DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM & GAS ENGINEERING

PGE 407 2022. Presentation 6.

Pressure Buildup Analysis.

Alternative Methods.

Prof. Abdullahi SB Gimba

[email protected]
&
Khaleeel Jakada
[email protected]

25th October 2022

Bounded Reservoirs

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Bounded Reservoirs
A solution of the pressure behaviour of a well in a bounded cylindrical reservoir:

…. (2.13

To obtain the shut-in pressure in this bounded reservoir

…. (2.14)

Bounded Reservoirs
For small ∆t,

Then p* the extrapolated value from Eqn (2.14)

…. (2.15)

…. (2.16)
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Bounded Reservoirs
Comparing Eqn (2.16)

…. (2.16)

with Eqn (2.2) for an infinite reservoir

…. (2.2)

we see that p* has the same meaning in an equation written for a bounded
reservoir as does pi in an equation written for an infinite reservoir.

Pressure Buildup for Two- or

Three-Phase Flow

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 Pressure Buildup.
Two - or Three-Phase Flow
Note the following:

1. Gas flows when the reservoir pressure goes below the bubble point

2. Pressure Buildup behaviour is governed by nonlinear differential

equations

3. with modifications, the methods described above could be used

quite well below the bubble point

4. the pressure in the oil phase in a given pore in the reservoir will
almost be the same as that in the gas phase in the same or an
adjacent pore

5. the two pressures will differ by the oil-gas capillary pressure

Pressure Buildup for Two- or Three-Phase Flow

Consider the the buildup in the oil phase as the buildup in the single
phase situation:
The single phase methods could be applied with the use of total
compressibility and total mobility instead of single phase quantities.

….
(2.17)

Eqn (17) is completely analogous to the single-fluid equation, and can be 8

Pressure Buildup for Two- or Three-Phase Flow

Eqn (17) is completely analogous to the single-fluid equation, and can be

solved by applying the BC

Pressure Buildup for Two- or Three-Phase Flow

leads to

.…. (2.18)

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Pressure Buildup for Two- or Three-Phase Flow

In practical oilfield terms:

…. (2.19)

…. (2.20)

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Pressure Buildup for Two- or Three-Phase Flow

from Eqn (19) and (20), the slope of the two-phase curve may be used to:
1. calculate the permeability to oil ko
2. calculate the permeability to gas kg

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Pressure Buildup in Gas Wells

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Pressure Buildup in Gas Wells
These Pressure Buildup methods may be applied to gas wells.
The buildup equation can be expressed as:

…. (2.21)

…. (2.22)

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Pressure Buildup in Gas Wells

Note the following:
1. Bg is computed at the arithmetic average between the extrapolated
pressure p* and the well pressure pas
2. the slope of the curve pws vs log should also change slightly
with time

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Pressure Buildup in Gas Wells

Substituting Eqn (22) into (21) and re-arranging:

…. (2.23)

The plot of p2ws vs log should be a straight lie if o is constant

From Eqn (21), the plot of pws vs log should be a straight line if the
product oBo is constant.

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𝛍

Alternative Methods of Pressure Buildup Analysis

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Well Test Analysis Techniques

□ Muskat Methods
□ MHD Analysis
□ Extended Muskat Method
□ Horner Analysis
□ Pressure Derivative Based Techniques
■ Type Curves Analysis
■ Numerical Simulation

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Alternative Methods of Pressure Buildup Analysis

Muskat Method
Muskat proposed that

The mathematical analysis was for incompressible flow, but have been found
to be applicable to compressible flow.

There is also the ‘extended Muskat Method’.

Used for pressure buildup in fractured limestone wells and falloff behaviour
in injection wells.

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MDH (Miller-Dyes-Hutchinson) Plot

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Alternative Methods of Pressure Buildup Analysis

Miller, Dyes and Hutchinson (MDH) Method

The principles are as below:

1. the basis is the mathematical solution of the differential equations of

pressure behaviour in a finite reservoir. They are plotted in
dimensionless form in Fig. 2 below:

2. obtain kh from the slope of the buildup curve

3. consider

4. average pressure is determined by using the solution of the

differential equations for fluid flow in a cylindrical reservoir. By
entering the curves at an actual closed-in dimensionless time, one
reads the theoretical expected buildup to final pressure

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Alternative Methods of Pressure Buildup Analysis

Miller, Dyes and Hutchinson (MDH) Method

Fig. 2: Theoretical Pressure Buildup Curves

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Alternative Methods of Pressure Buildup Analysis

Miller, Dyes and Hutchinson (MDH) Method

The principles are as below:

5. the average pressure is obtained for no-flow over the outer boundary
(curve A)

6. for constant pressure at the drainage boundary, the average reservoir

pressure values are greater than for no-flow at the drainage radius

7. the dimensionless time ∆tDe at which the curve is entered be in the

range of 0.01 to 0.01

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Finite Acting Radial Flow MDH analysis

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Alternative Methods of Pressure Buildup Analysis

Extended Muskat Method

The Muskat curve can be used with late-time pressure buildup data to
obtain the drainage volume of the well as follows:
1. recall the equation for the pressure behaviour in a bounded
reservoir

.. (1.24)

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Alternative Methods of Pressure Buildup Analysis

Extended Muskat Method

2. assume steady state prior to shut-in

3. close-in the well such for a time such that all but one of the
exponential terms in Eqn (1.24) above die out

4. superpose Eqn (1.24) for these flowing and production terms, and
introduce the relation between average and initial pressures

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 Alternative Methods of Pressure Buildup Analysis

Extended Muskat Method

6. Evaluating the Bessel functions for a larger outer boundary:

.… (2.24)

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Alternative Methods of Pressure Buildup Analysis

Extended Muskat Method

plot of vs ∆t should be linear with

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Alternative Methods of Pressure Buildup Analysis

Extended Muskat Method

7. From the quantity b and from knowledge of q, and B, one can

obtain the value for kh

8. value of well bore damage can also be obtained by using the semi-
steady form of Eqn (1.24) together with this kh value

9. the main challenge in using the Extended Muskat method is in

making sure that the portion of the curve is late enough for drainage
boundary effects to be felt

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Alternative Methods of Pressure Buildup Analysis

Extended Muskat Method

1. a good check is

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Drainage Volume by Curve Fitting

Drainage volume could be determined by matching observed data with the
curves in Fig. 2.

1. if the average pressure is known, the ordinate ∆pD may be

obtained as

2. plot ∆pD vs log∆t on a sheet of transparent graph paper using the

same scales as in Fig.2
3. overlay and note ∆t and ∆tDe at best fit

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Drainage Volume by Curve Fitting

Drainage volume could be determined by matching observed data with the
curves in Fig. 2.
4. compute the oil drainage volume from

5. the method is best applied when the buildup is long enough that the
‘bend over’ from the straight line is observed
6. if the well is not closed-in log enough for the bend-over to be
observed, the value of must be accurately known or the drainage
volume may be subject to large error.

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Type Curve Analysis: Data Set

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Type Curve Analysis: Unmatched Overlay

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Type Curve Analysis: Matched in Pressure

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Type Curve Analysis:
Matched in Both Pressure & Time

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Type Curve Analysis:

Extraction of Type Parameters

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Exercise 6

1. Use three verbs to describe primary activities in well tests.

2. Explain why we care about the wellbore storage and skin
factor.
3. Explain why well test analysis techniques based on pressure-
derivative give more reliable information than classic methods.

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Examples

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Example-6.1
Example-6.1
Solution 6.1
Solution 6.1
Solution 6.1
Cartesian Plot of Multi-Rate Test Data
Solution 6.1
 Variable-Rate Gas Flow Test with Smoothly
Changing Rates
• A strictly constant producing rate is impractical
or impossible to maintain.
• A more probable mode of operation is
production at a constant surface pressure, and
if tubing friction effects are negligible, the BHP
also is constant.
• At early times, however, both BHP & bottom
hole rate may be changing rapidly.
• Data obtained under these nonideal test
conditions can be analyzed accurately with a
simple modification of the transient flow
equation for constant-rate production.
Example-6.2
Example-6.2
Solution 6.2
Solution 6.2
Solution 6.2
Solution 6.2
Solution 6.2
Example-6.4
 Solution-6.4
(Analysis Using Pressure Variables)
 Solution-6.4
(Analysis Using Pressure Variables)
Horner Plot Using Pressure
 Solution-6.4
(Analysis Using Pressure Squared Variables)
 Solution-6.4
(Analysis Using Pressure Squared Variables)
Horner Plot Using Pressure Squared
 Solution-6.4
(Analysis Using Adjusted Pressure Variables)
 Solution-6.4
(Analysis Using Adjusted Pressure Variables)
Horner Plot Using Adjusted & Adjusted
Horner Time Ratio
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Questions 47
 NEXT TOPIC

Pressure Drawdown Test.

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