All About OSI Model

OSI
Model
@Maheshpal Singh Rathore
@maheshrathore2020
OSI
Open systems interconnection
OSI was developed by Standard

organization ISO in the year of
1984 .
OSI Model defines and is used to

understand how data is
transferred from one computer
to another in a computer
network.
NOTE :
ISO-International Organization for

Standardization .
@maheshrathore2020
In order to accomplish a
successful communication
between computers or
different networks ,
7 layers of OSI Model was
introduced by ISO.
Each layer in OSI Model is

a packge of Protocols
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7 layers of OSI
Model
Application layer
Presentation layer
Session layer
Transport layer
Receiver Sender
Network layer
Data Link layer
Physical layer
@maheshrathore2020
7 layers of OSI
Model
Application layer
Software
Presentation layer
layers
Session layer
Heart of
Transport layer
OSI model
Network layer
Data Link layer Hardware
layers
Physical layer
@maheshrathore2020
Easy way to learn 7
layers of OSI Model
"Please Do Not Throw Sausage

Pizza Away "
Please - Physical Layer
Do - Data Link Layer
Not - Network Layer
Throw - Transport Layer
Sausage - Session Layer
Pizza - Presentation Layer
Away - Application Layer
@maheshrathore2020
Let's understand each layers of OSI
Model separately .
1 Physical layer
It is responsible for the actual

physical connection between the
devices.
When receiving data, this layer will

get the signal received and convert
it into Binary format (0s and 1s).
It will then send them to the Data

Link layer, which will put the frame
back together.
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The signal generated by physical
layer depends on the type of
media used to connect two
devices .
Hubs, Repeaters, Modem, Cables

are examples Physical Layer
devices.
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2 Data Link layer
This is the second layer of OSI
reference Model .
It performs following functions:
Framing- Dividing the data

received into manageable data
frames and adding frame
headers and trailers to the
frames for transmission.
Access Control - Managing

access to the physical medium
so that two devices do not
transmit data simultaneously.
@maheshrathore2020
Physical addressing of the data
is also done at Data Link layer.
Data Link layer also perform

functions like Flow control and
Error control .
Switch and Bridge are examples

Data Link Layer devices.
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3 Network layer
Network layer is the third layer of
OSI reference model .
It works for the transmission of
the received data from one
computer to another computer
located in different networks.
Networking devices such as

Routers used for this purpose.
The main functions of network

layer :
Logical Addressing
Routing
Path Determination
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Logical addressing :
IP addressing done in Network

layer is called Logical Addressing .
Routing :
It is a method of moving data
packets from Source to
Destination.
Path
Determination :
Choosing the best possible path
for data delivery from source to
destination is called path
determination as there are many
ways.
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4 Transport layer
Transport layer is the fourth
layer of the OSI Model .
It is also called heart of OSI

model.
Transport layer controls the
reliability of the communication
through :
1. Segmentation
2. Flow control
3. Error control
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Segmentation :

The data received is divided into

small units called Segments .
Flow control :
The transport layer controls the
amount of data being transmitted
at a moment of time.
Error control :
Some data does not arrive at
destination, The transport layer
uses Automatic Repeat request
Scheme to retransmit the lost or
encrypted data .
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Transport layer protocols :

TCP : Transmission Control

Protocol.
UDP : User Datagram Protocol.
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5 Session layer
Session layer is the fifth layer of
the OSI reference model .
It helps in setting up and

managing connections and
Enabling sending and receiving
of data.
Authentication and Authorization

both these functions are
performed by Session layer.
@maheshrathore2020
Session layer keep track of file
which are being downloaded.
Session layer helps in session

management.
Our web browser performs all

functions of session layer,
Presentation layer and
Application layer .
Now data is transmitted to the

next layer .
@maheshrathore2020
6 Presentation layer
Presentation layer is sixth layer of

OSI reference Model.
The Presentation Layer is

responsible for formatting the data
so that it can be presented to the
Application Layer in a consistent,
secure, and compatible manner.
Some of the key functions of the

Presentation Layer are:
1. Data translation
2. Data compression
3. Data Encryption and
Decryption
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Data Translation - Translating
data from one format to another
for compatibility between
different systems.
Data Compression - reduces the

amount of space used to store
the original file , and as the size
reduces it can reach the
destination in very less time.
The bit reduction process is called

data compression , and it can be
lossy or lossless .
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Data Encryption - Converting plain
text data into a secure and
encrypted format for secure
transmission across a network.
To maintain the integrity of data
before transmission , the data is
encrypted.
Encryption enhances the security

of sensitive data.
At sender side the data is encrypted.

At receiver side data is decrypted .
SSL(Secure Sockets Layer) is used

for Encryption/Decryption.
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7 Application layer
This is the seventh layer in the OSI

reference Model.
It is used by Network application.

Network application means
Computer applications that use
internet like Chrome, Firefox etc.
Application layer provides the

interface through which we can
transfer the data .
@maheshrathore2020
Some Application layer
Protocols :
1. TELNET
2. FTP
3. HTTP
4. DMTP
5. NNTP
There are dozens of application

layer protocols that enables
various functions at this layer .
All these protocols collectively

form application layer .
@maheshrathore2020
How data is passed through the
layers ?
Physical layer receives the

signals and convert them into
binary format and pass it to the
datalink layer as a frames.
Frame is further Decapsulated,
as data moves through higher
layers.
When it reaches presentation

layer binary format data is
converted into numbers and
characters. And finally the data is
moved to the Application layer.
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Application layer Protocols
makes the sender's message
Visible in the Receiver's
computer screen .
In this way , OSI Model helps in

data Transfer .
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In Other words -
In the OSI model, data is
transferred from one layer to
another through a process known
as protocol data unit (PDU)
encapsulation.
The PDU is a unit of data that is

specific to each layer, and each
layer adds its own header and/or
trailer to the data as it is passed
down the stack. This process is
called encapsulation.
The resulting PDU with added

header/trailer becomes the data
that the next lower layer
processes.
@maheshrathore2020
When data is transmitted, it is
passed down the layers of the
sender's OSI stack, with each layer
adding its own header/trailer to
the PDU.
Once the data reaches the

Physical Layer, it is transmitted
across the communication medium
to the receiving device, where it is
passed up the layers of the
receiver's OSI stack.
As the data moves up the stack,

each layer removes the
corresponding header/trailer that
was added by the sender, until the
original data is delivered to the
application layer of the receiver.
This is how data is passed from one

layer to other layer in OSI Model.
@maheshrathore2020
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OSI

@Maheshpal Singh Rathore

Open systems interconnection

OSI was developed by Standard

OSI Model defines and is used to

ISO-International Organization for

Each layer in OSI Model is

@Maheshpal Singh Rathore

@Maheshpal Singh Rathore

@Maheshpal Singh Rathore

"Please Do Not Throw Sausage

Please - Physical Layer

Do - Data Link Layer

Not - Network Layer

Throw - Transport Layer

Sausage - Session Layer

Pizza - Presentation Layer

Away - Application Layer

@Maheshpal Singh Rathore

It is responsible for the actual

When receiving data, this layer will

It will then send them to the Data

@Maheshpal Singh Rathore

Hubs, Repeaters, Modem, Cables

@Maheshpal Singh Rathore

It performs following functions:

Framing- Dividing the data

Access Control - Managing

@Maheshpal Singh Rathore

Data Link layer also perform

Switch and Bridge are examples

@Maheshpal Singh Rathore

Networking devices such as

The main functions of network

@Maheshpal Singh Rathore

IP addressing done in Network

@Maheshpal Singh Rathore

It is also called heart of OSI

@Maheshpal Singh Rathore

The data received is divided into

@Maheshpal Singh Rathore

TCP : Transmission Control

UDP : User Datagram Protocol.

@Maheshpal Singh Rathore

It helps in setting up and

Authentication and Authorization

@Maheshpal Singh Rathore

Session layer helps in session

Our web browser performs all

Now data is transmitted to the

@Maheshpal Singh Rathore

Presentation layer is sixth layer of

The Presentation Layer is

Some of the key functions of the

@Maheshpal Singh Rathore

Data Compression - reduces the

The bit reduction process is called

@Maheshpal Singh Rathore