GE-8 ETHICS

NOW and
BEYOND
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UNIT 1: THE ETHICAL DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN EXISTENCE

Introduction
Ethics is envisioned by every individual as vital part of their daily activities.
In line with its ethical frameworks, frequently, a person is influenced and
governed by their behavior; according to their beliefs, values, principles and
standards as to which it is considered as right or wrong.

Learning Objectives:

1. Identified the ethical aspects of human life and the scope of ethical thinking and
philosophy
2. Created a philosophy of life relevant to ethical values
3. Developed the ethical values with special significance to human life experiences.
4. Enhanced environmental experience through clean and green activity.

Words to Remember

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Focus Questions

1. What is ethical thinking and philosophy?

2. How is your philosophy of life relevant to your
ethical values?

3. Consider the different ethical issues in life:

a. What makes this a matter of ethics?
b. What is your own ethical judgment on the chosen case?
c. What are your reasons for your judgment in a particular issue in your life

Motivation: Let’s Engage! (Be Active!!!)

Are you on line? Kindly download the YouTube presentation of

Teddy Stallard Story: Make A Difference Movie.com at

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xkQHh0HUxU and watch. If you have connectivity issues
don’t worry, we can have our conversation. Or

Watch a Movie either in

CD/DVD or download it in your flash
drive/USB the movie entitled “The
Philosophers” at
https://www.youtube.com/results?sear
ch_query=the+philosophers

YOU ARE FREE TO MAKE A CHOICE!

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Topic/Content

• In August 2007, newspapers reported what seemed to be yet another sad incident of
fraternity violence. Cris Anthony Mendez, a 20-year-old student of the University of the
Philippines (UP), was rushed to the hospital in the early morning hours, unconscious,
with large bruises on his chest, back, and legs. He passed away that morning, and the
subsequent autopsy report strongly suggested that his physical injuries

were most probably the result of “hazing”.

Let me Explain!

• Ethics, generally speaking, is about matters such as the good thing that we should
pursue and the bad thing that we should avoid; the

right ways in which we could or should act and the

wrong ways of acting.

• Ethics as a subject for us to study is about determining the grounds for the values with
particular and special significance to human life.

The importance of Rules to Social Beings

1. Rules protect social beings by regulating behavior.

2. Rules help to guarantee each person certain rights and freedom.

3. Rules produce a sense of justice among social beings.

4. Rules are essential for a healthy economic system

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Kinds of Valuation

• Aesthetics – from the Greek word “aisthesis” which means “sense” or “feeling” and
refers to the judgments of personal approval or disapproval that we make about what
we see, hear, smell, or taste

• Etiquette – concerned with right or wrong actions, but those which might be
considered not quite grave enough to belong to a discussion on ethics

• Technical – from the Greek word “techne” and refers to a proper way—(or right way)
of doing things.

Ethics and Morals

“Morals” may be used to refer to specific beliefs or attitudes that people have or to describe
acts that people perform. We also have terms such as “moral judgment” or “moral reasoning,”
which suggest a more rational aspect.

“Ethics” can be spoken of as the discipline of studying and understanding ideal human
behavior and ideal ways of thinking. Thus, ethics is acknowledged as an intellectual discipline
belonging to philosophy.

Ethics – is the branch of philosophy that studies morality or the rightness or wrongness
of human conduct. Morality, speaks of code or system of behavior in regards to standard of
right and wrong behavior.

Descriptive and Normative

• A descriptive study of ethics reports how people, particularly groups, make their moral
valuations without making any judgment either for or against these valuations.

• A normative study of ethics, as is often done in philosophy or moral theology, engages

the question: What could or should be considered as the right way of acting? In other
words, a normative discussion prescribes what we ought to maintain as our standards or
bases for moral valuation.

Issue, Decision, Judgment, and Dilemma

• A situation that calls for moral valuation can be called a moral issue.

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 • When one is placed in a situation and confronted by the choice of what act to perform,
s/he is called to make a moral decision
• When a person is an observer making an assessment on the actions or behavior of
someone, s/he is making a moral judgment.
• When one is torn between choosing one of two goods or choosing between the lesser of
two evils, this is referred to as a moral dilemma.

Characteristics of Moral Standards

A. Moral standards involved serious wrongs or significant benefits.

B. Moral standards ought to be preferred to other values.

C. Moral standards are not established by authority figures.

D. Moral standards have the trait of universality.

E. Moral standards are based on impartial considerations.

F. Moral standards are associated with special emotions and vocabulary.

Dilemma

• It refers to a situation in which a tough choice has to be made between two or more
options, especially more or less equally undesirable ones.

• What is common to,oral dilemmas is conflict. In each ethical dilemma, an agent regards
himself as having moral reasons to do each of two actions, bur doing both seems to be
ethically not possible.

3 levels of Moral Dilemma

A. Personal Dilemma

B. Organizational Dilemma

C. Structural Dilemma

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Reflection:

1. Give your own example of a moral dilemma that occurs in any of the three levels
discussed above?

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2. List down the possible choices for this dilemma and how the choices would influence
other moral levels?

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3. Insight; why do you think it is more important to choose a course of action in a moral
dilemma than to not make any choice at all? Explain and support with an example.

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Only Human beings can be Ethical

A. Only human beings are rational, autonomous, and self – conscious.

B. Only human beings can act morally or immorally.

C. Only human beings are part of the moral community.

Reasoning

• What reasons do we give to decide or to judge that a certain way of acting is either
right or wrong?

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 • A person’s fear of punishment or desire for reward can provide him/her a reason for
acting in a certain way.

• The promise of rewards and the fear of punishments can certainly motivate us to act,
but are not in themselves a determinant of the rightness or wrongness of a certain way
of acting or of the good or the bad in a particular pursuit.

• Beyond rewards and punishments, it is possible for our moral valuation—our decisions
and judgments—to be based on a principle.

SOURCES OF AUTHORITY

• Law

• It is supposed that law is one’s guide to ethical behavior. In the Philippines,

Filipinos are constrained to obey the laws of the land as stated in the country’s
criminal and civil codes. The law cannot tell us what to pursue, only what to
avoid.

• Religion

The divinity called God, Allah, or Supreme Being commands and one is obliged to
obey his/her Creator (Divine Command Theory).

• Culture

Our exposure to different societies and their cultures makes us aware that there
are ways of thinking and valuing that are different from our own, that there is in
fact a wide diversity in how different people believe it is proper to act. Therefore,
what is ethically acceptable or unacceptable is relative to, or that is to say,
dependent on one’s culture. This position is referred to as cultural relativism.

Senses of the Self

• Subjectivism
The starting point of subjectivism is the recognition that the individual thinking
person (the subject) is at the heart of all moral valuations. She is the one who is

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 confronted with the situation and is burdened with the need to make a decision
or judgment.
“No one can tell me what is right and wrong”
“No one knows my situation better than myself”
“I am entitled to my own opinion”
“It is good if I say that us good”
• Psychological Egoism
A theory that describes the underlying dynamic behind all human actions. As a
descriptive theory, it does not direct one to act in any particular way. Instead, it
points out that there is already an underlying basis for how one acts. The ego or
self has its desires and interests, and all our actions are geared toward satisfying
these interests.

Strong points:

1. Simplicity
A theory that conveniently identifies a single basis that will somehow account for all
actions.
2. Plausibility
It is plausible that the self-interest is behind a person’s actions.
• Ethical Egoism
This prescribes that we should make our own ends, our own interests, as the single
overriding concern.

Summary

In this chapter, we have established the scope and rationale for a discussion of ethics. We
have explored various domains of evaluation in order to distinguish what makes a particularly
grave type of valuation a moral or ethical one. We clarified some of the terms that will be used
in the study of ethics; some give a too simplistic answer to the question of our grounds or
foundations for moral evaluation, while others seem to dismiss the possibility of ethics altogether.

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Things to do

Name:_____________________ Date:_________________

Course:____________________ ___Sem/AY____________

I. Imagine a scenario in which an image of someone who is the object of religious

devotion (such as Jesus Christ or Mary, the Mother of Jesus) is placed side by side
with a phallic image.

1. Is this an ethical issue? Why or why not?

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2. Does the question of rightness or wrongness of this depend on which religion you
belong to? Explain your answer.
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II. Look for another example of an artistic creation- a painting, a poem or song- that is
a source of either actual or potential conflict between the expression of the artist
and a sensibility that finds this offensive. Present the significant details and the
reasons that the conflicting sides might have on this issue.

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 _______________________________________________________________________
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III. Look for and list down other sources wherein we find a dialogue between ethics and
the various domains of aesthetic, culture and religion.

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Assessment:

Discussion Points:

1. Identify a list of (a) obligations we are expected to fulfill, (b) prohibitions we are
required to respect, and (c) ideals we are encouraged to meet. Discuss whether these
are ethical in nature or not.

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2. Are clothes a matter of pure aesthetics taste, or does it makes sense for clothes to
become a subject in a discussion of ethics? Why? How about other forms of adornment,
such as tattoos and piercings?

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 3. Come up with a list of common Filipino values. Consider the strengths and weaknesses
of each of these values.

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4. Comment on this statement: “What I believe must be true if I feel very strongly about
it.”

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5. Is looking after the benefit of your own family over all other aspects considered as
another form of egoism? Discuss.

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