow

3.2.1.2 System-Centric Processes

3-4 ORA and Service Orientation

Examples of system-centric processes include data synchronization, data processing,

3.2.1.3 Document-Centric Processes

3.2.2 BPM and SOA

Figure 3–4 BPM and SOA Relationship

Combining Technology Perspectives 3-5

3.2.3 BPM and the Oracle Reference Architecture

Figure 3–5 Process Lifecycle

Table 3–1 BPM and the Oracle Reference Architecture

3-6 ORA and Service Orientation

Table 3–1 (Cont.) BPM and the Oracle Reference Architecture