Energy Storage Elements - EC-I

B.Sc. Engg.
Part-1 Odd Semester Examination 2019

Couse code: EEE 1111 Title: Electrical Circuit-I
Name of the instructor: Dr. Md. Johurul Islam, Email: [email protected]
Storage element: Unlike resistors, which dissipate energy, capacitors and inductors do not dissipate but store
energy, which can be retrieved at a later time. For this reason, capacitors and inductors are called storage
elements.
Capacitor construction: The basic equation of a capacitor is 𝑞 = 𝐶𝑉. Where q is the
charge on the plate, C is the capacitance and 𝑣 is the applied potential difference
between plates as shown in the right.
𝜖𝐴
The more general equation of a capacitor is 𝐶 = 𝑑
, 𝜖 is the constant called
permittivity of dielectric medium between plates, A is the plate area and d is the
distance between plates.
The value of C depends on the followings:
1. The surface area of the plates—the larger the area, the greater the capacitance.
2. The spacing between the plates—the smaller the spacing, the greater the capacitance.
3. The permittivity of the 1nateria]—the higher the permittivity, the greater the capacitance.
The symbols of capacitor is shown in fig-1.
The current through a capacitor and voltage across it can be written
as:
𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑣
𝑖= =𝐶
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
The energy stored in a capacitor is
1
𝑤 = 𝐶𝑣 2
2
Properties of a capacitor:
l. A capacitor is an open circuit to dc.
2. The voltage on the capacitor must be continuous. The voltage on a capacitor cannot change abruptly.
3. The ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. It takes power from the circuit when storing energy in its field and
returns previously stored energy when delivering power to the circuit.
4. A real non ideal capacitor has a parallel-model leakage resistance, as shown in Fig-2. The leakage resistance
may be as high as 100 M and can be neglected for most practical applications.
Answer: 1.5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2000𝑡 𝐴

1|Page
B.Sc. Engg. Part-1 Odd Semester Examination 2019
2|Page
Answer: 40 µF
Inductor as an energy storage element:

The constructional details of an inductor is shown in the right
The 𝑖 − 𝑣 relation of an inductor is
𝑑𝑖
𝑖=𝐿
𝑑𝑡
Where L is called inductance. Inductance is the property whereby
an inductor exhibits opposition to the change of current flowing
through it, measured in henrys (H).
The more general relation is
𝑁 2 𝜇𝐴
𝐿=
ℓ
Where N is the number of turns, 𝜇 is called permeability of magnetic medium, A is the area of the core and ℓ is
the length of the coil.
The energy stored in an inductor is
1
𝑤 = 𝐿𝑖 2
2
Properties of an inductor:
l. An inductor acts like a short circuit to dc.
2. An important property of the inductor is its opposition to the change in current flowing through it.
3. The ideal inductor does not dissipate energy. The energy stored in it can be retrieved at a later time.
4. A practical, non-ideal inductor has a significant resistive component, as shown in Fig. 9. This is due to the fact
that the inductor is made of a conducting material such as copper, which has some resistance (R w). The non-ideal
inductor also has a winding capacitance Cw due to the capacitive coupling between the conducting coils.
3|Page
Problem-1: The current through a 0.1-H inductor is 𝑖(𝑡) = 10𝑡𝑒 −5𝑡 𝐴. Find the voltage across the inductor and the
energy stored in it.
Solution:
Problem-2:
Problem-3: Solution-3:
Consider the circuit in Fig-10. Under dc conditions, find:

(a) 𝑖𝐶 , 𝑣𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝐿 (b) the energy stored in the capacitor and
inductor.
Solution: Under dc conditions, we replace the capacitor with an open circuit and the
inductor with a short circuit. In this case: 𝑖 = 𝑖𝐿 and equivalent circuit is shown in
fig-11
Fig-10
And 𝑣𝐶 is the same across 5 Ohm resistor
Fig-11
4|Page
Applications of Capacitors and Inductors:

l. The capacity to store energy makes them useful as temporary voltage or current sources. Thus, they can be used
for generating a large amount of current or voltage for a short period of time.
2. Capacitors oppose any abrupt change in voltage while inductors oppose any abrupt change in current. This
property makes inductors useful for spark or arc suppression and for converting pulsating dc voltage into relatively
smooth dc voltage.
3. Capacitors and inductors are frequency sensitive. This property makes them useful for frequency discrimination.
The first two properties are put to use in dc circuits while the third one is taken advantage of in ac circuits.
A source free RC circuit:
Fig-12: Source free RC circuit

The voltage across the capacitor is given by
This shows that the voltage response of the RC circuit is an exponential

decay of the initial voltage as shown in fig-13. Since the response is due
to the initial energy stored and the physical characteristics of the circuit
and not due to some external voltage or current source, it is called the
natural response of the circuit.
Time constant: The rapidity which the voltage decreases is expressed in
terms of time constant denoted by. The time constant of a circuit is the time required for the response to decay to
a factor of 1/e 36.8 percent of its initial value.
Problem-14
Figure -14
Solution-14:
5|Page
Source free RL circuit: The solution of current for the circuit is shown in fig.
Problem-15:
Solution-15:
6|Page
Step response of an RC Circuit:
The solution for capacitor voltage is:
The graphical representation is shown on the right.
7|Page
Step response of an RL Circuit:
8|Page
9|Page

Energy Storage Elements - EC-I

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Energy Storage Elements - EC-I

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Energy Storage Elements - EC-I

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

B.Sc. Engg.

Part-1 Odd Semester Examination 2019

Answer: 1.5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2000𝑡 𝐴

Inductor as an energy storage element:

Consider the circuit in Fig-10. Under dc conditions, ﬁnd:

And 𝑣𝐶 is the same across 5 Ohm resistor

Applications of Capacitors and Inductors:

Fig-12: Source free RC circuit

This shows that the voltage response of the RC circuit is an exponential

Step response of an RC Circuit:

The solution for capacitor voltage is:

The graphical representation is shown on the right.

Step response of an RL Circuit:

You might also like