Fundamentals of Harmonics

FUNDAMENTALS OF
HARMONICS
By:
Dr. Shazia Hasan
Asst. Professor, EEE Dept
WAVEFORM DISTORTION
• A STEADY-STATE DEVIATION FROM AN IDEAL SINE WAVE OF POWER

FREQUENCY PRINCIPALLY CHARACTERIZED BY THE SPECTRAL
CONTENT OF THE DEVIATION.
 DC OFFSET
 HARMONICS
 INTER HARMONICS
 SUBHARMONICS
 NOISE
DC OFFSET
• THE PRESENCE OF A DC VOLTAGE OR CURRENT IN AN AC POWER SYSTEM
IS TERMED DC OFFSET.
• EFFECTS: IT MAY SATURATE THE TRANSFORMER CORE CAUSING
ADDITIONAL HEATING AND LOSS OF TRANSFORMER LIFE.
DC Offset
•
HARMONICS
HARMONICS ARE SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGES OR CURRENTS HAVING
FREQUENCIES THAT ARE INTEGER MULTIPLES OF THE FREQUENCY AT
WHICH THE SUPPLY SYSTEM IS DESIGNED TO OPERATE.
• CAUSE:HARMONICS IN POWER SYSTEMS ORIGINATE DUE TO VARIED

OPERATIONS, LIKE, FERRORESONANCE, MAGNETIC SATURATION, SUB
SYNCHRONOUS RESONANCE, AND NONLINEAR LOADS. HARMONIC
EMISSION FROM NONLINEAR LOADS PREDOMINATES.
EFFECTS OF HARMONICS:
• INCREASE IN RMS SUPPLY CURRENT
• POOR POWER FACTOR
• POOR UTILIZATION OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
• DERATING OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
• INCREASED LOSSES
• CAUSE HEATING
• IN THE NEUTRAL WIRE
• IN MOTOR WINDINGS
• IN TRANSFORMER WINDINGS
• CAN CAUSE CAPACITOR FAILURE
• DISTORTION IN VOLTAGE WAVEFORM

• IEEE 519-1992 ESTABLISH RECOMMENDED GUIDELINES FOR HARMONIC
VOLTAGES ON THE UTILITY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM AS WELL AS HARMONIC
CURRENTS WITHIN THE INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
COMMON SOURCES OF HARMONICS
• ELECTRICAL LOADS
• LINEAR
• NON LINEAR
• ANYTHING THAT DRAWS CURRENT IN A NONLINEAR MANNER

HARMONIC SOURCES FROM COMMERCIAL LOADS
SINGLE-PHASE POWER SUPPLIES
• THERE ARE TWO COMMON TYPES OF SINGLE-PHASE POWER SUPPLIES.
• I) OLDER TECHNOLOGIES USE AC-SIDE VOLTAGE CONTROL METHODS, SUCH AS TRANSFORMERS, TO REDUCE VOLTAGES TO
THE LEVEL REQUIRED FOR THE DC BUS. THE INDUCTANCE OF THE TRANSFORMER PROVIDES A BENEFICIAL SIDE EFFECT BY
SMOOTHING THE INPUT CURRENT WAVEFORM, REDUCING HARMONIC CONTENT.
• II) RECENT-TECHNOLOGY SWITCH-MODE POWER SUPPLIES USE DC-TO-DC CONVERSION TECHNIQUES TO ACHIEVE A
SMOOTH DC OUTPUT WITH SMALL, LIGHTWEIGHT COMPONENTS.
• III) PC, PRINTERS, COPIERS AND OTHER SINGLE PHASE ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENTS NOW USES SMPS.
• IV) ADVANTAGES ARE LIGHT WEIGHT, COMPACT SIZE, EFFICIENCY.

• THE SWITCHED-MODE PROCESS CONVERTS AC TO DC
USING A RECTIFIER BRIDGE, CONVERTS DC BACK TO AC AT A HIGH
FREQUENCY USING A SWITCHER, STEPS THE AC VOLTAGE DOWN TO
5 V USING A SMALL TRANSFORMER,
• THE HIGH-FREQUENCY SWITCHING REQUIRES A SMALL AND LIGHT
TRANSFORMER. HOWEVER, THE PULSED SQUARE WAVE DISTORTS THE
SINE WAVE AND PRODUCES HARMONICS.
• A DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTIC OF
SWITCH-MODE POWER SUPPLIES IS
A VERY HIGH THIRD-HARMONIC
CONTENT IN THE CURRENT. SINCE
THIRD-HARMONIC CURRENT
COMPONENTS ARE ADDITIVE IN THE
NEUTRAL OF A THREE-PHASE
SYSTEM, THE INCREASING
APPLICATION OF SWITCH-MODE
POWER SUPPLIES CAUSES
CONCERN FOR OVERLOADING OF
NEUTRAL CONDUCTORS.
FLUORESCENT LIGHTING
• THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF BALLASTS, MAGNETIC AND ELECTRONIC
• A STANDARD MAGNETIC BALLAST IS SIMPLY MADE UP OF AN IRON-CORE

TRANSFORMER WITH A CAPACITOR ENCASED IN AN INSULATING MATERIAL.
• AN ELECTRONIC BALLAST EMPLOYS A SWITCH-MODE–TYPE POWER SUPPLY TO

CONVERT THE INCOMING FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY VOLTAGE TO A MUCH
HIGHER FREQUENCY VOLTAGE TYPICALLY IN THE RANGE OF 25 TO 40 KHZ. A
SMALL INDUCTOR IS SUFFICIENT TO LIMIT THE ARC CURRENT
ADJUSTABLE SPEED DRIVES FOR HVAC
AND ELEVATORS
• ADJUSTABLE-SPEED DRIVES SAVE ENERGY BY ADJUSTING THE SPEED OF THE MOTOR TO

FIT THE LOAD.
• HOWEVER, ASDS CAUSE HARMONICS BY VARYING THE FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY IN

ORDER TO VARY THE SPEED OF THE DRIVE
WHEN SYSTEM PROBLEMS
OCCUR
• RED FLAGS FOR WHEN HARMONIC DISTORTION LEVEL MAY BECOME
TOO HIGH . . .
• IF AN ADDITION TO AN EXISTING FACILITY WILL RESULT IN THE NON-LINEAR

LOAD COMPRISING 25% OR MORE OF THE LOAD.
• IF AN ADDITION TO AN EXISTING FACILITY WILL RESULT IN OVER-LOADING THE

SYSTEM’S CAPACITY.
• IF YOU ARE INDISCRIMINATELY ADDING POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

CAPACITORS WITHOUT CONSIDERING THE AFFECT ON THE SYSTEM AND THE
PRESENCE OF HARMONIC SOURCES.
WHEN SYSTEM PROBLEMS
OCCUR
• RED FLAGS FOR WHEN HARMONIC DISTORTION LEVEL MAY
BECOME TOO HIGH
A HISTORY OF ANY OF THE FOLLOWING:
• FAILURE OF POWER-FACTOR COMPENSATION CAPACITORS.
• OVERHEATING OF CABLES, TRANSFORMERS, OR MOTORS.
• MIS-OPERATION OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS OR CONTROL DEVICES.

VOLTAGE DISTORTION IS THE RESULT OF DISTORTED CURRENTS PASSING
THROUGH THE LINEAR, SERIES IMPEDANCE OF THE POWER DELIVERY
SYSTEM,
HARMONIC ANALYSIS
• LOCATING HARMONIC SOURCES

• 1. COMPARE THE TIME VARIATIONS OF THE VOLTAGE DISTORTION WITH SPECIFIC
CUSTOMER AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS.
• 2. MONITOR FLOW OF HARMONIC CURRENTS ON THE FEEDER WITH CAPACITOR BANKS OFF.
• POWER SYSTEM RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS

• 1. THE SYSTEM IMPEDANCE CHARACTERISTICS
• 2. THE PRESENCE OF A CAPACITOR BANK CAUSING RESONANCE
• 3. THE AMOUNT OF RESISTIVE LOADS IN THE SYSTEM
•
SYSTEM RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS
• THE POWER SYSTEM RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS ARE:

• 1. THE SYSTEM IMPEDANCE CHARACTERISTICS
• 2. THE PRESENCE OF A CAPACITOR BANK CAUSING RESONANCE

• 3. THE AMOUNT OF RESISTIVE LOADS IN THE SYSTEM
SHORT-CIRCUIT CAPACITY OR MVA
• WHERE A NEW CIRCUIT TO BE ADDED TO AN EXISTING BUS IN A

COMPLEX POWER SYSTEM, SHORT-CIRCUIT CAPACITY OR MVA (OR
KVA) DATA PROVIDE THE EQUIVALENT IMPEDANCE OF THE POWER
SYSTEM UP TO THAT BUS. THE THREE-PHASE SHORT-CIRCUIT MVA
IS DETERMINED FROM
SYSTEM IMPEDANCE
• AT THE FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY, POWER SYSTEMS ARE PRIMARILY INDUCTIVE, AND THE
EQUIVALENT IMPEDANCE ARE ALSO CALLED SIMPLY THE SHORT-CIRCUIT REACTANCE . CAPACITIVE
EFFECTS ARE FREQUENTLY NEGLECTED ON UTILITY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS AND INDUSTRIAL
POWER SYSTEMS
• ONE OF THE MOST FREQUENTLY USED QUANTITIES IN THE ANALYSIS OF HARMONICS ON POWER
SYSTEMS IS THE SHORT-CIRCUIT IMPEDANCE TO THE POINT ON A NETWORK AT WHICH A
CAPACITOR IS LOCATED.
• IT CAN BE COMPUTED FROM SHORT-CIRCUIT STUDY RESULTS THAT GIVE EITHER THE SHORT-CIRCUIT
MEGA VOLT AMPERE (MVA) OR THE SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT AS FOLLOWS:
• THE INDUCTIVE REACTANCE PORTION OF THE IMPEDANCE CHANGES LINEARLY
WITH FREQUENCY. THE REACTANCE AT THE HTH HARMONIC IS FOUND FROM THE
FUNDAMENTAL-IMPEDANCE REACTANCE X1 BY
• XH =H X 1
• FOR LARGER TRANSFORMERS, AT UTILIZATION VOLTAGES, SUCH AS INDUSTRIAL

POWER SYSTEMS, USING THE TRANSFORMER IMPEDANCE XT AS XSC MAY BE A GOOD
APPROXIMATION SO THAT
• HERE, IT IS ASSUMED THAT THE TRANSFORMER’S RESISTANCE IS NEGLIGIBLY SMALL

CAPACITOR IMPEDANCE
• SHUNT CAPACITORS, EITHER AT THE CUSTOMER LOCATION

FOR POWER FACTOR CORRECTION OR ON THE DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM FOR VOLTAGE CONTROL, DRAMATICALLY ALTER THE
SYSTEM IMPEDANCE VARIATION WITH FREQUENCY.
• CAPACITORS DO NOT CREATE HARMONICS, BUT SEVERE

HARMONIC DISTORTION CAN SOMETIMES BE ATTRIBUTED TO
THEIR PRESENCE.
• THE EQUIVALENT LINE-TO-NEUTRAL CAPACITIVE REACTANCE
AT THE FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY OF A CAPACITOR
• BANK IS FOUND FROM
PRACTICAL EXAMPLES OF RESONANCE CIRCUITS
• IT IS CLEAR THAT DURING PARALLEL RESONANCE, A SMALL HARMONIC CURRENT
CAN CAUSE A LARGE VOLTAGE DROP ACROSS THE APPARENT IMPEDANCE,
• LET US NOW EXAMINE CURRENT BEHAVIOR DURING THE PARALLEL RESONANCE.
• LET THE CURRENT FLOWING IN THE CAPACITOR BANK OR INTO THE POWER SYSTEM BE
IRESONANCE; THUS
• IT IS CLEAR THAT CURRENTS FLOWING IN THE CAPACITOR BANK AND IN THE POWER SYSTEM (I.E.,
THROUGH THE TRANSFORMER) WILL ALSO BE MAGNIFIED Q TIMES.
• THIS PHENOMENON WILL LIKELY CAUSE CAPACITOR FAILURE, FUSE BLOWING, OR TRANSFORMER
OVERHEATING
EFFECTS OF HARMONICS ON THE
RESONANCE
• A 34.5 KV THREE-PHASE 5.325 MVAR CAPACITOR BANK IS TO BE
INSTALLED AT A BUS THAT HAS A SHORT-CIRCUIT MVA OF 900 MVA.
INVESTIGATE THE POSSIBILITY OF HAVING A RESONANCE AND ELIMINATE
IT. DETERMINE THE FOLLOWING:
• A. THE HARMONIC ORDER OF THE RESONANCE.
• B. THE CAPACITIVE REACTANCE OF THE CAPACITOR BANK IN OHMS.
• C. DESIGN THE CAPACITOR BANK THAT WILL TRAP THE RESULTANT
HARMONIC BY ADDING A REACTOR IN SERIES WITH THE CAPACITOR. FIND
THE REQUIRED REACTOR SIZE XL.
• D. THE CHARACTERISTIC REACTANCE.
• E. SELECT THE FILTER QUALITY FACTOR AS 50 AND FIND THE RESISTANCE
OF THE REACTOR.
• F. THE IMPEDANCE OF THIS RESULTANT SERIES-TUNED FILTER AT ANY
HARMONIC ORDER H.
HARMONICS AND SEQUENCE COMPONENTS
• IN A THREE-PHASE BALANCED SYSTEM UNDER NONSINUSOIDAL
CONDITIONS,THE HTH-ORDER HARMONIC VOLTAGE (OR CURRENT)
CAN BE EXPRESSED AS
HARMONIC CURRENTS IN THREE PHASE
SYSTEMS
• THE PRESENCE OF HARMONIC CURRENTS CAN ALSO LEAD TO SOME
SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS:
TRANSFORMER WINDING
• TRANSFORMER WINDING CONNECTIONS HAVE A SIGNIFICANT

IMPACT ON THE FLOW OF TRIPLEN HARMONIC CURRENTS FROM
SINGLE-PHASE NONLINEAR LOADS.
• IN THE WYE-DELTA TRANSFORMER (TOP), THE TRIPLEN HARMONIC CURRENTS ARE SHOWN
ENTERING THE WYE SIDE. SINCE THEY ARE IN PHASE, THEY ADD IN THE NEUTRAL.
• THE DELTA WINDING PROVIDES AMPERE-TURN BALANCE SO THAT THEY CAN FLOW, BUT THEY
REMAIN TRAPPED IN THE DELTA AND DO NOT SHOW UP IN THE LINE CURRENTS ON THE
DELTA SIDE.
• THIS TYPE OF TRANSFORMER CONNECTION IS THE MOST COMMON EMPLOYED IN UTILITY

DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS WITH THE DELTA WINDING CONNECTED TO THE TRANSMISSION
FEED.
• 1. TRANSFORMERS, PARTICULARLY THE NEUTRAL CONNECTIONS, ARE
SUSCEPTIBLE TO OVERHEATING WHEN SERVING SINGLE-PHASE
LOADS ON THE WYE SIDE THAT HAVE HIGH THIRD-HARMONIC
CONTENT.
• 2. MEASURING THE CURRENT ON THE DELTA SIDE OF A TRANSFORMER

WILL NOT SHOW THE TRIPLENS AND, THEREFORE, NOT GIVE A TRUE
IDEA OF THE HEATING THE TRANSFORMER IS BEING SUBJECTED TO.
SINGLE PHASE NONLINEAR LOAD
MODEL
• THE MODEL CONSISTS OF 11 KV, 30 MVA, 50 HZ THREE-PHASE
SOURCE BLOCK FEEDING THROUGH A 11 KV/0.4 KV, 1MVA
DELTA/WYE TRANSFORMER TO A 1 MW RESISTIVE LOAD, SINGLE-
PHASE BRIDGE WITH 2,000 ΜF CAPACITIVE FILTER AND 10 Ω
RESISTIVE LOAD FOR EACH PHASE.
• SIMULATION TIME 0.2 SECOND

THREE-PHASE NONLINEAR LOAD MODEL
• THIS NONLINEAR LOAD MODEL IS USED TO SIMULATE VOLTAGE

NOTCHES AND HARMONICS.
• THE MODEL CONSISTS OF 11 KV, 30 MVA, 50HZ THREE-PHASE

SOURCE BLOCK FEEDING THROUGH A 11 KV/0.4 KV, 1MAV
DELTA/WYE TRANSFORMER TO A 6-PULSE CONTROLLED THREE PHASE
RECTIFIER CONNECTED TO A 600 V, 10 KW RESISTIVE AND 1 KVA
INDUCTIVE LOAD. THERE IS A 400 V, 10 KW RESISTIVE LOAD
CONNECTED IN FRONT OF THE THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER.
HARMONIC INDICES
• APPARENT POWER (S)
• S=VRMSX IRMS
1 1
• VRMS = 𝑣 I = 𝐼
2 1 , MS 2 1
Root-mean-square (RMS) value of a non sinusoidal waveform, using Fourier series
1 2 1
• 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = σℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 ( 𝑣 ) = 𝑣12 + 𝑣22 + 𝑣32 … …
ℎ=1 2 ℎ 2
0
• AVERAGE POWER( ACTIVE POWER)
IF V(T) AND I(T) CONTAINS HARMONICS

POWER FACTOR
•
HARMONIC INDICES:THD
HARMONIC DISTORTION LEVELS ARE DESCRIBED BY QUANTITY, THE TOTAL
HARMONIC DISTORTION (THD), AS A MEASURE OF THE EFFECTIVE VALUE
OF HARMONIC DISTORTION.
• THD CAN BE CALCULATED FOR EITHER CURRENT OR VOLTAGE.
• IT IS DEFINED AS THE RATIO OF TOTAL HARMONICS IN RMS TO THE
VALUE AT FUNDAMENTAL RMS FREQUENCY COMPONENT 𝑉 INℎ𝑟𝑚𝑠
%
=
𝑉1𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐼ℎ𝑟𝑚𝑠
=
𝐼1𝑟𝑚𝑠
FOURIER ANALYSIS
• THE FRENCH MATHEMATICIAN J. B. J. FOURIER (1758–1830) SHOWED
THAT ARBITRARY PERIODIC FUNCTIONS COULD BE REPRESENTED BY
AN INFINITE SERIES OF SINUSOIDS OF HARMONICALLY RELATED
FREQUENCIES.
• NO LONGER SINE WAVE

HARMONIC/ FOURIER ANALYSIS
• ANY PERIODIC FUNCTION CAN BE EXPANDED IN A FOURIER SERIES.

THE SERIES HAS THE EXPRESSION
SINGLE-PHASE BRIDGE CIRCUIT
• THE SINGLE-PHASE UNCONTROLLED FULL-BRIDGE RECTIFIER
CIRCUIT OF FIG. (A) IS FIRST CONSIDERED TO ESTABLISH
RELATIONS ON THE AC AND DC SIDES AND ORIGIN OF
HARMONICS. IT IS ASSUMED THAT THERE IS NO VOLTAGE
DROP OR LEAKAGE CURRENT, THE SWITCHING IS
INSTANTANEOUS, THE VOLTAGE SOURCE IS SINUSOIDAL,
AND THE LOAD IS RESISTIVE.
EXAMPLE : A SINGLE-PHASE FULL BRIDGE SUPPLIES A MOTOR LOAD. ASSUMING THAT THE
MOTOR DC CURRENT IS RIPPLE FREE, DETERMINE THE INPUT CURRENT (USING FOURIER
ANALYSIS), HARMONIC FACTOR, DISTORTION FACTOR, AND POWER FACTOR FOR AN
IGNITION DELAY ANGLE OF 𝛼.
DEVICES FOR CONTROLLING
HARMONIC DISTORTION
• FEW OF THE MOST PREVAILING METHODS USED TODAY TO REDUCE HARMONICS ARE
• USE OF REACTORS OR CHOKES
• PASSIVE HARMONIC FILTERS (OR LINE HARMONIC FILTERS)
• 12-PULSE CONVERTER FRONT END
• ACTIVE FILTERS
• USE OF REACTORS OR CHOKES
• USE OF REACTOR IS A SIMPLE AND COST EFFECTIVE METHOD TO REDUCE THE
HARMONICS PRODUCED BY NONLINEAR LOADS AND IS A BETTER SOLUTION FOR
HARMONIC REDUCTION.
• REACTORS OR INDUCTORS ARE USUALLY APPLIED TO INDIVIDUAL LOADS SUCH AS
VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES AND AVAILABLE IN A STANDARD IMPEDANCE RANGES SUCH
AS 2%, 3%, 5% AND 7.5%.
• WHEN THE CURRENT THROUGH A REACTOR CHANGES, A VOLTAGE IS INDUCED

ACROSS ITS TERMINALS IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION OF THE APPLIED VOLTAGE WHICH
CONSEQUENTLY OPPOSES THE RATE OF CHANGE OF CURRENT. THIS INDUCED
VOLTAGE ACROSS THE REACTOR TERMINALS IS REPRESENTED BY EQUATION BELOW.
• E = INDUCED VOLTAGE ACROSS THE REACTOR TERMINALS

• L = INDUCTANCE OF THE REACTOR, IN HENRYS
• DI/DT = RATE OF CHANGE OF CURRENT THROUGH REACTOR IN AMPERE/SECOND
DESIGN OF A SINGLE TUNED FILTER
SINGLE TUNED FILTER
• THE CAPACITOR VALUE IS CALCULATED BASED ON THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

OBSERVED AND DESIRED POWER FACTOR. THE VARIABLES ARE ACTUAL AND
DESIRED POWER FACTOR AND LOAD POWER TO GET THE CORRECTIVE
REACTIVE POWER. FROM THIS, USING THE SYSTEM VOLTAGE AND
FREQUENCY, THE CAPACITANCE OF THE FILTER IS OBTAINED
DOUBLE TUNED FILTER
• NEGLECTING THE RESISTANCE IN REACTORS AND DIELECTRICS LOSS
IN CAPACITORS, THE SERIES CIRCUIT IMPEDANCE AND PARALLEL
CIRCUIT ARE GIVEN RESPECTIVELY AS
SECOND-ORDER DAMPED FILTERS
• IF A SINGLE TUNED FILTER IS TO BE DESIGNED TO ELIMINATE 9TH
HARMONIC
1
• 𝑐= = 114.9𝜇𝐹
2𝜋𝑓𝑋𝑐
1
• 𝐿= = 0.001𝐻
(2𝜋𝑓ℎ)2 𝐶
• A SINGLE-PHASE THREE BRANCH SHUNT PASSIVE FILTER (PF) (3RD, 5TH,
AND HIGH PASS FILTER) IS USED IN A SINGLE-PHASE 220 V, 50 HZ
SYSTEM TO REDUCE THE THD OF SUPPLY CURRENT AND TO IMPROVE
THE DISPLACEMENT FACTOR TO UNITY. IT HAS A LOAD OF THYRISTOR
BRIDGE CONVERTER OPERATING AT 45º FIRING ANGLE DRAWING
CONSTANT 20A DC CURRENT. CALCULATE THE VALUE ELEMENTS OF
THE PASSIVE FILTER (C3, L3, R3, C5, L5, R5, CH, LH, RH). (CONSIDERED
QUALITY FACTOR (Q) VALUES FOR SINGLE TUNED PASSIVE FILTER Q =
20 AND FOR HIGH PASS FILTER Q= 2)
• SOLUTION: GIVEN THAT, SUPPLY VOLTAGE, VS = 220 V RMS, FREQUENCY OF SUPPLY, F = 50 HZ,
WITH A SOURCE IMPEDANCE OF 5% MAINLY INDUCTIVE FEEDING A NONLINEAR LOAD OF 220 V,
50 HZ SINGLE-PHASE THYRISTOR BRIDGE CONVERTER WITH CONSTANT DC CURRENT OF 20 A AT
45º FIRING ANGLE OF ITS THYRISTORS. THE AC LOAD RMS CURRENT IS AS, IL= IDC = 20 A.
• THE FUNDAMENTAL RMS INPUT CURRENT OF THE THYRISTOR BRIDGE CONVERTER IS AS,

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FUNDAMENTALS OF

• A STEADY-STATE DEVIATION FROM AN IDEAL SINE WAVE OF POWER

• CAUSE:HARMONICS IN POWER SYSTEMS ORIGINATE DUE TO VARIED

• INCREASE IN RMS SUPPLY CURRENT

• POOR POWER FACTOR

• POOR UTILIZATION OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

• DERATING OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

• IN THE NEUTRAL WIRE

• CAN CAUSE CAPACITOR FAILURE

• DISTORTION IN VOLTAGE WAVEFORM

• ANYTHING THAT DRAWS CURRENT IN A NONLINEAR MANNER

• THERE ARE TWO COMMON TYPES OF SINGLE-PHASE POWER SUPPLIES.

• IV) ADVANTAGES ARE LIGHT WEIGHT, COMPACT SIZE, EFFICIENCY.

• A STANDARD MAGNETIC BALLAST IS SIMPLY MADE UP OF AN IRON-CORE

• AN ELECTRONIC BALLAST EMPLOYS A SWITCH-MODE–TYPE POWER SUPPLY TO

• ADJUSTABLE-SPEED DRIVES SAVE ENERGY BY ADJUSTING THE SPEED OF THE MOTOR TO

• HOWEVER, ASDS CAUSE HARMONICS BY VARYING THE FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY IN

• IF AN ADDITION TO AN EXISTING FACILITY WILL RESULT IN THE NON-LINEAR

• IF AN ADDITION TO AN EXISTING FACILITY WILL RESULT IN OVER-LOADING THE

• IF YOU ARE INDISCRIMINATELY ADDING POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

A HISTORY OF ANY OF THE FOLLOWING:

• FAILURE OF POWER-FACTOR COMPENSATION CAPACITORS.

• OVERHEATING OF CABLES, TRANSFORMERS, OR MOTORS.

• MIS-OPERATION OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS OR CONTROL DEVICES.

• LOCATING HARMONIC SOURCES

• POWER SYSTEM RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS

• THE POWER SYSTEM RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS ARE:

• 2. THE PRESENCE OF A CAPACITOR BANK CAUSING RESONANCE

• WHERE A NEW CIRCUIT TO BE ADDED TO AN EXISTING BUS IN A

• FOR LARGER TRANSFORMERS, AT UTILIZATION VOLTAGES, SUCH AS INDUSTRIAL

• HERE, IT IS ASSUMED THAT THE TRANSFORMER’S RESISTANCE IS NEGLIGIBLY SMALL

• SHUNT CAPACITORS, EITHER AT THE CUSTOMER LOCATION

• CAPACITORS DO NOT CREATE HARMONICS, BUT SEVERE

• TRANSFORMER WINDING CONNECTIONS HAVE A SIGNIFICANT

• THIS TYPE OF TRANSFORMER CONNECTION IS THE MOST COMMON EMPLOYED IN UTILITY

• 2. MEASURING THE CURRENT ON THE DELTA SIDE OF A TRANSFORMER

• SIMULATION TIME 0.2 SECOND

• THIS NONLINEAR LOAD MODEL IS USED TO SIMULATE VOLTAGE

• THE MODEL CONSISTS OF 11 KV, 30 MVA, 50HZ THREE-PHASE

Root-mean-square (RMS) value of a non sinusoidal waveform, using Fourier series

IF V(T) AND I(T) CONTAINS HARMONICS

• NO LONGER SINE WAVE

• ANY PERIODIC FUNCTION CAN BE EXPANDED IN A FOURIER SERIES.

• USE OF REACTORS OR CHOKES

• PASSIVE HARMONIC FILTERS (OR LINE HARMONIC FILTERS)

• 12-PULSE CONVERTER FRONT END

• WHEN THE CURRENT THROUGH A REACTOR CHANGES, A VOLTAGE IS INDUCED

• E = INDUCED VOLTAGE ACROSS THE REACTOR TERMINALS

• THE CAPACITOR VALUE IS CALCULATED BASED ON THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

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