POCKET

BLAST
GUIDE
JUNE 2021
AUSTRALIA PACIFIC AND ASIA
 Stop. Describe the task.
Think. List the hazards.
Identify. Assess the risk.
Plan. List the controls.
Proceed. Decide what is next.
Risk Matrix

CONSEQUENCES
Minimal e.g. Significant e.g. Catastrophic e.g.
• First Aid • Recordable accident • Severe injury or death
• Small spill of product • Medical treatment • Severe plant damage
• Minor plant damage • Plant damage • Major loss of
• Loss of containment containment

Very Likely B A A
LIKELIHOOD

Possible C B A

Very Unlikely C C B

Decision
A Stop, Get Supervisor, JSERA B Stop, JSERA C Continue
Contents
1 Blasthole Charge Weights

2 Blast Calculations
3 Rules of Thumb
4 Typical Rock Properties
5 Powder Factors
6 Survey Offset Chart
7 Secondary Blasting
8 Blasting Nuisances
9 Perimeter Blasting
10 Underground Blasting
11 Conversion Factors
12 Packaged Explosives
13 Initiating Systems
14 Electronic Blasting Systems
15 Bulk Systems Products

16 Accessories
1. Blasthole Charge Weights

Blasthole Charge Weights

Values in table are kilograms of bulk explosive per metre of blasthole

Diameter Bulk explosive average in hole density (g/cm3)

(mm) (in) 0.30 0.45 0.60 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95

32 1 ¼ 0.24 0.36 0.48 0.64 0.68 0.72 0.76

38 1 ½ 0.34 0.51 0.68 0.91 0.96 1.02 1.08

45 1 ¾ 0.48 0.72 0.95 1.27 1.35 1.43 1.51

51 2 0.61 0.92 1.23 1.63 1.74 1.84 1.94

57 2 ¼ 0.77 1.15 1.53 2.04 2.17 2.30 2.42

64 2 ½ 0.97 1.45 1.93 2.57 2.73 2.90 3.06

76 3 1.36 2.04 2.72 3.63 3.86 4.08 4.31

89 3 ½ 1.87 2.80 3.73 4.98 5.29 5.60 5.91

102 4 2.45 3.68 4.90 6.54 6.95 7.35 7.76

114 4 ½ 3.06 4.59 6.12 8.17 8.68 9.19 9.70

127 5 3.80 5.70 7.60 10.13 10.77 11.40 12.03

130 5 1⁄8 3.98 5.97 7.96 10.62 11.28 11.95 12.61

152 6 5.44 8.17 10.89 14.52 15.42 16.33 17.24

165 6½ 6.41 9.62 12.83 17.11 18.18 19.24 20.31

200 7 ⁄78 9.42 14.14 18.85 25.13 26.70 28.27 29.85

229 9 12.36 18.53 24.71 32.95 35.01 37.07 39.13

251 9 7⁄8 14.84 22.27 29.69 39.58 42.06 44.53 47.01

270 10  ⁄
58 17.18 25.76 34.35 45.80 48.67 51.53 54.39

311 12 ¼ 22.79 34.18 45.58 60.77 64.57 68.37 72.17

381 15 34.20 51.30 68.41 91.21 96.91 102.61 108.31

Table continued below

 Diameter Bulk explosive average in hole density (g/cm3)

(mm) (in) 1.00 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30

32 1 ¼ 0.80 0.88 0.92 0.97 1.01 1.05

38 1 ½ 1.13 1.25 1.30 1.36 1.42 1.47

45 1 ¾ 1.59 1.75 1.83 1.91 1.99 2.07

51 2 2.04 2.25 2.35 2.45 2.55 2.66

57 2 ¼ 2.55 2.81 2.93 3.06 3.19 3.32

64 2 ½ 3.22 3.54 3.70 3.86 4.02 4.18

76 3 4.54 4.99 5.22 5.44 5.67 5.90

89 3 ½ 6.22 6.84 7.15 7.47 7.78 8.09

102 4 8.17 8.99 9.40 9.81 10.21 10.62

114 4 ½ 10.21 11.23 11.74 12.25 12.76 13.27

127 5 12.67 13.93 14.57 15.20 15.83 16.47

130 5  ⁄
18 13.27 14.60 15.26 15.93 16.59 17.26

152 6 18.15 19.96 20.87 21.78 22.68 23.59

165 6 ½ 21.38 23.52 24.59 25.66 26.73 27.80

200 7  ⁄
78 31.42 34.56 36.13 37.70 39.27 40.84

229 9 41.19 45.31 47.37 49.42 51.48 53.54

251 9 7⁄8 49.48 54.43 56.90 59.38 61.85 64.33

270 10  ⁄ 58 57.26 62.98 65.84 68.71 71.57 74.43

311 12 ¼ 75.96 83.56 87.36 91.16 94.96 98.75

381 15 114.01 125.41 131.11 136.81 142.51 148.21

1. Blasthole Charge Weights

2. Blast Calculations

Blast Calculations

Hole length, L (m) = (BH/cos β ) + Su

Charge length, C (m) = L – St
Volume of charge per hole, Vc (litres) = π × D 2 /4000 × C (D in mm)
Mass of charge per hole, Mc (kg) = Vc × ρexpl
Volume of rock per hole, Vr (m3) = B × S × BH
Total Blast volume, V (m3) = Vr × N
Total Blast Mass, M (t) = V × ρrock
Powder Factor, PF (kg/m3) = Mc / Vr
N = Number of holes in blast
ρexpl = Average inhole Explosive
Density (g/cm3)
ρrock = Rock density (t/m3)
L = Hole Length (m)
Su = Subgrade (m)
St = Stemming (m)
BH = Bench Height (m)
β = Blasthole angle measured from
vertical
Rules of Thumb
This table describes the most common ratios between blast design
parameters for production blasting in rock. Special requirements may require
a design outside these rules.

Hole Diameter = D

Burden = (20 to 40) × D

Spacing = (1.1 to 1.4) × B

(1.15 for even hole distribution in
a staggered pattern)

Subgrade = (8 to 12) × D

Stemming length = (20 to 30) × D

Stemming particle size = 0.1D

Initiation Timing Rules of Thumb

Timing between holes for fragmentation, 3 to 8 ms per metre of hole spacing.
Timing between rows for heave, 15 to 30 ms per metre of hole burden.

The overall burden relief rate for surface production blasting is usually in the
range of 10 to 20ms/m, measured perpendicular to the angle of initiation.

3. Rules of Thumb
3. Rules of Thumb

Golden Rules for Non-Electric

Surface Delays
Movement is always towards the initiation point
When using non-electric systems, the rock will always move towards the
initiation point. If the rock must go in a particular direction, select the
initiation point to suit.

Always Use Reverse Echelons

Always connect surface delays on the reverse echelon.
 Never use forward echelons
Connecting surface delays on the forward echelon may cause an
out-of-sequence initiation.

Don't skip missing holes

This can cause an out-of-sequence initiation

3. Rules of Thumb
3. Rules of Thumb

Golden Rules for Non-Electric

Surface Delays Continued.
Use dummy holes
Connect missing holes as if they were there. This will keep the planned
sequence.

Use dummy holes

Always pretend the missing hole is actually there when designing and
tying up.
 If the control row ends, drop back and continue
Try to keep the control row connections parallel.

Classic "V"
Keep the sequence symmetrical around an imaginary line drawn back
from the initiation point.

3. Rules of Thumb
3. Rules of Thumb

Using Timing for Shaping

Select control row delays and echelon delays to change the direction of
movement. Shorter control row delays promote forward movement,
while shorter echelon delays stand the blast up.
 Variations - Slow Down Back Row
It is common practice to add more time into the back row to provide
greater relief and achieve better walls with less backbreak. This is a free
and easy design choice.

Burden Relief Rate

The Burden Relief Rate is an absolute measure of the timing of the blast.

3. Rules of Thumb
4. Typical Rock Properties

Typical Rock Properties

Unconfined
Rock Compressive Young’s
Density Strength Modulus
Material (t/m3) (MPa) (GPa) Poisson’s Ratio
Basalt 3.0 78 – 412 20 – 100 0.14 – 0.25
Bauxite 2.1
Clay – dense, wet 1.7
Coal, Anthracite 1.6 8 – 50
Coal, Bituminous 1.4
Diabase 2.8 150 – 330 10 – 100 0.1 – 0.25
Diorite 3.0 115 – 340 25 – 30 0.1 – 0.8
Dolerite 2.8 290 – 500
Dolomite 3.0 15 – 118 20 – 84 0.1 – 0.2
Earth, moist 1.8
Gneiss 2.9 78 – 240 25 – 60 0.1 – 0.19
Granite 2.7 100 – 275 25 – 70 0.15 – 0.34
Gypsum 2.8
Haematite 4.8
Iron Ore 4.9
Limestone 2.6 10 – 245 10 – 80 0.1 – 0.23
Limonite 3.8
Magnesite 3.2
Magnetite 5.1
Marble 2.5 50 – 200 60 – 90 0.2 – 0.35

Table continues below

 Unconfined
Rock Compressive Young’s
Density Strength Modulus
Material (t/m3) (MPa) (GPa) Poisson’s Ratio
Mica-Schist 2.7
Porphyry 2.5
Quartzite 2.5 85 – 350 26 – 100 0.15 – 0.2
Sandstone 2.4 50 – 160 5 – 86 0.1 – 0.3
Shale 2.6 20 – 150 8 – 30 0.1 – 0.3
Silica Sand 2.6
Siltstone 2.2
Slate 2.8 98 – 196 30 – 90 0.1 – 0.44
Talc 2.6

Typical Powder Factors used

in Production Blasts
Typical powder factors Typical powder factors used
used in bench blasts in presplit and smooth blasting
Rock type PF (kg/m3) Rock type PF (kg/m2)
Strong 0.8 – 1.2 Strong 0.6 – 0.9
Medium 0.6 – 0.8 Medium 0.4 – 0.5
Soft 0.4 – 0.6 Soft 0.2 – 0.3
Very Soft < 0.4

5. Powder Factors
6. Survey Offset Chart

Survey Offset Chart

When using the clinometer on drill holes, remember that it has 90º as vertical
so for a hole drilled at 20º, the clinometer should read 70º.

Degrees from
5 7.5 10
vertical
Vertical Depth o/s Hole Length o/s Hole Length o/s Hole Length
1.0 0.09 1.0 0.13 1.0 0.18 1.0
2.0 0.17 2.0 0.26 2.0 0.35 2.0
3.0 0.26 3.0 0.39 3.0 0.53 3.05
4.0 0.3 4.0 0.5 4.0 0.7 4.1
5.0 0.4 5.0 0.7 5.0 0.9 5.1
6.0 0.5 6.0 0.8 6.1 1.1 6.1
7.0 0.6 7.0 0.9 7.1 1.2 7.1
8.0 0.7 8.0 1.1 8.1 1.4 8.1
9.0 0.8 9.0 1.2 9.1 1.6 9.1
10.0 0.9 10.0 1.3 10.1 1.8 10.2
11.0 1.0 11.0 1.4 11.1 1.9 11.2
12.0 1.0 12.0 1.6 12.1 2.1 12.2
13.0 1.1 13.0 1.7 13.1 2.3 13.2
14.0 1.2 14.1 1.8 14.1 2.5 14.2
15.0 1.3 15.1 2.0 15.1 2.6 15.2
16.0 1.4 16.1 2.1 16.1 2.8 16.2
17.0 1.5 17.1 2.2 17.1 3.0 17.3
18.0 1.6 18.1 2.4 18.2 3.2 18.3
19.0 1.7 19.1 2.5 19.2 3.4 19.3
20.0 1.7 20.1 2.6 20.2 3.5 20.3
22.2 1.9 22.3 2.9 22.4 3.9 22.5
21.0 1.8 21.1 2.8 21.2 3.7 21.3
Degrees from
12.5 15 17.5
vertical
Vertical Depth o/s Hole Length o/s Hole Length o/s Hole Length
1.0 0.22 1.0 0.27 1.0 0.32 1.05
2.0 0.44 2.05 0.54 2.07 0.63 2.10
3.0 0.67 3.07 0.80 3.11 0.95 3.15
4.0 0.9 4.1 1.1 4.1 1.3 4.2
5.0 1.1 5.1 1.3 5.2 1.6 5.2
6.0 1.3 6.1 1.6 6.2 1.9 6.3
7.0 1.6 7.2 1.9 7.2 2.2 7.3
8.0 1.8 8.2 2.1 8.3 2.5 8.4
9.0 2.0 9.2 2.4 9.3 2.8 9.4
10.0 2.2 10.2 2.7 10.4 3.2 10.5
11.0 2.4 11.3 2.9 11.4 3.5 11.5
12.0 2.7 12.3 3.2 12.4 3.8 12.6
13.0 2.9 13.3 3.5 13.5 4.1 13.6
14.0 3.1 14.3 3.8 14.5 4.4 14.7
15.0 3.3 15.4 4.0 15.5 4.7 15.7
16.0 3.5 16.4 4.3 16.6 5.0 16.8
17.0 3.8 17.4 4.6 17.6 5.4 17.8
18.0 4.0 18.4 4.8 18.6 5.7 18.9
19.0 4.2 19.5 5.1 19.7 6.0 19.9
20.0 4.4 20.5 5.4 20.7 6.3 21.0
22.2 4.9 22.7 5.9 23.0 7.0 23.3
21.0 4.7 21.5 5.6 21.7 6.6 22.0

6. Survey Offset Chart

6. Survey Offset Chart

Survey Offset Chart continued

Degrees from
20 22.5 25
vertical
Vertical Depth o/s Hole Length o/s Hole Length o/s Hole Length
1.0 0.36 1.06 0.41 1.08 0.47 1.10
2.0 0.73 2.13 0.83 2.16 0.93 2.21
3.0 1.09 3.19 1.24 3.25 1.40 3.31
4.0 1.5 4.3 1.7 4.3 1.9 4.4
5.0 1.8 5.3 2.1 5.4 2.3 5.5
6.0 2.2 6.4 2.5 6.5 2.8 6.6
7.0 2.5 7.4 2.9 7.6 3.3 7.7
8.0 2.9 8.5 3.3 8.7 3.7 8.8
9.0 3.3 9.6 3.7 9.7 4.2 9.9
10.0 3.6 10.6 4.1 10.8 4.7 11.0
11.0 4.0 11.7 4.6 11.9 5.1 12.1
12.0 4.4 12.8 5.0 13.0 5.6 13.2
13.0 4.7 13.8 5.4 14.1 6.1 14.3
14.0 5.1 14.9 5.8 15.2 6.5 15.4
15.0 5.5 16.0 6.2 16.2 7.0 16.6
16.0 5.8 17.0 6.6 17.3 7.5 17.7
17.0 6.2 18.1 7.0 18.4 7.9 18.8
18.0 6.6 19.2 7.5 19.5 8.4 19.9
19.0 6.9 20.2 7.9 20.6 8.9 21.0
20.0 7.3 21.3 8.3 21.6 9.3 22.1
22.2 8.1 23.6 9.2 24.0 10.4 24.5
Secondary Blasting
Secondary blasting can produce flyrock and noise if not carefully controlled.

Popping
• Breaking boulders by placing an explosive charge in a blasthole drilled to
the approximate centre of the boulder.
• Use only sufficient explosive to break the boulder into manageable rock.

Plaster Shooting
• Explosive is placed in firm contact with the surface of a boulder.
• Handy when time or drilling constraints apply.
• Boulders of 1.5 m thickness are the limit for plaster shooting.
• Explosive should be laid on top of, and in intimate contact with the
boulder and covered with stiff mud or clay.

Charge mass for secondary blasting

Typical powder factors for boulder are in the range of 0.05 - 0.15kg/m3.
Larger boulders typically need a higher Powder Factor.
The powder factor also depends on the fragmentation required, number
of blasthole and placement of the charge.

7. Secondary Blasting
8. Blasting Nuisances

Blasting Nuisances
Airblast
Blasting generates overpressure, also called airblast. Airblast includes audible
and inaudible components.
Regulatory authorities in Australia enforce limits that are are relevant to local
conditions and state law. Typical limits for airblast are 115dB(L) to 120 dB(L)
for human comfort. Damage is extremely unlikely below 130 dB(L). Broken
windows are the most common form of damage from overpressure.

Appropriate Actions to Reduce Overpressure

(a) Reduce the maximum instantaneous charge (MIC) or charge mass per
delay to the lowest possible level.
(b) Measure deviation of front row holes and adapt front row loading
designs to match actual face burdens.
(c) Ensure the design stemming length is achieved. Use good quality
stemming. Use video to check stemming effectiveness.
(d) Eliminate exposed detonating cord. Investigate alternative initiation
methods.
(e) Eliminate secondary blasting (instead of popping, use rock breaker or
drop hammer).
(f) Make extra efforts to eliminate the need for toe shots (e.g better
preparation of the drill bench, redrill lost holes, use good loading
technique).
(g) Defer blasting if the forecast wind direction is towards the receiver, or a
temperature inversion is forecast.
(h) If possible, orient free faces away from receivers.
(i) If the face is oriented towards receivers, design to reduce the face
acceleration and velocity.
(j) Exercise strict control of drilling and loading, especially front row holes.
(k) Take extra care when the ground is broken, faulted, layered or if there
are cavities. Consider decking.
(l) Always use a wind-screen on the microphone and place the microphone
close to the ground and away from sources of noise and turbulence.
Ground Vibration

Where:
V is the peak particle velocity of the ground vibration in
mm/s,
R is the distance between the blast and monitoring point
in metres,
Q is the charge in kg, and
K and B are constants related to site and rock properties.
K can vary from 500 to more than 5000 depending
on geology.
For regular production blasting in quarries default values used in the absence
of measured values are:
K = 1140
B = -1.6

Methods of controlling ground vibration

(a) Reduce the charge mass per blasthole by reducing the blasthole
diamater, charge length, explosive density, or by decking.
(b) Reduce the charge mass per delay by changing the initiation sequence.
(c) Fire when blasting is likely to have the least impact on neighbours.
Ensure neighbours are aware of blasting times, and stick to those times.
(d) Initiate blasts from the end closest to the receiver to reduce the risk of
reinforcement.
(e) Ensure vibration monitors are firmly coupled to the natural ground
surface, away from structures.

Common ground vibration limits

• Occupied sensitive sites subject to regular or repeated blasting (e.g. houses
near quarries): 5 mm/s – 10 mm/s.
• Less sensitive occupied sites such as factories and industrial buildings:
25 mm/s.
• To reduce the risk of cosmetic damage to houses and buildings:
25 mm/s – 50 mm/s.
Refer to AS2187.2-2006 Appendix J for more details.

8. Blasting Nuisances
9. Perimeter Blasting

Perimeter Blasting – Opencut

Principles of Perimeter Control
There are three main principles in wall control blasting on the surface.
1. Reduce the explosive energy in holes adjacent to the final wall
2. Reduce vibration
3. Provide relief to the back row

Energy
Lowering the explosive energy in blastholes can be achieved by:
• Drilling smaller diameter holes on a smaller pattern
• Using lower energy explosive
• Air decking in the blasthole
• Specialty perimeter explosives e.g. Senatel™ Powersplit™
• Using lower density or decoupled explosives.

Relief
Conventional blasting theory says that providing relief reduces damages to final
walls. This is usually achieved by using longer delays in the back rows.

Special Blasting Applications

Presplitting
• Most effective in brittle, massive rock.
• Measure presplit powder factor in terms of explosive mass per square metre.
• The charge diameter should be 20 to 40% of the blasthole diameter when using
packaged presplit explosive.
• In large diameter holes, deck charges of bulk explosive can be used but are less
effective.
Mid-splitting
• Like a presplit, but fired at the same time as the accompanying production or
trim blast.
• Reduces the number of blasts in the mining schedule.
• Usually more risky and less effective than presplitting.
Cushion Blasting
• Blastholes on a reduced burden and spacing, along the back row of the blast,
charged with reduced explosive per hole.
• Powder factor may be the same as or lower than, that of a standard production
blast.
• Airdecks can be used within blastholes to improve explosive distribution.
Trim Blasting
• A separate blast of only 2-3 rows fired against a final wall
• Sometimes with a reduced pattern and hole diameter
• Usually fired with a free face for relief
Post Splitting
• Used to break out a single row of blastholes along the final limit or
remove a small section of rock that has been damaged by backbreak from
previous production blasts.
• Single row of closely spaced blastholes drilled along the final pit limit.
• Fired instantaneously or in groups of simultaneous blastholes so that the
blastholes work together and create a splitting effect between the holes.
• Rarely as effective as presplitting.

Line Drilling
• Parallel very closey spaced uncharged holes drilled on the design perimeter
• The spacing is usually less than 3 hole diameters.

Perimeter Blasting – Underground

Energy
Reduce the energy in perimeter holes by:
• Low density ANFO (Impact range)
• Low density emulsion (Subtek Control)
• Heavy detonating cord (more than 70g/m)
• Smaller diameter decoupled explosive (packaged or string loaded emulsion)
• Speciality packaged emulsion presplit product
• Smaller diameter, closely spaced blastholes

Relief
In stopes, the last blasthole in each row should have an additional delay of
15 ms to 40 ms, depending on the initiation sequence for the rest of the blast.
In development, the last hole in each row should have the next delay available.

9. Perimeter Blasting
10. Underground Blasting

Underground Tunnelling and Development

P = Perimeter Blasthole
Require lower energy and preferably decoupled charges to reduce damage
and overbreak.

Use:
Impact™ 50 – Higher Energy
Impact™ 30 – Low Energy
Subtek™ Control – Variable Energy
F = Face Blastholes
Blow loaded ANFO is still commonly used but pumpable bulk emulsion is gaining
in popularity due to its better reliability in wet conditions.
Use: Typically 45 mm or 51 mm diameter – when drilled with a Jumbo or
32mm when drilled by hand.
Subtek™ Bulk emulsion (wet blast holes).
Senatel™ Magnum™ (wet blast holes).
AMEX™ (dry blast holes).
Subtek™ range for all blasting conditions primed with Pentex™ D booster.
Uncharged collar approximately half the burden.

Initiation for Tunneling and Development

Non-electric long period (LP) delays initiated with a loop of detonating cord
are most commonly used in development mining. Electronic detonators are
used in larger faces and for vibration control. Packaged emulsion primers are
commonly used in holes charged with ANFO. Cast boosters such as Pentex™
D are recommended for holes charged with bulk emulsion.

L = Lifter Blastholes
Initiated last in the sequence and usually on simultaneous delays to lift and
loosen the muckpile.
Use: Senatel™ Magnum™ 32 × 700 (45 mm blastholes).
Senatel™ Powerfrag™ 32 × 700 (45 mm blastholes).
Senatel™ Magnum™ 25 × 700 (32 mm blastholes).
Subtek™ Bulk Emulsion (fully coupled holes) primed with Pentex™ D booster.
Uncharged collar approximately 3 to 5 hole diameters.

C = Cut Blastholes
Initiated first in the sequence, usually with each hole on a different delay.
Typically 45 mm diameter – Jumbo.
32 mm diameter – Hand held machine.

R = Reamer Holes
Typically 102 mm or 127 mm diameter – uncharged holes to provide relief.

10. Underground Blasting

10. Underground Blasting

Tunnel design showing

lifter delay allocations

A basic burn cut design and LP detonator

initiation sequence (by numbers)
Underground Blasting Rules of Thumb
Production Blast Parameters
Drill diameter (D) = 16 × √ Maximum hole length (m)

Ring burden (B) = 16 – 26 × D

Hole toe spacing (parallel hole rings) = 1 – 1.4 × B

Hole toe spacing (radial hole rings) = 1.4 – 2.0 × B

Stemming length = 15 – 25 × D

Stemming rock size = 10% × D

Void ratio calculation = Void Vol / Vol of rock x 100 (%)

Void ratio required for rock swell = 30 – 50%

Max distance from blast hole = 2.5 x Void hole diameter (≤ 0.5 m)
to void hole in cut

Diameter and number of relief holes for increasing blind

raise length to increase probability of success:

Hole Diameter Raise Length (m)

(mm) 5 10 15 20
165 4 5 6 8
200 3 4 5 6

Blast Timing
Delay between holes in cut = 15 – 40 ms per m of hole length
(Note: for blind long hole raise use upper limit)

Delay between rings – Best throw = 30 – 50 ms per m of burden

Delay between holes = 2 – 6 ms per m of spacing

– Best fragmentation

10. Underground Blasting

10. Underground Blasting

Underground Troubleshooting
Excess butts in the cut area – poor tunnel advance
• Review cut drilling to ensure holes are correct length and parallel.
• Review charging quality to ensure primers are located at the toe of the
blast hole.
• Increase number or size of Void Holes in the Cut Area.
• Skip delay numbers to slow the cut initiation sequence.
• Reduce dimensions of the cut spacings < 2.5 × Void Diameter.
• Use lower density bulk explosive in the cut for better sensitivity.
Excess butts in perimeter area (dishing) – poor tunnel
advance
• Review drilling quality to ensure holes are parallel.
• Review charging quality to ensure primers are located at the toe of the
blast hole.
• Review initiation sequence to ensure adequate relief (no tight corners).
• Use next delay in corners of the blast to allow for delay scatter.
• Reduce drill burdens/spacings to increase energy at the toe.
Excess dishing of face – few butts evident / dogboxing of
cut
• Reduce drill burden/spacings from outer box.
• Review geology – reduce depth of burn.
• Reduce energy in Cut – low density products.
Excess collar bridging, toe or lumpy floor
• Reduce uncharged collars in perimeter holes and/or the next row in.
• Review initiation timing to ensure adequate relief (no tight corners).
• Use next delay in corners of the blast to allow for delay scatter.
• Review number of lifters or explosives type for greater energy.
• Review product use for lifters i.e. incorrect product.
• Review charging practices.
Excess damage in perimeter – overbreak
• Review initiation sequence to ensure adequate relief (no tight corners).
• Review drilling pattern to reduce burden of the perimeter row.
• Reduce the perimeter (and/or next row) explosives energy per metre.
• Use low energy ANFO based products (Impact™ range).
• Use tailored energy bulk emulsion products (Subtek™ Control/low density).
• In stopes, allow extra delay of 15–40 ms for the last blasthole in each row.

Leaving blast material behind – underbreak

• Review drill design for adequate breakout angle at toe (> 100°) or sub drill.
• Review drill and blast design for adequate energy.
• Review initiation design for adequate relief to minimise confinement.
• Review primer positions and charging quality.

Very large boulders in blasted material

• Review drill pattern for excessive burdens and spacings from deviation.
• Review boulders for blastholes, indicating cut-off explosive columns.
• Review initiation design for slow timing.
• Review boulders for source outside blast area – overbreak (see above).

10. Underground Blasting

11. Conversion Factors

Conversion Factors
This unit → Multiplied by → Converts to
Length
3.280 feet (ft)
metres (m)
39.370 inches (in)
kilometres (km) 0.621 miles (mi)
inches (in) 25.4 millimetres (mm)
Mass
kilogram (kg) 2.20 pound (lb)
metric tonne (t) 1.10 short tons
ounce (oz) 28.35 grams (g)
ounce (troy) 31.10 grams (g)
grains per ft 0.2126 grams per metre
Energy
0.24 calorie
joule (J)
0.74 ft-lb
calorie 3.09 ft-lb
kilowatt (kW) 1.34 horsepower (hp)
Volume
cub. centimetres
0.06 cubic inches (in3)
(cm3 or cc)
cub. metres (m3) 1.31 cubic yards (yd3)
cubic feet (ft3) 0.03 cubic metres (m3)
US gallon 3.79 litres (l)
Ounce (US fluid) 29.57 cubic cm (cm3)
Converts to → Divided by → This unit
 This unit → Multiplied by → Converts to
Density
lbs/ft3 16.02 kg/m3
g/cm 3
62.43 lbs/ft3
Powder Factor
kg/m3 1.69 lb/yd3
Speed
m/sec 3.28 ft/sec
in/sec 25.4 mm/sec
km/hour 0.62 miles/hour
Pressure
psi 6.89 kPa
atm 14.70 psi
14.50 psi
bar
100 kPa
Temperature
Fahrenheit –32 0.56 Celsius (ºC)
Celsius +17.78 1.8 Fahrenheit (ºF)
Area
cm2 0.16 in2
m 2
1550.00 in2
ft
2
0.09 m2
Converts to → Divided by → This unit

11. Conversion Factors

12. Packaged Explosives

Properties of Senatel™
Special Use Explosives

Case weight (kg)

Cartridge count
Minimum VOD
Density (g/cm3)
diam × length
Application

Explosives

Cartridge

(km/sec)
(mm)
Senatel™
UG Coal Permitted 32 × 400 1.16 4.5 66 25
1000
26 × 25.2 m 15.3
Senatel™
Surface 32 × 20.1 m 1.18 6.5 1 17
Powersplit™
32 × 25.2 m 21.3
Hot & Senatel™
32 × 25.2 m 1.18 6.5 1 21
Reactive* Pyrosplit™
32 x 200 135
Hot & Senatel™
32 x 700 1.16 4.7 38 25
Reactive* Pyromex™
50 x 220 50
* The degree of heat and reactivity is determined by Orica standard
temperature and reactive ore tests.

Senatel™ Permitted 1000

Senatel™ Powersplit™

Senatel™ Pyrosplit™ Senatel™ Pyromex™

Packaged Emulsion
Explosives Properties

Nominal Cartridge Diam/

Nominal Density (g/cc)

(% ANFO at 0.95 g/cc)

Minimum VOD (km/s)

(% ANFO at 0.8 g/cc)
REE Bulk Strength

REE Bulk Strength

Case weight (kg)

Cartridge count
Length (mm)
Explosives

Senatel™ 1.21 183 139 3.4 32 × 200 135 25

Powerfrag™ 32 × 700 38 25
45 × 400 33 25
55 × 300 30 25
65 × 300 21 25
80 × 400 11 25
Senatel™ 1.23 201 153 3.4 25 × 200 215 25
Magnum™ 25 × 700 60 25
32 × 200 135 25
32 × 700 38 25
Note
1 Only fragmentation energy is quoted for packaged explosives because
the current detonation codes cannot accurately model the effects of air
decoupling on heave energy.
2 Fragmentation energy and heave energy are quoted for bulk explosives
in the previous tables.

Senatel™ Powerfrag™

Senatel™ Magnum™

12. Packaged Explosives

13. Initiating Systems

Exel™ Non-Electric Initiation

Exel™ Non-Electric Detonators
LP Series MS Series
Delay J Hook Firing Delay Delay Firing Delay
No. Colour times (ms) Interval No. times (ms) Interval
0 25
175 25
1 200 1 25
200 25
2 400 2 50
200 25
3 600 3 75
400 25
4 1000 4 100
400 25
5 1400 5 125
400 25
6 1800 6 150
600 25
7 2400 7 175
600 25
8 3000 8 200
800 50
9 3500 9 250
800 50
10 4500 10 300
900 50
11 5500 11 350
900 50
12 6500 12 400
1000 50
13 7500 13 450
1100 50
14 8500 14 500
1100 100
15 9500 15 600
Exel™ Enduradet™ Extended Millisecond Range
Non-Electric Detonators

Delay Firing Delay Delay Firing Delay

No. times (ms) Interval No. times (ms) Interval
1 25
25 125
2 50 19 1000
25 100
3 75 20 1100
25 100
4 100 21 1200
25 175
5 125 22 1400
25 275
6 150 23 1600
25 275
7 175 24 1800
25 325
8 200 25 2000
50 375
9 250 26 2400
50 400
10 300 27 3000
50 400
11 350 28 3500
50 450
12 400 29 4000
50 450
13 450 30 4500
50 500
14 500 31 5000
100 500
15 600 32 5500
100 550
16 700 33 6000
100 650
17 800 34 6500
100 700
18 900 35 7500
800
36 8500

13. Initiating Systems

13. Initiating Systems

Properties of Exel™ Detonators

Detonator Tube Lead
Product PETN Mass (g) Delay Range Colour Lengths (m)
3.6, 6,
Exel™ Millisecond (MS) PETN 790 9 – 600 ms Orange 7.2, 9, 12,
15,18, 24

3.6, 4.9,
Exel™ Long Period (LP) PETN 790 25 – 9600 ms Yellow
6.1, 24

9, 12, 15,
Exel™ Enduradet™ PETN 790 25 – 8050 ms Red 18, 24,
30, 36, 45,

Exel™ Bunchdet™ PETN 480 600 ms Pink 1, 6

25 ms 3.6, 6.1,

Exel™ Handidet PETN 790 (surface)/ Yellow 9,12,18,
400 ms in 24
Not all lengths are part of the standard offering

Exel™ Millisecond Exel™ Long Exel™ Enduradet™

Detonators Period Detonators Detonators

Exel™ Bunchdet Exel™ Handidet™ Detonators

Exel™ Surface Initiation Connectors
Nominal Time (ms) Block Colour Tube Colour
9 Green
17 Yellow
25 Red
42 White
65 Blue Pink
100 Orange
125 Cream
150 Mustard
175 Lime Green

Exel™ signal tube (3 mm OD)

Standard length – 3.6, 4.8, 6.0, 9, 12, 15, 18

Exel™ Connectadet™ Detonators

13. Initiating Systems

13. Initiating Systems

Exel™ Surface Intiation

Connectors

Exel™ Millisecond Connectors

Nominal Delay Time (ms) Cleat Colour

9 Green
17 Yellow
25 Red
35 Pink
42 White
65 Blue
Yellow Exel™ signal tube (3 mm OD) Total length 80 cm

Standard Detonator
Type Length (m) PETN charge (g)
Exel™ Lead in Line 60, 300 0.45 (#8 Strength)
Exel™ Connectaline™ 700 N/A

Exel™ Lead in Line Exel™ Connectaline™

Properties of Pentex™ Boosters
Nominal Nominal
VOD Nominal Shell
Booster Type Density Diameter
(km/s) Mass (g) Colour
(g/cm3) (mm)
Pentex™ D 1.5 – 1.65 6.5 21 25 Orange

Pentex™ G 1.7 7.2 31 110 Pink

Pentex™ H 1.7 7.2 34 150 Green

Pentex ™
1.7 7.2 51 420 Yellow
ProTECT-e

Pentex™ PPP 1.7 7.2 55 400 Orange

Pentex ™
1.7 7.2 80 900 Red
PowerPlus™ 900
Pentex ™
1.7 7.2 41 250 Yellow
Stopeprime™
Yellow /
Pentex™ G L 1.6 7.2 53 432
Green Cap

From left:
Pentex™ H, Pentex™ D, Pentex™ G, Pentex™ Stopeprime™, Pentex™ G L, Pentex™ PP900, Pentex™ PPP

13. Initiating Systems

13. Initiating Systems

Pentex™ Boosters
Recommended
for Hole Diameter/
Explosive Combinations
Hole Diameter (mm)
Product 38 45 64 76 89 102 115 160 200 300
ANFO Pentex™ Stopeprime™
Pentex™ G
Pentex™ G L / PPP
Pentex™ H
Pentex™ proTECT-e
Pentex™ PP900
Fortis™ Pentex™ G L / PPP
Pentex™ H
Pentex™ proTECT-e
Pentex™ PP900
Fortan ™
Pentex  G L / PPP
™

Pentex™ H
Pentex™ proTECT-e
Pentex™ PP900
Flexigel™ Pentex™ G L / PPP
Pentex™ H
Pentex™ proTECT-e
Pentex™ PP900
Aquacharge™ Pentex™ G L / PPP
Pentex™ H
Pentex™ proTECT-e
Pentex™ PP900
Table continues below
 Hole Diameter (mm)
Product 38 45 64 76 89 102 115 160 200 300
Subtek™ Pentex™ Stopeprime™
Pentex™ G
Pentex™ G L / PPP
Pentex™ H
Pentex™ proTECT-e
Pentex  D
™

Pentex™ PP900
Civec™ Pentex™ Stopeprime™
Pentex™ G
Pentex™ G L / PPP
Pentex™ H
Pentex™ proTECT-e
Pentex  D
™

Pentex™ PP900
Centra ™
Pentex  G L / PPP
™

Pentex™ H
Pentex™ proTECT-e
Pentex™ PP900
Vistis™ Pentex™ G L / PPP
Pentex™ H
Pentex™ proTECT-e
Pentex™ PP900
Vistan™
Pentex  G L / PPP
™

Pentex™ H
Pentex™ proTECT-e
Pentex™ PP900

13. Initiating Systems

13. Initiating Systems

Cordtex™Nominal
Detonating Cords
Nominal Maximum
Coreload Length VOD Diameter Hole
Cord Type (g/m) (m) (km/s) (mm) Temp Colour

Orange
250
Cordtex™  4.3W 4.3 6.5 – 7.0 4.0 80ºC two black
500
stripes

Cordtex™ 
10 300 5.5 – 6.0 4.6 80ºC Yellow
XTL NC
Cordtex ™
10 350 6.5 – 7.0 4.6 100ºC Orange
Pyrocord™

Cordtex™ 4.3W

Cordtex™ XTL NC

Cordtex™ Pyrocord
Combinations of Detonators,
Detonating Cords and Boosters

Pentex™ Stopeprime™
Receptor

MS & LP Detonator

Bunchdet (Surface)

Pentex™ proTECT-e
Pentex™ G L / PPP
Cordtex™ XTL NC
Cordtex™ 4.3W

Pentex™ PP900
Connectadet™
Lead in Line

Enduradet™

Handidet™
Donor

Pentex™ D
Pentex™ G
Pentex™ H
MSC

Detonator
Electric Instantaneous II Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y
Electronic Detonator
eDev™ II Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y
i-kon™ III Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
uni tronic™ 600 Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Exel™
Lead in Line Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y N N N N N N N
MS & LP Detonator Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y
Enduradet™ Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y
Millisecond Connector (MSC) N N N N N N N Y Y N N N N N N N
Connectadet™ Y Y Y N Y Y Y N N N N N N N N N
Note: Handidet™ should be considered as Connectadet™ or
Handidet ™
MS detonator, depending on the donor/receptor combination
being applied.
Bunchdet (Surface) Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y N N N N N N N
Detonating Cord
Cordtex™ 4.3W Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y N N N Y Y N N
Cordtex™ XTL NC N N N Y N N N Y Y N Y Y Y Y N Y

Compatibility tables should be read in conjunction with all relevant Technical Data
Sheets. Disclaimers contained within these Technical Data Sheets will apply.

13. Initiating Systems

14. Electronic Blasting Systems

uni tronic™ 600

Application

Application Key Benefits

Small surface • Quick on-bench diagnostics via on-bench testability.

mines and • Quick hook-up on blast day via new connector and
quarries duplex wire.
• Improved resistance to leakage via new Application
Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) and Printed Circuit
Board (PCB).
• Improved precision.
• Improved reliability via 6 Sigma target.
• More robust communications.
• New safety features in electronics.
• Improved packaging.
• Help for blaster via length encoded ID number.

Technical Properties
Wire length (m)

Downline wire
Delay times
Type

uni tronic™ 600 Fully programmable from 0 ms 9 Copper

to 10,000 ms in 1 ms increments 15 clad steel
20
25
30
Remote firing available for open cut applications.
Blast Box 310/310R Scanner 200
The Blast Box provides the voltage The Scanner 200 scans unique ID
and command to fire the detonators numbers on the detonators and allows
in programmed sequence. The 310R the functionality of each detonator
(pictured) offers remote firing capability. in the pattern to be tested before the
bench is cleared.

SHOTPlus™ Blast Design Software uni tronic™ 600 Detonator

Orica’s SHOTPlus™ Blast Design Software Accurate and fully programmable
gives printed blast plans, useful on the electronic detonator.
bench with the uni tronic™ 600 system.

uni tronic™ 600 Connector Duplex Harness Wire

Designed for on-bench efficiency, Faster and easier to use, the duplex wire
the connector carries signals between connects detonators with the Blast Box.
the detonator and the harness wire.

14. Electronic Blasting Systems

14. Electronic Blasting Systems

i-kon™ III

CONNECT PROTECT PERFORM

The premium i-kon™ III Reliable even in harsh mining Unlock possibilities and
system includes new features environmental and blasting cutting edge blasting
and equipment that conditions, the i-kon™ III techniques with greater
enhances productivity with system reduces blasts delays precision through the
faster deployment and blast with: premium i-kon™ III system:
set-up for both small and • Improved dynamic • Blaster 3000 with remote
large scale blasting: shock resistance by firing of up to 6 benches
• Connector 6 with approximately 30%, completes more blasts
redesigned hinge, over existing copper within the firing window
clip and dual plastic alloy shell, reducing risk with minimal set-up
design locks out of misfire due to dynamic and equipment.
water, dirt and snow shock in challenging • Achieve greater wall
for faster tie-in and less ground conditions. stability, increased
leakage. • Bi-metallic shells protects fragmentation and
• Blaster 3000 with remote the detonator for up reduced vibration.
firing of up to 6 benches to 60 days in highly
completes more blasts corrosive conditions.
within the firing window • The correct wire for the
with minimal set-up and conditions including
equipment. Extreme wire which
performs in metal mines
where hard, sharp and
abrasive rock is prevalent.

i-kon™ III RX i-kon™ III Extreme

Stronger and more impact Strongest and most impact resistant

resistant wire is suitable for wire. Suitable for metal mines with
most metal mines or large mines. very harsh conditions.
Technical Properties

Wire length (m)

Wire tensile
Delay times

strength
Type

i-kon™ III Programmability 1ms steps 6, 10, 15, 20, 25 kgf/

maximum delay 30 secs 30, 40, 60, 80 250N load
i-kon™ III Programmability 1ms steps 2 20kg
Starter maximum delay 30 secs
i-kon™ III Programmability 1ms steps 10, 15, 20, 30, 50kg
Extreme maximum delay 30 sec 40, 60, 80

i-kon™ III Detonator i-kon™ III Extreme Detonator

Accurate and fully programmable Accurate and fully programmable
electronic detonator. electronic detonator for harsh mining
conditions.

i-kon™ III Starter Detonator

Accurate and fully programmable electronic detonator. For remote initiation
of development and production blasting from a safe and controlled location
underground or on the surface

14. Electronic Blasting Systems

14. Electronic Blasting Systems

Blaster 400 and Blaster 3000

The Blaster provides the voltage and command to fire the detonators in programmed
sequence. Blaster 3000 features advanced functionality for safe, precise and
reliable blasting.

Duplex Harness Wire i-kon™ III Connector 6

The duplex wire connects detonators Designed for on-bench efficiency, the
with the Logger. connector carries signals between the
detonator and the harness wire.

i-kon™ Logger II SHOTPlus™ Blast Design Software

Rugged and field proven. Orica’s SHOTPlus™ Blast Design Software
downloads blast plans to the i-kon™ III
Loggers.
eDev™ II Electronic
Tunnel Blasting System

Application
Application Key Benefits

Civil tunnels • Better perimeter control.

and vibration • Improved advancement rate.
constrained • Less time at face.
underground • Easier hook up.
development • Specialty blast design software.
• eDev™ II detonators are delivered as a single item per
wire length.
• Faster blast programming time and faster hookup.
• Improved packaging.
• Increased maximum delay time.
• Fully programmable in one millisecond steps.
• Greater precision of delay (0.01% coefficient variation).
• Glove-friendly connectors.
• Software upgrades ensure current hardware isn’t obsolete.
• Improved vibration control.
• Operational efficiency.
• Multiple Heading blasting.
• Uniform fragmentation for easier and efficient muck removal.
• Versatility for changing geology.
• Improved perimeters, over-break, side walls and hanging walls.

Technical Properties
Type Delay times Wire length (m)

eDev™ II 0 ms to 20,000 ms 2

3
4
5
6
8

14. Electronic Blasting Systems

14. Electronic Blasting Systems

Blast Box 610 is a standalone box for firing eDev™ blasts via a wired
connection to the detonators. Blast Box 610C does not function as
a standalone box. It must be integrated into an i-kon™ CEBS system
(for centralised blasting in underground mines) and can only be used
with eDev™ II detonators.

Blast Box 610/610C Blaster 3000

The Blast Box 610 provides the voltage The Blaster 3000 provides the voltage
and command to fire the detonators in and command to fire the detonators
programmed sequence. in programmed sequence and features
advanced functionality for safe, precise
and reliable blasting.

Scanner 260 SHOTPlus™ Blast Design Software

The Scanner 260 scans unique ID Orica’s SHOTPlus™ Blast Design
numbers on the detonators and allows Software produces printed blast plans,
the functionality of each detonator useful at the face with the eDev™ II
in the pattern to be tested before system.
the bench is cleared.
eDev™ II Detonator eDev™ II Connector
Accurate and fully programmable Designed for at-face efficiency,
electronic detonator. the connector carries signals between
the detonator and the harness wire.

Duplex Harness Wire

Faster and easier to use, the duplex
wire connects detonators with the
Blast Box.

14. Electronic Blasting Systems

15. Bulk Systems Products

Bulk Systems Products

Rec. Min. Rec. Max.

Density VOD Blasthole Blasthole
Product ( /cc) RBS%* (km/s) Diam(mm) Depth (m)
ANFO 0.80 100 2.5 – 4.8 76 80
Coal
Fortan™ 9 0.90 119 2.5- 5.8 89 80
Coal 10 1.00 134 2.5 – 5.8 89
11 1.10 154 2.5 – 5.8 89
12 1.20 175 2.8 – 6.1 102
13 1.28 189 3.1 – 6.3 150
Aquacharge™ Coal 1.20 – 1.25 166 – 173 4.0 – 6.3 120 80
Fortis™ Coal 1.15 – 1.25 144 – 166 3.7 – 6.5 115 50
Coal S 139 – 161
Coal H 148 – 172
Flexigel™ 50 + Nominal 29 2.5 – 4.1 200 60
Coal 60 density 40 200
70 refer to 75 200
80 TDS 92 100
90 109 150
100 128 150
Fortis™ Deep 1.25 178 4.5 – 6.5 250 70
Hard Rock
Fortan™ 9 0.90 119 2.5- 5.8 89 30
Advantage 10 1.00 134 2.5 – 5.8 89
11 1.10 154 2.5 – 5.8 89
12 1.20 175 2.8 – 6.1 102
13 1.28 189 3.1 – 6.3 150
Aquacharge™ Advantage 1.20 – 1.25 162 – 176 4.0 – 6.3 120 30
Fortis™ Advantage 1.10 – 1.25 137 – 172 3.7 – 6.5 89 20
Advantage S 133 – 167
Advantage H 142 – 177
Flexigel™ 50 + Nominal 29 2.5 – 4.1 200 60
Advantage 60 density 40 200
70 refer to 75 200
80 TDS 92 100
90 109 150
100 128 150
 Table continues below
Hot and Reactive Ground
Fortan™ 10 1.00 134 2.8 – 5.6 89 80
Eclipse 11 1.10 154 3.6 – 6.0 89
12 1.20 175 3.5 – 6.0 102
13 1.30 194 4.0 – 6.8 150
Aquacharge™ Eclipse 1.20 – 1.25 168 – 180 4.0 – 6.7 120 80
Fortis™ Eclipse 1.10 – 1.25 140 – 175 3.7 – 6.6 90 45
Eclipse S 135 – 169 3.7 – 6.5
Eclipse H 144 – 181 4.1 – 6.7
Flexigel™ 70 + Nominal 74 2.5 – 4.1 200 60
Eclipse 80 density 92 100
90 refer to 108 150
100 TDS 129 150
Fortan™ 10 1.00 135 2.8 – 5.6 89 80
Eclipse 11 1.10 155 3.2 – 6.1 89
Plus 12 1.20 177 3.5 – 6.5 102
13 1.30 198 3.8 – 6.9 150
Aquacharge™ Eclipse Plus 1.20 171 4.0 – 6.5 120 80
1.25 183 4.0 – 6.7
Fortis™ Eclipse Plus 1.10 – 1.25 135 – 169 3.7 – 6.5 90 30
Eclipse Plus H 137 – 172 4.1 – 6.5
Fortis™ Vulcan 1.10–1.25 140–175 3.7 – 6.6 89 50
H 1.10–1.25 144–181 4.1–6.7
Fortan™ Xtreme™ 1.20 177 2.8 – 6.5 102 80
Fortis™ Xtreme™ 1.20 169 4.4 – 6.5 76 50
Xtreme™ 0.80 100 2.5 – 4.8 76 80
Vistan™ si 1.20 – 1.35 224 – 251 4.0 – 6.0 100 30
Vistis™ i 1.20 – 1.35 216 – 243 4.5 – 6.0 90 30
Challenging
Aquacharge™ Clear 1.20 – 1.25 169 – 181 4.0 – 6.6 120 80
Aquacharge™ Clear i 1.20 – 1.25 169 – 181 4.0 – 6.6 120 80
Flexigel™ 70 + Nominal 74 2.5 – 4.1 200 60
Clear 80 density 92 100
90 refer to 108 150
100 TDS 129 150
Table continues overleaf

15. Bulk Systems Products

15. Bulk Systems Products

Bulk Systems Products continued

Rec. Min.
Blasthole Rec. Max.
Density VOD Diam. Blasthole
Product (g/cc) RBS%* (km/s) (mm) Depth (m)
Flexigel™ 70 + Nominal 74 2.5 – 4.1 200 60
Clear i 80 density 92 100
90 refer to 108 150
100 TDS 129 150
Fortis™ Clear 1.15 – 1.25 147 – 169 3.7 – 6.6 115 50
Fortis™ Clear S 1.15 – 1.25 144 – 166 3.7 – 6.5 115 50
Fortis™ Clear i S 1.15 – 1.25 144 – 166 3.7 – 6.5 115 50
Fortis™ Clear i 1.15 147 3.7 – 6.2 115 30
1.20 158 3.7 – 6.4 115 45
1.25 169 3.7 – 6.6 115 50
Aquacharge Extra 1.20 – 1.25 174 – 186 4.0 – 6.5 120 80
Fortan™ 9 0.90 121 2.5 - 5.2 89 80
Extra 10 1.00 137 2.5 – 5.6 89
11 1.10 159 2.5 – 6.0 89
12 1.20 183 2.8 – 6.5 102
13 1.30 208 3.8 – 6.8 150
Fortan™ 10 1.00 135 2.8 – 5.6 89 80
Extra i 11 1.10 157 3.6-6.0 89
12 1.20 178 3.5-6.5 102
13 1.30 203 4.0-6.8 150
Fortis™ Extra 1.10 – 1.25 151 – 187 4.1 – 6.7 64 45
Extra H 151 – 189 4.1 – 6.7
Vistan™ s 1.20 – 1.40 227– 278 4.0 – 6.0 100 30
Vistis™ 1.20 – 1.40 223 – 273 4.5 – 6.0 90 30
Underground
Subtek™ with Subtek™ 0.8 75 3.0 – 6.2 38  —
Control 1.0 110 38
1.2 151 45

Subtek™ Control >0.55 40 45

(Decoupled Charging)
Table continues below
 Subtek™ Eclipse with 0.8 75 3.0 – 6.2 38 —
Subtek™ Control 1.0 110 38
1.2 151 45
Subtek™ Control
(Decoupled Charging) >0.55 40 45
Quarry/Construction
Centra™ Gold 1.15-1.25 168 4.5 – 6.4 76 25
Gold ES 1.10 142 4.1 – 5.9 76 30
Gold GT 1.15-1.25 162-187 4.4 – 6.7 76 25
Centra™ Extend 1.10 158 3.5 – 6.05 89 25
Centra™ Eclipse 1.10 – 1.25 140 – 175 3.7 – 6.6 90 30
Civil Tunnelling
Civec™ 0.80 – 1.20 72 – 147 4.5 – 6.2 38 – 64 —
* Relative to ANFO @ density 0.8 g/cc.

15. Bulk Systems Products

16. Accessories

Accessories Range
Electric Exploders
Ausdet Stinger SB10 Exploder
A capacitor discharge exploder including rechargeable
battery power.
The SB10 exploder is suitable for use in all mining,
quarrying, construction and general blasting
applications, except in underground coal mines.
Not suitable for gassy coal mines.

Ausdet Stinger SB100 Exploder

A capacitor discharge exploder including rechargeable
battery power and a built-in circuit tester.
The SB100 exploder/circuit tester is a dual-function unit
enclosed in a robust glass filled Nylon case. The case
is dust and splash resistant. The SB100 is a 100-shot
capacitor discharge exploder, suitable for use in all
mining, quarrying, construction and general blasting
applications, except in underground coal mines.
Not suitable for gassy coal mines.

Schaffler 808T Exploder

Hand twist dynamo capacitor discharge exploder.
Built strong with fully enclosed, sealed metal casing.
The Schaffler 808T is a 100 shot capacitor discharge
exploder, enclosed in a robust metal housing. It is
designed particularly to meet the requirements of
blasting in gassy underground coal mines.
The Schaffler 808T exploder will initiate 1 to 100
standard electrical detonators connected in series.
Beethoven Mk7 Exploder
A 100-shot hand crank dynamo capacitor discharge
exploder. Fully enclosed, sealed plastic heavy-duty
casing.
The Beethoven Mk7 is designed to meet the
requirements of blasting in gassy underground coal
mines. The Mk7 has an integral digital ohmmeter
which can be used to measure the total circuit series
resistance. The d/c voltage required to initiate the
detonators is supplied by a hand operated generator
which charges a capacitor.
The Beethoven Mk7 exploder is approved for use in
gassy underground coal mines in Queensland only.

Non-Electric Starters
Shot Shell Starter Kit
A hardened stainless steel percussion starter for
signal tube initiation with shot shell primers.
Shot Shell Starter kit is supplied complete with
100‑shot shells and maintenance equipment in
a sturdy storage bag.

Testing Equipment
ZEB/DZ3 Digital Ohmmeter
Precision circuit tester with digital read out. Resistance
reading range from 0 to 1999 ohms, with 0.1 ohms
resolution.
The ZEB/DZ3 digital ohmmeter is a high quality portable
instrument mounted in a dust and splash resistant case.
The ohmmeter is an auto-ranging type incorporating a
highly visible digital readout. Screw terminals are fitted
for simple attachment of the firing circuit wires.

16. Accessories
16. Accessories

Schaffler Digiohm Ohmmeter

An approved digital circuit testing ohmmeter for

underground coal mines.
The DIGIOHM may be used to test individual bridge
wire detonators, chains of detonators, firing lines and
whole firing circuits.

CT100 Digital Ohmmeter

General purpose circuit resistance tester with digital

read out. Precise resistance reading range from 0 to 199
ohms, with 0.1 ohm resolution.
The CT100 circuit tester is a portable ohmmeter
designed specifically for testing electrical firing circuits.
The ohmmeter is a fixed range type incorporating a
highly visible digital readout.
The complete unit is enclosed in a protective leather
case complete with belt clip and neck strap. The
CT100 circuit tester is suitable for use at mine, quarry,
construction and general blasting sites. It is not suitable
for use in gassy underground coal mines.
16. Accessories

Shot Firing Cables

White Shot Firing Cable

Twin multi-stranded insulated copper conductors

which lead from the exploder to the detonator
wires.

Yellow Shot Firing Cable

Twin multi-stranded insulated, heavy duty,

insulated, low resistance cable for blast initiation.

Twin Twist Connecting Wire

Twin Two single strands of copper wire, coated

with PVC, for electric blasting circuits.
Suitable for extending detonator leads down
blastholes, away from faces, or otherwise
connecting lead wires to the firing line.
Not recommended for use as a main firing line.
Hoses
Lo-Stat™ Special Hose

The Lo-Stat™ Special Hose is a lightweight, robust, semi-

conductive, thermoplastic loading hose used for the
delivery of ANFO in underground applications.

Available in 30 m and 60 m lengths.

Underground Powerhose MK3

Used in underground bulk emulsion systems, for

optimal pumping rates and loading efficiency.

Pentex™ Accessories
Pentex™ D Applicator
Applicator used with the Pentex™ D Booster. The
Applicator twists into a production nozzle at the end
of a static mixer or yellow Underground bulk delivery
hose.
The unique design features facilitate ease of
loading, retention of the unit in the hole and the
secure placement of a high strength detonator.

Pentex™ D Hosetail and Hose Nozzle

The Hosetail is designed to be screwed into the
Underground Powerhose MK3 and is supplied with
a protective shroud on the exposed thread.
The hose nozzle is screwed into the internal Hosetail
thread.
On removal of the protective shroud, the Applicator
(supplied with Pentex™ D) can be fitted to facilitate the
use of Pentex™ D.

16. Accessories
Pentex™ D Hosetail and Hose Nozzle

The 3/4" nozzle and hose tail assembly is an alternative

to the Pentex D nozzle for production loading rates only
and is compatible with PentexTM Stopeprime booster.
The Hosetail Production is designed to be screwed into
the Powerhose MK3.
The Hose Nozzle 3/4" Production is then screwed into
the internal Hosetail thread.
16. Accessories

Ballistic Disc Accessories

Ballistic Disc 260

Ballistic Discs provide a safe and effective way of

remotely clearing hang ups and upstanding drill in
draw points and stopes for the underground market.
Comprises 6.9 kg of explosive cast into an aluminium
lining, capped with a steel disc. The unit is initiated
by a detonating cord assembly made from 20 g/m
detonating cord.

Laser Aimer for Ballistic Disc 260

A machined base supports a firearm Laser Sight to

provide highly accurate illumination of the ballistic
disc target site.
The Laser Aimer magnetically attaches to the face of
a Ballistic Disc.

Borehole Spring (75 mm)

Polyethelene plug used in conjunction with stemming

and for securing explosives in blast holes. Also used for
marking and keeping back fill from entering hole.
Retention Devices
Borehole Plug Brush

Borehole retention device for use in upholes loaded

with bulk emulsion (150 mm × 225 mm).

Auto Prime Shell

Plastic shell used to secure Pentex™ G primers in

up‑holes of 51 mm to 89 mm diameter.
Ideal application for use in production up-holes.

Spiders for Pentex™ Stopeprime™

Pentex™ Stopeprime™ Spider

Plastic spider used to secure Stopeprimer primers in up-

holes. Ideal for use in perimeter and lifter boreholes,
wet development headings, stope hanging walls and
pre-split applications where floating and rifling can
occur.

16. Accessories
16. Accessories

Detonating Cord Cutters

Detonating Cord Cutters
Heavy duty, single action cutter featuring a long
stainless steel blade with synthetic anvil, avoiding
hazardous shearing action.

J-Style Easy Cord Cutter

Drag knife, for slicing easily through Cordtex™
Detonating cord. No moving parts, and small
enough to fit on a miner’s belt.
Sold in packets of 10, safe and economical
method of cutting cord.
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OUR PRIORITY.
ALWAYS.
The most important thing is that we all return home,
safely.

We care and take accountability for everyone’s safety

and wellbeing, including our own.

We recognise the risks we face in our work and follow

all safety controls.

We speak up when we see hazards or causes of

potential harm.

Emergency Telephone Numbers

Within Australia: 1800 033 111
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© 2020 Orica Group. All rights reserved. All information contained

in this document is provided for informational purposes only and
is subject to change without notice. Since the Orica Group cannot
anticipate or control the conditions under which this information
and its products may be used, each user should review the information
in the specific context of the intended application. To the maximum
extent permitted by law, the Orica Group specifically disclaims
all warranties express or implied in law, including accuracy, non
infringement, and implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for
a particular purpose. The Orica Group specifically disclaims, and will
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