CHAPTER 7

TISSUES
 State & define
terminologies in
tissues
LESSON
OUTCOMES Identify, draw, label
& describe the
characteristics of
animals & plants
tissues
ANIMAL

PLANT
• Epithelial • Meristem
• Shape • Apical
• Thickness • Lateral
Anatomy &
• Connective
• Loose Connective Tissue
• Ground
• Parenchyma
Physiology
• Fibrous Connective Tissues
• Adipose tissue
• Collenchyma
• Sclerenchyma
• Bone • Vascular
• Hyaline cartilage • Xylem
• Blood • Phloem
• Muscle • Epidermis
• Skeletal • Dermal
• Smooth • Epidermis
• Cardiac • Bark
• Nervous
• Sensory neuron
• Interneuron
• Motor neuron
 What is anatomy?
• ANATOMY: study of the structure of
organisms… looking at cells, tissues
• (Morphology: Study of form)

What is physiology?
• PHYSIOLOGY: study of the function of
cells, tissues, organs of living things;
and the physics/chemistry of these functions…
Always keep in mind that in anatomy,
morphology & physiology…

“Structure correlates to
function”
ANIMAL TISSUES
 ▪ All animals are multicelled, with cells joined
by cell junctions

Key Concepts ▪ Typically, cells are organized in four tissue

Animal types: epithelial tissue, connective tissue,

Organization muscle tissue, and nervous tissue

▪ Organs, which consist of a combination of

tissues, interact in organ systems
 ▪ Tissue
▪ Interacting cells and extracellular substances
that carry out one or more specialized tasks

Organization ▪ Organ
▪ Structural unit of two or more tissues organized
of Animal in a specific way to carry out specific tasks

Bodies
▪ Organ systems
▪ Two or more organs and other components
interacting in a common task
 ▪ Body parts must interact to perform many
tasks
▪ Coordinate and control individual parts
▪ Acquire and distribute raw materials to cells
and dispose of wastes
Homeostasis in ▪ Protect tissues against injury or attack
Animals ▪ Reproduce, nourish and protect offspring
through early growth and development
▪ Maintain the internal environment
(homeostasis)
 ▪ Tight junctions
▪ So close that are sometimes impermeable
▪ Prevent fluid from seeping between epithelial cells;
fluid must pass through cells

▪ Adhering junctions
Animal Cells are ▪ Transmembrane linker proteins
United by Cell ▪ Hold cells together at distinct spots

Junctions ▪ Desmosomes
▪ Anchoring junctions
▪ Filaments anchor to the opposite side

▪ Gap junctions
▪ Permit ions and small molecules to pass from
cytoplasm of one cell to another
• Tight junctions
– So close that are sometimes
impermeable
• Adherens junctions
– Transmembrane linker
proteins
• Desmosomes
– Anchoring junctions
– Filaments anchor to the
opposite side
• Gap junctions
– Allow small molecules to
move between cells
 ▪ Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the
body and lines organs and cavities within the
body

▪ Connective tissue provides support and

connects body parts

4 Main Types of
Animal Tissues ▪ Muscle tissue responsible for contraction and
moves the body and its parts

▪ Nervous tissue detects internal and external

stimuli and coordinates responses
1.Epithelial Tissue
▪ Epithelium (epithelial tissue)
▪ A sheet of cells that covers the body’s outer surface and lines its internal ducts and cavities
▪ Roles: as interfaces and as boundaries
▪ Functions:
Protection Absorption
Sensory reception Ion transport
Secretion Filtration
Formation of slippery surfaces for movement

▪ Basement membrane
▪ A secreted extracellular matrix that attaches the epithelium to the underlying tissue
▪ Microvilli
▪ Fingerlike projections of absorptive epithelia
 General
Structure of
Simple
Epithelium
 ▪ Thickness
▪ Simple epithelium: One cell thick
▪ Stratified epithelium: More than one cell thick
Describing
Epithelial
▪ Cell shape
Tissues ▪ Squamous: Flattened, wider than tall
▪ Cuboidal: Cube-shaped, as tall as wide
▪ Columnar: Column-shaped, taller than wide
where diffusion is
important

where tissues are

involved in secretion
and absorption:
larger cells because
of the machinery of
production,
packaging, and
energy requirements
“ciliated” literally =
eyelashes
(see next page)
Stratified: regenerate
from below
Rare
…
Rare
…
 ▪ Glands
▪ Organs that release substances onto the skin, or
into a body cavity or interstitial fluid

▪ Exocrine glands (glands with ducts)

▪ Deliver secretions to an external or internal
Glandular surface (saliva, milk, earwax, digestive
Epithelium enzymes)

▪ Endocrine glands (no ducts)

▪ Secrete hormones which are carried in blood
Exocrine glands
unicellular or multicellular

Unicellular: goblet cell

scattered within epithelial
lining of intestines and
respiratory tubes
Product: mucin
- mucus is mucin & water
Multicellular:
Epithelium-wall
ed
duct and a
secretory unit
 Examples of exocrine gland products

▪ Many types of mucus secreting

glands
▪ Sweat glands of skin
▪ Oil glands of skin
▪ Salivary glands of mouth
▪ Liver (bile)
▪ Pancreas (digestive enzymes)
▪ Mammary glands (milk)
 Endocrine glands

▪ Ductless glands

▪ Release hormones into extracellular

space
▪ Hormones are messenger molecules

▪ Hormones enter blood and travel to

specific target organs
 ▪ Connective tissues consist of cells and the
extracellular matrix they secrete

2. Connective ▪ Connective tissues connect body parts and

Tissues provide structural and functional support to
other body tissues
 ▪ Loose connective tissue
▪ Fibroblasts secrete a matrix of complex
carbohydrates with fibers dispersed widely
through the matrix
Soft Connective
Tissues ▪ Dense connective tissue (dense collagen
fibers)
▪ Dense irregular: Supports skin, internal organs
▪ Dense regular: Ligaments and tendons
 ▪ Cartilage: Rubbery extracellular matrix,
supports and cushions bones

Specialized ▪ Adipose tissue: Fat filled cells, stores energy,

Connective cushions and protect organs

Tissues
▪ Bone: Rigid support, muscle attachment,
protection, mineral storage, blood production
Summary of
soft
connective
tissue
Summary of
specialized
connective
tissue
 ▪ Muscle tissue is made up of cells that contract
when stimulated, requires ATP energy
3. Muscle
Tissues
 ▪ Skeletal muscle tissue
▪ Moves the skeleton (voluntary)
▪ Long, striated cells with many nuclei

▪ Cardiac muscle tissue

Three Types of ▪ Heart muscle (involuntary)
▪ Striated cells with single nuclei
Muscle Tissues
▪ Smooth muscle tissue
▪ In walls of hollow organs (involuntary)
▪ No striations, single nuclei
 ▪ Nervous tissue
▪ Consists of specialized signaling cells
4. Nervous (neurons) and cells that support them

Tissue (neuroglial cells)

▪ Nervous tissue detects internal and external

stimuli, and coordinates responses to stimuli
 ▪ Neurons
▪ Excitable cells with long cytoplasmic
extensions called axons
▪ Send and receive electrochemical signals

▪ Three types of neurons

▪ Sensory neurons are excited by specific stimuli
Neurons ▪ Interneurons integrate sensory information
▪ Motor neurons relay commands from brain and
spinal cord to muscles and glands
▪ Glia/ glial cells
▪ help nourish, insulate, and replenish
neurons, and in some cases, modulate
neuron function.
 4 Types of
Animal Tissues
Coordination of
Nervous Tissue
and Skeletal
Muscle