Xii Maths 22-23

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केन्द्रीय विद्यालय संगठन

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
जयपुर संभाग / JAIPUR REGION
STUDY MATERIAL SESSION (2022-23)
CLASS XII MATHEMATICS
CHIEF PATRON
Sh. B.L. MORODIA
DEPUTY COMMISSIONER
PATRON PATRON
Sh. D R MEENA Sh. M R RAWAL
ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER
CO-ORDINATOR
Sh RAJESH KANTHARIA
PRINCIPAL, KV NO-3, JAIPUR
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CONTENT TEAM MEMBERS
SN NAME OF PGT NAME OF KV
1 Sh RAJEEV KUMAR GUPTA KV, No-5, JAIPUR
2 Dr B S INDOLIA KV, No-3, JAIPUR
3 Dr RAJENDRA VADHWANI KV, No-2, JAIPUR
4 Sh HEM SINGH KV, BHARATPUR
5 Sh MUKESH KUMAR KV, No-4, JAIPUR
INDEX
SN TOPICS/ CHAPTER PAGES
1 SYLLABUS 4-6
2 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 6-18
3 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 18-22
4 MATRICES 22-28
5 DETERMINANTS 28-35
6 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY 35-44
7 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES 44-60
8 INTEGRALS 60-83
9 APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION 83-88
10 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 88-98
11 VECTORS 98-109
12 THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 109-117
13 LINEAR PROGRAMING 117-124
14 PROBABILITY 124-138
15 BLUE PRINT OF SQP 139
16 SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER-1 140-149
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CLASS-XII (2022-23)
One Paper Max Marks: 80
No. Units No. of Periods Marks
I. Relations and Functions 30 08
II. Algebra 50 10
III. Calculus 80 35
IV. Vectors and Three - Dimensional 30 14
Geometry
V. Linear Programming 20 05
VI. Probability 30 08
TOTAL 240 80
Internal Assessment 20
Unit-I: Relations and Functions

1. Relations and Functions 15 Periods
Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations. One to one
and onto functions.
2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 15 Periods
Definition, range, domain, principal value branch. Graphs of inverse trigonometric
functions.
Unit-II: Algebra
1. Matrices 25 Periods
Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose
of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices. Operation on matrices: Addition
and multiplication and multiplication with a scalar. Simple properties of addition,
multiplication and scalar multiplication. On commutativity of multiplication of matrices
and existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square
matrices of order 2). Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists;
(Here all matrices will have real entries).
2. Determinants 25 Periods
Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3 matrices), minors, co-factors and applications
of determinants in finding the area of a triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix.
Consistency, inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by
examples, solving system of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique
solution) using inverse of a matrix.
Unit-III: Calculus
1. Continuity and Differentiability 20 Periods
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Continuity and differentiability, chain rule, derivative of inverse trigonometric functions,
𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒 sin−1 𝑥, cos−1 𝑥 and tan−1 𝑥, derivative of implicit functions. Concept of exponential
and logarithmic functions. Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential functions.
Logarithmic differentiation, derivative of functions expressed in parametric forms.
Second order derivatives.
2. Applications of Derivatives 10 Periods
Applications of derivatives: rate of change of bodies, increasing/decreasing functions,
maxima and minima (first derivative test motivated geometrically and second derivative
test given as a provable tool). Simple problems (that illustrate basic principles and
understanding of the subject as well as real-life situations).
3. Integrals 20 Periods
Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of functions by
substitution, by partial fractions and by parts, Evaluation of simple integrals of the
following types and problems based on them. ∫ dx /x 2 ± a 2, ∫ dx /√(x 2 ± a 2), ∫ dx /√(a 2
− x 2) , ∫ dx/ ax2 + bx + c , ∫ dx /√(ax2+bx+c ),∫( px + q)/( ax2 + bx + c) dx, ∫ (px + q)/
√(ax2+bx + c) dx, ∫ √(a 2 ± x 2)dx, ∫ √(x 2 − a 2) dx ∫√(𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 )𝑑𝑥, Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus (without proof). Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation
of definite integrals.
4. Applications of the Integrals 15 Periods
Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, circles/
parabolas/ellipses (in standard form only)
5. Differential Equations 15 Periods
Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a differential equation.
Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables, solutions of
homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree. Solutions of linear
differential equation of the type:
dy /dx + py = q, where p and q are functions of x or constants.
d𝑥 /d𝑦 + px = q, where p and q are functions of y or constants.
Unit-IV: Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry

1. Vectors 15 Periods
Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction cosines and direction
ratios of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors),
position vector of a point, negative of a vector, components of a vector, addition of vectors,
multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in
a given ratio. Definition, Geometrical Interpretation, properties and application of scalar
(dot) product of vectors, vector (cross) product of vectors.
2. Three - dimensional Geometry 15 Periods
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Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian equation and
vector equation of a line, skew lines, shortest distance between two lines. Angle between
two lines.
Unit-V: Linear Programming

1. Linear Programming 20 Periods
Introduction, related terminology such as constraints, objective function, optimization,
graphical method of solution for problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible
regions (bounded or unbounded), feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal feasible
solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints).
Unit-VI: Probability
1. Probability 30 Periods
Conditional probability, multiplication theorem on probability, independent events, total
probability, Bayes’ theorem, Random variable and its probability distribution, mean of
random variable.
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 20 MARKS
Periodic Tests ( Best 2 out of 3 tests conducted) 10 Marks
Mathematics Activities 10 Marks
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

*Relation: Let A and B be two non-empty sets. Then the relation R from a set A to the
set B is a subset of 𝐴 × 𝐵. This is denoted by a R b. If (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 then we say that a is
related to b.
Example: For A = {a, b} and B = {1, 2, 3};
A X B = {(a, 1), (a, 2), (a, 3), (b, 1), (b, 2), (b, 3)}
Then Relations can be defined as R1 = {(a, 1), (b, 2)},
R2 = {(a, 2), (a, 3), (b, 1), (b, 3)}, etc.
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Note: In relation R1 above; (i). ‘1’ is the image of ‘a’ and ‘a’ is the pre-image of ‘1’.(ii).
Domain of R1 = {a, b} and Range of R1 = {1, 2}
*Empty Relation : R is an empty relation from A to B if R =Ø, in which no element of set
A is related to any element of set B.
*Universal Relation: R is an universal relation from A to B if 𝑅 = 𝐴 × 𝐴 in which all
the elements of set A are related to every element of set B.
*Number of Relations: If n(A) = p and n(B) = q then n(A X B) = p X q, Number of subsets
of A X B = 2pq. Therefore, total number of relations from set A to set B = 2pq (Since every
subset of A X B is a relation from A to B)
Note: Number of non-empty relations are 2pq– 1 (Subtract one empty relation)
Example: Let n(A)=2 & n(B)=3 then total number of relations from A to B=22X3=26=64
& Number of non-empty relations=64 – 1=63.
Note: Total number of relations from set A to A (in set A) = 22X2 = 24= 16
*Types of relations:
(1) Identity relation I: Every element of set A must be related to itself only. For A = {1, 2,
3}, I = {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3)}
(2) Reflexive relation: Every element of set A is related to itself. Elements of set A may
have another image also.
Examples: R1 = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (1,2)}, R2 = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (2, 1), (2, 3)} are
reflexive relations.
R3 = {(a, b) / a divides b, a, b ϵ N} is a Reflexive relation as every natural number divides
itself.
Note: Every Identity relation is always a reflexive relation but the converse is not true.
(3) Symmetric relation: If ‘a’ is related to ‘b’ then ‘b’ is also related to ‘a’ OR if ‘b’ is the
R image of ‘a’ then ‘a’ is also the R image of ‘b’ OR (a, b)ϵ R⟹ (b, a)ϵ R.
Example: R1 = {(1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2)} is symmetric as (1, 2)ϵ R1⟹ (2, 1)ϵ R1 and (2,
3)ϵ R1 ⟹ (3, 2)ϵ R1.
R2 = {(a, b) / (a - b) is a multiple of 5, a, b ϵ R} is symmetric as (b – a) is also a multiple
of 5.
Note: Every Identity relation is symmetric.
(4) Transitive relation: If (a, b) ϵ R and (b, c) ϵ R then (a, c) ϵ R. Example: R1 = {(1,2),
(2, 3), (1, 3)} is transitive.
R2= {(1, 1),(2, 2),(3, 3),(2, 3),(1, 3)} is also transitive.
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R3 = {(a, b) / a < b, a, b ϵ Z} is Transitive as a < b and b < c implies a < c for all integers.
Note: Every Identity relation is Transitive as there is no case of transitivity.
(5) Equivalence Relation: A relation which is Reflexive, Symmetric and Transitive is
known as Equivalence relation.
Example: R = {(a, b) / (a – b) is even, a, b ϵ Z }is an Equivalence relation as it is;
Reflexive: (a – a)= 0 is an even integer, Symmetric: If (a – b) is even integer then (b –
a) is also an even integer and Transitive: If (a – b) and (b – c) are even integers then (a-
c) is also an even integer [Here (a – c) = (a - b) + (b - c)]
Note: Every Empty relation is Symmetric and Transitive but not Reflexive [(a, a) is not
in the empty relation]
Every Universal relation A × A in the set A and the Identity relation I is an Equivalence
relation.
*Equivalence Class of an element: Let R be an equivalence relation in set A then

equivalence class of an element ‘a’ is the set of all the images of element ‘a’ and is written
as [a].
In the above example; [0] = {...-4, -2, 0, 2, 4,...} and [1] = {...-3, -1, 1, 3,...}(Their intersection
is ø and Union is the set Z).
*For a set A with ‘n’ elements:
Number of ↓ General Formula For n = 2 For n = 3 For n = 4
Reflexive relations 2n(n - 1) 4 64 4096
Symmetric Relations 2n(n+1)/2 8 64 1024
Reflexive & Symmetric 2n(n-1)/2 2 8 64
Relations
Equivalence Relations No general formula 2 5 15
Important Problems:
a. How many ordered pairs should be added to the relation R = {(1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 1), (2,2)}
to make it (a) Reflexive b. Symmetric c. Transitive
Solution: a. 1 ordered pair (3, 3) b. 2 ordered pairs (3, 2) & (1,3) c. 1 ordered pair
(2, 1)
1. Find the domain & range of of the relation R = {(x, y) / 3x – y = 12} defined on the set of
natural numbers N.
Solution: Here x = (y + 12)/3, so y should be a multiple of 3;
hence values of y = Range of relation R = {3, 6, 9, 12,...}
Putting the values of y, we have; values of x = Domain of relation R = {5, 6, 7, ....}
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2. Show that the relation R on the set R of real numbers, defined as R = {(a, b) : a ≤ b2} is
neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive. [CBSE (F) 2019]
Solution: We will use appropriate examples for this purpose:
Reflexive: ½ ≤ (½)2 is not true, so not reflexive
Symmetric: 1 ≤ 22 is true hence (1, 2) ϵ R but 2 ≤ 12 is not true hence (2, 1) ɇR, so not
symmetric.
Transitive: By taking three real numbers 2, -2 and 1, we have; (2, -2) ϵ R as 2 ≤ (-2)2, (-2,
1) ϵ R
as (-2) ≤ 12 but (2, 1) ∉R, So f is not transitive.
3. Prove that the relation R in N X N such that (a, b) R (c, d) if ad (b + c) = bc (a + d) is an
equivalence relation.
Solution: Reflexive: (a, b) R (a, b) ⟹ ab(b + a) = ba(a + b) which is true for all (a,b) ϵ N X
N, Hence R is reflexive.
Symmetric: (c, d) R (a, b) ⟹ cb(d + a)=da(c +b) ⟹ bc(a + d)=ad(b + c)
⟹ ad(b + c)=bc(a + d) ⟹ (a, b)R(c, d), hence symmetric.
Transitive: (a, b) R (c, d) ⟹ ad(b + c) = bc(a + d)and(c, d) R (e, f) ⟹ cf(d + e) = de(c + f)
 ab(c – d) = cd(a – b)...........(i) and ef(c – d) = cd(e – f)...........(ii)
 Now dividing equation ( i) by equation (ii), we get -
 ab/ef = (a - b)/(e - f) ⟹ ab (e – f) = ef(a – b) ⟹ abe – abf = aef – bef ⟹abf + aef = abe +
bef
 af(b + e) = be(a +f) ⟹ (a, b) R (e, f) is true, hence R is transitive.
 R is Reflexive, Symmetric and Transitive relation; hence R is an Equivalence relation.
4. Check whether the relation R on the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} as R = {(a, b) : b = a + 1} is
Reflexive, Symmetric or Transitive.
Solution: Reflexive : Since a ≠ a + 1⟹ (a, a) ∉ R⟹ R is not reflexive.[CBSE 2019]
Symmetric : For a = 1 and b = 2, 2 = 1 + 1 ⟹ (1, 2) ϵ R but 1 ≠ 2 + 1 ⟹ (2, 1) ∉ R ⟹R is
not symmetric.
Transitive :For a = 1, b= 2 and c = 3, we have 2 = 1 + 1 and 3 = 2 + 1 but 3 ≠ 1 + 1⟹ R is
not transitive
Function: A relation from a set A to another set B is said to be a function if every element
of set A has unique image in set B. Set A is said to be its domain and set B the co-domain.
Example: f: N →N/f(x) = x + 3, f:R →R/f(x) = x2, f: R →R/f(x) = sinx, f: R+ → R/ f(x) =
log x
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Number of functions: For n(A) = p and n(B) = q,
Total number of functions from A to B = qp.
Types of functions:
a. One-One (Injective function): Elements of set B have unique pre-image in set A.
Example: f: Z →Z such that f(x) = x + 3, f(x) = y = x + 3 ⟹x = y – 3, ∀ y ϵ Z, x will be unique in
Z.
To prove a function one – one, we assume f(x) = f(y) and prove x = y. Function which is not
one-one is many one function.
b. Onto (Surjective function): All the elements of set B must have some (one or more)
pre-image in set A.
Example: f: Z →Z such that f(x) = x + 3, f(x) = y = x + 3 ⟹ x = y – 3, for every y ϵ Z, there
exist some x ϵ A such that f(x) = y.
To prove a function onto, show that Range of the function = Co-domain. A function which is
not onto is into function.
c. One-One & Onto (Bijective Function): A function which is both one-one and onto is
known as Bijective function.
The necessary condition for a function to be bijective is n(A) = n(B)
Note: A function f is said to be invertible if it is a bijective function.
Important questions:
4𝑥+3 2
1. Show that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥−4 , 𝑥 ≠ 3 is a bijective function. [CBSE 2012]
4𝑥+3 4𝑦+3
Soln. One-one – Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑦) ⇒ 6𝑥−4 = 6𝑦−4 ⇒ (4𝑥 + 3)(6𝑦 − 4) = (4𝑦 + 3)(6𝑥 − 4)
⇒𝑥=𝑦 ⇒ 𝑓 is one one

4𝑥+3
Onto – We will find the range of the function; let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥−4 ⇒ 𝑦(6𝑥 − 4) = 4𝑥 + 3 ⇒
4𝑦+3 2
𝑥 = 6𝑦−4 , 𝑦 ≠ 3
Hence the Range of the function f = co-domain of function f => f is onto function. Hence
Bijective.
2. Show that the following function f : N → N is an invertible function: V V Important
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𝑥 + 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥 − 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
Soln. Here 𝑓 = {(1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 6), (6,
5),...}.
It is clear that every element of co-domain N has
unique pre-image in domain N. Hence f is
invertible function.Also, The given function can be
proved invertible/bijective by drawing an arrow
diagram→
𝑥
3. Show that the function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = is neither one one nor onto.
𝑥 2 +1
[CBSE 2018]
𝑥 𝑦
Soln. One one – Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑦) ⇒ 𝑥 2 +1 = 𝑦 2+1 ⇒ 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 = 𝑦𝑥 2 + 𝑦 ⟹ 𝑥𝑦(𝑥 − 𝑦) −
(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 0 ⟹ (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥𝑦 − 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1/𝑦.Hence the function is not one

one.
𝑥 1±√1−4𝑦 2
Onto – 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +1 ⟹ 𝑦𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = , 𝑦 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 ≠ 𝐶𝑜 −
2𝑦
𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 .Hence f is not onto

Number of one – one / onto functions: For n(A) = p and n(B) = q, we have the following
results:
Condition For p For p For p For p
For p =
→ p=q p<q p>q =3& =2& =3& =4&
q =3
q=2 q=3 q=4 q=3
Number of
𝑞!
one – one p! 0 0
(𝑞 − 𝑝)! 6 24 0 3! = 6
functions
Number of qp – qC1 (q –
onto p! 1)p + qC2(q –
0 6 0 0 36 3! = 6
functions 2)p + ...
Number of
bijective p!
0 0 0 0 0 0 3! = 6
functions
MCQs
Q.1 Let R be the relation in the set {1,2,3,4} given by R = {(1,2),
(2,2),(1,1),(4,4),(1,3),(3,3),(3,2)}.Choose the correct answer
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(A) R is reflexive and symmetric but not transitive.
(B)R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
(C)R is symmetric and transitive but not reflexive.
(D)R is an equivalence relation.
Q.2 The maximum number of equivalence relation on the set A = {1,2,3} are
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 5
Q.3 Consider the non-empty set consisting of children in a family and a relation R defined as
a R b iff a is a brother of b. Then R is
(A) Symmetric but not transitive (B) transitive but not symmetric
(C) Neither symmetric nor transitive (D) both symmetric and transitive
Q.4 Let R be the relation in the set N given by R= {(a, b):a=b-2, b>6}. Choose the correct
answer
(A) (2,4)∈R (B) (3,8)∈R (C) (6,8)∈R (D) (8,7)∈R
Q.5 For any real numbers x and y, define x R y if and only if 𝑥 − 𝑦 + √2 is an irrational
number. Then the relation R is
(A) reflexive (B) symmetric (C) transitive (D) none of these
Q.6 Let A={1,2,3} , then number of relations containing (1,2) and (1,3) which are reflexive
and symmetric but not transitive is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Q.7 Let A = {1,2,3}. Then number of equivalence relations containing (1,2) is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Q.8 Let L denotes the set of all straight lines in a plane. Let a relation R be defined by l R m
if and only if l is perpendicular to m for all m∈L.Then R is
(A) reflexive (B) symmetric (C) transitive (D) none of these
Q.9 If a relation R on the set {1,2,3} be defined by R = {(1,2)}, then R is
(A) reflexive (B) transitive (C) symmetric (D) None of these
Q.10 Let R be the equivalence relation in the set A = {0,1,2,3,4,5} given by R = {(a, b) : 2
divides (a-b)}, then the equivalence class [0] is
(A) {0,2,4} (B) {2,4} (C) {0,1,3,5} (D) {1,3,5}
Q.11 Let A = {1, 2, 3, …9} and R be the relation on 𝐴 × 𝐴 defined by (a, b) R (c, d) if a +d=b +c
for all (a, b), (c, d) ∈ 𝐴 × 𝐴. Then equivalence class [(2,5)] is
(A) {(1,4), (2,5), (3,6), (4,6)} (B) { (1,4),(3,6),(4,7), (5,8),(6,9)}
(C) {(1,4), (2,5), (3,6), (4,7), (5,8), (6,9)} (D) None of these
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Q.12 If A={a, b, c, d}, then a relation R={(a, b),(b, a),(a, a)} on A is
(A) symmetric and transitive only (B) reflexive and transitive only
(C) symmetric only (D) transitive only
Q.13 S is the relation on set R of all real numbers and it is given by a S b if and only if ab≥ 0.
Then S is
(A) symmetric and transitive only (B) reflexive and symmetric only
(C) reflexive only (D) an equivalence relation
Q.14 The relation S defined on the set R of all real numbers by the rule 𝑎 ≥ 𝑏 is
(A) an equivalence relation (B) reflexive, transitive but not symmetric
(C) symmetric, transitive but not reflexive (D) neither transitive nor reflexive but symmetric
Q.15 An empty relation defined on a non-empty set A is
(A) an equivalence relation (B) reflexive ,transitive but not symmetric
(C) symmetric, transitive but not reflexive (D) neither transitive nor reflexive but symmetric
Q.16 Number of Reflexive relations define on set A = {2, 3} is-
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Q.17 If R is a relation on set A = {1, 3, 5} be defined by R={(1,5), (3, 3)} is ………….. relation.
(A) Reflexive (B) Symmetric (C) Transitive (D) None of these
Q.18 If A={1, 2, 3} and consider the relation R={(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)}.
Then, R is-
(A) Reflexive but not symmetric (B) Reflexive but not transitive
(C) Symmetric and Transitive (D) Neither symmetric nor transitive
Q.19 Which of the following functions from Z to Z is bijection ?
(A) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 (B) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2 (C) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 1 (D) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 1
Q.20 If 𝑓: [2, ∞) → 𝑅 be the function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5, then the range of 𝑓 is-
(A) R (B) [1, ∞) (C) [4, ∞) (D) [5, ∞)
Q.21 Which of the graph is not a graph of function?
Q.22 If n(A) = 3 and n(B) = 4 then the number of one-one functions from A to B is-
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(A) 43 (B) 34 (C) 4! (D) 12
𝑥2
Q.23 If 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝐴, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2+1 is a onto function then A= ………..
(A) R (B) [0, 1] (C) (0, 1] (D) [0, 1)

Q.24 Let A and B be any two sets such that n(B) = p and n(A) = q then the total number of
functions f : A →B is equal to-
(A) 2𝑞 (B) 2𝑝 (C)𝑝𝑞 (D) 𝑞 𝑝
Q.25 If R is a relation defined on the set 𝑁 × 𝑁, (𝑎, 𝑏)𝑅 (𝑐, 𝑑) ⇔ 𝑎𝑑(𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑐𝑏(𝑎 + 𝑑),
then-
(A) R is reflexive only (B) R is symmetric only
(C) R is transitive only (D) R is equivalence relation
Q.26 Given set A = {a, b, c}. An identity relation in set A is-
(A) R = {(a, b), (a, c)} (B) R = {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c)}
(C) R = {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c), (a, c)} (D) R = {(c, a), (b, a), (a, a)}
Q.27 Given set A = {1,2,3} and a relation R = {(1,2), (2,1)}, the relation R will be-
(A) reflexive if (1,1) is added (B) symmetric if (2,3) is added
(C) transitive if (1,1) is added (D) none of these
Q.28 Let R be a relation on the set N of Natural numbers defined by a R b if a divides b,
then R is-
(A) Reflexive and symmetric (B) Reflexive, transitive but not symmetric
(C) Equivalence (D) Symmetric and Transitive
Q.29 Let n (A) = m, and n (B) = n. Then the total number of non-empty relations that can be
defined from A to B is-
(A) mn (B) nm - 1 (C) mn (D) 2mn - 1
Answers
Q.N. Correct Hints/Solutions
Option
1 B (1,2) belongs to R but (2,1) does not belong to R, So R is not
symmetric. Therefore, it is not an equivalence relation.
2 D Number of equivalence relation on A=number of possible portions of
A
i.e. 1+1+1, 1+2, 3
{(1,1), (2,2), (3,3)}; {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3),(1,2), (2,1),}; {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3),
(1,3), (3,1)}; {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(2,3),(3,2)}; {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3),(1,2),
(2,1),(1,3), (3,1), (2,3), (3,2)}
3 B a is brother of b then b can be a sister of a.
14
a is brother of b and b is brother of c then a is brother of c
4 C 6=8-2
5 A 𝑥 − 𝑥 + √2 is an irrational number for all x.
6 A R = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (1,2), (2,1), (1,3), (3,1)}
7 B R = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (1,2), (2,1)}
R={(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (1,2),(2,1),(1,3),(3,1),(2,3),(3,2)}
8 B A line cannot be perpendicular to itself. if a line is perpendicular to
other line then they both are perpendicular to each other. Three lines
cannot be perpendicular to each other in a plane.
9 B If we don’t have any two ordered pairs in R to check transitivity, then
it is transitive.
10 A [0]={(a,0)∈R : a∈A}
11 C {(x, y)∈ 𝐴 × 𝐴: (𝑥, 𝑦)𝑅(2,5)} ; x+5=y+2 i.e. y=x+3
12 C (b, a) and (a, b) are in R but (b, b) is not in R, so it is not transitive and
not reflexive.
13 B 𝑎 × 𝑎 ≥ 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎 . If 𝑎𝑏 ≥ 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑎 ≥ 0
14 B a=a for all a in R ; 𝑎 ≥ 𝑏, 𝑏 ≥ 𝑐 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 ≥ 𝑐 ; 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 >
𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑏 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑎
15 C No element of A is related to itself. We do not have any element in
empty relation to check the symmetric and transitive, so empty
relation is symmetric and transitive.
16 D 4
17 C Transitive
18 A Reflexive but not symmetric
19 B 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2
20 B [1, ∞)
21 B Image of x must be unique
22 C 4!, Let A and B be two finite sets containing n and m elements
respectively, then the total no of ono-one functions defined from A to
B is 𝑛𝑃 𝑚 if m≤ n .
23 D [0, 1)
24 C 𝑝𝑞
25 D R is equivalence relation
26 B R = {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c)}
27 D none of these
28 B Reflexive, transitive but not symmetric
29 D 2mn – 1
ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS
In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason

(R). Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
15
Q1. Assertion: A relation R = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (3, 1), (3, 3), (3, 5)} defined on the set A={1,3,5}is
reflexive.
Reason: A relation R on the set A is said to be transitive if for. (a, b) ∈R and (b, c)∈R,
we have (a, c)∈R
Q2. Assertion: A relation R={(a, b):|a−b|<2}defined on the set A={1,2,3,4,5}is reflexive.
Reason: A relation R on the set A is said to be reflexive if for (a, b)∈R and(b, c)∈R, we
have (a, c)∈R.
Q3. Assertion: A relation R={(x, y):|x−y|=0}defined on the set A = {3, 5, 7} is symmetric.

Reason: A relation R on the set A is said to be symmetric if for (a, b)∈R, we have (b, a)∈R.
Q4. Assertion: The relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} defined as R = {(x, y) : y is divisible
by x} is an equivalence relation.
Reason: A relation R on the set A is equivalence if it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
Answer
Q1 D Q3 A
Q2 C Q4 D
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

Q.1 Let A= R-{3}, B=R-{1}. If f: A→B be defined by f(x)= (x-2)/(x-3), ∀x ∈A.
Then, show that f is bijective
Q.2 If A ={1, 2,3,4} define relations on A which have properties of being
(i) reflexive, transitive but not symmetric.
(ii) Symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive.
(iii) Reflexive, symmetric and transitive
Q.3 Let A = {1 ,2,3,4…….9} and R be the relation in A×A defined by (a, b) R (c, d)if a+ d=
b +c in A×A. Prove that R is an equivalence relation and also obtain the equivalent
class.
[(2,5)].
Q.4 Let A = N x N be the set of ail ordered pairs of natural numbers and R be the relation
on the set A defined by (a, b) R (c, d) iff a d=b c.
Show that R is an equivalence relation
Q.5 Show that the relation R on R defined as R = {(a, b): a ≤ b}, is
Reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
Q.6 Let A = (x∈Z:0≤x≤12}. Show that R ={(a, b):a, b ∈A ;|a–b| is divisible by 4} is an

equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements related to 1. Also write the
equivalence class [2].
Q.7 Let N denote the set of all natural numbers and R be the relation on NxN defined by:
(a, b)R(c, d) is ad(b+ c)=b c (a + d). Show that R is an equivalence relation
Q.8 Let f: 𝑅+→[-9,∞) be a function defined as : f(x) = 5𝑥2+ 6x – 9. Show than f(x)is
bijective
16
Q.9 Let f:[-1,∞)→[-1,∞)is given by f(x)=(𝑥2+1)2-1,x≥1.Show that f is bijective
ANSWER-LONG QUESTIONS
Q.1 Let f(𝑥1)=f(𝑥2)⇒ (x1 -2)/(x1-3)= (x2-2)/(x2-3)⇒𝑥1=𝑥2⇒ one one .Similarly, find range
of f(x) Range of f(x)= Co domain Therefore f(x) is onto .Therefore f(x) is Bijective
Q.2 (i){(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4),(1,2)} (ii){(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(2,4),(4,2)}
(iii){(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4)}
Q.3 If(a, b)R (c, d)then a + d=b + c

Reflexive: 𝐼𝑓 (a, b) R (a, b) if a+ b= b +a, which is true Therefore relation is reflexive.
Symmetric:-If (a, b)R(c, d)then a + d=b + c
⇒ If (c, d) R (a, b) then c + b=d + a, which is true, therefore symmetric
Transitive :If (a, b) R(c, d) then a + d=b + c… (i)
And if (c, d)R(e, f) then c + f=d + e (ii)
Adding (i) and(ii), we get a + f=b + e
Therefore (a, b)R(e, f).Therefore relation is an equivalence relation. Now, equivalence
class containing [(2,5)]is {(1,4),(2,5),(3,6),
(4,7),(5, 8),(6,9)}.
Q.4 (a, b)R (c, d) if and only if a d= b c.
(I) (a,b)R(a,b) iff ab=ba, which is true.[∵ab=ba∀a, b∈N] Thus, R is reflexive.
(II) (a,b)R(c,d)⇒ad=bc(c,d)R
(a,b)⇒cb=da.
But cb=be and d a =ad in N.
∴(a,b) R (c,d)⇒(c,d)R(a,b).Thus, R is symmetric.
(III) (a,b)R(c,d)⇒ad=bc…(1)
(c,d)R(e,f)⇒cf = de … (2)Multiplying(1)and(2),(ad).(cf)–(be), (de)
⇒af=be
⇒(a,b)=R(e,f).
Thus, R is transitive. Thus, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Hence, R is an
Q.5 We have: R={(a, b)}=a ≤b}.
Since, a ≤a ∀a ∈R,∴(a,a)∈R, Thus, R reflexive.
But R is not symmetric [∵(3,5) ∈R but (5,3) ∉Ras3≤5but5 >3
Now ,(a,b)∈R and (b,c)∈R
⇒a ≤b and b≤c ⇒a ≤c⇒(a,c)∈R. Thus, R is transitive
17
Q.6 We have: R={(a, b) :a, b ∈A;|a–b| is divisible by 4}.
(1)Reflexive :For any a ∈A, ∴(a, b) ∈R. |a– a| =0,which is divisible by 4.Thus, R is
reflexive.
Symmetric :Let(a, b)∈R⇒|a–b| is divisible by 4⇒ |b – a| is divisible by 4 Thus, R is
symmetric.
Transitive: Let (a, b) ∈R and (b, c) ∈R ⇒|a – b| is divisible by 4 and |b–c| is divisible
by4⇒|a–b| =4λ ⇒a–b=±4λ .......................................................................................................... (1)
And |b– c|=4µ ⇒b– c=±4µ ............................................ (2)
Adding (1) and (2),(a-b)+(b-c) =±4(λ+ µ)
⇒a– c=±4 (λ+µ)⇒( a, c)∈R .Thus, R is transitive.
Now, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Hence, R is an equivalence
relation.
(ii)Let ‘x’ be an element of A such that (x,1) ∈R
⇒|x–1| is divisible by4⇒x–1 =0,4,8,12,…⇒x =1,5,9,13,…
Hence, these to fall elements of A which are related to1 is {1,5,9}.
(iii)Let (x, 2)∈ R. Thus |x– 2|=4k, where k≤3. ∴x=2,6,10. Hence, equivalence class
[2]={2,6,10}.
Q.7 We have:(a, b)R(c, d)⇒ad(b + c)=b c(a + d) on N.
(i) {a, b)R(a,b) ⇒ab(b+a)=ba(a +b)⇒ab(a+b) = ab(a+b),which is true. Thus R is
reflexive.
(ii) (a,b)R(c, d)
⇒ad(b+c)=be (a+d)⇒bc(a +d)=ad (b+c)
⇒cb(d+a)=da (c+b)[∵bc=cb and a+ d=d+a ; etc. ∀ a, b, c, d ∈N]⇒(c, b)R (a,b). Thus R is
symmetric
(iii) Let(a , b)R(c,d)and(c, d)R (e,f)
∴ad(b+c) =bc(a+d) and cf(d+e)=de(c+f)
⇒be(a+f)=af(b+e)⇒af(b+e)=be(a+f)
⇒(a,b) R(e,f).Thus R is transitive. Hence, R is an equivalence relation.
Q.8 Letf(𝑥1)=f(𝑥2)⇒5𝑥12+6𝑥1–9=5𝑥22+6𝑥2–9⇒𝑥1=𝑥2⇒oneone
.Similarly, find range off (x) Range off (x)=Codomain Therefore f(x) is onto. Therefore f(x)
is Bijective
Q.9 Let f(𝑥1)=f(𝑥2)⇒(𝑥12+1)2−1=(𝑥22+1)2−1,,⇒𝑥1=𝑥2;𝑥1,𝑥2≥1one
one. Similarly, find range off(x) Range off(x)= Codomain Therefore f(x) is onto. Therefore
f(x) is Bijective
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

We know that a function f : A →B is said to be an invertible function if and only if it is bijective
(one one and onto). To make a function bijective, its domain and range are to be restricted.
Therefore, to define the Inverse Trigonometric Functions, we restrict their respective domain
and range as per the following table:
Inverse Trigonometric Domain (x) Range (y)
Functions (Principal value
branch)
−1
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 [-1, 1] −𝜋 𝜋
[ , ]
2 2
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 [-1, 1] [0, 𝜋]
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥−1
R −𝜋 𝜋
( , )
2 2
18
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 R −𝜋 𝜋
[ , ] − {0}
2 2
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 R – (-1, 1) 𝜋
[0, 𝜋] − { }
2
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 R – (-1, 1) (0, 𝜋)
Some important properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

Property - 1 Remarks Property – 2 Remarks Property - 3 Remar
ks
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) = 𝜃 𝜃 must sin(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑥 must be 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−𝑥) 𝑥 must
be in in the = −𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 be in
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) = 𝜃 Principal cos(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥) = 𝑥 domain 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (−𝑥) the
value mentioned = 𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 domain
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) = 𝜃 branch in tan(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) = 𝑥 in above 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (−𝑥) mentio
above table = −𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 ned in
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃) table cosec(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−𝑥) above
=𝜃 =𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 table
−1 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃)
𝑠𝑒𝑐 =𝜃 sec(𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−𝑥)
= 𝜋 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃) = 𝜃 cot(𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (−𝑥)
= 𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥
Examples:
1. Find the principal value of the following:
1 −2
a. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) b. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (−1) c. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 ( )d.
√2 √3
1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Solutions: a. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) = (Here the angle lies in first quadrant which
√2 4 4 4
is the principal value branch of sin-1𝑥).

𝜋 𝜋
b. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (−1) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 4 ) = − 4
−2 2 𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
c. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 ( ) = 𝜋 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 ( 3) = 𝜋 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (sec 6 ) = 𝜋 − 6 =
√3 √ 6
Note : Parts d, e and f of the question may be solved in the same way using the given
properties.
2. Find the principal value of the following:
3𝜋 13𝜋 7𝜋 −17𝜋
a. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) b. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) c. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) d. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ))
5 6 6 8
43𝜋
e. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 )
5
3𝜋 3𝜋
Solutions: a. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ), here the angle lies in second quadrant which is not the
5 5
principal value branch of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥.
19
3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
Therefore 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 )≠ . Now 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = sin (𝜋 − ) = sin [Because sin(π –
5 5 5 5 5
θ) = sinθ]
3𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
Now we can write 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 )=
5 5 5
2𝜋
(Here the angle lies in first quadrant which is the principal value branch of sin-1𝑥).
5
13𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
b. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (cos (2𝜋 + 6 )) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 ) =
6 6
7𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋
c. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝜋 + 6 )) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 6 ) = (angle is in second
6 6 6
quadrant which is not the principal value branch of tan-1x, therefore the angle was
7𝜋 𝜋
converted from to 6 which is in first quadrant)
6
−17𝜋 17𝜋 𝜋
d. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜋 + 8 ))
8 8
𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) =
8 8 8
[𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 sin(−x) = − sin x and sin−1 (−x) = −sin−1 x]
43𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
e. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (8𝜋 + )) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 − )) =
5 5 5 5
−𝜋 −𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 10 )) = 10
√3
3. Find the value of 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [2𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 )]. [CBSE(AI) 2018]
2
√3 𝜋 𝜋
Solution: 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [2𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 )] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [2𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2 . 6 )] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [2 sin 3 ] =
2
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√3) = 𝜋⁄3.

√3
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2 . )
2
cos 𝑥
4. Simplify: 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1−sin 𝑥) [CBSE 2020]
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
cos 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )(𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
Solution: 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
(1−sin 𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
[ 𝑥
2
𝑥
2
𝑥 𝑥 ] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
[ 2 2 2
𝑥 2
2
]=
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜋 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
[ 2
𝑥
2
𝑥 ]=𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
[ 2
𝑥 ] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [𝑡𝑎𝑛 (4 + 2)] = 4 + 2(Here 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛
2 2 2
MCQs
Q1. The domain of the function 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2𝑥 − 1) is:
(a) [0, 1] (b) [-1, 1] (c) (-1, 1) (d) [0, 𝜋]
−√3 𝜋
Q2. The value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) + 6 ] is:
2
20
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) -1 (d) none of these
33𝜋
Q3. The value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ] is:
5
3𝜋 −7𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(a) (b) (c) 10 (d) − 10
5 5
1 1 1
Q4. The value of 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (5) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (8) is :
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
1 √5
Q5. The value of 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( 3 )] is
3+√5 3−√5 −3+√5 −3−√5

(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
3𝜋 2𝜋
Q6. Given that 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin )= , then ‘k’ is:
4 𝑘
(a) 3 (b) 8 (c) 6 (d) 9

5𝜋 5𝜋
Q7. The value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (cos ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin ) is:
3 3
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
Q8. The value of 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 3) 𝑖𝑠:

(a) 12 (b) 15 (c) 5 (d) 3
Answers:
Q.1 Q.2 Q.3 Q.4 Q.5 Q.6 Q.7 Q.8
a A d d b B A B

(R). Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. (b) Both A and R are true but
R is not the correct explanation of A.
Q1 Assertion [A]: The principal value of sin−1(−1/2)is −π/6.
Reason [R]: The principal value of sin−1(−x)is −sin−1x if x∈[−1,1]
Q2. Assertion [A]: The principal value of cos−1(−1/√2)is −π/4
Reason [R]: The principal value of cos−1(−x) is π−cos−1x if x∈[−1,1].
Q3. Assertion [A]: The principal value, of tan−1(tan3π/4) is −π/4.
Reason [R]: The range of tan−1x is [−π/2,π/2].
Q4. Assertion [A]: The principal value of cos−1(cos5π/3)=π/3
21
Reason [R]: The range of cos−1x is [0,π]
Q5. Assertion [A]: tan−1(−x)=−tan−1x,x∈R
Reason [R]: sec−1(−x)=π−sec−1x,x∈R
Q6. Assertion [A]: The value of cos(sec−1(5/3)) is, 3/5.
Reason [R]: Value of sec−1x is cos−11/x.
Q7. Assertion [A]: The value of tan−1√3−sec−1(−2) is π/3.
Reason [R]: If cos−1x=y then principal value of y is 0≤y≤π.
Q8. Assertion [A]: The principal value of cos−1(cos13π/6)is π/6.
Reason [R]: The principal value of tan−1(tan5π/6) is 5π/6.
Q9. Assertion: 𝑖𝑓 2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥)2 − 5(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) + 2 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 ℎ𝑎𝑠 2Solutions.
Reason: 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin 𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
Q10. Assertion: The domain of the function sec −1 𝑥 is the set of all real numbers.
Reason: For the function sec −1 𝑥, x can take all real values except in the interval (-1, 1).
Answer
Q1 A Q6 A
Q2 D,cos−1(−1/√2)=π−cos−1(1/√2)=π−π/4=3π/4 Q7 D,tan−1(tanπ/3)−{π−sec−12}
=π/3−π+sec−1(secπ/3)=−2π/3+π/3=−π/3
Q3 A,tan−1(tan(π−π/4))=tan−1(−tanπ/4)=−π/4 Q8 C,
cos−1(cos(2π+π/6))=cos−1(cosπ/6)=π/6
tan−1(tan(π−π/6))=tan−1(−tanπ/6)=−π/6
Q4 A Q9 D
Q5 C , R is false as x∈R−(−1,1) Q10 D
MATRICES
Matrix is a rectangular array of numbers (real or complex) kept inside brackets [ ] or ()
and denoted by capital letters. The numbers are called elements or members or entry
Order of a matrix: A matrix having “m” number of rows and “n” number of columns is of
order mxn
Example A=𝑟𝑜𝑤 → 1 −1 3 ↓ 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛, is a matrix of order 2X3 having element a21 = 2 and
[ ]
2 5 −7
a13 = 3
1.Sum of two matrices: for Matrix A=[aij]mxn and B= [bij]mxn, the sum of two matrices A & B
defined as matrix C =[cij]mxn
Where cij = aij + bij for all i,j. (To add two matrices of same order, their corresponding
elements are added)
22
2.Multiplication of matrix by scalar : If A=[aij]mxnis a matrix and k is a scalar then kA is
another matrix which is obtained by multiplying each element of A by the scalar k . e.g.For
−2 6 7 4 3 −2 −6 18 21
A= [ ],B=[ ] ,3A= [ ]and
4 3 1 5 3 −1 12 9 3
4 + 4 −12 + 3 −14 − 2 8 −9 −16
-2A+B=[ ]=[ ]
−8 + 5 −6 + 3 −2 − 1 −3 −3 −3
3.Product of Matrices: Matrix A can be multiplied to matrix B if number of columns in A is
equal to number of rows in B. If
A =[aij]mxn and B=[bjk]nxp are two matrices then AB=[cik]mxp and cik = ∑𝑛𝑗=1 aij bjk
[Remark- if AB is defined then BA need not be defined]
2 7
1 −1 2 (1)(2) + (−1)(−1) + (2)(5) ? 13 −2
For [ ] [−1 1 ] = [ ]= [ ]
0 3 4 ? ? 17 −13
5 −4
Transpose of a matrix: For Matrix A =[aij]mxn transpose of A is denoted by AT or A’ and AT
3 5
3 √3 0
=[aji]nxm for example If A=[√3 1 ] ,then A’ = [ −1] [Hint : interchange rows
−1 5 1
0 5
5
and columns]
Symmetric and skew symmetric matrix: A square matrix A =[aij]mxn is symmetric if A’=A
i.e. aij = aji and a square matrix A =[aij]mxn is skew symmetric matrix if 𝐴’ = −𝐴 e.g. aji = - aij
& aii=0 for all possible values of i and j.
√3 2 3 0 −2 3
Example A= [ 2 −1.5 −1] is symmetric matrix as A =A and B= [ 2
’ 0 −1] is
3 −1 1 −3 1 0
skew symmetric matrix as B’=-B [Remark :For any square matrix A , A+ A’ is always
symmetric and A-A’ is always skew symmetric matrix ]
Invertible Matrix and Inverse of a matrix : Any n-rowed square matrix A is said to be
invertible if there exists a n-rowed matrix B such that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐼𝑛 , where In is the unit
matrix of order n. Inverse of A is denoted by A-1.
Important Questions:
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. If a matrix has 5 elements what are the possible order it can have?
[Ans. 1×5 and 5×1]
𝑎11 𝑎12
1
2. Construct 3X2 matrix whose elements are given by aij=2|i-3j|, Hint:[𝑎21 𝑎22 ]
𝑎31 𝑎32 3×2
23
5
1 2
1
Ans. 2
2
3
[0 2]
1 2 3 2 3 1 −3 −4 1
3. If A= [ ] , B=[ ], then find A-2B. Ans.[ ]]
3 1 3 1 0 2 1 1 −1
4. Find number of all possible matrices of order 2X2 with each entry 1or2 solution. 24=16
EXTRA QUESTIONS
1
1. For the following matrices A and B verify that (AB) =B A where A=[−4] , B=
T T T
3
[−1 2 1]
3 1 1 0
2. If A=[ ] and I=[ ] , Find 𝑎 and 𝑏 so that A2+ 𝑎I= 𝑏 A
7 5 0 1
3 1 3 1 1 0 3 1
[Solution:[ ][ ]+𝑎[ ]=𝑏 [ ]
7 5 7 5 0 1 7 5
16 8 𝑎 0 16 + 𝑎 8 3𝑏 𝑏
⟹[ ]+[ ]=[ ]= [ ] ⟹ 𝑏 =8 , 16+ 𝑎 = 3𝑏 and 𝑎 = 8
56 32 0 𝑎 56 32 + 𝑎 7𝑏 5𝑏
2 3 2 −2
3. Find X and Y if 2X+3Y=[ ] and 3X+2Y=[ ]
4 0 −1 5
2 3 4 6 6 −6
[Solution:2(2X+3Y)=2[ ⟹]4X+6Y=[ ]& 9X+6Y=[ ] ⟹ 4X+6Y-
4 0 8 0 −3 15
2 −12 2 13
4 6 6 −6 −2 12 5 5 5 5
(9X+6Y)=[ ]−[ ] ⟹ -5X=[ ] ⟹ X=[−11 ]& Y=[14 ]
8 0 −3 15 11 −15 3 −2
5 5
1 2 3 −7 −8 −9
4. Find the matrix X so that X[ ]=[ ]
4 5 6 2 4 6
𝑎 𝑏 1 2 3 −7 −8 −9
[Solution: Order of matrix X will be 2x2, [ ][ ]=[ ]
𝑐 𝑑 4 5 6 2 4 6
𝑎 +4 𝑏 =-7, 2 𝑎 +5 𝑏 =-8, 𝑐 +4 𝑑 =2,2c+5 𝑑 =4 on solving 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −2, 𝑐 = 2, 𝑑 = 0 Hence
1 −2
X=[ ]
2 0
2 𝑎 5
5.If the matrix A=[−1 4 𝑏] is a symmetric matrix then find 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 [𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑎 =-1, 𝑏=-
𝑐 −4 9
4, 𝑐 = 5 hence 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0 ]
1. Express matrix A as the sum of a symmetric and skew symmetric matrix, where
3 −2 −4
A=[ 3 −2 −5]
−1 1 2
24
3 −2 −4 3 3 −1 6 1 −5
1 1 1
Solution-P=2 (𝐴 + 𝐴′ ) =2 [[ 3 −2 −5] + [−2 −2 1 ]]=2 [ 1 −4 −4]
−1 1 2 −4 −5 2 −5 −4 4
1 5
3 −2
2 3 −2 −4
1 1 1
= 2
−2 −2 (𝑃 ′
= 𝑃) P is symmetric matrix Q= (𝐴 − 𝐴′ )= [[ 3 −2 −5] −
2 2
5 −1 1 2
[− 2 −2 2 ]
−5 3
0 2 −2
3 3 −1 0 −5 −3
1 5
[−2 −2 1 ]]=2 [5 0 −6]= 2 0 −3 (𝑄 ′ = −𝑄) Q is skew symmetric matrix.
−4 −5 2 3 6 0 3
[2 3 0]
1 3 2
4. If A=[2 0 −1], then show that 𝐴3 − 4𝐴2 − 3𝐴 + 11𝐼 = 𝑂
1 2 3
1 3 2 1 3 2 9 7 5
Solution: A =[2 0 −1] [2 0 −1]=[1 4 1],
2
1 2 3 1 2 3 8 9 9
9 7 5 1 3 2 28 37 26
A3= A2A= [1 4 1] [2 0 −1]=[10 5 1]
8 9 9 1 2 3 35 42 34
28 37 26 9 7 5 1 3 2 1 0 0
A3-4A2-3A+11I=[10 5 1 ] − 4 [1 4 1] − 3 [2 0 −1] + 11 [0 1 0]
35 42 34 8 9 9 1 2 3 0 0 1
28 37 26 36 28 20 3 9 6 11 0 0 0 0 0
=[10 5 1 ] − [ 4 16 4 ] − [6 0 −3] + [ 0 11 0 ] = [0 0 0]=O
35 42 34 32 36 36 3 6 9 0 0 11 0 0 0
MCQs
0 1
Q.1 [ 𝑥 1][ ]=O, then x equals to
0 −2
(a)0 (b)2 (c)-2 (d)-1
0 0 4
Q.2 The matrix P=[0 4 0] is a
4 0 0
(a) Square matrix (b) diagonal matrix (c) unit matrix (d) None of these
𝛼 0 1 0
Q.3 If matrix A=[ ] ,𝐵 = [ ]. If A2=B , then 𝛼 is equals to–
1 1 5 1
(a)1 (b)-1 (c)0 (d)none of these
0 0
Q.4 If A=[ ], then A16 is-
4 0
0 0 4 0 1 0 0 0
(a)[ ] (b)[ ] (c)[ ] (d)[ ]
4 0 0 4 0 1 0 0
Q.5 The number of all possible matrices of order 3X3 with each entry 0 or 1 is –
(a)27 (b)18 (c)512 (d)81
cos 𝛼 −sin 𝛼
Q.6 If A=[ ], such that A+A’=I, then the value of 𝛼 is-
sin 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
(a)6 (b) 3 (c) 𝜋 (d) 2
Q.7 The value of x+y from the following equation is –
𝑥 5 3 −4 7 6
2[ ] + [ ] = [ ]
7 𝑦−3 1 2 15 14
25
(a)11 (b)9 (c)7 (d)2
0 1 −2
Q.8 For what value of x , is the matrix A=[−1 0 3 ] is a skew-symmetric matrix
𝑥 −3 0
(a) 0 (b)2 (c)9 (d)5
3 4
Q.9 If A=[ ] , then the matrix f(A) is, where f(x)=x2-5x+7
−4 −3
−15 −20 15 20 20 20 −20 15
(a)[ ] (b)[ ] (c)[ ] (d)[ ]
20 15 −20 −15 15 −15 20 −15
3 −4 5 2 𝑝 𝑞
Q.10 If X=[ ] , B=[ ] and A=[ ] satisfy the equation AX=B,then the
1 −1 −2 1 𝑟 𝑠
matrix A is equal to
−7 26 7 26 −7 −4 −7 26
(a)[ ] (b)[ ] (c)[ ] (d)[ ]
1 −5 4 17 26 13 −6 23
1 −1
Q.11 If matrix A=[ ] and A2=kA, then the value of k is –
−1 1
(a)1 (b)2 (c)3 (d)5
1 0 2 𝑥
Q.12 If [𝑥 −5 −1] [0 2 1] [4]=0,then the value of x is
2 0 3 1
(a) 5√5 (b) ±4√3 (c) ±3√5 (d) ±6√5
0 2 1 0
Q.13 The matrix A satisfies the equation [ ] 𝐴 =[ ], then matrix A is-
−1 1 0 1
1
2 0 1 −2 −1 1 2
(a) [ ] (b) [ ] (c) [21 ] (d) [ ]
1 0 1 0 0 −1 0
2
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
Q.14 If E(𝜃)=[ ] , then E(𝛼)E(𝛽)is equal to –
− sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
(a) E(𝛼𝛽) (b)E(𝛼 − 𝛽) (c) E(𝛼 + 𝛽) (d)-E(𝛼 + 𝛽)
Q.15 Suppose 3 x 3 matrix A = [aij] , whose elements are given by aij=i2-j2 ,then a32 is
equal to
(a)5 (b)1 (c)2 (d)3
ASSERTION AND REASON BASED QUESTIONS

Directions: In the following questions, A statement of assertion (A) is followed by
a statement of reason (R). Mark the correct choice as.
(A)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(B)Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(C) A is true but R is false
(D)A is false and R is true
Q.1 Assertion(A):if A is a square matrix such that A2=A , then (I+A)3 -7A=I
Reason (R): AI=IA=A
Q.2 Assertion(A):(A+B)2≠A2 +2AB +B2
Reason(R): Generally AB≠ BA
Q.3 A and B are two matrices such that both AB and BA are defined
Assertion (A): (A+B)(A-B)=A2-B2
Reason(R): (A+B)(A-B)=A2-AB+BA-B2
0 2𝑏 −2
−2 3
Q.4 Assertion (A): If the matrix P=[ 3 1 3 ] is a symmetric matrix then a= 3 and b=2
3𝑎 3 3
Reason(R): If P is a symmetric matrix then P’= -P
26
Q.5 Assertion (A): If A is a symmetric matrix then B’AB is also symmetric
Reason(R): (ABC)’=C’B’A’
Answers
QN MCQs
1.
0 1 0 0
Ans (b)2 =[𝑥 1][ ]=[ ]OR [0 x-2]=[0 0] OR x=2
0 −2 0 0
2 Ans (b) Square matrix. we know that in a square matrix number
of rows is equal to the number of columns
3. Ans (d) none of these. A2=[
𝛼 0 𝛼 0 1 0
][ ]=[ ]OR [ 𝛼
2
0]=[1 0]
1 1 1 1 5 1 𝛼+1 1 5 1
𝛼 2 =1 , 𝛼 + 1=5 OR 𝛼 = ±1 , 𝛼=4(three different values of 𝛼)
4. Ans (d)[
0 0
] A2 =[
0 0 0 0 0 0
][ ]=[ ]
0 0 4 0 4 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
A4=A2.A2=[ ] , A8= A4. A4=[ ]therefore A16= A8. A8=[ ]
0 0 0 0 0 0
5 Ans (c)512 The given matrix of the order 3X3 has 9 elements and
each of these elements can be either 0 or 1 ,now each of
the 9 elements can be filled in 2 possible ways therefore 29=512.
6. Ans (b)3
𝜋
A+A’=I, =[
cos 𝛼 −sin 𝛼
]+[
cos 𝛼 sin 𝛼 1 0
]=[ ]
sin 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 cos 𝛼 0 1
2 cos 𝛼 0 1 0 𝜋
=[ ]=[ ], 𝛼= 3
0 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 0 1
7. Ans (a)11 2x+3=7, x=2 and 2y-6+2=14 , y=9 ∴ x+y=11
8. Ans (b)2 A’= - A
0 −1 𝑥 0 1 −2
[1 0 −3] = _ [−1 0 3 ] , x=2
−2 3 0 𝑥 −3 0
9. Ans (a)[
−15 −20
] , f(A)=A2-5A+7I
20 15
3 4 3 4 3 4 1 0 −15 −20
[ ][ ]− 5[ ] +7[ ]=[ ]
−4 −3 −4 −3 −4 −3 0 1 20 15
10. −7 26 𝑝 𝑞 3 −4 5 2
Ans (a)[ ][ ][ ] =[ ]
1 −5 𝑟 𝑠 1 −1 −2 1
3𝑝 + 𝑞 −4𝑝 − 𝑞 5 2
[ ] =[ ]
3𝑟 + 𝑠 −4𝑟 − 𝑠 −2 1
p=-7,q=26,r=1,s=-5
11. Ans (b)2 A2= A.A= [
1 −1
][
1 −1
] = k[
1 −1
]
−1 1 −1 1 −1 1
2 −2 1 −1
=[ ] =k[ ] ,k=2
−2 2 −1 1
12. 𝑥
Ans (b) ±4√3 = [𝑥 − 2 −10 2𝑥 − 8] [4]=0
1
x2-2x-40+2x-8=0 , x=±4√3
13. 1
−1
0 2 𝑎 𝑏 1 0
Ans. (c) =[ ][ ]=[ ], = [21 ]
−1 1 𝑐 𝑑 0 1 0
2
14. cos 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 cos 𝛽 sin 𝛽
Ans (c) E(𝛼 + 𝛽) E(𝛼)E(𝛽)=[ ][ ]
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 cos 𝛼 − sin 𝛽 cos 𝛽
27
cos 𝛼 + 𝛽 sin 𝛼 + 𝛽
= [ ]= E(𝛼 + 𝛽)
− sin 𝛼 + 𝛽 cos 𝛼 + 𝛽
15. Ans (a)5 aij=i2-j2, therefore a32 = 32-22=9-4=5
Assertion and Reason based MCQs
1. Ans (A) IA=AI=A is true Given A2=A ∴ (I+A)3 -7A=I
=(I3+3I2 A+3A2 I+A3) -7A=I
hence A is true . R is correct explanation for A
2. Ans (A) For 2 matrices A and B generally AB≠BA
i.e matrix multiplication is not commutative
therefore R is true.
(A+B)2= (A+B)(A+B)= A2+AB+BA+B2 ≠ A2+2AB+B2
therefore A is true, hence R is the correct explanation for A.
3. Ans (D) for two matrices A and B even if both AB and BA are
defined, generally AB≠BA (A+B)(A-B)=A2-AB+BA-B2
since AB≠BA , (A+B)(A-B) ≠A2-B2, hence R is true
and A is false.
4. Ans (C) If P is a symmetric matrix then P’=P
hence R is false, as P is a symmetric matrix,P’=P
0 3 3𝑎 0 2𝑏 −2
[ 2𝑏 1 3 ] = [ 3 1 3]
−2 3 3 3𝑎 3 3
−2 3
therefore by equality of matrices a= 3 and b=2 Hence A is true.
5. Ans (A) For 3 matrices A ,B and C if ABC is defined then
(ABC)’=C’B’A’ , hence R is true Given that A is symmetric
then A’=A, (B’AB)’=B’A’(B’)’ =B’AB , hence A is true
therefore R is the correct explanation for A.
DETERMINANTS
Determinant : To every square matrix we can assign a number or scalar called a
determinant.
If 𝐴 = [𝑎11 ], det. 𝐴 = | 𝐴 | = 𝑎11
a a 
If 𝐴 =  11 12
, |𝐴| = 𝑎11 𝑎22 – 𝑎21 𝑎12
 21 22 
a a
* Singular matrix: A square matrix ‘A’ of order ‘n’ is said to be singular, if |𝐴| = 0.
* Non -Singular matrix: A square matrix ‘A’ of order ‘n’ is said to be non-singular, if |𝐴|  0.
* Area of a Triangle: Area of a triangle with vertices (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) and (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )is given by
x y1 1
1 1
∆= x2 y2 1
2x y3 1
3
x y 1
* Equation of a line passing through (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), & (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) is x1 y1 1=0
x2 y2 1
*Minor of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 of a determinant is the determinant obtained by deleting its ith row
and jth column in which element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 lies. Minor of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is denoted by 𝑀𝑖𝑗
28
* Cofactor of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 denoted by 𝐴𝑖𝑗 is defined by 𝐴𝑖𝑗 = (– 1)𝑖+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗 , where 𝑀𝑖𝑗 is
minor of 𝑎𝑖𝑗
* If elements of a row (or column) are multiplied with cofactors of any other row (or
column), then their sum is zero.
*Adjoint of matrix:
If A = [a ij ] be a square matrix then transpose of a matrix[𝐴𝑖𝑗 ], where𝐴𝑖𝑗 is the cofactor of
𝑎𝑖𝑗 element of matrix A, is called the adjoint of matrix 𝐴.

𝑇
i.e Adjoint of 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗. 𝐴 = [𝐴𝑖𝑗 ]
Some properties:
(1) If A be any given square matrix of order n, then 𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) 𝐴 = |𝐴| 𝐼,
(2) If A is a square matrix of order n, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 |𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴)| = |𝐴|𝑛–1.
(3) If A & B are square matrices of same order, then |𝐴𝐵| = |𝐴| |𝐵|
(4) Let A be a square matrix of order 𝑛 × 𝑛, then | 𝑘𝐴| = 𝑘 𝑛 | 𝐴|
*Inverse of a matrix: Inverse of a square matrix A exists, if A is non-singular i.e 𝐴−1 =
1
𝑎𝑑𝑗. 𝐴
A
*System of Linear Equations :

a1x + b1y + c1z = d1, a2x + b2y + c2z = d2, a3x + b3y + c3z = d3.
These equations can be written in matrix form as
 a1 b2 c1   x   d1 
a 2 b2 c 2   y  = d 2  𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 ; { | 𝐴 |  0}.
    
a 3 b3 c3   z  d 3 
SOME QUESTIONS :
2 − 3 −1
Q.1 Show that A =   satisfies the equation x2 – 6x +17 = 0. Thus find A .
3 4
29
2 − 3 2 − 3 2 − 3 − 5 − 18
Sol.A =    A2 =   =
3 4  3 4  3 4   18 7 
− 5 − 18 12 − 18 17 0  0 0
A 2 − 6A + 17I =  − + = =0
 18 7  18 24   0 17 0 0
 A satisfies the equation x 2 − 6 x + 17 = 0
A 2 − 6A + 17I = 0  17I = − A 2 + 6A
 17IA −1 = − AA.A −1 + 6AA −1 = − AI + 6I
− 2 3  6 0   4 3 
 17A −1 = − A + 6I =  + =
− 3 − 4 0 6 − 3 2
1  4 3
 A −1 = 
17 − 3 2
2 −1 1   3 1 − 1
Q.2 Use the product − 1 2 − 1  1 3 1  to solve the following system of equations.

 1 − 1 2  − 1 1 3 
2x – y + z = –1, – x + 2y – z = 4, x – y + 2z = –3.
2 −1 1 3 1 −1
𝑺𝒐𝒍. 𝐿𝑒𝑡𝐴 = [−1 2 −1] , 𝐵 = [ 1 3 1 ]
1 −1 2 −1 1 3
4 0 0 1 1
𝐴𝐵 = [0 4 0] = 4𝐼3 ⇒ 𝐴 ( 𝐵) = 𝐼3 ∴ 𝐴−1 = 𝐵
4 4
0 0 4
Given system of equations may be written as
2 −1 1 𝑥 −1
AX = C , where A = [−1 2 −1] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] , 𝐶 = [ 4 ]
1 −1 2 𝑧 −3
−1
1
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑠 𝑋 = 𝐴 𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶
4
1 3 1 −1 −1 1 4 1
= [ 1 3 1 ][ 4 ] = [ 8 ] = [ 2 ]
4 4
−1 1 3 −3 −4 −1
∴ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = −1
1 1 1
Q.3 For the matrix A=[ 1 2 − 3 ] show that A3 -6A2+5A+11I=O. Hence find A-1.
2 −1 3
1 1
1 1 1 1 4 2 1
Sol.A2 =A.A=[ 1 ] [
2 −3 1 2 −3 ] =[ −3 8 − 14 ] and
2 −1 3 2 −1 3 7 − 3 14
4 2 1 1 1 1 8 7 1
Now A3 = A2 .A =[ −3 8 − 14 ] [ 1 2 − 3 ] =[ −23 27 − 69 ]
7 − 3 14 2 −1 3 32 − 13 58
30
8 7 1 4 2 1 1 1 1
∴ A3 -6A2+5A+11I =[ −23 27 − 69 ] − 6 [ −3 8 − 14 ] + 5 [ 1 2 − 3 ] +
32 − 13 58 7 − 3 14 2 −1 3
1 0 0
11 [0 1 0]
0 0 1
8 7 1 24 12 6 5 5 5 11 0 0
=[ −23 27 − 69 ]-[ −18 48 − 84 ]+[ 5 10 − 15 ]+[ 0 11 0]
32 − 13 58 42 − 18 84 10 − 5 15 0 0 11
−16 − 5 − 5 16 5 5 0 0 0
=[−5 − 21 15] +[ 5 21 − 15 ] = [ 0 0 0 ]=O
−10 5 − 26 10 −5 26 0 0 0
∴ A3 − 6A2 + 5A + 11I = O
𝑃𝑟𝑒multiplying by A-1
∴ A-1(A3 − 6A2 + 5A + 11I ) =A-1(O) ⇒A2-6A+5A-1A +11A-1 =O

11A-1 = −( 𝐴2 − 6𝐴 + 5𝐼) = −𝐴2 + 6A − 5I
1 6 5
A-1 =11A2 +11A-11I
4 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
1 6 5
 A-1= − 11 [ −3 8 − 14 ] + 11 [ 1 2 − 3 ] − 11 [ 0 1 0 ]=
7 − 3 14 2 −1 3 0 0 1
−3 4 5
1
11
[ 9 −1 −4 ]
5 −3 −1
1 −1 0 2 2 −4
Q.4 Find the product AB where A=[2 3 4] , B=[−4 2 −4] and use the product to
0 1 2 2 −1 5
solve the system of equations 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3 , 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 17 , 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 7
1 −1 0 2 2 −4 6 0 0
Sol. : [2 3 4] [−4 2 −4] =[0 6 0] =6I,
0 1 2 2 −1 5 0 0 6
1
i.e 𝐴𝐵 = 6𝐼 so . 𝐴 = 6 𝐵
−1
2 2 −4
1
So 𝐴−1 = 6 [−4 2 −4]
2 −1 5
System of equation can be written as AX=B and X= A-1B
𝑥 2 2 −4 3 12 2
1 1
[𝑦]=6 [−4 2 −4] [17] = 6 [−6]=[−1] Hence x=2, y=-1, z=4
𝑧 2 −1 5 7 24 4
Q.5 Solve the system of equations using matrix method
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2
Sol. The given system of equations can be expressed as AX =B
1 −1 1 𝑥 4
Where A =[2 1 −3 ] and X =[𝑦 ] and B=[ 0]
1 1 1 𝑧 2
31
1 −1 1
Now |𝐴| =| 2 1 − 3 | =1(1+3) +1(2+3)+1(2-1) =4+5+1 =10 ≠ 0
1 1 1
Therefore A is a non-singular matrix so A-1 exists and given system has a unique solution
Now A11 =4, A12=-5, A13 =1, A21 =2, A22=0, A23 =-2, A31=2, A32=5, A33= 3 (cofactors)
4 −5 1 𝑇 4 2 2 4 2 2
1 1
adj.A=[2 0 −2 ] = [ −5 0 5] A-1 = |𝐴|(adj.A) = [ −5 0 5]
10
2 5 3 1 −2 3 1 −2 3
Now AX = B ⇒X= A-1B
𝑥 4 2 2 4 𝑥 20 2
1 1
[𝑦] =10 [ −5 0 5 ] [0 ] ⇒ [𝑦] = 10 [−10] =[−1] we get, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = −1 & 𝑧 = 1
𝑧 1 −2 3 2 𝑧 10 1
MCQs
1 2 𝜆 −3
If A =|0 2 5 | .then 𝐴−1 exist if
1 1 3
(a) 𝜆 =2 (b) 𝜆 ≠ 2 (c) 𝜆 ≠ −2 (d) none
2 2 x 5 6 −2
If = , then the value of x is-
8 x 7 3
(a) 3 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 6
3 If the points (3, -2) ,( x , 2) and (8, 8) are collinear then the value of x is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
4 If A and B are matrices of order 3 and |𝐴| = 5, and |𝐵| = 3, then |3𝐴𝐵| is equal to
(a) 45 (b) 405 (c) 135 (d) None of these
5  2 
and A = 125 ,then the value of α is-
3
If A=  
2 
(a) ±2 (b) ±3 (c) ±6 (d) 6
6 If A is a square matrix of order 3, with |𝐴| = 9, then the value of |2. 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴|
(a) 648 (b) 54 (c)72 (d) 108
7 2 1 3
The matrix is 𝐴 = [ 4 −1 0] is a
−7 2 1
(a) Singular matrix (b) Non – singular (c) Symmetric matrix (d) Skew
symmetric matrix
8 2 3 −1
If matrix 𝐴 = [ 𝑥 + 4 −1 2 ] is a singular matrix, then the value of x is
3𝑥 + 1 2 −1
3 3 4 4
(a)− 16 (b)16 (c)13 (d)5
9 For matrix 𝐴 = [
2 5
], (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)′ is equal to:
−11 7
−2 −5 7 5 7 11 7 −5
(a) [ ] (b) [ ] (c) [ ] (d) [ ]
11 7 11 2 −5 2 11 2
32
10 Given that A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is a square matrix of order 3×3 and |𝐴| = −7 then the value
of ∑3𝑖=1 𝑎𝑖1 𝐴𝑖1, where 𝐴𝑖𝑗 denotes the cofactor of element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is:
(a)7 (b)-7 (c) 0 (d)49
11 Given that A is a non-singular matrix of order 3 such that 𝐴2 = 2𝐴, then value of
|2A| is:
(a)4 (b) 8 (c)64 (d)16
12 1 sinθ 1
Let 𝐴 = [−sinθ 1 sinθ] where 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛
−1 −sinθ 1
(a) Det (A) =0 (b) Det(A) ∈ (2, ∞)
(c) Det(A) ∈ (2, 4) (d) Det(A) ∈ [2, 4]
13 For the matrix 𝐴 = [
3 2
] & 𝐴2 + 𝑎𝐴 + 𝑏𝐼 = 𝑂, then the values of numbers a
1 1
and b is
(a) a = 3, b = 2 (b) a = 4, b =3
(c) a = -4, b = 1 (d) a = -3, b = 2
14 If A is an invertible matrix of order 3 and |𝐴| = 5 , then value |𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴| is
(a)-25 (b)45 (c)35 (d)25
15 If A is a singular matrix, then 𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) is
(a) Null matrix (b) Scalar matric (c) Identity Matrix (d)
None of these
16 If A is 3 × 3 square matrix such that 𝐴 (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) = 2𝐼, where I is the identity
matrix, The value of
|𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴| is
(a)4 (b)-4 (c)0 (d) None of these
17 If the value of a third order determinant is 12, then the value of the determinant
formed by replacing each element by its cofactors will be
(a) 12 (b)144 (c)-12 (d)13
18 If A is a square matrix of order 3 × 3 such that |𝐴| = 2, then the value of
|𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)| is
(a)-16 (b)16 (c)0 (d)2
19 If A is a square matrix of order 3 × 3 such that |𝐴| = 4, then the value of
|𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)| is
(a) 64 (b)16 (c)12 (d)48
20 If A is a skew- symmetric matrix of order 3 then the value of |𝐴| is
(a)0 (b)3 (c)9 (d)27
21 k 8 
The value of k ,for which A =   is a singular matrix-
 4 2k 
(a) 4 (b) -4 (c) ±4 (d) 6
22 If A=[
2 3
] and (𝐴) −1
=kA then value of k
5 −2
1 1 1
(a) 9 (b) 19 (c) - 9 (d) None
23 The area of a triangle with vertices A (-3, 0), B(3, 0) and C(k, 0) is 9 sq. units, then
the value of k will be-
(a) 9 (b) 3 (c) -9 (d) 6
33
24 a 0 0 
If matrix A=  0 a 0  , then the value of adjA is-
 
 0 0 a 
(a) a
27
(b) a
9
(c) a
6
(d) a2
ANSWERS
1.d 2.c 3.d 4.c 5.b 6.a 7.b 8.a
9.c 10.b 11.c 12.d 13.c 14.d 15.a 16.a
17.b 18.b 19.a 20.a 21.c 22.b 23.b 24.a
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Find the equation the line joining A (1,3) and B (0,0) using determinants and find the
value of k if D(k,0) is a point such that areaof triangle ABD is 3 square units.
x +3 −2
2. If 𝑥  𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 8 , then find the value of 𝑥.
− 3x 2x
2 4 2x 4
3. If | |= , then find the value of 𝑥.
5 1 6 x
4. Using determinants find k so that the points (𝑘, 2 − 2𝑘), (−𝑘 + 1, 2𝑘) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−4 − 𝑘, 6 −
2𝑘) may be collinear
5. If A is a square matrix such that │𝐴│ = 5, then find the value of │𝐴𝐴𝑇 │.
6. If area of triangle is 35 sq units with vertices (2, – 6), (5, 4) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑘, 4). Then find 𝑘.
2 −3 5
7. If 𝐴𝑖𝑗 is the co-factor of the element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 of the det. 6 0 4 , then find value of 𝑎32 &
1 5 −7
𝐴32 .
8 0
8. If for any 2 ×2 square matrix A, 𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) =   , then find the value of |𝐴|’
0 8 
9.If A is a square matrix of order 3, with |𝐴| = 9, then find the value of |2. 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴|.
2 k −3
10. If 𝐴 = 0 2 5 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴−1 exists then find the value of k.
1 1 3
ANSWERS
1. 𝑦 − 3𝑥 = 10, 𝑘 = ±2 2. 2 3.  3 4.k=-1, 1/2 5. 25
8
6. 12, –2 7. 110 8. 8 9. 648 10. k  −
5
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Solve the following system of equations by matrix method:
34
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7, 𝑥 + 3𝑧 = 11, 2𝑥 – 3𝑦 = 1
2. Using matrices, solve the system of equations:

2𝑥– 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 11
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 – 4𝑧 = – 5
𝑥 + 𝑦 – 2𝑧 = – 3
 1 2 5
3. Find A , where A = 1 − 1 − 1 . Hence solve the equations 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 10,
−1
 
2 3 − 1
𝑥 – 𝑦 – 𝑧 = – 2 and 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 – 𝑧 = – 11
1 1 1 
4. Find A −1 , where A = 1 2 − 3 . Hence solve

2 − 1 3 
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 – 𝑧 = 9 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 – 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = – 14
2 1 − 3 2  1 2 
5. Find the matrix P satisfying the matrix equation:  P = 
3 2  5 − 3 2 − 1
 1 − 1 0  2 2 − 4

6. Given that 𝐴 = 2  
3 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 =  − 4 2 − 4  , find 𝐴𝐵. Use this product to solve

0 1 2  2 − 1 5
the
following system of equations: 𝑥 – 𝑦 = 3 ; 2 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4 𝑧 = 17 ; 𝑦 + 2 𝑧 = 7.
1 −1 1
7. If 𝐴 = [2 1 −3], find A-1 and hence solve 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4, – 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 – 3𝑦 +
1 1 1
𝑧 =2
8. Using matrix method, solve 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7, 𝑥 + 3𝑧 = 11 and 2𝑥 – 3𝑦 = 1
1 −1 2 −2 0 1
9. Consider the product [0 2 −3] [ 9 2 −3], and solve the system of equations:
3 −2 4 6 1 −2
x – y + 2z = 1, 2y – 3z = 1, 3x – 2y + 4z = 2
10. Solve the following system of equations by matrix method:
2 3 10 4 6 5 6 9 20
+ + = 4, − + = 1, + − = 2 and x, y, z ≠ 0
x y z x y z x y z
ANSWERS
 9 −3 6 
=  6 − 2 − 2, x = 2, y = 1, z = 3.
−1 1 
1. A 2. 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 3
18
− 3 7 − 2
35
 4 17 3
1 
3. A = −1
− 1 − 11 6, x = −1, y = −2, z = 3. 4.
27 
 5 1 − 3 
 3 − 4 − 5
1 
−1
A = − − 9 1 4 , x = 1, y = 3, z = −2
11
− 5 3 1 
 25 15 
5. P =   6. 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = – 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 4
− 37 − 22
9 2 7
7. 𝑥 = 5 , 𝑦 = 5 , 𝑧 = 5 8. 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 3
 75 150 75 
1 
9. 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 5, 𝑧 = 3 10. A −1
= 110 − 100 30 , x = 2, y = 3, z = 5.
1200 
 72 0 − 24
CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY

Definition: A function f is said to be continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎 if
Left hand limit = Right hand limit = value of the function at 𝑥 = 𝑎
i.e. lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = f (a )
x →a − x →a +
i.e. lim f (a − h ) = lim f (a + h ) = f (a ) .
h →0 h →0
Definition: A function is said to be differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑎
f (a − h ) − f (a ) f ( a + h ) − f (a )
if Lf (a ) = Rf (a ) i.e lim = lim
h →0 −h h →0 h
Note: If y=f(x) then derivative of y w.r.t. x is dy/dx=f’(x)
Some formulae:
(i)
d n
dx
(x ) = nxn – 1,
d  1  n
 n  = − n +1 ,
dx  x  x
d
dx
x =−
1
2 x
( )
d d
(ii) (x) = 1 (iii) (c)= 0,  c  R
dx dx
d x d x
(iv) (a ) = axlog a, a > 0, a  1. (v) (e ) = ex.
dx dx
d d 1
(vi) (logax) = 1 a > 0, a  1, x (vii) (log x) = , x > 0
dx x log a dx x
d d 1
(viii) (loga| x |) = 1 , a > 0, a 1, x  0 (ix) (log | x |)= , x  0
dx x log a dx x
36
d d
(x) (sin x) = cos x,  x  R. (xi) (cos x) = – sin x,  x  R.
dx dx
d d
(xii) (tan x) = sec2x,  x  R. (xiii) (cot x) = – cosec2x,  x  R.
dx dx
d d
(xiv) (sec x) = sec x tan x,  x  R. (xv) (cosec x) = – cosec x cot x,  x  R.
dx dx
1
(cos-1x) = − 1 .
d d
(xvi) (sin-1x) = . (xvii)
dx 1 − x2 dx 1 − x2
d 1
(xviii) (tan-1x) = ,  x  R (xix) d
(cot-1x) = − 1
,  x  R.
dx 1+ x2 dx 1+ x2
1 d 1
(xx) d (sec-1x) = . (xxi) (cosec-1x) = − .
dx
| x | x2 −1 dx | x | x2 −1
d x d df
(xxii) (| x |) = , x  0 (xxiii) (k.f) = k (k  R)
dx |x| dx dx
(xxiv) (u  v ) =
d du dv d
 (xxv) (u.v) =
dx dx dx dx
dv du
u +v (Product Rule)
dx dx
du dv
v −u
d   u
(xxvi)   = dx 2 dx (Quotient Rule)
dx  v  v
SOME ILUSTRATIONS :
3ax + b, if x > 1
Q.1 If f(x) = {11 if x = 1 is continuous at x = 1, find the values of a and b.
5ax − 2b , if x < 1
Sol. lim− f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f (1).........(i)
x →1 x →1
lim f ( x ) = lim f (1 − h ) = lim 5a (1 − h ) − 2b = 5a − 2b
x →1− h →0 h →0
lim f ( x ) = lim f (1 + h ) = lim 3a (1 + h ) + b = 3a + b

x →1+ h →0 h →0
Because f (1) = 11
From (𝑖)3a + b = 5a − 2b = 11 after solving we get a = 3 , b = 2
Q.2 Find the relationship between 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 so that the function defined by f(x)=
ax + 1 , if x  3
 is continuous at x = 3.
bx + 3 , if x  3
Sol.  f(x) is continuous at x = 3  lim− f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f (3).........(i)
x →3 x →3
lim f ( x ) = lim f (3 − h ) = lim a (3 − h ) + 1 = 3a + 1

x →3 − h →0 h →0
lim f ( x ) = lim f (3 + h ) = lim b(3 + h ) + 3 = 3b + 3

x →3+ h →0 h →0
f (3) = 3a + 1
From (𝑖)3𝑎 + 1 = 3𝑏 + 3 = 3𝑎 + 1 ⇒ 3𝑎 + 1 = 3𝑏 + 3
⇒ 3a − 3b = 2 is the required relation between a and b
37
𝑑𝑦 √1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+ √1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Q.3 Find 𝑑𝑥 for y = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ ]
√1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥− √1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Sol.√1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = √𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 = (cos 2 + sin 2)
√1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = √𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 = (cos 2 − sin 2)
√1+sinx+ √1−sinx 𝑥
y = tan−1 [ ]= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 {𝑐𝑜𝑡 2}
√1+sinx− √1−sinx
𝜋 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
{(tan ( − ))} = −  = −
2 2 2 2 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q.4 If y=(tan−1 𝑥)2 , then show that (1 + 𝑥 2 )2𝑑𝑥 2 + 2𝑥(1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥
Sol. Given function y = (tan – lx)2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 1 + 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦
 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 tan–1 𝑥 (Diff. again)
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 . 2𝑥 = 1+𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2𝑑𝑥 2 + 2𝑥(1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 Hence proved.
Q.5 If y = (log e x )x + x log e x find

dy
.
dx
log (log e x ) 
Sol. y = (log e x ) + x log e x = e + elog x 
x loge x
x
= e x log (log e x ) + elog e x. log e x

   log x log x 
. = e x log (log e x )x. . + log(log x ).1 + elog e x. log e x 
dy 1 1
+
dx  log x x   x x 
x 1   log x 
= (log e x )  + log(log x ) + x log e x 2 
 log x   x 
𝑑2𝑦 𝜋
Q.6 If 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝜃 − sinθ), 𝑦 = 𝑎(1 + cosθ), find at 𝜃 =
dx2 2
Sol. x = a (θ − sinθ ) = a (1 − cos θ )
dx

dθ
y = a (1 + cosθ ) = a (− sin θ )
dy

dθ
dy dy/dθ a(− sin θ) 2 sin θ /2.cosθ/2 θ
= = =− = − cot
dx dx/dθ a(1 − cos θ) 2 sin θ/2
2 2
d2y θ 1 dθ 1 θ 1
= cos ec2 . . = cos ec2 .
dx 2
2 2 dx 2 2 a (1 − cos θ )
 d2y  1 2 π 1 1 1 1
 2
 dx  π = 2 cos ec 4 .  = .2. =
π 2 a a
 θ = a 1 − cos 
2
 2
d2 y dy
Q.7 𝐼f y = sin(m sin−1 x) , prove that(1 − x 2 ) 2 − x + m2 y = 0
dx dx
dy m
𝑺𝒐𝒍. y = sin(m sin−1 x) ⇒ = cos(m sin−1 x) .
dx √1 − x 2
dy
⇒ √1 − x 2 = m cos(m sin−1 x)
dx
38
d2 y dy −2x −1
m
𝐴gain diff. w. r. t. x, √1 − x 2 + ( ) = −m sin(m sin x) .
dx 2 dx 2√1 − x 2 √1 − x 2
2)
d2 y dy
⇒ (1 − x − x = −m2 sin(m sin−1 x) = −m2 y
dx2 dx
d2 y dy
⇒ (1 − x 2 ) 2 − x + m2 y = 0
dx dx
π 𝑑𝑦 𝜋
Q.8 If x = θ + sin θ, y = 1 + cosθ at θ = 4 , find the value of 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝜃 = 4 .
Sol. We have, 𝑥 = 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃, 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=> 𝑑𝜃 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃, = – 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
=> 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = – 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
1
–
𝑑𝑦 𝜋 √2 = – 1
[ ] 𝑎𝑡 𝜃 = 𝑖𝑠 = 1 – √2
𝑑𝑥 4 1 √2 + 1
1 +
√2
MCQs
1 The greatest integer function [x] is continuous at
(a)4 (b)1
(c)-2 (d) 1.5
2 Given function f(x)=
𝑋 2 −4
, and g(x)=x+2, x is real number. Then which of the following is
𝑋−2
correct?
(a) f is continuous at x=2, g is continuous at x=2.
(b) f is continuous at x=2, g is not continuous at x=2.
(c) f is not continuous, g is continuous at x=2
(d) f is not continuous at x=2,g is not continuous at x=2
3 If a function f(x) is continuous for x𝜖R then
(a )it will be differentiable . (b) it may be differentiable or not
(c) it will not be differentiable . (d) none of these
4 1
The number of points at which the function f(x) =x−[x] is not continuous, are
(a)1 (b)2
(c)3 (d)none of these
5 sinx
+ 𝑐𝑜sx , x ≠ 0
A function f(x)={ x is continuous at x=0 for
2𝑘, 𝑥 = 0
(a)k=1 (b)k=2
(c)k=1/2 (d)k=3/2
6 Find the value of k for which the following function is continuous at x=3
(x + 3)2 − 36
𝑓(𝑥) = { , 𝑥≠3
x−3
𝑘, 𝑥=3
(a)k=12 (b)k=10
(c)k=11 (d)k=13
7 If f(x)=
sin (ex−2 −1)
, x≠ 2 and f(x)=k for x=2, then value of k for which f is
log (x−1)
continuous is
(a)-2 (b)-1
39
(c)0 (d)1
8 The number of points, where the function f(x)=|x + 2| + |𝑥 − 3| is not
differentiable are
(a)2 (b)3
(c)0 (d)1
9 log(1+ax)−log (1−bx)
𝑥≠0
If the function𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥 is continuous at x=0,then the
𝑘, 𝑥 = 0
value of k is
(a) a+b (b)a-b
(c)a/b (d)none of these
10 1
If f(x)=xsin𝑥 , x≠ 0, then the value of f(0), if function is continuous will be
(a) 0 (b)1
(c) -1 (d) not defined
11 If x=a cos 4 θ, y= a sin4 θ , then dy/dx at θ =3 π/4 is
(a) -1 (b)1
(c) -a² (d) a²
12 If y = Ae + Be x then d y/dx is equal to
5x -5x 2 2
(a) 25y (b) 5y

(c) -25y (d) 10y
13 Find dy/dx at x = 1, y = π/4, if sin²y + cos xy = K.
𝜋 𝜋
(a) (b) (√2 −1)
2(√2 −1)
𝜋
(c)4(√2 −1) (d) none of these
14 If y = 2√x, then dy/dx is
2√𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 2 1
(a) (b)
2√𝑥 2√𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 2
2√𝑥
(c)2 (d)none of these
√𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 2
15 𝑑𝑦
If y = sinx , then 𝑑(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) is equal to
(a)cosx (b)sinx. cosx
(c)1 (d)-1
16 1−𝑡 2 2𝑡 𝑑𝑦
If x = 1+𝑡 2 and y = 1+𝑡 2 then 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
−𝑦 y
(a) (b) x
x
−x 𝑥
(c) (d) y
y
17 𝑑𝑦
If y = |𝑥| then 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
𝑥
(a)|𝑥| (b)1
(c) -1 (d) none of these
18 If y = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑒 𝑥+𝑒
𝑥+⋯∞ 𝑑𝑦
then 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
𝑦 𝑦
(a)𝑦−1 (b)1−𝑦
1−𝑦
(c)1+𝑦 (d) 1 + 𝑦
19 sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
If y = tan−1(cos 𝑥−sin 𝑥) , then 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
(a)1/2 (b)0
(c)1 (d) none of these
40
20 If 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑦), then 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑑𝑦
sin 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑎+𝑦)

(a) (b)
sin 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑎+𝑦) sin 𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑎−𝑦)
(c)sina 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑎 + 𝑦) (d) sin 𝑎
21 𝑑
{tan ( −1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
)} equals
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
(a)1/2 (b)-1/2
(c)1 (d)-1
22 If x2 + y2 = 1, then
(a) yy” – (2y’)2 + 1 = 0 (b) yy” + (y’)2 + 1 = 0
(c) yy” – (y’)2 – 1 = 0 (d) yy” + (2y’)2 + 1 = 0
23 If x√1 + 𝑦 +y√1 + 𝑥 =0, then 𝑑𝑥 is
𝑑𝑦
𝑥+1 1
(a) (b)
𝑥 1+𝑥
−1 𝑥
(c) (d)1+𝑥
(1+𝑥)2
24 𝑑𝑦
f 𝑦 =√ sinx + y then 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
(a) cosx/(2y−1) (b) cosx/(1−2y)
(c) sinx/(1−xy) (d) sinx/(2y−1)
ANSWERS
1.d 2.c 3.b 4.d 5.a 6.a 7.d 8.a
9.a 10.a 11.a 12.a 13.c 14.a 15.c 16.c
17.a 18.a 19.c 20.b 21.b 22.b 23.c 24.a

1. Discuss the continuity of the function f(x) = 2x − 3, if x  2 .
5x − 9 , if x  2
2. Discuss the continuity of the greatest integer function f (x) = [x] at integral points.
3. Discuss the differentiability of the greatest integer function defined by f(x) = [x], 0 < x < 3
at x =1.
4. Discuss the differentiability of the function f(x) = |x – 2| at x = 2.
 3 , if 0  x  1
5. Find the points of discontinuity of the function f defined by f(x) =  4 , if 1  x  3
 5 , if 3  x  10

6. Find the number of points at which the function f (x) = 9 − x 3 is discontinuous.
2
9x − x
 10
7. Discuss the continuity of f(x) = x − 1, if x  1 , at x = 1.
x 2 , if x  1
8. Discuss the continuity of modulus function f(x)= |x – 2|.
 x
, if x  0
9. Discuss the continuity of the function f(x) is defined as f(x) = 
 x2 at x = 0.

 0 , if x = 0
41
 sin2x
10. Find the value of k for which f(x) =  5x , x0 is continuous at x = 0.

 k , x=0
 x
, if x  0
11. Discuss the continuity of the function f(x) = 
 x2 at x = 0.

 0 , if x = 0
1 − cos 4x
12. Find the value of k for which f(x) =  , x0 is continuous at x = 0.
 2x
2

 k , x=0
 kx
, if x  0
13. The value of k for which f(x) =  x is continuous at x = 0 is

 3 , if x  0
14. Find:
d sin x
dx
x   15. Find:
d  xx 
dx 
x

16. Find:
d
dx
 (
sin 2 cos x ) 17. Find:
d
dx

log sin x 2 + 1 
18. Find:
d −x
dx
2   d  1 + loge x 
19. Find: e
dx 


d  cos 2 x  d    x 
20. Find: 2 21. Find: log e tan + 
dx   dx   4 2 
d  −1  1 + x 2 − 1  d  −1  1 
22. Find:  tan  23. Find: sin  
dx    dx  
x  1+ x 
2
  
d  −1 1 + sin x   d  −1 sin x + cos x 
24. Find:  tan   , where 0  x  25. Find: sin  
dx  
 1 − sin x  4 dx   2 
ANSWERS
1. Continuous for all real values of x 2. Continuous everywhere 3. Not differentiable
at x = 1
4. Not differentiable at x = 2 5. 1 & 3 6. Three points
7. Continuous at x = 1 8. Continuous everywhere 9. Discontinuous at x = 0
2
10. 11. Discontinuous at x = 0 12. 4
5
 sin x   1
15. x .x (1 + log x )log x + 
x
14. x  cos x. log e x + 
sin x x x
13. k = − 3
 x   x 
2 sin x.sin( cos x ).cos( cos x ) x cos x 2 + 1 1
16. − 17. 18. − log 2
2( cos x ) x + 1.sin x + 1
2 2 2x
2
19. e 20. − 2cos x. log 2. sin 2x 21. sec x
1 1 1
22.
(
2 1+ x2 ) 23. −
1 + x2
24.
2
25. 1
42
 1 + kx − 1 − kx
 ,−1  x  0
1. Find the value of k for which f(x) =  x is continuous at x = 0
 2x + 1 , 0  x 1
 x − 1
 1 + kx − 1 − kx
 , −1  x  0
2. Find the value of k for which f(x) =  x is continuous at x = 0
 2x + 1
, 0  x 1
 x −1
 (x + 3)2 − 36
3. Find the value of k for which f(x) =  x −3
, if x  0 is continuous at x = 3

 k , if x = 0
kx + 1, if x  
4. Find the value of k for which f(x) =  is continuous at x = π
cos x , if x  
 sin 5x
 , if x  0
5. Find the value of k for which f(x) =  x 2 + 2x is continuous at x = 0
 k + 1 , if x = 0
3ax + b, if x  1
6. If f(x) = 11 if x = 1 , continuous at x = 1, find the values of a and b
5ax - 2b , if x  1

 sin( a + 1) x + sin x
 , x0
 x

7. Determine a, b, c so that f(x) =  c , x = 0 is continuous at x = 0

 x + bx − x , x  0
2
 bx 3/2
 k cos x 
  − 2x , x
8. If f(x) =  2 , is continuous at x =  , find k
 2
3 , x=
 2
3x − 2 , 0  x  1

9. Show that the function f defined by f(x) = 2x 2 − x , 1  x  2 is continuous at x = 2 but
5x − 4 , x  2

not differentiable.
10. Find the relationship between 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 so that the function defined by
 ax + 1 , if x  3
f(x) =  is continuous at x = 3.
bx + 3 , if x  3
( x 2 − 2x ) , if x  0
11. For what value of  the function f(x) =  is continuous at x = 0
 4x + 1 , if x  0
43
 x−4
 x − 4 + a , if x  4

12. If f(x) = a + b if x = 4 is continuous at x = 4, find a, b.
 x−4
 x − 4 + b if x  4

x 2 + ax + b, if 0  x  2

13. If the function f(x) =  3x + 2, if 2  x  4 is continuous on [0, 8], find the value of
 2ax + 5b, if 4  x  8

a&b
 1 − sin 3 x 
 2
, if x 
 3 cos x 2
  
14. If f(x) =  a if x = is continuous at x = , find 𝑎 & 𝑏
2 2

 b (1 − sin x ) 
if x 
 ( − 2 x ) 2 2
15. Discuss the continuity of f(x) = x − 1 + x − 2 at x = 1 & x = 2.
16. If y = (log e x )x + x log e x find

dy
.
dx
d2y π
17. If x = a (θ − sinθ ), y = a (1 + cosθ ), find 2 at θ =
dx 2
  dy 
18. If x = a  cos  + log tan  and y = a sin  find at  = .
 2 dx 4
−1 −1 dy y
19. If x = a sin t
, y = a cos t
, show that =− .
dx x
( )n
20. If y = x + x 2 + a 2 , prove that
dy
dx
=
ny
x2 + a2
 y dy x + y
21. If log e x 2 + y 2 = tan−1  , prove that = .
x dx x − y
22. If x m .y n = (x + y )m+ n , prove that
dy y
=
dx x
1 − y2
1 − x 2 + 1 − y 2 = a (x − y ) , show that
dy
23. If =
dx 1 − x2
d2 y dy 1
24. If y = x + 1 − x − 1, prove that ( x − 1) 2 + x − y=0 2
dx dx 4
dy
25. If y = x + x + x + ........ , then find .
dx
𝑑𝑦
26. If (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)𝑦 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦)𝑥 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 .
𝑑𝑥

ANSWERS
44
1
1. k = − 2. k = − 1 3. k = 12
2
2 3
4. k = − 5. k = 6. a = 3 , b = 2
 2
3 1
7. 𝑎 = − 2 , 𝑐 = 2 , b is any non-zero real number 8. k = 6
10. 3a − 3b = 2 is the relation between a and b
11.There is no value of 𝜆 for which 𝑓(𝑥)is continuous at 0.
1
12. a = 1 , b = −1 13. a = 3 , b = − 2 14. a = , b = 4
2
 1   log x 
16. (log x )x  + log(log x ) + x log x 2
1
15.Continuous at x = 1 & x = 2.  17.
 log x   x  a
1 log sin y + y tan x

18. 1 25. 26.
2y − 1 (log cos x − x cot y)
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
Rate of change: Whenever one quantity 𝑦 varies with another quantity 𝑥, satisfying some
dy
rule y = f (x), then (or f ′(x)) represents the rate of change of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥 and
dx
 dy 
 dx 
x=xo
(or f ′(x0)) represents the rate of change of y with respect to x at x = x0.

Increasing And Decreasing Functions
Let (a, b) be an open interval of R. Then
(i) Increasing Function: A function 𝑓(𝑥) is an increasing function in an interval

(𝑎, 𝑏), 𝑖𝑓
𝑥1 < 𝑥2 => 𝑓 (𝑥1) ≤ 𝑓 (𝑥2) 𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑓 𝑓’(𝑥) > 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥Є(𝑎, 𝑏).
(ii) Decreasing Function: A function 𝑓(𝑥) is a decreasing function in an interval
(𝑎, 𝑏), 𝑖𝑓
𝑥1 < 𝑥2 => 𝑓 (𝑥1) ≥ 𝑓(𝑥2) 𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑓 𝑓’(𝑥) < 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥Є(𝑎, 𝑏)
Turning or Critical points: The values of x for which 𝑓’(𝑥) = 0 are called critical points.
Maxima and Minima:
Local maxima and Local minima
45
Definition: Let f be a real valued function and let c be an interior point in the domain of f.
Then
(1) 𝑐 is called a point of local maxima if there is an ℎ > 0 such that
𝑓 (𝑐) ≥ 𝑓 (𝑥), for all x in (𝑐 – ℎ, 𝑐 + ℎ), 𝑥 ≠ 𝑐. The value 𝑓(𝑐) is called the
local maximum value of f.
(2) c is called a point of local minima if there is an h > 0 such that f
(c) ≤ f (x), for all 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 (𝑐 – ℎ, 𝑐 + ℎ). The value 𝑓(𝑐) is called the local minimum
value of 𝑓.
First Derivative Test: Let f be a function defined on an open interval I. Let 𝑓 be continuous
at a critical point 𝑐 𝑖𝑛 𝐼. Then
(1) If 𝑓’(𝑥) changes its sign from +ve to –ve in the neighbourhood of c, then c is a point
of local maxima
(2) If 𝑓’(𝑥) changes its sign from -ve to +ve in the neighbourhood of c, then c is a point of
local minima.
(3) If 𝑓’(𝑥) does not change its sign in the neighborhood of ‘c’, then‘c’ is neither point of
local maxima nor local minima, rather c is called the point of inflexion.
Second Derivative Test: Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c ∈ I. Let f be twice
differentiable at c. Then
1) 𝑥 = 𝑐 is called a point of local maxima if 𝑓 ′(𝑐) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ″(𝑐) < 0
2) 𝑥 = 𝑐 is called a point of local minima if 𝑓 ′(𝑐) =
0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ″(𝑐) > 0
The test fails if 𝑓 ′(𝑐) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ″(𝑐) = 0. In this case, we go back to the first derivative
test and find whether c is a point of local maxima, local minima or a point of inflexion.
QUESTIONS:
Q1. Find the rate of change of the volume of a sphere with respect to its surface area when
the radius is 2 cm.
Sol. Radius of sphere(r) = 2cm
4 dV dA
V = πr2 , = 4πr2 A = 4πr2 , = 8πr2
3 dr dr
dV dV / dr 4r 2 r
= = =
dA dA / dr 8r 2
 dV  2
  = = 1 cm
 dA at r = 2 2
46
Q2. A ladder 5 m long is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the ladder is pulled along
the ground, away from the wall, at the rate of 2 cm/s. How fast is its height on the wall
decreasing when the foot of the ladder is 4 m away from the wall.
dx
Sol. Given = 2 cm / sec
dt
x 2 + y 2 = 25
when x = 4, 16 + y 2 = 25  y = 3
dx dy
Also 2x + 2y =0
dt dt
dy dy 2x − 8
 2x  2 + 2 y =0  =− =
dt dt y 3
8
rate of decrease of height on the wall = cm/sec.
3
Q3. Find the intervals in which the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 5 + 36𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 – 2𝑥 3 is increasing or
decreasing.
Sol. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5 + 36𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 – 2𝑥 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 36 + 6𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 = 6(6 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )
= −6(x − 3) (x + 2)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2, 3 Plotting these points on number line
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing on x ∈ (−2, 3) and f(𝑥) is decreasing on interval x ∈ (−∞, − 2) ∪ (3, ∞).
Q.4 Find the intervals in which the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 – 9𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 15 is (i)
increasing and (ii) decreasing.
Sol. We have, 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 – 9𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 15
𝑓’(𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 – 18𝑥 + 12 = 6(𝑥 𝟐 – 3𝑥 + 4)
= 6(𝑥 – 1)(𝑥 – 2).
For increasing and decreasing function f’(x) = 0
⟹ 6(𝑥 – 1)(𝑥 – 2) = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = 1, 2
𝑇herefore, disjoint intervals on real number line are (– ∞, 1), (1, 2), (2, ∞)
Intervals Test Value Nature of 𝑓’(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓’(𝑥) = 6(𝑥 – 2)(𝑥 – 1)
( – ∞, 1) 𝑥 = 0 ( + ) (– ) (– ) = ( + ) > 0 increasing
(1, 2) 𝑥 = 1.5 ( + )( – )( – ) = ( – ) < 0 decreasing
(2, ∞) 𝑥 = 3 ( + )( + )( + ) = ( + ) increasing
> 0
Therefore, f(x) is increasing in (– ∞, 1)U(2, ∞) and decreasing in (1, 2)
47
Q5. Show that the semi-vertical angle of the cone of the maximum volume and of given
slants height is tan −1 ( 2 ) .
Sol. Given l2 = r 2 + h 2 ...(i)

1 1 1
V = r 2 h = (l2 − h 2 )h = (l2 h − h 3 )
3 3 3
dV 1 2
= (l − 3h 2 )
dh 3
dV 1 l
For Max. volume = 0  (l 2 − 3h 2 ) = 0  h =
dh 3 3
d 2V 1
= (−6h )  0 , h
dh 2 3
 V is max . when h = 1 / 3
From (i) 3h 3 = r 2 + h 2  r 2 = 2h 2  r = 2h
r 2h
In OAB tan  = = = 2   = tan −1 2
h h
Q6. Prove that the volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius R
is 8 of the volume of the sphere.
27
Sol. In OLC
R 2 = x2 + r2 (i)
1 1
V = r 2 h = r 2 (R + x )
3 3
1
= (R 2 − x 2 )(R + x )
3
1
= (R 3 + R 2 x − Rx 2 − x 3 )
3
dV 1 1
= (R 2 − 2Rx − 3x 2 ) = (R 2 − 3Rx + Rx − 3x 2 )
dx 3 3
= (R − 3x )(R + x )
1
3
= 0  (R − 3x )(R + x )
dV 1
For max . volume
dx 3
 (R − 3x ) = 0 as R + x  0
R
x=
3
d 2V 1 1  R 4
= (−2R − 6 x ) =  − 2R − 6  = − R  0
dx 2
3 3  3 3
48
R
V is max . when x =
3
1  R2  
. R + 
1 R
V = (R 2 − x 2 )(R + x ) =  R 2 −
3 3  9   3
1 8 4 8 4  8
= . R 2 . R =  R 3  = .Volume of the Sphere
3 9 3 27  3  27
𝑥2
Q.7 The total cost of manufacturing x pocket radios per day is Rs. ( 4 + 35𝑥 + 25) and rate at which
100𝑥−𝑥 2
they may be sold to a distributor is Rs 2
each. What should be the daily output to attain
maximum profit.
Sol. Let P(x) be the profit function.

𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑆. 𝑃. −𝐶. 𝑃
100𝑥−𝑥 2 𝑥2
𝑃(𝑥) = 2 − ( 4 + 35𝑥 + 25)
3
𝑃(𝑥) = − 𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 − 25
4
6
𝑃′ (𝑥) = − 𝑥 + 15
4
6 3
𝑃’’(𝑥) = − = −
4 2
3
For maxima or minima 𝑃’(𝑥) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 10, 𝑃’’(10) = − 2 < 0
Hence profit is maximum when daily output is 10 radios
Q.8 In the printed page of a book, the combined width of the margin at the top and bottom
is 3 inches and that on sides is 2 inches. Find the dimensions of the page, so that the area of
the printed matter may be maximum, if the total area of the page is 150 sq. inches.
Sol. 𝑥, 𝑦 are dimension of pages, dimension of printed area are 𝑥 − 2, 𝑦 − 3
As per the question
150
𝑥𝑦 = 150 , 𝑠𝑜 𝑦 =
𝑥
150
Let 𝐴 be the printed area, then 𝐴 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑦 − 3)𝐴 = (𝑥 − 2) ( − 3) = 150 −
𝑥
300
3𝑥 − +6
𝑥
300 600
𝐴’ = 2 − 3 , 𝐴’’ = − 3
𝑥 𝑥
300
For maxima minima, 𝐴’ = 0 ⇒ 𝑥2 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±10, 𝐴”(10) < 0 ⇒ area is
maximum when 𝑥 = 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 15 Hence required dimension of page are
10 𝑋 15 inches
Q.9 The volume of a cube is increasing at the rate of 7 cubic cm per second. How fast is the
surface area of the cube increasing when the length of an edge is 12 cm
Sol. Let the edge of the cube be a, the volume be 𝑉 and surface area be 𝑆.
𝑑𝑉
Now, 𝑑𝑡 = 7 cm/sec
𝑑 𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑎 7 𝑑𝑆
⟹ 𝑑𝑡 (𝑎3 ) = 7 ⟹ 3𝑎2 𝑑𝑡 = 7 ⟹ = 3𝑎2 𝑁𝑜𝑤, 𝑆 = 6 𝑎2 => =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑎
12 𝑎 𝑑𝑡
49
7 28 𝑑𝑆 28
= 12 𝑎. ( 2 ) = ⟹ = [𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 12 𝑐𝑚]
3𝑎 𝑎 𝑑𝑡 12
7
= 𝑠𝑞. 𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐.
3
MCQs
1 The function f(x) = sin x is decreasing in

a) (л/2, л) b) ( 0, л) c) (-л, 0) d) (л/2 , 3л/2)
2 f(x) is increasing function if f ’(x) is
a) positive b) Negative c) zero d) none of these
3 On which of the following intervals is the function f(x)= x100 + sin x – 1 decreasing?
a) (0,1) b) (л/2, л) c) (0, л/2) d) none of
these
4 The interval for which the function f(x) = x2 – 4x – 5 is increasing is :
a) (2,∞) b) (-2,2) c) (-∞,-2) d) (-2, ∞)
5 The
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
function 𝑥 is increasing on the interval
a) (1,2e) b) (0,e) c) (2,2e) d) (1/e,2e)
6 The maximum area of the rectangle that can be inscribed in a circle of radius r is
a) л r2 b) r2 c) л r2/4 d) 2 r2
7 Maximum area of a rectangle of perimeter 176 cm is
a) 1936 cm2 b) 1854 cm2 c) 2110 cm2 d) none of
these
8 x 2
The function f(x) = + has a local minima at
2 x
a) x = -2 b) x = 0 c) x = 1 d) x = 2
9 The absolute minimum value of y = x – 3x in [ 0,2 ] is
2
a) -9/4 b) 2/9 c) -3/4 d) ¾

10 If y = sin x then the maximum value of y is
a) л/3 b) л/2 c) 2 л d) –л/2
11 The maximum value of sin x . cos x is
a) 1/4 b) 1/2 c) 2 d) 2 2
12 The function 𝑓(𝑥) = 9𝑥 + 8, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 is an increasing function.
(a)True b) False c) Can’t say d) Partially
True/False
13 The interval in which f(x) = x2 is decreasing in the interval
a) ( - ∞, 0) b) ( 0,∞) c) ( 1, 4) d) None of these
14 The function f(x) = x - 3 x + 3x -100 is increasing in
3 2
a) R b) N c) W d) I
15 The interval in which y = x e is increasing in
2 -x
a) ( - ∞, ∞) b) ( - 2,0) c) ( 2, ∞) d) (0 , 2)
16 The interval for which f(x) = cot -1 x + x increases.
a) ( - 1, 1) b) ( - ∞, ∞) c) ( 0, 1) d) (0 , ∞)
17 Minimum value of f(x) = sin x in [–л/2, л/2] is
a) -1 b) 0 c) 1 d) -2
18 The function 𝑦 = |𝑥 − 5| is
50
(a) Continuous at x = 5 (b) Differentiable at 𝑥 = 5
(c) Both continuous and differentiable at 𝑥 = 5 (d) Neither continuous nor
differentiable at 𝑥=5
19 The derivative of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 w.r.t. ‘x’ is
(a) 1 + log 𝑥 (b) 𝑥𝑥(1 + log 𝑥) (c) 1+𝑥𝑥 (d) None of these
20 Let 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| + |𝑥 − 1| then
(a) f(x) is continuous at x=0 as well as at x=1
(b) f(x) is continuous at x=0 as but not at x=1
(c) f(x) is continuous at x=1 but not at x=0
(d) None of these
21 The side of an equilateral triangle is increasing at the rate of 2 cm/sec.The rate
at which area increases when the side is 10 is:
(a) 10 cm2/sec (b) √3 cm2/sec (c) 10√3 cm2/sec (d) 10/3
cm2/sec
22 The function f(x)=ax + b is decreasing for all x ∈ R iff:
(a) a=0 (b)a<0 (c) a>0 (d) none of these
23 x
The function f(x)=x is decreasing in the interval:.
(a) (0, e) (b) (0, 1/e) (c) (0, 1) (d) none of
these
24 The function f(x)=2x3-3x2-12x+4 has
(a)two points of local maximum (b)two points of local minimum
(c)one maxima and one minima (d)no maxima or minima
ANSWERS
1.d 2.a 3.d 4.a 5.b 6.d 7.a 8.d
9.a 10.b 11.b 12.a 13.a 14.a 15.d 16.b
17.a 18.a 19.b 20.a 21.c 22.b 23.b 24.c
ASSERSION REASON BASED QUESTIONS

1 Assertion (A) f(x) = | x – 1| + | x – 2| is continuous but not differentiable at x =1, 2
Reason(R) Every differentiable function is continuous
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
B. Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false
D. A is false but R is true
Answer-B
2 12𝑥 − 13 𝑥≤3
Assertion (A): The function 𝑓(𝑥) = { 2 + is differentiable at
2𝑥 5 𝑥>3
x=3
Reason (R): The function f(x) is differentiable at x = c of its domain if Left hand
derivative of f at c= Right hand derivative of f at c.
Answer-A
51
3 𝑑𝑦
Assertion (A): 𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 4) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = x2+7x+4
2𝑥+7
𝑙𝑜𝑑𝑎
Reason(R): log 𝑏 𝑎 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏
Answer-B
4 Assertion(A): f(x)=[x] greatest integer function is not differentiable at x=2
Reason(R): The greatest integer function is not continuous at any integer
Answer-A
RATE OF CHANGE OF QUANTITIES
1. The side of a square is increasing at the rate of 0.2 cm/s. Find the rate of increase of the
perimeter of the square.
2. The radius of a circle is increasing uniformly at the rate of 0.3 cm per second. At what rate
is the area increasing when the radius is 10 cm. (Take π = 3.14.)
3. A balloon which always remains spherical, is being inflated by pumping in 900 cubic
centimetres of gas per second. Find the rate at which the radius of the balloon is increasing
when the radius is 15 cm.
4. A stone is dropped into a quiet lake and waves move in circles at a speed of 4 cm/sec. At
the instant when the radius of the circular wave is 10 cm, how fast is the enclosed area
increasing.
5. The radius of a circle is increasing at the rate of 0.7 cm/s. What is therate of increase of its
circumference.
6. The bottom of a rectangular swimming tank is 25 m by 40 m. Water is pumped into the
tank at the rate of 500 cubic metres per minute. Find the rate at which the level of water in
the tank is rising.
7. The sides of an equilateral triangle are increasing at the rate of 2 cm/sec. Find the rate at
which the area is increasing when the side is 10 cm.
ANSWERS
1
1.0.8 cm/sec 2.18.84 cm2/sec 3. cm / sec

4. 80  cm 2 / s 5. 1.4 𝜋 𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 6. 0.5 m/minute 7. 10 3 cm 2 / sec
52
1. Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 12 cm3/s. The falling sand forms a cone on the
ground in such a way that the height of the cone is always one-sixth of the radius of the base.
How fast is the height of the sand cone increasing when the height is 4 cm?
2. A water tank has the shape of an inverted right circular cone with its axis vertical and
vertex lower most. Its semi vertical angle is tan-1 (0.5) water is poured into it at a constant
rate of 5cm3/hr. Find the rate at which the level of the water is rising at the instant when the
depth of water in the tank is 4m.
3. The top of a ladder 6 meters long is resting against a vertical wall on a level pavement,
when the ladder begins to slide outwards. At the moment when the foot of the ladder is 4
meters from the wall, it is sliding away from the wall at the rate of 0.5 m/sec.
(a)How fast is the top-sliding downwards at this instance.
(b)How far is the foot from the wall when it and the top are moving at the same rate.
4. Water is leaking from a conical funnel at the rate of 5 cm /s. If the radius of the base of
funnel is 5 cm and height 10 cm, find the rate at which the water level is dropping when it is
2.5 cm from the top.
5. A man is moving away from a tower 41.6 m high at the rate of 2 m/s. Find the rate at
which the angle of elevation of the top of tower is changing when he is at a distance of 30 m
from the foot of the tower. Assume that the eye level of the man is 1.6 m from the ground.
ANSWERS
m / sec (b )3 2m
1 35 1
1. cm / sec 2. m/h 3. (a )
48 88 5
16 4
4. cm / sec 5. radian / sec
45 25
INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS
1. Show that the function 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 – 𝑥 + 1 is neither increasing nor decreasing in (– 1,

1).
2. Find the least value of a such that the function f given by 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 1 is
increasing on (1, 2).
3. Show that the function given by 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 – 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 – 100 is increasing in R.
4. Find the interval in which 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 –𝑥 is increasing.
 
5. Show that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) is decreasing on  0 , 
 2
53
ANSWERS
1. a = – 2 4. (0, 2)

1. Find the intervals in which the function 𝑓(𝑥) = – 2𝑥 3 – 9𝑥 2 – 12𝑥 + 1is increasing or
decreasing.
2. Find the intervals in which the function 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)3 (𝑥 – 3)3 is increasing or
decreasing.
3. Find the intervals in which the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 , 0  x  2 is
increasing or decreasing.
 
4. Find the intervals in which the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥, 𝑥  0 ,  is increasing or
2  
decreasing
2𝑥
5. Show that 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑥) − , 𝑥 > −1, is an increasing function of x throughout its
2+𝑥
domain.
4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝜋
6. Prove that 𝑦 = (2+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) − 𝜃is an increasing function in [0, 2 ].
ANSWERS
1. Increasing in (– 2, – 1) and decreasing in (−,−2)  (−1, )
2. Increasing in (1, 3)  (3,  ) and decreasing in (–  , – 1)  (–1, 1)
𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
3. Increasing in[0, 4 ) ∪ ( 4 , 2𝜋] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 decreasing 𝑖𝑛 ( 4 , )
4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
4. Increasing in[0, 6 ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 decreasing 𝑖𝑛 [ 6 , 2 ]
MAXIMA & MINIMA

1. Find the maximum and the minimum values, if any, of the function f (x) = (3x – 1)2 + 4
on R.
2. Find the local maxima and local minima, if any, for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 – 9𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 +
11. Find also the local maximum and the local minimum values, as the case may be.
3. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function f given by
1
𝑓(𝑥) = x 3 − 3x 2 + 5𝑥 + 8 in [0, 4].
3
4. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function f given by
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥, 𝑥  [0, 𝜋]
ANSWERS
1. Minimum Value = 4, no maximum 2. Maximum Value = 5, no minimum
2. Local maximum value is 19 at x = 1 & local minimum value is 15 at x = 3.
31 4
3. Absolute maximum value = at x =1, absolute minimum value = at x = 4.
3 3

4. Absolute maximum value = 2 at x = , absolute minimum value = – 1 at x =  .
4
1. Show that the right circular cylinder of given surface and maximum volume is such that
its height is equal to the diameter of the base.
54
2. Of all the closed cylindrical cans (right circular), of a given volume of 100 cubic
centimetres, find the dimensions of the can which has the minimum surface area.
3. Show that the right circular cone of least curved surface and given volume has an altitude
equal to √2 times the radius of the base.
4. A rectangular sheet of tin 45 cm by 24 cm is to be made into a box without top, by

cutting off square from each corner and folding up the flaps. What should be the side of the
square to be cut off so that the volume of the box is maximum.
5. Show that the right circular cone of least curved surface and given volume has an
altitude equal to 2 time the radius of the base.

6. A tank with rectangular base and rectangular sides, open at the top is to be constructed
so that its depth is 2 m and volume is 8 m3. If building of tank costs Rs 70 per sq metres for
the base and ₹ 45 per square metre for sides. What is the cost of least expensive tank.
7. A window is in the form of a rectangle surmounted by a semi circular opening. The total
perimeter of the window is 10 m. Find the dimensions of the window to admit maximum
light through the whole opening.
8. Show that of all the rectangles inscribed in a given fixed circle, the square has the
maximum area.
9. Show that the altitude of the right circular cone of maximum volume that can be
4R
inscribed in a sphere of radius R is
3
10. Show that the height of the cylinder of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a
2𝑅
sphere of radius R is . Also find the maximum volume
√3
11. Show that height of the cylinder of greatest volume which can be inscribed in a right
circular cone of height h and semi vertical angle 𝛼 is one-third that of the cone and the
4
greatest volume of cylinder is 27 𝜋ℎ3 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛼
12. Prove that the radius of the right circular cylinder of greatest curved surface area
which can be inscribed in a given cone is half of that of the cone.
13. An open box with a square base is to be made out of a given quantity of cardboard of
c3
area c2 square units. Show that the maximum volume of the box is cubic units.
6 3
ANSWERS
55
1 2
 50  3 100    3
2. r =   , h =   6. ₹1000 7.
    50 
20 10
length = 2x = m and breadth = m
 + 4  + 4
CASE STUDY QUESTIONS
On the request of villagers, a construction company designs a tank with the help of
an architect.
Tank consists of rectangular base with rectangular sides, open at the top so that its
depth is 2m and Volume is 8𝑚3 as shown above . 𝐵ased on the above information
answer the following questions:
(i) if x and y represent the length and breadth of the rectangular base, then find the
relation between the variables.
(ii) If construction cost of tank is Rs 70 per sq metre for the base and Rs 45 per sq metre
for sides then express C as a function of x. (where C is cost function)
(iii) The owner of a construction agency is interested in minimizing the Cost C of whole
tank, For this to happen, what should be the value of x ?
OR
The Pradhan of village wants to know minimum cost. What is minimum cost?
ANSWERS
(i) Volume of tank=lbh⟹ 8 = 𝑥. 𝑦. 2 ⟹ 𝑥𝑦 = 4
(ii) Let C be the cost of making tank= C=70xy+45x2(2x+2y)=70xy+180(x+y)
70𝑥𝑋4 4 4
C= 𝑥 + 180 (𝑥 + 𝑥) = 280 + 180(𝑥 + 𝑥)
(iii) For maxima or minima
𝑑𝐶 1
= 0 ⟹ 180 {1 + 4 (− 𝑥 2 )} = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 2 = 4 ⟹ 𝑥 = ±2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝐶 8 𝑑2 𝐶 180𝑋8
Length=x=2 now 𝑑𝑥 2 = 180 (𝑥 3 ) ⟹ 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2 𝑖𝑠 = = 180 > 0 hence C is
𝑑𝑥 2 8
min. at x=2
OR
𝑥 4
C(Min)= 280+180(𝑥 + 4) = 280 = 280 + 180 (2 + 2) = 280 + 180𝑋4 =
1000 𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑠
56
2 The front gate of a building is in the shape of a trapezium as shown below. Its
three sides other than base are 10m each. The height of the gate is h meter.
On the basis of this information and figuregiven below answer the following
questions:
(i) Find the area of gate expressed as a function of x?

(ii) 𝑑𝐴
Find the positive value of x if 𝑑𝑥 = 0
(iii) What is the maximum area of trapezium
OR
𝑑2 𝐴
Show that , If the area of trapezium is maximum then the sine of 𝑑𝑥 2 is negative .
ANSWERS
(i) (10 + 𝑥)√100 − 𝑥2
(ii) 5
(iii) 75√3 𝑠𝑞. 𝑚
OR
Negative
3 Scientist want to know the Oil- Reserves in sea so they travel over the sea along the
curve
f(x) = (x+1)3 (x-3)3 by an airplane. A student of class XII discusses the characteristic
of the curve. Answer thefollowing questions on the basis of the information given
above.
57
(i) What is the first order derivative of the given function ?
(ii) Find the critical points of the given function?
(iii) Find the interval in which the given function is increasing.
OR
Find the interval in which the given function is decreasing.
ANSWERS
(i) 6(x+1) (x-3) (x-1)
2 2
(ii) -1, 1, 3
(iii) (1, 3) U (3, ∞)
OR
(-∞, −1)U(-1, 1)
4 An architect designs a building for a small company. The design of window onthe
ground floor is proposed to be different than other floors. The window is inthe
shape of a rectangle which is surmounted by a semi-circular opening. The
window is having a perimeter of 10 meter as shown in the figure.
Based on the above information answer the following:

(i) If 2x and 2y represents the length and breadth of the rectangular portion of the
window, then what is relation between the variables ?
(ii) Express the combined area (A) of the rectangular region and semi-circular region of
thewindow as a function of x.
(iii) Find the maximum value of area A of the whole window.
OR
The owner of this small company is interested in maximizing the area of the whole
window so that maximum light input is possible. For this to happen, find the length of
the rectangular portion of the window.
ANSWERS
(i) 4𝑦 = 10 − (2 + 𝜋 )𝑥
𝜋
(ii) A = 4𝑥𝑦 + 2 𝑥 2
58
(iii) A=
50
𝑚2
4+π
OR
10
m
4+π
5 While constructing a house, a piece of wire of length 25cm is to be cut into two pieces
one of which is to bent into the form of a square and other into the form of a circle for
the construction of two windows.
Based on the above information, answer the following question:

(i) What is the total area of the square and circle ?
(ii) What is the relation of r with y ?
(iii) If we talk about total length of wires then what is the relation between x and y?
OR
𝑑𝐴
When 𝑑𝑥 = 0, then find the value of x.
ANSWERS
(i) 𝑥 2
( ) + 𝜋𝑟 2
4
(ii) r = 𝑦2𝜋
(iii) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 25
OR
50𝜋
4+𝜋
6 The Relation between the height of the plant (y in cm) with respect to exposure to
𝑥2
sunlight is governed by the following equation 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 2
(i) What is the rate of growth of the plant with respect to sunlight?
59
(ii) What is the number of days it will take for the plant to grow to the maximum height?
(iii) What is the maximum height of the plan?
OR
If the height of the plant is 7/2 cm, find the number of days it has been exposed to
the sunlight.
ANSWERS
(i) 4−𝑥
(ii) 4
(iii) 8 𝑐𝑚
OR
1
7 A potter made a mud vessel, where the shape of the pot is based on 𝑓(𝑥) =
|𝑥 – 3| + | 𝑥 − 2|, where 𝑓(𝑥) represents the height of the pot.
(i) When x > 4 What will be the height in terms of x ?

(ii) 𝑑𝑦
What is 𝑑𝑥 at x = 3 ?
(iii) When the x lies between (2, 3) then find the function.
OR
If the potter is trying to make a pot using the function 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥], will he get a pot or
not? Why?
ANSWERS
(i) 2x-5
(ii) function is not differentiable
(iii) 1
OR
No, as it is not continuous
8 A student of class XII wants to construct a
rectangular tank for his house that can hold 80 cubic
feet of water. The top of the tank is open. The width
of tank will be 5 ft but length and heights are
variables. Building the tank costs Rs 20 per sq. ft for
the base and Rs. 10 per square ft for the side.
Based on above information, answer the following:
60
(i) Express the total cost of tank as a function of h
(ii) Find the interval in which ‘h’ lies.
(iii) Find the value of h at which c(h) is minimum.
(v) What is the cost of least expensive tank?
ANSWERS
(i) C(h)=100 h+320+1600
(ii) (0, ∞)
(iii) 4
OR
1120
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
INTEGRATION: Integration is an inverse process of differentiation. It is also called
antiderivative or primitive.
Types of Integrals:
Indefinite Integrals Definite Integrals
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
Important Points of Indefinite Integrals:
• Integration as an Inverse Process of Differentiation.
• Integration by Substitution
• Integration by using trigonometric identities
• Integration by Partial fraction
• Integration by Parts
• Integration of some standard types of functions
Integration as an Inverse Process of Differentiation-

𝑑
Let F(x) and f(x) are functions such that {𝐹(𝑥)} = f(x), then F(x) is called Integral of f(x) or
𝑑𝑥
anti-derivative or Indefinite integral or premitive.
Indefinite integral represents family of curves of a function.
∵ 𝑑𝑥𝑑 {𝐹(𝑥)} = f(x)

𝑑
{𝐹(𝑥) + 1} = f(x)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
{𝐹(𝑥) + 2} = f(x)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
Similarly 𝑑𝑥 {𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶} = f(x)
Thus, 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶 is also an anti-derivative (Indefinite Integral) of f(x), Where C is an arbitrary
constant and it is called constant of Integral.
61
Important table-
Symbol/ Term/Phrases Meaning

Integral of 𝑓(𝑥) with respect to x
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
f(x) in ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 Integrand
Integration The Process of finding the integral
C Constant of integration (any real number)
Integration of a function f (x) with respect to x then we write I = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙

Example: Find anti-derivative/ integral of ‘sin x’ with respect to x?
Solution:- ∵ given function f(x) = sin x, I = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = - cosx + C
Some Important Formulae:
S. N. Derivatives Indefinite Integrals/Anti-
derivatives
1 𝑑 𝑥 𝑛 +1 𝑥 𝑛+1
( ) = 𝑥 𝑛 , Where n ≠ 1 ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + C, where n ≠ 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑛+1
2 𝑑
(𝑥) = 1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = x + c
𝑑𝑥
3 𝑑
(sin 𝑥) = cosx ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥= sin x + C
𝑑𝑥
4 𝑑
(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = sinx ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = - cos x + C
𝑑𝑥
5 𝑑
(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan x + C
𝑑𝑥
6 𝑑
(−𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = -cot x + C
𝑑𝑥
7 𝑑
(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = sec x tanx ∫ sec x tanx𝑑𝑥 = sec x + C
𝑑𝑥
8 𝑑
(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = cosecxcotx ∫ cosecx cotx𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + C
𝑑𝑥
9 𝑑 1 1
𝑑𝑥
(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) =
√1− 𝑥 2
∫ √1− 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + C
10 𝑑 1 1
𝑑𝑥
(−𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥) =
√1− 𝑥 2
∫ √1− 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 + C
11 𝑑 1 1
𝑑𝑥
(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) =
1+ 𝑥 2
∫ 1+ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + C
12 𝑑 1 1
𝑑𝑥
(−𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥) =
1+ 𝑥 2
∫ 1+ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 + C
13 𝑑 1 1
𝑑𝑥
(𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥) =
|𝑥|√𝑥 2 −1
∫ | 𝑥 |√𝑥 2−1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 + C
62
14 𝑑 1 1
𝑑𝑥
(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥) =
|𝑥|√𝑥 2 −1
∫ |𝑥|√𝑥 2−1 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 + C
15 𝑑
(𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + C
𝑑𝑥
16 𝑑 𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑥
( ) = 𝑎 𝑥 , where a > 0, a ≠ 1 ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 +C
𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑎 𝑒𝑎
17 𝑑 1 1
𝑑𝑥
(log |𝑥|)} =
𝑥
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log|x| + C
18 𝑑 1 1 1 1
𝑑𝑥
(− ) =
𝑥 𝑥2
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 + C
19 𝑑 1 1
𝑑𝑥
(√𝑥) =
2√𝑥
∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2√𝑥 + C
Properties of Indefinite Integrals
• ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = x + C ∫ 𝑘 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + C
• ∫{𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)}𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + C

Note: Only one constant of Integration is used for integral of more than one functions.
Some Important Questions:
Evaluate the following:
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 +2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 +𝑥−1
(i)∫ 𝑥 2 (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥 (ii)∫ 𝑑𝑥 (iii)∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑥−1
1 𝑥 2+1 1
Solutions: (i) I = ∫ 𝑥 2 (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥= ∫(𝑥 2 − 1)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥-∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2+1 - x +C =3 x3 - x + C
𝑥2
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 +2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 1−2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 +2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 1
(ii) I = ∫ 𝑑𝑥= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan x + C
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
𝑥 3 − 𝑥2 +𝑥−1 (𝑥−1)(𝑥 2 + 1) 1
(iii) I = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = 3 x3 + x + C
𝑥−1 𝑥−1
Integration by substitution: -
• Procedure to find integral by substitution method-
• Substitution Method is used to find integration of composite functions.
Like as: sin3x, 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 , sin (logx), √𝑥 + 1 ……….etc.
Generally, substitution method is used if differentiation is given along with function
Let I = ∫ 𝑓{𝑔(𝑥)}. 𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Step-I Substitute g(x) = t,
Step- II Differentiate both sides; so that g’(x) dx = dt
Step-III Now I = ∫ 𝑓{𝑡} 𝑑𝑡 = F(t) + C = F{g(x)] + C
• Integration of tan x, cot x, sec x and cosec x :

∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = - log |cos x| + C or log|secx| + C
63
(i) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log|sinx| + C or - log|cosecx| + C
𝜋 𝑥
(ii) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log|secx + tanx| + C or log|tan( 4 + )|+ C
2
𝑥
(iii) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log| cosecx – cotx| + C = log|tan2|+ C
Some important Deductions:

𝟏
The following integrals can be derived by substitution (ax +b)= t⇒ dx = dt
𝒂
(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)𝑛+1 1
𝑛
1. ∫(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥= + C, Where n ≠ 1 9. ∫ 𝑒 (𝑎𝑥+𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑒 (𝑎𝑥+𝑏) + C
𝑎(𝑛+1)
2.∫ 𝑎𝑑𝑥 = ax + c 10. ∫ 𝑎𝑝𝑥+𝑞 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑝(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎) + C
𝑎𝑝𝑥+𝑞
1 1
3. ∫ cos (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥= 𝑎sin(a x+b) + C 11. ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log |𝑥| + C
1 1
4. ∫ sin (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = - 𝑎cos(ax+b) + C 12. ∫ tan(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥= 𝑎log|sec(ax+b)| +
C
1 1
5. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎tan (ax+b) + C 13. ∫ cot (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥= 𝑎log |sin(a x+b)| +
C
1
6. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = - 𝑎cot (ax+b) + C 14. ∫ sec(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥
1
=𝑎{log|sec(a x+b)+ tan(ax+b)|} +
C
1
7. ∫ sec (ax + b) tan(ax + b)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎sec( ax +b)+ C 15. ∫ cosec(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥
1
= 𝑎{log|cosec(a x+b)- cot(ax+b)|} + C
8. ∫ cosec(ax + b) cot (ax + b)𝑑𝑥 16. ∫ √𝑎2

1
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑎 + C
𝑥
1 − 𝑥2
= − 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + C
Important Examples: Evaluate the following:
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥
(i)∫ 𝑑𝑥 (ii) ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛8 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (iii) ∫ 22 22 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√4− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
Solutions (i) I = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√4− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 √22 −(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)2
Let 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = t ⇒ - 2sinx cos dx = dt ⇒ sin2x dx = -dt

𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
= - sin-1 + 𝐶 = - sin-1(
−𝑑𝑡 𝑡
Now I = ∫ )+ 𝐶
√22 − (𝑡) 2 2 2
(ii) I = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛8 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛8 𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 1) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛10 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛8 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Now put tan x = t ⇒𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = dt
𝑡 11 𝑡9 𝑡𝑎𝑛11 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛9 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑡 10 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑡 8 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ + +C= + +C
11 9 11 9
2x x
(iii) I = ∫ 22 22 2x dx
64
𝑥 x x dt
Now put 22 = t ⇒22 2x (log2)2 dx = dt⇒22 2x dx =
(log2)2
2x
2t dt 2t 22
=∫ ⇒ +C⇒ +C
(log2)2 (log2)3 (log2)3
Integration by using trigonometric identities: -

Some important trigonometric identities to find integrations
2 sinA cosB = sin(A+B) + sin(A-B) Cos2A = 1 - 2 sin2A ⇒ Sin2 A =
1−cos 2𝐴
2
2 cosA SinB = Sin(A+B) – Sin(A-B) Cos2A = 2 cos2A – 1 ⇒ cos2A =

1+cos 2𝐴
2
2 cosA cosB = cos(A-B) + cos(A+B) sin3A = 3 sinA - 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 ⇒3
Sin3 A=
3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 −𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝐴
4
2 sinA SinB = cos(A-B) – cos(A+B) cos3A = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝐴 − 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴⇒Cos3 A =

cos 3𝐴 +3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
4
Some Important Examples: Solve the following:

𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼
(i)∫ 2 𝑥 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥(ii) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (iii) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
6𝑥
Solutions:(i) I = ∫ 2𝑥 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
log 6
𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥
(ii)I = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥= ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Now put sec x = t ⇒ sec x tan x dx = dt
1 5 1 3 1 1
= ∫(𝑡 4 − 𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 − 𝑡 + C = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 5 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 + C
5 3 5 3
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼 2 cos2 x – 1 −( 2cos2 α – 1) 2 cos2 x – 2cos2 α

(iii)I = ∫ 𝑑𝑥= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼)
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫(cos 𝑥 + cos 𝛼) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sin x + 2 x cos 𝛼 + C
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
Some Standard Integrals: -

dx 1 𝑥 dx 1 𝑎+𝑥 dx 1 𝑥−𝑎
1. ∫ a2 + x2 = 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎 + C 2. ∫ a2 − x2 = 2𝑎 log | 𝑎−𝑥 |+ C 3. ∫ x2 − a2 = 2𝑎 log |𝑥+𝑎|+ C
dx 𝑥 dx dx
4. ∫ √a2 2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑎 + C 5. ∫ √a2 2 = log | x + √a2 + x 2 | + C 6. ∫ √x2 2 = log | x +
−x +x −a
√x 2 − a2 | + C
65
dx
7. ∫ For finding the integral, make perfect square the quadratic polynomial ax 2 + bx + c ,
ax2 + bx+c
using the following identities (i) a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2 (ii) a2 - 2ab + b2 = (a − b)2
• To make perfect square the coefficient of x 2 should be + 1.
• After making perfect square, integrand will be changed in any one form given
below.
dx dx dx
∫ or ∫ or ∫
A2 + X2 A2 − X2 X2 − A2
𝐝𝐱
8. ∫ After making perfect square, integrand will be changed in any one form
√𝐚𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐛𝐱+𝐜
given
below.
dx dx dx
∫ or ∫ or ∫
√A2 − x 2 √A2 + x 2 √X 2 − A2
𝐩𝐱+𝐪
9. ∫ dx
𝐚𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐛𝐱+𝐜
𝒅
Steps of Solving (i) Put px + q = A (𝐚𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐛𝐱 + 𝐜) + B ⇒ px + q = A(2ax + b)
𝒅𝒙
+B
(ii) Find the values A and B by comparing coefficients and constants.
(iii) Integrand will be split in two parts. One part will be solved by substitution method
and second part will be solved by making perfect square.
𝐩𝐱+𝐪
10. ∫ dx
√𝐚𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐛𝐱+𝐜
𝒅
Steps of Solving (i) Put px + q = A (𝐚𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐛𝐱 + 𝐜) + B ⇒ px + q = A(2ax + b)
𝒅𝒙
+B
(ii) Find the value A and B by comparing coefficients and constants.
(iii) Integrand will be split in two parts. One part will be solved by substitution method
and second part will be solved by making perfect square.
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
11. ∫ √a2 − x 2 𝑑𝑥 = √a2 − x 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 + C
2 2 𝑎
𝑥 𝑎2
12. ∫ √x 2 + a2 𝑑𝑥 = √x 2 + a2 + log | x + √x 2 + a2 | + C
2 2
𝑥 𝑎2
13. ∫ √x 2 − a2 𝑑𝑥 = √x 2 − a2 - log | x + √x 2 − a2 | + C
2 2
Method of making perfect square of a quadratic polynomial-
Quadratic Polynomial = ax 2 + bx + c
b c b b b c
= a (x 2 ± x + a) = a (x 2 ± 2. x + (2a)2 − (2a)2 + a)
a 2a
b √𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐 2
= a {(𝑥 ± 2a) 2 − ( ) }
2𝑎
b √𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 2
Hence, quadratic polynomial ax 2 + bx + c = a {(𝑥 ± 2a) 2 − ( ) }
2𝑎
66
3 5
Example: 2x 2 + 3x + 5 = 2 (x 2 + x + 2)
2
3 3 3 5 3 √31 2
= 2{(x 2 + 2. x + (4)2 − (4)2 + )} = 2 {(𝑥 + 4) 2 + ( ) }
4 2 4
Some Important Examples: Solve the following:
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥+2
(i)∫ (ii) ∫√ 𝑑𝑥 (iii) ∫ 𝑑𝑥(iv) ∫ √3 − 2x − x2 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥+5 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 5−4x−2x2 √ x2 + 5x+6
𝑑𝑥
Solutions (i) I = ∫
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥+5 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=∫ (divide numerator and denominator by cos2x)
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥+5
Now put tanx = t ⇒ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = dt
𝑑𝑡
= ∫ 2 𝑡 2+5 = 2 ∫
1
𝑡 2+
𝑑𝑡
5 = ∫
2
1 𝑑𝑡
5
= 1
2
2
√ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 √ 𝑡
5
2
5
+ C = √110 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√25 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) + C
2 𝑡 2 + (√ )2
2
1 1 1 1
(ii) I = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√5−4x−2x2 √ 5+2−2−4x−2x2 √7−2−4x−2x2 √7−2(1+2x+x2 )
∵ 1 + 2x + x 2 = (𝑥 + 1)2
1 1 1 2
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 √ (𝑥 + 1) + C
√2 7
√ − (𝑥+1)2 √2 7
2
𝑥+2 𝑑
(iii)I = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 Put x + 2 = A (x 2 + 5x + 6) + B ⇒ x + 2 = A(2x + 5) + B
√x2 + 5x+6 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1 1
Now by comparing A = 2& B = - 2 , Now x + 2 = 2 (2x + 5) + - 2
1 1
𝑥+2 (2x + 5) + − 1 2𝑥+5 1 1
I= ∫ 𝑑𝑥= ∫ 2 2
𝑑𝑥 =2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥- 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√ x2 + 5x+6 √ x2 + 5x+6 √x2 + 5x+6 √x2 + 5x+6
1 2𝑥+5 1 1
I= I1 - I2…………………….(eq.1) , where I1 = 2 ∫ √ 𝑑𝑥and I2 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
x2 + 5x+6 √x2 + 5x+6
1 2𝑥+5
Now I1 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥Put x 2 + 5x + 6 = t 2 ⇒(2𝑥 + 5) dx = 2t dt
√x2 + 5x+6
1 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
=2∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = t ⇒I1= √x 2 + 5x + 6 + c1
√t2
I2 = 2 ∫
1
√x2 + 5x+6
1
𝑑𝑥 ∵ x2 + 5
5x + 6 = = x 2 + 2. 2 x + (2)2 − (2)2 + 6)}
5 5
5 1 2
= {(𝑥 + ) 2 − ( ) }
2 2
1 1 1
=2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥= 2log |x + √x 2 + 5x + 6|+ c2
2 2
√(x+5) − (1)
2 2
Now put the value of I1 and I2 in equation (1), we get –

1
I =√x 2 + 5x + 6 + C1 - 2log |x + √x 2 + 5x + 6|+ C2
1
I =√x 2 + 5x + 6 - 2log |x + √x 2 + 5x + 6|+ C, where C = C1 + C2
(iv) I = ∫ √3 − 2x − x 2 𝑑𝑥(CBSE 2019)
= ∫ √4 − (x + 1)2 𝑑𝑥= ∫ √22 − (x + 1)2 𝑑𝑥
67
Now put x+1 =t ⇒ dx =dt = ∫ √22 − (t)2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
(Using ∫ √a2 − x 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 √a2 − x 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑎 + C )
2
𝑡 22 𝑥 x+1 𝑥+1
=2 √22 − t2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 2 +C = √3 − 2x − x 2 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 +C
2 2 2
Integration by Partial Fraction:
• Partial fraction method is used to find integration of Rational functions.
• Rational Function: A function in the form of 𝑔(𝑥) , where f(x) and g(x) are polynomials in
𝑓(𝑥)
x and g(x) ≠ 0, is called rational function.

Types of Rational Functions:
(i)Proper Rational Function- If the degree of f(x) < Degree of g(x) then the function
is called proper rational function.
𝑥+1 𝑥+1
Example- , …….etc.
𝑥3 − 𝑥 x (𝑥2 + 1)
(ii) Improper Rational Function- If the degree of f(x) ≥ Degree of g(x) then the
function is called improper rational function.
𝑥+1 x2 + 3x+5
• Example- 𝑥− 1 , (𝑥 − 1) …….etc.
• If a function is Improper rational function, then first convert it into Proper rational
function using division method.
• Factorise the denominator ‘g(x)’. Factors of g(x) may be linear or quadratic.
• A Proper rational function will decompose in the following forms given in table –
S.No. Form of the rational (Proper) Form of the Partial fraction
Function
1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵
(𝑥 ±𝑎)(𝑥 ±𝑏)
+
(𝑥 ± 𝑎) (𝑥 ± 𝑏)
Find the values of A & B by comparing
coefficients and constants both sides.
2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵
(𝑥 ±𝑎)2
+
(𝑥 ± 𝑎) (𝑥 ± 𝑎)2
𝑓(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
+
3 (𝑥±𝑎)(ax2 + bx+c) (𝑥 ± 𝑎) (ax 2 + bx + c)
Find the values of A & B by comparing
Where ax 2 + bx + c cannot be coefficients and constants both sides.
factorise.
𝑓(𝑥) 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
4 +
(ax2 + bx+c)2 (ax 2 + bx + c) (ax + bx + c)2
2
Some Important QUESTIONS
68
𝑥3+ 1 1 𝑥+1
(i)∫ 𝑑𝑥 (ii) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (iii) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3− 𝑥 x (𝑥3 + 8) x (𝑥2 + 1)
𝑥3+ 1 𝑥3+ 1 𝑥+ 1 1
Solutions (i) I = ∫ 𝑑𝑥∵ =1+ =1 +
𝑥3− 𝑥 𝑥3− 𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑥(𝑥− 1)
1 1
I = ∫(1 + ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ dx + ∫ ) 𝑑𝑥…………………..(1)
𝑥(𝑥− 1) 𝑥(𝑥− 1)
1 𝐴 𝐵
Now = + …………………(2) (partial fraction form)
𝑥(𝑥− 1) 𝑥 (𝑥− 1)
1 = A (x-1) + B.x, By solving , we get A = -1 & B = 1
1 −1 1
From equation (2) = +
𝑥(𝑥− 1) 𝑥 (𝑥− 1)
1 1
Now I = ∫ dx − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = x – log|x| + log|x-1| +C
𝑥 𝑥−1
𝑥2
(ii)I = ∫ x (𝑥31+ 8) 𝑑𝑥 =∫ 3 3
𝑥 (𝑥 + 8)
𝑑𝑥 (Multiply and divide by 𝑥 2 )
1
Now put 𝑥 3 = 𝑡 ⇒ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡⇒𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 2 2
3
1 𝑑𝑡 1 𝐴 𝐵
I= ∫
3 t(t+8)
, ∵ 𝑡(𝑡+8) =
𝑡
+
(𝑡+ 8)
…………………….(1)
1 1
⇒ 1 = A (t + 8) + B.t After solving, we get A = & B = −
8 8
1 1 1 1 1
Put values of A & B in equation (1) = −
𝑡(𝑡+8) 8 𝑡 8 (𝑡+ 8)
1 𝑑𝑡 1 𝑑𝑡 1 1
I= ∫ - ∫ ⇒I= log|t| - log|t+8| + C
3 8t 3 8(t+8) 24 24
1 1 1 𝑥3
= log|𝑥 3 | - log|𝑥 3 + 8| + C = log|
𝑥 3 +8
| +C
24 24 24
𝑥+1
(iii) I = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
x (𝑥2 + 1)
∵ x (𝑥𝑥+1
2 + 1) = x
𝐴
+
𝐵𝑥+𝐶
(𝑥2 + 1)
…………………………(1)
X + 1 = A (𝑥2 + 1) + (Bx + C) x (After solving , we get A = 1, B = -1 & C = 1)

𝑥+1 1 (𝑥−1)
Putting the values of A, B & C in equation (1), we get = –
x (𝑥2 + 1) x (𝑥2 + 1)
1 𝑥−1 1 1 2𝑥 1
I= =∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
x (𝑥2 + 1) x 2 2
( 𝑥 + 1) 2
( 𝑥 + 1)
= log|x| -log|𝑥 2 + 1| + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + C

Integration by Parts:
• Integration by parts is used to find integration of the following type of the functions
(i) Product of two functions: f(x). g(x), Example- x sinx, exsinx………etc
I = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢. 𝑣 𝑑𝑥where u and v are function of x.
(ii) Logarithmic functions : logx, log(x+1)……etc
69
(iii) Inverse trigonometric functions : sin-1x, cos-1x……..etc
• First select the function as I & II with the help of the word ‘ILATE’
Select the first function which comes In the word ‘ILATE’

first as per alphabetical order in the
word ILATE.
I= Inverse trigonometric functions
L = Logarithmic functions
ILATE A = Algebraic Functions
T = Trigonometric functions
E = Exponential functions
• Now apply the formula to find integral of ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢. 𝑣 𝑑𝑥, where u and v are
functions of x.
𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑢. 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = u ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥-∫{𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥}𝑑𝑥 , where u = first function & v = second function.
• Some Important Properties:
(i) ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 {𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)}𝑑𝑥 = ex f(x) + C
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
(ii)∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑎2+𝑏2) (𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥) + 𝐶
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
(iii) ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑎2+𝑏2) (𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥) + 𝐶
Some Important Questions :-

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
Solve the following(i)∫ 𝑥 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (ii) ∫(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 (iii) ∫ (1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
1
(iv) ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (v) ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (log 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
Solutions- (i) I = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥
II I
𝑑(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
= logx∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 - ∫{ ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥}𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1 1 1 1 1
= logx .3 𝑥 3 − ∫ 𝑥 . 3 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑥 3 .logx − 3 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 3 1 1 1 1
= 𝑥 .logx − 3 . 3 𝑥 3 + C = 3 𝑥 3 .logx − 9 𝑥 3 + C
3
(ii) I = ∫(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
−1 2
Put 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 = t ⇒ x = sint⇒ dx = cost dt

Now I = ∫ 𝑡 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑥 , taking 𝑡 2 = 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 & 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑑(𝑡 2 )
I = 𝑡 2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 - ∫{ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡}𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 2 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡- ∫ 2𝑡 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 +C
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑡 2 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡- 2{𝑡 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 +∫ 1. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 }+ C (Again using by parts)
=𝑡 2 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡- 2{𝑡 (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡) + sint }+ C
= 𝑡 2 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡+ 2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 -2 sint + C (put t = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥)
= x (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥)2 +2√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 - 2x + C
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
(iii)I = ∫ (1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
70
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥+1−1 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥+1 1
=∫ (1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 - ∫ (1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
1 1
=∫ 1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 . 1 𝑑𝑥 - ∫ (1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
1 −1 1 1
=1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 - ∫ (1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 . 𝑥 × 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 (using by parts)
𝑥 1 1 𝑥
=1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 +∫ (1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 = 1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + C
(iv) I = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
= ∫ 𝑒𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − 1) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
=∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = - ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
Now using ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 {𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)}𝑑𝑥 = ex f(x) + C (∵f(x) = cosec x &𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)
I = -𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + C
1 1 1 1 1
(v) I=∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (log 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 ((log 𝑥 + 𝑥) − (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 (log 𝑥 + 𝑥) + 𝐶
MCQ’s
1. ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶 then 𝑓(𝑥) equal to
2𝑥 2𝑥+1
(a) 2𝑥 (b) 2𝑥 log 2 (c) (d)
log 2 𝑥+1
2. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (7 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
(a) 𝑠𝑒𝑐(7 − 𝑥) + 𝐶 (b) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(7 − 𝑥) + 𝐶 (c) −𝑡𝑎𝑛(7 − 𝑥) + 𝐶 (d)none of these
sin√𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
√𝑥
(a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛√𝑥 + 𝐶 (b) −2𝑐𝑜𝑠√𝑥 + 𝐶 (c) −2𝑠𝑖𝑛√𝑥 + 𝐶 (d)none of these

4. ∫ 𝑒𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ⋯
(a) 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐 (b) 𝑒𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 (c) 𝑒𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐 (d) 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
5. ∫ 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜
(a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 +C (b) −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶 (c) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶 (d) −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑒 2 (𝑥+1)
6. Evaluate ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
(a) − cot(𝑒𝑥𝑥) + 𝑐 (b) tan(𝑥𝑒𝑥) + 𝑐 (c) tan(𝑒𝑥) + 𝑐 (d) cot(𝑒𝑥) + 𝑐

𝑒 𝑥−1 +𝑥 𝑒−1
7 Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑥 𝑒
1 1
(a) log|𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑒 | + 𝐶 (b) log|𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑒 | + 𝐶 (c) 𝑒 log|𝑒 𝑥−1 + 𝑥 𝑒−1 | + 𝐶 (d) none
𝑒
1
8. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
(a) log|𝑒 𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶 (b) log|𝑒 −𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶 (c) − log|𝑒 −𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶 (d) None

2
9. ∫ 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
71
(a) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶 (b) −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶 (c) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶 (d) −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶
10 ∫ log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
𝑒
(a) log(e 𝑥) + 𝐶 (b) x log 𝑥 (c) 𝑥 log (𝑥) + 𝐶 (d)x log( 𝑥/𝑒) + 𝐶
ANSWERS
1 -c 2-c 3-b 4-b 5-d 6-b 7-a 8-c 9-a 10-d

(1+𝑥)2 2 4
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (NCERT) Ans. I = 2√𝑥 + 𝑥 5/2 + 𝑥 3/2 +C
√𝑥 5 3
𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑥3
2. ∫ (𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 (NCERT EXEMPLAR) Ans. I = x - + - log |x+1| + C
2 3
1 1
3. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (CBSE 2020) Ans. I = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + log|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥|+C
2 2
(x−5)ex ex
4. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (CBSE 2019) Ans. I= +C
(x−3)3 (x−3)2
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥
5. ∫ 𝑑𝑥(CBSE 2019) Ans. I = secx –cosecx+C
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
√𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
6. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (NCERT) Ans. 2√𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 +C
ex ( 1+sinx) x
7. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 Ans. I= ex tan +C
(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) 2
x cos−1 x
8. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 Ans. I= - √1 − 𝑥 2 cos −1 x - x + C
√1− 𝑥 2
e2x −e−2x 1
9. ∫ e2x+ e−2x 𝑑𝑥 Ans. I= log | e2x + e−2x | + C
2
(x+1)(x+logx)2 1
10. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 Ans. I= (x + logx)3 + C
x 3

𝑥 𝑥 √𝑥 𝑥
11. ∫ √𝑥+ 1 𝑑𝑥 Ans. I = 2( − + √𝑥 -log |√𝑥 +1|)+C
3 2
sin 𝑥
12. ∫ sin (𝑥+𝑎) 𝑑𝑥 Ans. I = x cosa –sina log|sin(x+a)|+C
𝑥+1 3
13. ∫ 𝑥(1−2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (CBSE 2020) Ans. I= log|x| - log|1-2x| + C
2
1 1 −1 3𝑥+1
14. ∫ 9x2 + 6x+5 𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝐼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )+C
6 2
(x2 −5)ex ex
15. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 Ans.𝐼 = ex − 2 +C
(x+1)2 (𝑥+1)
1 1 cos (𝑥−𝛽)
16. ∫ cos (𝑥−𝛼)cos (𝑥−𝛽) 𝑑𝑥 Ans. 𝐼 = log | |+C
sin (𝛽−𝛼) cos (𝑥−𝛼)
72
1 2 sin (x+𝛼)
17. ∫ √sin3x sin(x−𝛼) 𝑑𝑥 Ans. 𝐼 = − √ + C
sin𝛼 sinx
(2x+1) −1 𝑥−1
18. ∫ √3+2x− x2 𝑑𝑥 (CBSE 2020) 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝐼 = − 2√3 + 2x − x 2 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛 (
2
)+C
2𝑥+1 − 5𝑥−1 1 1 2 1
19. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 (CBSE 2020) Ans.I = - +C
10𝑥 5 log 2 2𝑥 log 5 5𝑥
𝑥2 1 1+x 1
20. ∫ 1− 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 Ans.I = log | | - 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + C
4 1−x
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥
21. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Ans. I = - + – +C
8 24 16
x2 2 −1 𝑥 3 𝑥
22. ∫ (x2 +4)(x2 + 9) dx Ans.I = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 5 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 3 + C
5 2
EXTRA QUESTIONS
(x+2) 1 1 −1
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 Ans.I= log|2x 2 + 6x + 5| + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (2𝑥 + 3) + C
2x2 +6x+5 4 2
(x2 −1) 1 x2 +1−x

2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 Ans.I= log | |+C
x4 +x+1 2 x2 +1+x
3. ∫ √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (Hint: put tanx = 𝑡 2 )

1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥−1 1 tanx−√2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 +1
Ans.I= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+2 log | |+C
√2 √ 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 √2 tanx+√2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 +1
𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ (Hint: Divide numerator and denominator by cos4x)
𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥
1 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥−1
Ans.𝐼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+ C
√2 √2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
(x2 +x+1) 3 1 1
5. ∫ (x+2)(x2 𝑑𝑥 Ans. I= log|x + 2| + log|x 2 + 1| + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + C
+ 1) 5 5 5
𝑎
6. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 √ 𝑑𝑥 (Hint: put x = atan2t)
𝑎+𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Ans. I = a( 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 √ − √ + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 √ ) + 𝐶
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
√1+𝑥 2 {log(𝑥 2 +1)−2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥} 1 1 3/2 1 2
7. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 Ans. - (1 + ) {log (1 + ) − 3} +C
x4 3 𝑥2 𝑥2
8. ∫(√𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ( Hint: Change sin x & cos x)
𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝐼 = √2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) + 𝐶
DEFINITE INTEGRATION
First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
Theorem 1: Let 𝑓 be a continuous function on the closed interval [𝑎 , 𝑏]and
let 𝐴(𝑥)be the area function. Then 𝐴′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)for all 𝑥𝜖[𝑎 , 𝑏]
Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
73
Theorem 2: Let f be a Continuous function defined on the closed
interval [a ,b] and F be an antiderivative of 𝑓. Then
Upper limit
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [𝐹(𝑥)]𝑏𝑎 =F(b)-F(a)
Lower limit
PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS:
𝑏 𝑏
𝑃0: ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑎 𝑎
𝑃1: ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 in particular ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
𝑃2: ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 where 𝑎 < 𝑐 < 𝑏
𝑏 𝑏
𝑃3: ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
𝑃4: ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0 0
2𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑃5: ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0 0 0
2𝑎 𝑎
𝑃6: ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 (2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
0 0
=0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎 𝑎
𝑃7: (𝑖) ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑓(−𝑥)
−𝑎 0
= 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎
(𝑖𝑖) ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)

1 4
𝑥
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥2 +1
Sol. Let I=∫2
4 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +1
1 4 2𝑥 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 [log(𝑥 2 + 1)]42
2 2 𝑥 2 +1
1 1 17 𝑎
= 2 (𝑙𝑜𝑔17 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔5) = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 5 ) Using 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 = log (𝑏)
2 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥
0 1 + 𝑥2
Sol. 1 tan−1 𝑥 (tan−1 𝑥)
2 1
(tan−1 1)
2
(tan−1 0)
2 1
(𝜋/4)2 𝜋2
∫0 𝑑𝑥=[ ] =[ −[ ] ]= = 32
1+𝑥 2 2 2 2 2
0 0
3 𝜋/4
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
Sol. 𝜋/4
∫0 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥|]0
𝜋/4 𝜋
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( 4 )| − 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑒𝑐 (0)|
1
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔|√2| − 𝑙𝑜𝑔|1|= 𝑙𝑜𝑔|√2| 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
2
𝑎
4 𝐼𝑓 ∫0 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 8, then find ‘a’.
74
𝑎
Sol. 𝑎
3𝑥 3
2
∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 8 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 [ ] = 3 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑎3 = 8 , 𝑠𝑜 𝑎 = 2
0 3 0
5 1
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ 𝑥17 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1
Sol. 1 17
∫−1 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4
𝑥 𝑑𝑥=0 , using property ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0,
𝑎
𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)

Here 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥17 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 is an odd function as 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)17 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 (−𝑥) =
−𝑓(𝑥)
𝜋
6 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
0 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝜋
Sol. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−cos 𝑥
Let I = ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥 ………….(1)
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
Using property∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin( −𝑥)−cos( −𝑥) cos 𝑥−sin 𝑥
I= ∫0 2 2
𝜋
2
𝜋 𝑑𝑥 I= ∫02 1+sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 …………………(2)
1+sin( −𝑥) cos( −𝑥)
2 2
Adding (1) & (2), we get
𝜋
2I= ∫02 0. 𝑑𝑥 = 0 So I = 0
𝜋 𝜋
7 𝑑𝑥 √𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Evaluate: 𝐼 = ∫0 2 𝑂𝑅 𝐼 = ∫02 𝑑𝑥
1+√𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 √𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+√𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
Sol. 2 𝑑𝑥 2 √𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
We have I = ∫ OR I = ∫ dx
0 1+ √𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 0 √𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝜋
√𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
I = ∫02 dx ……………. (1)
√𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+√𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
Using property∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥), we get
𝜋
𝜋 √𝑠𝑖𝑛( −𝑥) 𝜋
2 √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝐼 = ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫02 𝑑𝑥 ……………………(2)
𝜋 𝜋
√𝑠𝑖𝑛( −𝑥)+√𝑐𝑜𝑠( −𝑥) √𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥+√𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
2 2
Adding (1) & (2) ,we get
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
√𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥+√𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝜋 𝜋
2I = ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫02 𝑑𝑥= (𝑥)02 = So, 𝐼 =
√𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥+√ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 2 4
8 Evaluate:
1
∫0 𝑥(1 − 𝑥)𝑛 dx
Sol. 1
I =∫0 𝑥(1 − 𝑥) 𝑛
1 𝑎
=∫0 (1 − 𝑥)(1 − (1 − 𝑥))𝑛 𝑑𝑥 [using property ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =
𝑎
∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥]
𝑛+2 1
1 𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑥 1
= ∫0 (1 − 𝑥)𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑛
= ( 𝑛+1 − 𝑛+2 ) = (𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)
0
9 8 √𝑥
Evaluate: ∫2 dx
√10−𝑥+√𝑥
Sol. Let 𝐼 = ∫2
8 √𝑥
dx……………………..(1)
√10−𝑥+√𝑥
𝑏 𝑏
By using property∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
8 √8+2−𝑥
𝐼 = ∫2 dx
√10−(8+2−𝑥)+√8+2−𝑥
75
8 √10−𝑥
𝐼 = ∫2 dx……………………………(2)
√𝑥+√10−𝑥
adding (1) & (2)
8
2𝐼 = ∫2 1. 𝑑𝑥 = 6  I =3
10 𝜋/2
Evaluate: ∫
−𝜋/2
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
Sol.
Let I= ∫ 2𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 As 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (−𝑥) = (sin(−𝑥))2 = (−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)2= sin2 𝑥, therefore,
−
2
sin 𝑥 is an even function.
2
𝑎 𝑎
It is known that if f(x) is an even function, then ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
I= 2 ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =2 ∫02 𝑑𝑥 =∫02 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝜋/2 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= [𝑥 − ] = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋 = − 0 =
2 0 2 2 2
𝜋
11 1
Evaluate: ∫ 𝜋
3
𝑑𝑥
1+ √𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
6
𝜋
Sol. 1
Let I=∫𝜋3 1+ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥………………………………….(1)
√
6
π π
3 dx 3 dx
I= ∫ π =∫ π
π π 1+√cot x
6 1+√tan( + −x) 6
6 3
𝜋
3 √tan 𝑥
 Ι=∫ 𝜋 𝑑𝑥 …………………………(2)
1+ √tan 𝑥
6
adding (1) & (2)
𝜋 𝜋
1+√tan 𝑥
 2I = ∫𝜋3 1+ 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 2I = ∫𝜋3 1. 𝑑𝑥
6
√tan 𝑥 6
𝜋 𝜋
 2I = 6 ⇒ I = 12
π
12 cosx
Evaluate: ∫02 (1+sinx)(2+sinx) dx
π
Sol. cosx
Let I=∫02 (1+sinx)(2+sinx) dx…………………..(1)
Put 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑡 ⟹ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝜋
Also when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑡 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑡 = 1
(1) Reduces to
1 1
𝐼=∫0 (1+𝑡)(2+𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
Using partial fractions
1
1 1
𝐼=∫ { − } 𝑑𝑡 = [log|1 + 𝑡| − log|2 + 𝑡|]10
0 1+𝑡 2+𝑡
4
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔2 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔3] − [𝑙𝑜𝑔1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔2] = log ( )
3
𝜋
13 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
0 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝜋
Sol. 𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
76
𝜋 𝑥 𝑥 𝜋 𝜋
𝑥+2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
I= ∫02 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫02 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐2 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫02 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠22
Using by parts for 1st integral, we get
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 𝜋⁄2 𝑥 𝑥
= [𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2] − ∫02 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑑𝑥 +∫02 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑥 𝜋⁄2 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= [𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2] = 2 (tan ( 4 )) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛0 =
0 2
𝜋
14 3 + 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥2
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
0 3 + 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝜋
Sol. 3+5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Let I= ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (3+5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥…………………………(1)
𝜋 𝜋
3+5 𝑠𝑖𝑛( −𝑥) 𝑎
I= ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (
2 2
𝜋 ) 𝑑𝑥 [By using property∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =
3+5 𝑐𝑜𝑠( −𝑥)
2
𝑎
∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥]
𝜋
3+5 cos 𝑥
𝐼 = ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 3+5 sin 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥……………………………(2)
Now Using 𝑙𝑜𝑔 a = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 – 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 and adding (1) & (2)
b
we get, 2I = 0 so, 𝐼 = 0
15 8
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ |𝑥 − 5| 𝑑𝑥
2
Sol. Let 𝐼 =
8
∫2 |𝑥 −
5
5| 𝑑𝑥 = ∫2 |𝑥 − 5| 𝑑𝑥 + ∫5 |𝑥 − 5| 𝑑𝑥
8
5 8
= ∫ −(𝑥 − 5) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 − 5) 𝑑𝑥
2 5
2 5 2 8
𝑥 𝑥
= [− + 5𝑥] + [ − 5𝑥] = 9
2 2
2 5
1 Evaluate
4
− 1| +|𝑥 − 2| + |𝑥 − 3| dx.
∫1 |𝑥
Sol. 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓(𝑥) = [|𝑥 − 1| + |𝑥 − 2| + |𝑥 − 3|],
𝑏 𝑐 𝑑 𝑏
𝑊𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡, ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥,
𝑎 𝑎 𝑐 𝑑
(𝑥 − 1) − (𝑥 − 2) − (𝑥 − 3) = 4 − 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 1 < 𝑥 < 2
= { (𝑥 − 1) + (𝑥 − 2) − (𝑥 − 3) = 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 2 < 𝑥 <
(𝑥 − 1) + (𝑥 − 2) + (𝑥 − 3) = 3𝑥 − 6, 𝑖𝑓 3 < 𝑥 < 4
where 𝑎 < 𝑐 < 𝑑 < 𝑏
4 2
So ∫1 [|𝑥 − 1| + |𝑥 − 2| + |𝑥 − 3|]𝑑𝑥 = ∫1 [|𝑥 − 1| + |𝑥 − 2| + |𝑥 −
3 4
3|]𝑑𝑥 + ∫2 [|𝑥 − 1| + |𝑥 − 2| + |𝑥 − 3|]𝑑𝑥 + ∫3 [|𝑥 − 1| + |𝑥 − 2| + |𝑥 − 3|]𝑑𝑥
2 3 4
= ∫ (4 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (3𝑥 − 6)𝑑𝑥
1 2 3
𝑥2 𝑥2 3 3𝑥 2
= (4𝑥 − )2 +( 2 )2 +( 2 − 6𝑥)43
2 1
1 9 27
= (8 − 2) − (4 − 2) + (2 − 2) + (24 − 24) − ( 2 − 18)
19
after simplifying, we get = 2
2 Evaluate:
𝜋/4
∫0 log ( 1 + tan 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
77
Sol. I = ∫0
𝜋/4
log ( 1 + tan 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝑎
I=∫04 log {1 + tan (𝜋/4 − 𝑥)}𝑑𝑥; by property∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =
𝑎
∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋/4 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝜋/4 2
I =∫0 log (1 + 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 log (1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 log 2
I= ∫0 log 2dx − 𝐼
4 ⇒ 2I =log 2. 4 ⇒ 𝐼 = .
8
3 Evaluate ∫0
𝜋 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥+tan 𝑥
Sol. Let I= ∫0
𝜋 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥…………………….(1)
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥+tan 𝑥
𝜋 (𝜋−𝑥) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜋−𝑥) 𝑎
I=∫0 𝑑𝑥 (by using property, ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =
𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝜋−𝑥)+𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜋−𝑥)
𝑎
∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥)
𝜋 −(𝜋−𝑥) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝜋 (𝜋−𝑥) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝐼 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥………………(2)
−(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) (𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥)
Adding (1) & (2) we get
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝜋. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
2𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + tan 𝑥 0 1 + sin 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
= 𝜋∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 (1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫ (𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − tan 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ (𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥
2
0 0
= 𝜋[𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥]𝜋0
= 𝜋{(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜋 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜋 + 𝜋) − (𝑠𝑒𝑐 0 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛0 + 0) = 𝜋(−2 + 𝜋) ⇒𝐼
𝜋
= (𝜋 − 2)
𝜋
2
4
Evaluate: 𝐼 = ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Sol. We have
𝜋
𝐼 = ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 …………………………..(1)
𝜋
𝜋 𝑎 𝑎
= ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠( 2 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 [𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ]
𝜋
= ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ……………………………(2)
𝜋 𝜋
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2I= ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 == ∫02 log ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2
𝜋 𝜋
2 2
= ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 ∫0 1 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
= ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 = I 1 − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 ……………….(3)
𝜋
Put 2𝑥 = 𝑡 in I 1 we get, 2𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡, when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑡 = 0 and when 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑡 = 𝜋
1 𝜋
I 1 =2 ∫0 log 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 Now as sin(𝜋 − 𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝜋/2
1
𝐼 1 = 𝑋 2 ∫ log 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ 𝐼1 = 𝐼
2 0
78
So, (3)  2𝐼 = 𝐼 − 𝜋2 𝑙𝑜𝑔2  I=− 𝜋2 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
5 2
Evaluate: ∫−1|𝑥 3 − 𝑥| 𝑑𝑥
Sol. 2
Evaluate: ∫−1|𝑥 3 − 𝑥| 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 − 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓𝑥 3 − 𝑥 ≥ 0
x3 − x = { , x3-x=0x = 0 and x = 1
−(𝑥 3 − 𝑥), 𝑖𝑓𝑥 3 − 𝑥 < 0
Here the intervals are (-1, 0), (0,1) and (1,2), since the limit is -1 to 2
Intervals x 3 − x =x (x-1) (x+1) function
(-1, 0) (-)(-)(+)=Positive x3 − x
(0, 1) (+)(-)(+)=Negative − (𝑥 3 − 𝑥)
(1, 2) (+)(+)(+)=Positive 𝑥3 − 𝑥
2 0 1 2
𝑆𝑜 ∫−1|𝑥 3 − 𝑥| dx = ∫−1(𝑥 3 − 𝑥)dx +∫0 −(𝑥 3 − 𝑥)dx + ∫1 (𝑥 3 − 𝑥)dx
0 1 2
𝑥4 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥4 𝑥2
=[ − ] +[ − ] +[ − ]
4 2 −1 2 4 0 4 2 1
1 1 1 1 16 4 1 1
= (0) − ( − ) + ( − ) − (0) + ( − ) − ( − )
4 2 2 4 4 2 4 2
1 1 1 3 11
= + +2+ = 2+ =
4 4 𝜋 4 4 4
6
Evaluate: ∫0 (2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2
𝜋
Sol.
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫02 (2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 (Using 𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑛 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑛𝑚 & 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 =
𝐼 = ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
log ( )
𝑏
…………………….(1) (by property∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =

𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝐼 = ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 0
2
𝑎
∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥)
𝜋
𝜋 𝑡𝑎𝑛( −𝑥)
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 ………………………(2)
𝐼 = ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (
2 2
) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2

𝜋 𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 1 𝜋 1
2𝐼 = ∫02 log ( . ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫02 log (4) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 log (4)
2 2
𝜋 1 𝜋
𝐼 = 4 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (4)=− 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
𝜋
7 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
0 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Sol. Let I =∫0

𝜋 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑥………….(1)
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝜋 (𝜋−𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋−𝑥) 𝑎 𝑎
=∫0 𝑑𝑥 (by property∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥)
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋−𝑥)
79
𝜋 (𝜋−𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
=∫0 𝑑𝑥 ………(2)
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
adding (1) & (2)
2I =∫ 𝜋 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
0 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝜋 (𝜋−𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑥+∫0 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =∫0
𝜋 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
=  ∫0 𝑑𝑥 =  ∫0
𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥(1−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
=  ∫0  ∫0𝜋(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 . 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥(1−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫ (𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋[𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥]𝜋0
0
= 𝜋{(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜋 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜋 + 𝜋) − (𝑠𝑒𝑐 0 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛0 + 0) = 𝜋(−2 + 𝜋) ⇒𝐼
𝜋
= (𝜋 − 2)
2
8 1
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
0
Sol. 1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ 𝐶𝑜𝑡 −1 (1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
0
1 −1 (1−𝑥)+𝑥 1
∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛 { } 𝑑𝑥 (as cot −1 𝑥 = tan−1(𝑥) and 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 = 1 −
1−𝑥(1−𝑥)
𝑥(1 − 𝑥) )
1 1 𝑥+𝑦
= ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 1 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [𝐴𝑠 tan−1 1−𝑥𝑦 =
tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦]
1 1
= ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [1 −( 1 − 𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
(by using the property∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =
𝑎
∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥)
1 1 1
= ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0 0
1
= 2 ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 . 1 𝑑𝑥 On integrating by parts, we get
1
1
= 2. [{tan −1
𝑥. 𝑥}01 −∫ . 𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
0 1 + 𝑥2
1 𝜋 1 𝜋
= 2[𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − log(1 + 𝑥 2 )]10 = 2 [ − 𝑙𝑜𝑔2] ⇒ 𝐼 = − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
−1
2 4 2 2
9 𝜋/4
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ (√𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + √𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0
Sol. 𝜋/4
Let I =∫0 (√𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + √𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0
𝜋/4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥
√𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑡
Consider I 1 =∫ 𝑑𝑥 =∫ 2
√𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥.𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
√1−𝑡
2
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 – 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥  𝑑𝑡 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑡 2 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2𝑥) using this substitution and solving we get
So 𝐼 1 = √2 sin−1(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
80
𝜋
𝜋
𝑆𝑜 𝐼 = [√2 sin−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)]04 = √2 {sin−1 0 − sin−1(−1)} = √2 [0 + ]
2
√2
=𝜋 2.
10 2
𝑥2
Evaluate: 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
−2 1 + 5
Sol. 2 𝑥2
Let 𝐼 = ∫−2 1+5𝑥 𝑑𝑥……………………………….(1)
𝑏 𝑏
[using ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥]
2 (−2+2−𝑥)2 2 𝑥2
𝐼 = ∫−2 1+5(−2+2−𝑥) (𝑑𝑥) = ∫−2 1+5−𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥2 2 5𝑥 .𝑥 2
= ∫−2 1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫−2 1+5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 …………………(2)
1+ 𝑥
5
Adding equations (1) and (2), we get
2 𝑥2 5𝑥 .𝑥 2 2 𝑥 2 (1+5𝑥 )
2I=∫−2[1+5𝑥 + 1+5𝑥 ]𝑑𝑥 ⇒2I=∫−2[ ]𝑑𝑥
1+5𝑥
2 2 𝑥3 23 0 8 16
2I = ∫−2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2( 3 )20 =2 ( 3 − 3) = 2 (3 − 0) = So, I
3
8
=
3
11 𝜋/4
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
0 9 + 16𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
Sol. 𝜋/4
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 9 + 16𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
Put 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑡 ⟹ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝜋
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑡 = −1 & 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 4 , 𝑡 = 0
⟹ (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2 = 𝑡 2 ⟹ 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = 𝑡 2 ⟹ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = 1 − 𝑡 2
0
𝑑𝑡
∴𝐼=∫ 2
−1 9 + 16(1 − 𝑡 )
0 0 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
=∫ 2
= ∫ 2
== ∫ 2 2
−1 9 + 16 − 16𝑡 ) −1 25 − 16𝑡 −1 5 − (4𝑡)
1 1 5 + 4𝑡 0 1 1
= [ log { }]−1 = [𝑙𝑜𝑔1 − log ( )]
4 2.5 5 − 4𝑡 40 9
1 1 1 1
= [− log ( )] = 𝑙𝑜𝑔9 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3
40 9 40 20
12 2 1 1
Evaluate: ∫1 (𝑥 − 2𝑥 2) 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Sol. 2 1
𝐿𝑒𝑡𝐼 = ∫1 (𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥,
1
Put 2x=t ⟹ 2𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 , Also when 𝑥 = 1, 𝑡 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 2, 𝑡 = 4
2 1 1 1 4 2 2 4 1 1
∴ ∫1 (𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫2 ( 𝑡 − 2) 𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑥 = ∫2 ( 𝑡 − 2) 𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 𝑡
1 1
Now let 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 , then 𝑓 ′(𝑡) = − 𝑡 2
81
4 14
𝐼=∫ (𝑓(𝑡) + 𝑓′(𝑡))𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = [𝑒 𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)]42 𝑡
⟹ [𝑒 . ]
2 𝑡 2
𝑒4 𝑒2 2
(𝑒 2 − 2)
= − ⟹𝐼=𝑒
4 2 4
13 5
Evaluate: ∫−5|𝑥 + 2| 𝑑𝑥
Sol. 5
Let 𝐼 = ∫−5|𝑥 + 2| 𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
Using the property ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 < 𝑐 < 𝑏
−2 5
𝐼=∫ −(𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥
−5 −2
2 −2 2 5
𝑥 𝑥
= − [ + 2𝑥] + [ + 2𝑥]
2 −5
2 −2
25 25
= − [2 − 4 − + 10] + [ + 10 − 2 + 4] = 29
2 2
MCQ’S
1 1
∫−1 𝑥 2 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) -1
2 1 1
∫0 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 equal to
(a) Π (b) π/2 (c) π/4 (d) π/3
𝑎
3 ∫0 3𝑥 2 = 8 then the value of a is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 3
4 8
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ |𝑥 − 5|𝑑𝑥
2
(a) 0 (b) 5 (c) 9 (d) 11
5 1
∫−1 𝑥|𝑥|𝑑𝑥 equal to
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) -1 (d) 0
𝜋⁄2
6
∫0 log(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ⋯
(a) 𝜋⁄4 (b) 𝜋⁄8 log 2 (c) 0 (d) 𝜋 log 8
7 𝜋⁄4
∫0 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ⋯
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) ½ (d) 𝜋⁄2

8 4 1
∫1 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 3
9 1
∫0 (3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑘) = 0 then value of k is
(a) 2 (b) -2 (c) 4 (d) -4
10 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
∫1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
(a) 1 (b) - ½ (c) -1 (d) ½
ANSWER
1-a 2-c 3-b 4-c 5-d 6-c 7-c 8-a 9-b 10-d
82
EXTRA QUESTIONS
𝜋
1 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
0 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2 3
𝜋/2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
Evaluate: ∫
0 3 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝜋
3 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
0 sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥
4 8
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ |𝑥 − 5|𝑑𝑥
2
𝜋 𝑥
5 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫0 𝑑𝑥
𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥+𝑏2 sin2 𝑥
6 𝜋/2
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
0 sin4 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥
7 𝜋/2
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫−𝜋/2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8 𝜋/4
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
9 2 √1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ 𝜋 5 𝑑𝑥 [Hint: Multiply Nr and Dr by √1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 and use
3 (1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2
substitution 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑡]
10 𝜋/3
𝜋/6 √𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
11 1 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫0 √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 [Hint: Put 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥]
12 3.5
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫0.2 [𝑥]𝑑𝑥 [use definition of greatest integer function]
𝜋
13 2 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
0 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝜋
14 2 sin2 𝑥
0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
15 2
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ {|𝑥 + 1| + |𝑥| + |𝑥 − 1|}𝑑𝑥
−1
𝜋
16 2 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
4
17 3
2
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ |𝑥. sin 𝜋𝑥 |𝑑𝑥
−1
18 3
2
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ |𝑥. cos 𝜋𝑥 |𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
19 𝑥 sin 𝑥
0 1 + cos2 𝑥
83
𝜋
20 3 1
𝜋 1 + √cot 𝑥
6
21 2
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ |𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3|𝑑𝑥
0
22 1
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ 𝑥|𝑥|𝑑𝑥
−1
23 1
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ [2𝑥]𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
24 cos2 𝑥
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫04 cos2 𝑥+4 sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [ Make proper rational fraction and then divide Nr
and Dr by cos 2 𝑥]
25 1
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ |2𝑥 − 1|𝑑𝑥
1
4
𝜋
26
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ log (1 + cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
27 2 cos 𝑥 𝑏 𝑏
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ 𝜋 𝑑𝑥 [Hint: Apply ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
− 1+𝑒 𝑥
2
𝜋
28 sin 2𝑥
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ 2
0 sin4 𝑥+cos4 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 [Hint: Divide Nr and Dr by cos 4 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑢𝑡 tan2 𝑥 = 𝑡]
Answers
1 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 0 8 1 15 Ans:
19 22 Ans: 0
𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 2
2
2 𝜋 9 3 16 1 𝜋 23 1
𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝐴𝑛𝑠: Ans:2 𝑒 2 Ans: 2
4 2
𝜋
3 Ans: (𝜋 − 2) 10 Ans:2 sin−1
√3−1 17 Ans:
3𝜋+1 24 Ans:
2 2 𝜋2 2 𝜋
3
tan−1 2 − 12
𝜋
4 Ans: 9 11 Ans: − 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 18 Ans:
5𝜋−2 25 Ans:
5
2 𝜋2 16
5 Ans: 2𝑎𝑏
𝜋2 12 Ans: 2
9 19 𝜋2
Ans: 4 26 Ans: −𝜋 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
𝜋 𝜋
6 Ans: 16
𝜋2 13 Ans: 4 20 Ans: 12 27 Ans:1
7 𝜋 14 1 21 Ans: 4 28 𝜋
Ans: 2
𝐴𝑛𝑠: Ans: log |√2 + 1|
2 √2
APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
BASIC CONCEPTS:
1. Area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
, the 𝑥-axis and the line 𝑥 = 𝑎 , 𝑥 = 𝑏 is given by
𝑏 𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
84
2. If the curve lies below x-axis, then the area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
, the 𝑥-axis and the line 𝑥 = 𝑎 , 𝑥 = 𝑏 is
given by
𝑏
|∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 |
3. Area of the region bounded by the curve

𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦), the 𝑦-axis and the line 𝑦 = 𝑐 , 𝑦 = 𝑑 is
given by
𝑑 𝑑
∫𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫𝑐 𝑔(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
4 Area of the region bounded by the simple curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) .

Required area = Area of ACBDA +Area of BPRQB
𝑐 𝑏
= ∫𝑎 [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
KEY POINTS :
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
1. ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + sin−1 𝑎
2 2
2. Curve 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐 is a straight line.

3. Curve 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 is a parabola with vertex (0,0) and axis is x-axis.
4. Curve 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 is a parabola with vertex (0,0) and axis is y-axis.
5. Curve 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 =𝑎2 is a circle with center (0,0) and radius = a
6. Curve (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 =𝑐 2 is a circle with center (𝑎, 𝑏) and radius = c
7. Curve 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is a circle with center (-𝑔,- 𝑓)
and radius = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐
𝑥2 𝑦2
8. Curve + 𝑏2 = 1 , (𝑎 > 𝑏) is a ellipse with center (0,0)
𝑎2
Length of major axis =2𝑎 , Length of minor axis =2 𝑏
9. Circle and ellipse are symmetric in each quadrant.
10. Parabola is symmetric about its axis.
Ex.1 Find the area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 and the line 𝑥 = 4.
85
Sol. Curve 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 … (1) is a parabola with vertex (0,0) and line 𝑥 = 4
Draw rough sketch
Shaded region OABO be the required area.
Parabola is symmetric about its axis.
Required area =2 area of OACO
4 4
= 2 ∫0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 2 𝑥1/2 𝑑𝑥 (use 1)
4
𝑥 3/2 8 64
= 4 ( 3/2 ) = 3 (43/2 − 0) = sq.unit
0 3
𝑥2 𝑦2
Ex.2 Using definite integration, find the area of the region 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1.
𝑥2 𝑦2
Sol. Curve 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1 is a ellipse with center (0,0)
Draw rough sketch, Shaded region be the required area. Ellipse is symmetric in
each quadrant.
Required area = 4 x area of OABO
𝑎 𝑎𝑏
=4∫0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫0 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑎
𝑏 𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
=4 𝑎 (2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + sin−1 𝑎)
2 0
𝑏 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎2 0
=4 ( √𝑎2 − 𝑎2 + sin−1 −0− sin−1 )
𝑎 2 2 𝑎 2 𝑎
𝑏 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑏 𝑎2 𝜋
=4 𝑎 (0 + sin−1 1 − 0 − sin−1 0) =4 𝑎 ( 2 − 0) = 𝜋𝑎𝑏 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
2 2 2
Ex.3 Find the area of the region bounded by the line 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2 , 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and the ordinates
𝑥 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 1.
Sol. Draw rough sketch of line 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2 ,
𝑥 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 1
Shaded region be the required area.
Area ABCA lies blow x-axis and area ADEA above x-axis
−2/3 1
Required area = |∫−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑥| + ∫−2/3 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
−2/3 1
= |∫−1 (3𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥| + ∫−2/3(3𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥
−2/3 1
3𝑥 2 3𝑥 2 1 25 13
= |[ + 2𝑥] |+[ + 2𝑥] =6+ = 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
2 −1 2 −2/3 6 3
Ex.4 Find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the 𝑥 −
𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 32.
86
Sol. Given curve 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 32 ……(i) is a circle with center (0,0), radius=4√2 and the line
𝑦 = 𝑥 …………(ii) passes through (0,0)
Draw rough sketch, Shaded region be the required area.
Solving (i) and (ii)getting 𝑥 = 4 , 𝑦 = 4 the intersection
point of line and circle is B(4,4).
Required area = area of OBMO +area of BMAB
4 4√2
= ∫0 𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑥 + ∫4 𝑦𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑥
4 4√2
= ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫4 √32 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
4 4√2
𝑥2 𝑥 32 𝑥
(from (i) and (ii) = [ 2 ] + [2 √32 − 𝑥 2 + sin−1 4√2]
0 2 4
4√2 4 1
= 8+[ × 0 + 16 sin−1 1] − [2 √32 − 16 + 16 sin−1 √2]
2
𝜋 𝜋
= 8 + 16 × 2 − 8 − 16 × 4 = 8𝜋 − 4𝜋 = 4𝜋 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
Ex.5 Find the area bounded by the curve {(x, y): y ≥ x 2 and y = |x|}
Sol. Given curve is 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 …..(i) is parabola and
𝑥, 𝑥 > 0
𝑦 = |𝑥| = { ……….(ii)
−𝑥 , 𝑥 ≤ 0
Draw rough sketch, Shaded region be the required area.
Both the curve are symmetric about Y- axis.
From curve (i) and (ii) 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −1
The points of intersection of the curves O(0,0),A(1,1) and B(-1,1)
Required area = Area of shaded region=2 area of OAPO
1 1
= 2 ∫0 (𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 − 𝑦𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 )𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥2 𝑥3 1 1 1
= 2[2 − ] = 2 [2 − 3] = 3 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
3 0
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥 𝑦
Ex.6 Find the area of the smaller region bounded by the curve + 36 = 1 and the line 2 + 6 =
4
1.
87
𝑥2 𝑦2
Sol. Curve + 36 = 1 ………..(i)is ellipse
4
Draw rough sketch, Shaded region be the required area

2 2
Required Area = ∫0 𝑦𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑥
2 2
= 3 ∫0 √4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 (6 − 3𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2
𝑥 4 𝑥 2 3𝑥 2
= 3 [2 √4 − 𝑥 2 + 2 sin−1 2] − [6𝑥 − ]
0 2 0
=3[0 + 2 sin−1 1 − 0 − 0] − [12 − 6] = 3𝜋 − 6 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡

Ex.7 CASE STUDY BASED : A farmer has a triangular shaped field. His son, a science student
observes the triangular field has three edges and can be drawn on a plain paper with three
lines given by the equations. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2, 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions.
(i)Find the corner points of triangular field.
(ii) Using integration, find the total area of triangular field.
Sol. Given equation are
1
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2 …….(i), 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 … … . (𝑖𝑖), 𝑦 = 2 (𝑥 − 1) … … . (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
To determine corner points of triangle field solve

equation in pairs.
From equation (𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 =
2 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝐵(2,2)
From equation (𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 = 3 , 𝑦 =
1 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝐶 (3,1)
From equation (𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 =
0 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝐴(1,0)
2
Now area of triangle ABC=∫1 𝑦𝐴𝐵 𝑑𝑥 +
3 3
∫2 𝑦𝐵𝐶 𝑑𝑥 − ∫1 𝑦𝐴𝐶 𝑑𝑥
2( 3 31
=∫1 2𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥 + ∫2 (4 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫1 2 (𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
2 3 3
𝑥2 𝑥2 1 𝑥2
=2 [ − 𝑥] + [4𝑥 − ] − [ − 𝑥]
2 1 2 2 2 2 1
1 9 1 9 1 3 3
=2 [2 − 2 − 2 + 1] + [12 − 2 − 8 + 2] − 2 [2 − 3 − 2 + 1] =1+2 − 1 = 2 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡

0
Q.1 Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 3| 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∫−6|𝑥 + 3| 𝑑𝑥.
Q.2 Find the area enclosed by the parabola 4𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 2𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 12.
88
Q.3 Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the triangle whose vertices are
(-1,0), (1,3) and (3,2).
Q.4 Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the lines :
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 , 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 5 = 0.
𝑄.5 Find the area of the region {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ≤ 4, 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 2}
Q.6 Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 2𝜋 .
Q7. Find the area enclosed by the curve 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 = 0 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
Q8. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2𝑥.
Q9. Find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the 𝑋 −
𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 √3 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4.
ANSWERS:
1. 9 2. 27 3. 4 4. 7/2
5. 𝜋 − 2 6. 4 7. 𝜋/2 8. 1/3 9. 𝜋/3
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Definition: - An equation that involves an independent variable, dependent variable

and differential coefficients of dependent variable with respect to independent
variable is called differential equation.
2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑3𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠: (1) 𝑥 +𝑦 =0 (2) + 2 ( ) − +𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(3) 𝑥 + sin ( ) = 0 (4) 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + cos 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Order and Degree of the Differential Equation
Order of a Differential Equation - order of the highest order derivative in the

differential equation.
Degree of a Differential Equation - it is the exponent (power) of the highest

order derivative, after the equation is free from the negative and fractional power
of the derivatives.
Note:- Degree is not defined if the given differential equation is not a polynomial
equation in its derivatives.
89
Students can learn as: If differential equation involves following types of terms, then we say
that degree of differential equation is not defined-
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚′ , 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚′′ , 𝒆𝒚′ , 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒚′ 𝒆𝒕𝒄.

Questions
Find the order and degree of the following Differential Equation -
2
𝑑3𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. 3
+ 2( 2
) − +𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 is d3 y/dx 3 , therefore order=3, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 = 1.
𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 1, 𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 = 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3. + sin (𝑑𝑥 ) = 0 𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 1, 𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 = 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝑑𝑥
4. 𝑦′′ + 2𝑦′ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 0 Order=2, Degree=1

5. (𝑦′′′)2 + (𝑦′′)3 + (𝑦′)4 + 𝑦 5 = 0 𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 3, 𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 = 2
2/3
𝑑3 𝑦
6. (𝑑𝑥 3 ) = 𝑥
2
𝑑3 𝑦
Sol: Taking whole cube both side (𝑑𝑥 3 ) = 𝑥 3 Now we can see order= 3, degree = 2
Solution of Differential Equations-

A relation between the variables, such that this relation and derivative obtained from it,
satisfies the given differential equation, is called solution of differential equation.
General and Particular Solution of a Differential Equation
The solution which contains arbitrary constants (equal to order of the differential
equation) is called General Solution.
The solution free from arbitrary constants i.e. solution obtained from general
solution by giving particular values to the arbitrary constants is called Particular
Solution.
To find the solution of given Differential Equation
We have to find the solutions of three types of differential equations in our syllabus, we
use the method to solve them accordingly-
(1) Differential Equation with Variables Separable.

(2) Homogeneous Differential Equation
(3) Linear Differential Equation (First order and first degree only)
90
[1] Differential Equation with Variables Separable-
In this type of Differential Equation, we can separate the variables at LHS and RHS and
then integrate both sides to get the solution.
Solved Questions:
1. sec 2 𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + sec 2 𝑦 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
sec2 𝑥 sec2 𝑦
Sol: sec 2 𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = − sec 2 𝑦 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑦
tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦
[Note that, in this step, variables x and y are completely separated. Remember, dx and
dy should not be in denominator. After separating variables, integrate both sides.]
sec 2 𝑥 sec 2 𝑦 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)

⇒∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶
tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑓(𝑥)
⇒ log(tan 𝑥) = − log(tan 𝑦 ) + 𝐶 ⇒ log(tan 𝑥) + log(tan 𝑦 ) = 𝐶
⇒ log(tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦) = 𝐶
Here, note that, we can also take 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶 as arbitrary constant in place of C,
Then log(tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦) = log 𝐶 ⇒ tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦 = 𝐶
2. Find the particular solution satisfying the given condition-

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦 tan 𝑥 , 𝑦 = 1, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Sol: = tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ ∫ = ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
log 𝑦 = − log cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 … … … … … … … . (1)
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑦 = 1, 𝑥=0 ⇒ log 1 = − log cos 0 + 𝐶
0 = − log 1 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶=0 (𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 log 1 = 0)
𝑃𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 𝑖𝑛 (1), log 𝑦 = −log(cos 𝑥) ⇒ log 𝑦 = log(cos 𝑥)−1
⇒ log 𝑦 = log sec 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 = sec 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
3. For the Differential Equation 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = (x + 2)(y + 2), find the solution curve
passing through the point (1, –1).

Sol: [Curve passes through (1, –1) means, after getting general solution, we put x=1, y=–1
and find the value of arbitrary constant.]
𝑦 𝑥+2
𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = (x + 2)(y + 2)𝑑𝑥 ⇒∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦+2 𝑥
91
𝑦+2−2 𝑥+2 2 2
⇒∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (1 + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦+2 𝑥 𝑦+2 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 − 2 log|𝑦 + 2| = 𝑥 + 2 log|𝑥| + 𝐶 …………………..(1)
Put x=1, y= –1, ⇒ −1 − 2 log 1 = 1 + 2 log 1 + C

⇒ −1 − 0 = 1 + 0 + C ⇒ C = −2 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (1)
𝑦 − 2 log|𝑦 + 2| = 𝑥 + 2 log|𝑥| − 2
4. The volume of spherical balloon being inflated changes at a constant rate. If initially its
radius is 3 units and after 3 seconds it is 6 units. Find the radius of balloon after 𝑡 seconds.
Sol: Given that, Rate of change in volume w.r.t. time = constant

𝑑𝑉 𝑑 4 3 4 𝑑𝑟
⇒ =𝑘 ⇒ ( 𝜋𝑟 ) = 𝑘 ⇒ 𝜋 . 3𝑟 2 . =𝑘
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 3 3 𝑑𝑡
⇒ 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑘 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ 4𝜋 ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑟3
⇒ 4𝜋 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶 … … … … … … … … . (1)
3
Given conditions are (a) at t=0, r=3 [it gives constant C]
And (b) at t=3, r=6 [it gives constant k]
Using condition (a) in (1),

33
4𝜋 = 0+𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 36𝜋, 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 𝑖𝑛 (1)
3
𝑟3
⇒ 4𝜋 = 𝑘𝑡 + 36𝜋 … … … … … … … … . (2)
3
Using condition (b) in (2),
63
⇒ 4𝜋 = 3𝑘 + 36𝜋 𝑖𝑡 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑘 = 84𝜋, 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑘 𝑖𝑛 (2)
3
𝑟3 𝑟3
⇒ 4𝜋 = 84𝜋 𝑡 + 36𝜋 ⇒ = 21𝑡 + 9 (𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 4𝜋)
3 3
⇒ 𝑟 3 = 63𝑡 + 27 𝑟 = (63𝑡 + 27)1/3
5- Solve the Differential Equation 3𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (1 − 𝑒 𝑥 ) sec 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
3𝑒 𝑥 sec2 𝑦
Sol.: 3𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑒 𝑥 − 1) sec 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ⇒ ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦
tan 𝑦
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
⇒ 3 log(𝑒 𝑥 − 1) = log tan 𝑦 + log 𝑐 … . 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)
⇒ log(𝑒 𝑥 − 1)3 = log(𝑐 tan 𝑦)
⇒ (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)3 = 𝑐 tan 𝑦
92
𝑑𝑦
6- Solve the Differential Equation = 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Sol: = 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑒 −𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑦 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥3
∫ = ∫(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ ∫ 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑒𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + +𝑐
𝑒 −𝑦 3
[2] Homogeneous Differential Equation
𝑑𝑦
A differential equation = 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) is said to be homogeneous if 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) is a homogeneous
𝑑𝑥
function of degree zero. It means if in 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦), we replace 𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝜆𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝜆𝑦, then all λ
will be cancelled and we get the same function. For example-
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= is a differential equation, if we replace x by λx and y by λy,
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝜆2 𝑥 2 +𝜆2 𝑦 2 𝜆2 (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ) 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
= 𝜆2 𝑥 2 +𝜆𝑥.𝜆𝑦 = = 𝜆0 , ∴ it is homogeneous Differential Equation.
𝑑𝑥 𝜆2 (𝑥 2 +𝑥.𝑦) 𝑥 2 +𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
This type of homogeneous Differential Equation can be expressed as = 𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑦2
𝑑𝑦 1+ 2 𝑦
In above example, dividing numerator & denominator by x2, = 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 1+
𝑥
Method to solve Homogeneous Differential Equation
Form of Differential Equation is Form of Differential Equation is

𝒅𝒚 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 𝒙
= 𝒇 (𝒙 ) = 𝒇 (𝒚)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
𝑃𝑢𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 , =𝑣+𝑥 𝑃𝑢𝑡, 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 , =𝑣+𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Now the variables v and x can be separated. Now the variables v and y can be separated.
Therefore, separate the variables and then Therefore, separate the variables and
integrate both sides. then integrate both sides.
Questions
Solve the following Differential Equations-

𝑥+𝑦
1. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
Sol: Given Differential Equation can be written as 𝑦 ′ = 1 + 𝑥 , 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 (𝑥 )
Therefore, it is a homogeneous Differential Equation
93
𝑑𝑦
𝑃𝑢𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇒
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
=𝑣+𝑥 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 Differential Equation
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 ⇒ ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑥
𝑦
⇒ 𝑣 = log|𝑥| + 𝑐 ⇒ = log|𝑥| + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑦= 𝑥 log 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 …. Ans.
𝑥
2. Find the particular solution satisfying the given condition
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
− + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Sol: = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑃𝑢𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇒ = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 Diff. Equation
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑣+𝑥 = 𝑣 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ = ⇒ − ∫ sin 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = ∫
−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦
⇒ cos 𝑣 = log|𝑥| + 𝑐 ⇒
= log|𝑥| + 𝑐 … … … … … (1) cos
𝑥
Using the given condition 𝑦 = 0, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1
cos 0 = log 1 + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑐 = 1 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐 𝑖𝑛 (1), 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
𝑦
cos = log|𝑥| + 1
𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
OR 𝐴𝑠 log 𝑒 = 1, ∴ 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 cos 𝑥 = log|𝑥| + log 𝑒 ⇒ cos 𝑥 = log|𝑒𝑥|
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝜋
3. Solve = − cos2 𝑥 , where 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 4
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Sol: = − cos 2 𝑥 𝑃𝑢𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇒ = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 Diff. Equation
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑣+𝑥 = 𝑣 − cos 2 𝑣 ⇒ 2
=− ⇒ ∫ sec 2 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = − ∫
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑣 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦
⇒ tan 𝑣 = − log|𝑥| + 𝑐 ⇒ tan = − log|𝑥| + 𝑐
𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝑦
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 4 , tan 4 = − log 1 + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑐 = 1 ∴ tan 𝑥 = − log|𝑥| + 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
4. Solve 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑦) + 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
Sol. 𝑃𝑢𝑡, 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 , = 𝑣 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑣 𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝑦
⇒ 𝑣 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( 𝑦 ) + 𝑦
94
𝑑𝑦
⇒ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑦
⇒ −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑣 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 + 𝑐
⇒ −cos (𝑥/𝑦) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 + 𝑐
[3] Linear Differential Equation
linear Differential Equation in y linear Differential Equation in x
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
+ 𝑷𝒚 = 𝑸 + 𝑷𝒙 = 𝑸
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
Where P and Q are the functions of x or Where P and Q are the functions of y or
constants only. constants only.
Integrating factor 𝑰. 𝑭. = 𝒆∫ 𝑷𝒅𝒙 Integrating factor 𝑰. 𝑭. = 𝒆∫ 𝑷𝒅𝒚
write the solution of the given Differential write the solution of the given Differential
Equation as given below and then solve Equation as given below and then solve
𝒚. (𝑰. 𝑭. ) = ∫ 𝑸. (𝑰. 𝑭. )𝒅𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒚. (𝑰. 𝑭. ) = ∫ 𝑸. (𝑰. 𝑭. )𝒅𝒙 + 𝒄
Note:- Before solving the questions, note the following concepts:

(here the base of log is e.)
−1 1
(𝑎) 𝑒 log 𝑥 = 𝑥 (𝑏) 𝑒 − log 𝑥 = 𝑒 log 𝑥 = 𝑥 −1 = 𝑥
2
(c) 𝑒 2 log 𝑥 = 𝑒 log 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 (𝑑) 𝐼𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑒 log 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
Solved Questions
Find the general solution of the following Differential Equation
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
1. + 𝑥 = 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒚 1
Sol : Compare with form 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑷𝒚 = 𝑸, we get P = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 = 𝑥 2
𝟏
𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝒆∫ 𝑷𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆∫𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 = 𝑥
Therefore, solution of Differential Equation will be
𝑥4
𝑦. (𝑥) = ∫(𝑥 2 ) . 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑥𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥𝑦 = +𝑐
4
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
2. cos2 𝑥 + 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
Sol: cos 2 𝑥 + 𝑦 = tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Dividing both sides by cos2 𝑥 , + cos2 𝑥 = cos2 𝑥 ⇒ + (sec 2 𝑥)𝑦 = tan 𝑥 . sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑃 = sec 2 𝑥 , 𝑄 = tan 𝑥 . sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
∴ I. F. = e∫ Pdx = 𝑒 ∫ sec 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 tan 𝑥
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Now, solution of Differential Equation is
𝑦(𝑒 tan 𝑥 ) = ∫ tan 𝑥 . sec 2 𝑥 𝑒 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑇𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝐻𝑆, 𝑝𝑢𝑡 tan 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
∴ 𝑦(𝑒 tan 𝑥 ) = ∫ 𝑡. 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐 𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠,
𝑦(𝑒 tan 𝑥 ) = 𝑡. 𝑒 𝑡 − ∫ 1. 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐 = 𝑡. 𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑐
⇒ 𝑦(𝑒 tan 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑡 (𝑡 − 1) + 𝑐 = 𝑒 tan 𝑥 (tan 𝑥 − 1) + 𝑐

⇒ 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑐. 𝑒 − tan 𝑥
3. Find the particular solution of the Differential Equation satisfying the given condition
𝑑𝑦 1
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 2𝑥𝑦 = 1+𝑥 2 𝑦 = 0, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
Sol: (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 1+𝑥 2
Dividing by (1+x2),
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 1 2𝑥 1
+ 1+𝑥 2 = (1+𝑥 2 )2
∴ 𝑃= , 𝑄=
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2 (1+𝑥 2 )2
2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2)
𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫1+𝑥2 = 𝑒 log(1+𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥2
2𝑥 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
[𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶]
1 + 𝑥2 𝑓(𝑥)
1
∴ 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐷. 𝐸. 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑦 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) = ∫ (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
(1 + 𝑥 2 )2
1
⇒ 𝑦 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑦 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) = tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐 … … (1)
(1 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 1
𝜋 𝜋
⇒ 𝑐 = −4 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐 𝑖𝑛 (1) 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡, 𝑦 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) = tan−1 𝑥 − 4
𝑒 −2√𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
4. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 Differential Equation ( − ) =1
√𝑥 √𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑒 −2√𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Sol: ( − ) =1
√𝑥 √𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑒 −2√𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑒 −2√𝑥
⇒ = ( − ) ⇒ + =
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 √ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 √𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑒 −2√𝑥
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑃 = , 𝑄=
𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 √𝑥
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 √𝑥 = 𝑒 2√𝑥
𝑒 −2√𝑥 1
∴ 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 𝑒 2√𝑥 = ∫ . 𝑒 2√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑦 𝑒 2√𝑥 = ∫ . 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
√𝑥 √𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 𝑒 2√𝑥 = 2√𝑥 + 𝑐
96
5. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 Differential Equation 𝑑𝑦 = cos 𝑥 (2 − 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 =
2
Sol: 𝑑𝑦 = cos 𝑥 (2 − 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 2 cos 𝑥 − 𝑦 cos 𝑥 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 ⇒ = 2 cos 𝑥 − 𝑦 cot 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 cot 𝑥 = 2 cos 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑃 = cot 𝑥, 𝑄 = 2 cos 𝑥
𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 log sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑥

∴ 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 sin 𝑥 = ∫ 2 cos 𝑥 . sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
cos 2𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 sin 𝑥 = ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑦 sin 𝑥 = − +𝑐
2
𝜋 1 3 cos 2𝑥 3
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = ⇒𝑐 = 2−2=2 ∴ 𝑦 sin 𝑥 = − +2
2 2
1. Solve the differential equation

dy
(x 2 + 1) + 2xy = √x 2 + 4
dx
dy 2x √x2 +4
Sol: divide by (𝑥 2 + 1) + x2+1 y =
dx x2 +1
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 √𝑥 2 +4
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄, 𝑃 = 𝑥 2+1 , 𝑄=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +1
2𝑥
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 2 +1)
𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 +1 = 𝑒 log(𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 1
∴ 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓. 𝐸𝑞𝑛. 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑦 (𝐼. 𝐹. ) = ∫ 𝑄. (𝐼. 𝐹. )𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
⇒ 𝑦 (𝑥 2 + 1) = ∫ √𝑥 2 + 4 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
1
⇒ y(x 2 + 1) = x √x 2 + 4 + 2 log |x + √x 2 + 4| + C
2
2. Solve the differential equation (tan−1 𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = (1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥
dx x tan−1 y
Sol. dy
+ 1+y2 = 1+y2
−1 𝑦
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 tan
−1 𝑦
Sol 𝑥 = tan−1 𝑦 − 1 + 𝑐𝑒 − tan
𝐌𝐂𝐐′𝐬
1 The integration factor of the differential equation 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4𝑥 is
𝑑𝑦
(a) 𝑥 (b) 1/𝑥 (c) 𝑥2 (d) 1/𝑥 2
2 Solution of differential equation

𝑑𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 , 𝑦 = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0 𝑖𝑠
𝑦−2 𝑦−1 𝑦−1
(a) cos ( ) = 𝑎 (b) cos ( ) = 𝑎 (c) sin ( ) = 𝑎 (d) none
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
97
3 How many arbitrary constants in the particular solution of a differential equation of
third order.
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 4
4 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 3
Write the sum of the order and degree of the differential equation [( ) ]=0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) none of these
5 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
A homogeneous differential equation of the form 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥 ) can be solved
By making the substitution
(a) 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 (b) 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 (c) 𝑣 = 𝑥𝑦 (d) 𝑥 = 𝑦
The general solution of the differential equation 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 is
6
(a) log y=k x (b) y= k x (c) x y=k (d) y=k log x
7 The number of arbitrary constants in the general solution of differential equation
of fourth order is/ are
(a)0 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
8 Which of the following is a homogeneous differential equation?
(a) (xy) dx − (x3+ y3) dy = 0 (c) (x3+ 2y2) dx + 2xy dy = 0
(b) y2dx+(x2− xy − y2) dy = 0 (d) (4x+6y+5)dy−(3y+2x+4)dx = 0

9 If p and q are the degree and order of the differential equation
𝟐
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝟑 𝒚
(𝒅𝒙𝟐 ) + 𝟑 + 𝒅𝒙𝟑 = 𝟒 then the value of 2p – 3q is
𝒅𝒙
(a) 7 (b)-7 (c) 3 (d) -3

10 Solution of The differential equation
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦 tan 𝑥 ; 𝑦 = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0 is
𝑑𝑥
(a) 𝑦 = sec 𝑥 (b) 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 (c) 𝑦 = −sec 𝑥 (d)None of these
ANSWERS
1-b 2-b 3-c 4-a 5-a 6-b 7-d 8-b 9-b 10-a
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Find the order and degree of the differential equation
3
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
(𝑑𝑥 2 ) + (𝑑𝑥 ) + sin (𝑑𝑥 ) = 1
dy 3
2. Find the order and degree of the differential equation x + dy = y2
dx
dx
3. Solve the differential equation x(1 + y 2 )dx − y(1 + x 2 )dy = 0

4. 𝑆olve the differential equation 3ex tan y dx + (1 − ex ) sec 2 y dy = 0
dy
5. Solve the differential equation = 1 + x + y + xy
dx
98
𝑑𝑦 1
6. Write the integrating factor of the differential equation − 1+𝑥 . 𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
7. Write the integrating factor of the differential equation 𝑥 log 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2 log 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
8. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 the differential equation (𝑦 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑑𝑦
9. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 the differential equation = 𝑦 sin 2𝑥 , 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑦(0) = 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
10. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 the differential equation 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 tan 𝑦
11 . 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 the differential equation 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
12. Find the particular solution of the differential equation cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = sin 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥,
𝜋
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 3 [ Hint. I.F. = sec 2 𝑥]
dy
13. Solve the differential equation 2x 2 dx − 2xy + y 2 = 0
14. 𝑆olve the differential equation x dy + (y − x 3 )dx = 0 [ Hint. I.F. = x]
dx
15. Solve the differential equation + x = cos y − sin y
dy
Answers
1. Order=2, degree= not defined 2. Order=1, degree= 2

3. 1 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑐(1 + 𝑦 2 ) 4. tan 𝑦 = 𝑐 (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)3
𝑥2 1
5. log|1 + 𝑦| = 𝑥 + + 𝑐 6.
2 1+𝑥
7. log 𝑥 8. tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 = 𝑐

cos 2𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑐
9. Log 𝑦 = − +2 10. sin 𝑦 = 𝑦
2
𝑦
11. Sin−1 = log 𝑥 + 𝑐 12. 𝑦 sec 2 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 − 2
𝑥
2𝑥 𝑥3 𝑐
13. log 𝑥 + 𝑐 = 14. 𝑦 = +𝑥 15. 𝑥 = cos 𝑦 + 𝑐 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑦 4
VECTORS
Introduction
➢ Scalar is a quantity that has only magnitude like length, mass, time, temperature, work,
etc.
➢ Vector is a quantity that has magnitude as well as direction like displacement, velocity,
force, weight, etc.
➢ A directed line segment AB is a vector denoted as ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵
➢ Zero vector or null vector is a vector whose magnitude is zero and direction is
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗0
undefined, i.e. whose initial and terminal points are same (coincident).𝐴𝐴
𝑎⃗
➢ Unit vector (𝒂
̂ ): a vector whose magnitude is unity, 𝑎̂ = |𝑎⃗|
➢ Equal vectors: if two vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ have same direction and equal magnitude, i.e.
𝑎=𝑏⃗
99
➢ Co-initial Vector: two or more vectors having the same initial point are called co-initial
vectors.
➢ Collinear Vectors: two or more vectors are said to be collinear if they are parallel to
the same line, irrespective of their magnitudes and directions.
➢ Negative of a vector: a vector whose magnitude is the same as that of a given vector,
but direction is opposite that of it, is called negative of the given vector.
➢ Position Vector: vector 𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ having origin point O(0, 0, 0) as initial point and point P(x,
y, z) as terminal point is called the position vector of point P with respect to origin.
𝑂𝑃 =(𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ ), Magnitude of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑂𝑃 = | ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃| = √𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
➢ Direction Cosines: as in figure, angle 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 made by

the vector 𝑟 with the positive directions of x, y and z-axes
respectively, are called its direction angles and the cosine
values of these angles i.e. 𝑙 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼, 𝑚 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 and n=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾
are called direction cosines of vector 𝑟
➢ Direction Ratios : the coordinate of point P(as in above figure) may also be expressed
as (lr, mr, nr). The numbers lr, mr, nr are proportional to the direction cosines are called
as direction ratios of vector 𝑟 and denoted as a, b, c.
NOTE: 𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 = 1 but 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 ≠ 1 in general.
➢ Addition of Vectors: in general, if we have two vectors 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝐵𝐶

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ then to add them,
they are positioned so that the initial point of one coincides with the terminal point of the
other. (as in figure)
As ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ since ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = - ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐴
So, we have, 𝐴𝐵⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐵𝐶

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐶𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗0, this means that when
the sides of a triangle are taken in order, it leads to zero.
Parallelogram law of vector addition- if we have two vectors 𝑎 and
𝑏⃗ represented by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram in
magnitude and direction, then their sum 𝑎+ 𝑏⃗ is represented in magnitude and direction
by the diagonal of the parallelogram through their common point.
➢ Properties of vector addition:
(i)Commutative property 𝑎+ 𝑏⃗ = 𝑏⃗+ 𝑎
(ii) Associative property :( 𝑎+ 𝑏⃗ ) + 𝑐 = 𝑎 + ( 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 )
➢ Components of a vector: if the position vector of point P(x, y, z) is
𝑂𝑃= x𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ . This form of any vector is called its component form. Here x, y and z
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
are called as the scalar components of 𝑟 and x𝑖̂, 𝑦𝑗̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧𝑘̂ are called vector components
of 𝑟.
100
➢ Vector joining two points: if P(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and Q(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) are any two points, then
𝑃𝑄 = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )𝑖̂ + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )𝑗̂ + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝑘̂ and
the vector joining P and Q is the vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
the magnitude of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )2
𝑃𝑄 = |𝑃𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
➢ Section Formula: Let P and Q are two points represented by the position vectors 𝑂𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
and 𝑂𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑚𝑂𝑄+𝑛𝑂𝑃 (ii) Externally 𝑂𝑅
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and point R divides PQ in m : n (i) Internally 𝑂𝑅 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
𝑚+𝑛
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −𝑛𝑂𝑃
𝑚𝑂𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑚−𝑛
Q.1 Find a vector in the direction of vector 𝑎 = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ that has a magnitude of 14
units.
𝑎⃗ 1
Solution: the unit vector in the direction of the given vector 𝑎 is 𝑎̂ = |𝑎⃗| = (𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ +
√14
3𝑘̂)
⃗ | = √(1)2 + (−2)2 + (3)2

Since |𝑎 = √14, therefore the vector having magnitude
1
equal to 14 and in the direction of 𝑎 is = 14𝑎̂ = 14. (𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂) = √14(𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂)
√14
Ans.
Q.2 Find the unit vector in the direction of the sum of the vectors 𝑎 = (3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂) &
𝑏⃗ = (𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂)
solution: the sum of the given vector is 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ = (3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂)+(𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂) =(4𝑖̂ +
6𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂) =𝑐 (𝑙𝑒𝑡)
𝑐 ̂)
(4𝑖̂+6𝑗̂ +2𝑘 ̂)
(2𝑖̂+3𝑗̂ +𝑘
|𝑐̂ | = √(4)2 + (6)2 + (2)2 = √56 = 2√14 , 𝑐̂ = = = Ans.
|𝑐 | 2√14 √14
Q.3 Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line joining two points P and
Q whose position vectors are 2𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ respectively, in the ratio 2 : 1
(i) internally. (ii) Externally
𝑂𝑃 =(2𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝑄

Solution: Here 𝑎 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑏⃗ = (𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ )
(i) when divides internally

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑚𝑂𝑄+𝑛𝑂𝑃 = 1(2𝑖̂−4𝑗̂ +𝑘)+2(𝑖̂−3𝑗̂ +2𝑘)= 4𝑖̂−10𝑗̂ +5𝑘)
𝑂𝑅 𝑚+𝑛 2+1 3
(ii) when divides externally

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑚𝑂𝑄−𝑛𝑂𝑃 = 1(2𝑖̂−4𝑗̂ +𝑘)−2(𝑖̂−3𝑗̂ +2𝑘) = 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ Ans.
𝑂𝑅 𝑚−𝑛 2−1
Scalar (or dot) product of two vectors

➢ The scalar product of two nonzero vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ , denoted by 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ is defined as
𝑎. 𝑏⃗ = | 𝑎| | 𝑏⃗|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, where 𝜃 is the angle between 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗, 0≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋, if either 𝑎 = ⃗0 or 𝑏⃗ =
⃗0, then 𝜃 is not defined, and in this case we define 𝑎. 𝑏⃗=0.
101
➢ 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ = 0, if and only if 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ are perpendicular to each other, i.e. 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ = 0 ⇔ 𝑎 ⊥ 𝑏⃗
➢ If 𝜃 = 0, then 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ = | 𝑎||𝑏⃗|, in particular 𝑎. 𝑎 = |𝑎|2
➢ If 𝜃 = 𝜋, then 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ = −| 𝑎||𝑏⃗|, |, in particular 𝑎. 𝑎 = −|𝑎|2
➢ For mutually perpendicular unit vectors 𝑖̂, 𝑗̂, 𝑘̂ : 𝑖̂. 𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂. 𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂. 𝑘̂ = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖̂. 𝑗̂ = 𝑗̂. 𝑘̂ =
𝑖̂. 𝑘̂ = 0
⃗
𝑎⃗ .𝑏
➢ The angle 𝜃 between two nonzero vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ is given by 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = (|𝑎⃗|| 𝑏⃗|) or 𝜃 =
⃗
⃗ .𝑏
𝑎
𝑐𝑜𝑠−1 ( )
|𝑎|| ⃗𝑏|
⃗
➢ The scalar product is commutative i.e. 𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ = 𝑏⃗. 𝑎

➢ Distributive property 𝑎.(𝑏⃗ + 𝑐) = 𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ + 𝑎 . 𝑐
➢ Let 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ be any two vectors, and 𝜆 be any scalar. Then (𝜆 𝑎). 𝑏⃗ = 𝜆(𝑎 . 𝑏⃗) = 𝑎. (𝜆𝑏⃗).
➢ Scalar product in terms of components: Let two vectors are 𝑎 = 𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑎2 𝑗̂ + 𝑎3 𝑘̂ and
𝑎 = 𝑏1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 𝑗̂ + 𝑏3 𝑘̂ then 𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ = (𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑎2 𝑗̂ + 𝑎3 𝑘̂). (𝑏1𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 𝑗̂ + 𝑏3 𝑘̂ )
⃗ = 𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 + 𝑎3 𝑏3
⃗ .𝑏
⇒𝑎
➢ Projection of a vector on a line (or vector):

(i) if 𝑝̂ is the unit vector along a line l, then the projection of a vector 𝒂
⃗ on the line l is given
by 𝒂
⃗ . 𝑝̂ .
⃗𝒃 ⃗ .𝒃
𝒂 ⃗
(ii) Projection of a vector 𝒂 ⃗ is given by 𝒂
⃗ on other vector 𝒃 ⃗ . 𝑏̂ 𝑜𝑟 𝒂
⃗. 𝑜𝑟
|𝒃⃗| ⃗
|𝒃|
(iii) if 𝜃 = 0, then the projection vector of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑨𝑩 will be itself and if 𝜃 = 𝜋 then the projection
vector of 𝑨𝑩⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ will be 𝑩𝑨
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .
𝜋 3𝜋
(iv) if 𝜃 = 2 𝑜𝑟 2
, then the projection vector of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑨𝑩 will be zero vector.
NOTE: if a vector 𝒂 ⃗ = 𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑎2 𝑗̂ + 𝑎3 𝑘̂ then, 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , are precisely the projections of 𝒂

⃗
along x-axis, y-axis and z-axis, respectively.

Q.1 Find the angle between the vectors 𝑎 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂.
⃗
⃗ .𝑏
𝑎
Solution: the angle 𝜃 between two vectors given by 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠−1 ( )
⃗ || ⃗𝑏|
|𝑎
Since 𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ = (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂). (𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) = 1 − 1 − 1 = −1

−1 −1
nd |𝑎| = √1 + 1 + 1 = √3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 | 𝑏⃗| = √1 + 1 + 1 = √3 so, 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠−1 (√3√3) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠−1 ( 3 )
Ans.
Q.2 Find the projection of the vector 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ on the vector 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂.
Solution: the projection of the vector 𝑎 on the vector 𝑏⃗ is given by

⃗ .𝒃
𝒂 ⃗ ̂).(𝒊̂−𝟐𝒋̂+𝒌
(𝟐𝒊̂+𝒋̂−𝟑𝒌 ̂) 2−2−3 −3 3
⃗
= = = 2√21 , therefore, projection is 2√21 Ans.
|𝒃| √4+1+9√1+4+1 √14√6
102
Q.3 if 𝑎 is a unit vector and (𝑥 − 𝑎). (𝑥 + 𝑎) = 8, then find |𝑥|.
Solution: Since 𝑎 is a unit vector, therefore |𝑎| = 1,
also , (𝑥 − 𝑎 ). (𝑥 + 𝑎) = 8,
Or 𝑥. 𝑥 + 𝑥. 𝑎 − 𝑎. 𝑥 − 𝑎. 𝑎 = 8, or |𝑥|2 − 1 = 8 i.e. |𝑥|2 = 9 , so, |𝑥| = 3 Ans.
Q.4 If 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ , 𝑏⃗ = −𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝑐 = 3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ are such that 𝑎 + 𝜆𝑏⃗ is
perpendicular to 𝑐, then find the value of 𝜆.
Solution: Since 𝑎 + 𝜆𝑏⃗ ⊥ 𝑐 therefore, (𝑎 + 𝜆𝑏⃗).𝑐 = 0

̂) + 𝜆(−𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘
⇒ {(2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘 ̂)}. (3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ ) = 0
⇒ (2 − 𝜆).3 + (2 + 2𝜆).1 + (2 + 𝜆).0 = 0 ⇒ 𝜆 = 8 Ans.
Q.5 If the vertices A, B, C of a triangle ABC are (1, 2, 3), (-1, 0, 0) and (0, 1, 2) respectively,
then find angle ABC
Solution: Here angle ABC is the angle between the vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐴 and𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐴
Now 𝐵𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (1 + 1)𝑖̂ + (2 − 0)𝑗̂ + (3 − 0)𝑘̂ = 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐶
And 𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (0 + 1)𝑖̂ + (1 − 0)𝑗̂ + (2 − 0)𝑘̂ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .𝐵𝐶
𝐵𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ).(𝑖̂+𝑗̂ +2𝑘
(2𝑖̂+2𝑗̂ +3𝑘 ̂) 2+2+6
Now angle ABC = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (|𝐵𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ||𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (√22 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )=
+22 +32 √12 +12 +22 √17√6
10
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
√102
Q.1 Let 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ two unit vectors and 𝜃 is the angle between them. Then 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ is a unit
vector. Find an angle.
2
Solution: Here |𝑎|= |𝑏⃗|=1 and |𝑎 + 𝑏⃗| = 1 ⇒ |𝑎 ⃗ + ⃗𝑏| = 1
⃗ + ⃗𝑏). (𝑎
⇒ (𝑎 ⃗ +𝑏⃗. 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗. 𝑏⃗ = 1
⃗ + ⃗𝑏) = 1 ⇒ ⃗𝑎.𝑎+𝑎.𝑏
2 ⃗ ) + |𝑏⃗|2 = 1
⇒ |𝑎 ⃗ .𝑏
⃗ | + 2(𝑎
⃗ |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 1 = 1 since |𝑎| = |𝑏⃗| = 1

⃗ ||𝑏
⇒ 1 + 2|𝑎
⇒ 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = −1 ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = −1/2 ⇒ 𝜃 = 2𝜋/3 Ans.

𝜃 1
Q.2 If 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ are two unit vectors inclined at an angle 𝜃, then prove that sin2= 2 |𝑎 −
𝑏⃗|
Solution: Here |𝑎|= |𝑏⃗|=1
|𝑎 − 𝑏⃗|2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏⃗ ). (𝑎 − 𝑏⃗) = 𝑎.𝑎-𝑎.𝑏⃗ -𝑏⃗. 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗. 𝑏⃗
= |𝑎|2 − 2(𝑎.𝑏⃗) + |𝑏⃗|2 = 1+1 - 2 |𝑎||𝑏⃗ |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

= 2 - 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 2(1 - 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
103
𝜃 𝜃
= 2x2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 =4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2
𝜃 𝜃 1
So, |𝑎 − 𝑏⃗ |2 = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 ⇒sin2= 2 |𝑎 − 𝑏⃗| Hence Proved.
Q.3 Let 𝑎, 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐 are three vectors such that | 𝑎 |=1, |𝑏⃗| =2 and |𝑐 | = 3. If the projection of 𝑏⃗
along 𝑎 is equal to the projection of 𝑐 along 𝑎; and 𝑏⃗ is perpendicular to 𝑐 then find |3 𝑎-
2𝑏⃗+2𝑐 |. [CBSE 2019]
⃗ .𝑎⃗
𝑏 𝑐 .𝑎⃗
Solution: Given |𝑎⃗| = |𝑎⃗| ⇒ ⃗𝑏 . 𝑎 ⃗ ……(i)
⃗ = 𝑐⃗ . 𝑎
𝑏⃗ ⊥ 𝑐 ⇒ ⃗𝑏. 𝑐⃗ = 0…….(ii) |3 𝑎 − 2𝑏⃗ + 2𝑐 |2 = (3 𝑎 − 2𝑏⃗ + 2𝑐). (3 𝑎 − 2𝑏⃗ + 2𝑐 )
= 9|𝑎|2 + 2|𝑏⃗|2 + 4|𝑐 |2 − 12𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ − 8𝑏⃗ . 𝑐 + 12𝑎 . 𝑐

= 9(1)2 + 4(2)2 + 4(3)2 [ using (i) and (ii) ] = 61
Therefore |3 𝑎 − 2𝑏⃗ + 2𝑐 |2 = 61, so |3 𝑎 − 2𝑏⃗ + 2𝑐 | = √61 Ans.
Q.4 If 𝑎, 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐 are unit vectors such that 𝑎+ 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 = ⃗0, then write the value of 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ +
𝑏⃗. 𝑐 + 𝑐 . 𝑎. [CBSE 2016]
Solution: Given 𝑎+ 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 = ⃗0
|𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐|2 = 0 ⇒ (𝑎+ 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐). (𝑎+ 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐) = 0 ⇒ |𝑎|2 + |𝑏⃗|2 + |𝑐 |2 + 2𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ + 2𝑏⃗ . 𝑐 +

2𝑎 . 𝑐 = 0
1 + 1 + 1 +2 (𝑎. 𝑏⃗ + 𝑏⃗. 𝑐 + 𝑐 . 𝑎) = 0 ⇒ 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ + 𝑏⃗. 𝑐 + 𝑐 . 𝑎 = -3/2

Q.5 If with reference to the right handed system of mutually perpendicular unit vectors 𝑖̂,
𝑗̂ and 𝑘̂, 𝛼 =3𝑖̂-𝑗̂ and 𝛽 = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂, then express 𝛽 in the form 𝛽 = 𝛽
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 is
𝛽2 where 𝛽
parallel to 𝛼 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝛽2 is perpendicular to 𝛼 .
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = 𝜆𝛼
Solution: let𝛽 ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = 𝜆( 3𝑖̂-𝑗̂)
⃗ where 𝜆 is a scalar, so 𝛽
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = (2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ )-𝜆( 3𝑖̂-𝑗̂) = (2-3𝜆)𝑖̂ + (1 + 𝜆)𝑗̂ -3𝑘̂

𝛽2 = 𝛽 − 𝛽
Since ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝛽2 is to be perpendicular to 𝛼 So we should have 𝛼 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝛽2 = 0
1
( 3𝑖̂-𝑗̂).( (2-3𝜆)𝑖̂ + (1 + 𝜆)𝑗̂ -3𝑘̂)=0, therefore, 6-9 𝜆 − 1 − 𝜆 = 0, so, 𝜆 = 2,
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = 1/2( 3𝑖̂-𝑗̂) and ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 1 1 1 3

Therefore 𝛽 𝛽2= (2-3. 2)𝑖̂ + (1 + 2)𝑗̂ -3𝑘̂ = 2 𝑖̂ + 2 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘
̂ Ans.
Q.6 Let 𝑎 = 1𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ 𝑏⃗ = 3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂ and 𝑐 = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ . Find a vector 𝑑 which is
perpendicular to both 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐 . 𝑑 = 15.
Solution: let vector 𝑑 = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂
Since, 𝑑 is perpendicular to 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗. So, 𝑑 . 𝑎 = 0 and , 𝑑 . 𝑏⃗ = 0
Therefore, 𝑑 . 𝑎 = 0, 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠, 𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0 … . (𝑖)
104
𝑑. 𝑏⃗ = 0 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 0 … . (𝑖𝑖)
And 𝑑. 𝑐 = 15 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠, 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 15 … (𝑖𝑖𝑖)

From (i) 𝑥 = 4𝑦 + 2𝑧, put in (ii) and (iii), we get 12𝑦 + 13𝑧 = 0 … (𝑖𝑣)
and 7𝑦 + 8𝑧 = 15. . (𝑣), so, from (iv) and (v) we get x = 160/3, y = -5/3, z= 70/3
1
So, 𝑑 = 160/3𝑖̂ − 5/3𝑗̂ + 70/3𝑘̂ = 3 ( 160𝑖̂ − 5𝑗̂ + 70𝑘̂) Ans.
VECTOR PRODUCT OR CROSS PRODUCT

➢ The vector product of two nonzero vectors 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ , is denoted by 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ and defined as
𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = | 𝑎 ||𝑏⃗|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑛̂
Where 𝜃 is the angle between 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ and 𝑛̂ is a unit vector perpendicular to both 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗
➢ Let 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ be two non zero vectors. Then 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = ⃗0 if and only if 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ are parallel (or
collinear) to each other, i.e.
𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = ⃗0 ⇔ 𝑎 ||𝑏⃗ in particular 𝑎 × 𝑎 = ⃗0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜃 = 0, 𝑠𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0
➢ If 𝜃 = 𝜋/2, then 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = | 𝑎 ||𝑏⃗|, since 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =1

➢ For mutually perpendicular unit vectors 𝑖̂, 𝑗̂𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘̂ we have
𝑖̂ × 𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂ × 𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂ × 𝑘̂ = ⃗0
𝑖̂ × 𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂, 𝑗̂ × 𝑘̂ = 𝑖̂, 𝑘̂ × 𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂
|𝑎⃗ ×𝑏 ⃗|
➢ In vector product, the angle between two vectors 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ may be given as 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = |𝑎⃗ ||𝑏⃗ |
➢ Vector product is not commutative i.e. 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = −𝑏⃗ × 𝑎, So, 𝑗̂ × 𝑖̂ = −𝑘̂, 𝑘̂ × 𝑗̂ = −𝑖̂,
𝑖̂ × 𝑘̂ = − 𝑗̂
1
➢ If 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ represent the adjacent sides of a triangle then its area is given as |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗|.2
➢ If 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ represent the adjacent sides of a parallelogram then its area is given as |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗|.
1
And if 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ represent the diagonals of a parallelogram then area is |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗|. 2
➢ Distributive property: 𝑎 × (𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 ) = 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ + 𝑎 × 𝑐
➢ Let 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ are two vectors given in component form as 𝑎 = 𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑎2 𝑗̂ + 𝑎3 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ =
𝑏1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 𝑗̂ + 𝑏3 𝑘̂ , then their cross product may be given as
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
⃗
𝑎 × 𝑏 = |𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 | = 𝑖̂(𝑎2 𝑏3 − 𝑎3 𝑏2 ) − 𝑗̂(𝑎1𝑏3 − 𝑎3 𝑏1 ) + 𝑘̂(𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1 )
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3
VERY SHORT ANSWERS QUESTIONS

Q:1 Find the area of a triangle having the points A(1, 1, 1), B(1, 2, 3) and C(2, 3, 1) as its
vertices.
Ans: we have 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂. The area of the given triangle is 1 |𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and 𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑋𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
2
105
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
Now ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = |0 1 2| = 𝑖̂(0 − 4) − 𝑗̂(0 − 2) + 𝑘̂(0 − 1) =-4 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
1 2 0
1 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Area of triangle = ½ |𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶 | =2 √(−4)2 + (2)2 + (−1)2 = 2 √21 Ans.
Q:2 Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are determined by the
vectors 𝑎 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 7𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂.
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
Ans: Here 𝑎 × 𝑏 =|1 −1 3|= = 𝑖̂(−1 + 21) − 𝑗̂(1 − 6) + 𝑘̂(−7 + 2) =20𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂
⃗
2 −7 1
Area of parallelogram = |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗|=√(20)2 + (5)2 + (−5)2 =√450 =15√2 Ans.
Q:3 Find the area of the parallelogram whose diagonals are determined by the vectors
𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂.
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
Ans: Here 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ =|2 −1 3|= = 𝑖̂(−3 + 6) − 𝑗̂(6 − 3) + 𝑘̂(−4 + 1) =3𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂
1 −2 3
Area of parallelogram = 1/2 |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗|=√(3)2 + (−3)2 + (−3)2 =√27 =3√3 Ans.
Q:4 Find α and β if (2𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 27𝑘̂) × (𝑖̂ + 𝛼𝑗̂ + 𝛽𝑘̂) = ⃗0
Ans: (2𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 27𝑘̂) × (𝑖̂ + 𝛼𝑗̂ + 𝛽𝑘̂) = ⃗0
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
̂ ̂
(2𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 27𝑘) × (𝑖̂ + 𝛼𝑗̂ + 𝛽𝑘) = |2 6 27| = ⃗0
1 𝛼 β
Therefore, 𝑖̂(6β − 27α) − 𝑗̂(2𝛽 − 27) + 𝑘̂(2α − 6)= 0𝑖̂ + 0𝑗̂ + 0𝑘̂
Since, in two equal vectors their components are also equal.
27
Therefore, 6β − 27α = 0,2𝛽 − 27 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2α − 6 = 0 So, we get 𝛽 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 α = 3
2
Ans.
√2
Q: 5 Let the vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ are such that | 𝑎| = 3 and | 𝑏⃗| = 3 , if 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ is a unit vector,
then find angle between 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗.
Ans: Since 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ is a unit vector, so |𝑎

⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑏⃗| = 1
√2
|| 𝑎 ||𝑏⃗||𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃|=1 Therefore, 3. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 1 So, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 1/√2 So, angle 𝜃 = 𝜋/4 Ans.
3
EXTRA QUESTIONS
Q.1 For given vectors 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = −𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ find the unit vector in the
direction of the vector 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗.
106
Q.2 If 𝑎 = 5𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ , then show that the vectors 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ and 𝑎 −
𝑏⃗ are perpendicular.
Q.3 Find| 𝑎 − 𝑏⃗|, if two vectors 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ are such that |𝑎| = 2, |𝑏⃗|=3 and 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ = 4.
Q.4 Find |𝑎| and |𝑏⃗|, if (𝑎 + 𝑏⃗).(𝑎 − 𝑏⃗) = 8 and |𝑎| = 8 |𝑏⃗|.
Q.5Find the magnitude of two vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ , having the same magnitude and such
that the angle between them is 600 and their scalar product is ½.
Q.6 Show that |𝑎|𝑏⃗ + |𝑏⃗|𝑎 is perpendicular to |𝑎|𝑏⃗ − |𝑏⃗|𝑎 for any two nonzero vectors
𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ .
Q.7 Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the vector (𝑎 + 𝑏⃗) and (𝑎 − 𝑏⃗), where
̂ 𝑏⃗=𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂.
𝑎 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘,
Q.8 Show that the direction cosines of a vector equally inclined to the axes OX, OY and
1 1 1
OZ are , , .
√3 √3 √3
Q.9 If 𝑎 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂, 𝑏⃗=3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ and 𝑐 = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂, find a unit vector parallel to
the vector 2𝑎 + 3 𝑏⃗- 4𝑐 .
Q.10 Find a vector of magnitude 5 units and parallel to the resultant of the vectors 𝑎 =
2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂, 𝑏⃗=𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂

Q.1 Three vectors 𝑎 , 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐 satisfy the condition 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 = ⃗0. Evaluate the quantity
𝜇= 𝑎⃗ . ⃗𝑏 + ⃗𝑏. 𝑐
⃗ +𝑐
⃗.𝑎 ⃗ |= 3 and |𝑐 |= 4.
⃗ . If |𝑎|=2, |𝑏
Q.2 If 𝑎, 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐 are mutually perpendicular vectors of equal magnitudes, show that the
vectors 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 is equally inclined to 𝑎 , 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐.
Q.3 if 𝑎𝑋𝑏⃗ = 𝑐 𝑋𝑑 and 𝑎 𝑋𝑐 = 𝑏⃗𝑋𝑑 then show that 𝑎 − 𝑑 is parallel to 𝑏⃗ − 𝑐 , where 𝑎 ≠ 𝑑 and
𝑏⃗ ≠ 𝑐 [CBSE 2016]
Hint: 𝑎 𝑋𝑏⃗ − 𝑎𝑋𝑐 = 𝑐 𝑋𝑑 − 𝑏⃗𝑋𝑑

⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑐 ) = (𝑐 − 𝑏⃗)𝑋𝑑 or 𝑎𝑋(𝑏
𝑎𝑋(𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑐 ) − (𝑐 − 𝑏⃗)𝑋𝑑 = ⃗0 or 𝑎𝑋(𝑏
⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑐 ) + 𝑑 𝑋(𝑐 − 𝑏⃗) = ⃗0
⃗⃗⃗
(𝑏 − 𝑐)𝑋(𝑎 − 𝑑 ) = ⃗0 , therefore, 𝑎 − 𝑑 is parallel to 𝑏⃗ − 𝑐
Q.4 The two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 2𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ and 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂. Find the
two unit vectors parallel to its diagonals. Using the diagonal vectors, find the area of the
parallelogram.
Hint: First find diagonals by𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑑2 = 𝑎 − 𝑏⃗ then find their unit vectors and hence
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 𝑋𝑑
find area by 2 |𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗2 |.
107
Q.5 Show that the points A(1, -2, -8), B(5, 0, -2) and C(11, 3, 7) are collinear and find the
ratio in which B divides AC.
Q.6 If 𝑎 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂, 𝑏⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ and 𝑐 = 3𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂, then find a unit vector
perpendicular to both of the vectors 𝑎 − 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐 − 𝑏⃗. (Hint: first find 𝑎 − 𝑏⃗ = 𝑝(𝑙𝑒𝑡) and
𝑝×𝑞⃗
𝑐 − 𝑏⃗ = 𝑞 , hence find 𝑛̂ = , where 𝑛̂ is a unit vector perpendicular to both of the
|𝑝×𝑞⃗ |
vectors 𝑎 − 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐 − 𝑏⃗. [CBSE 2015]
1
Q.7 If 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ are two unit vectors inclined at an angle 𝜃, then prove that cos(2)= 2 |𝑎 + 𝑏⃗|
𝜃
𝜃 ⃗|
|𝑎⃗−𝑏
and tan(2)= |𝑎⃗+𝑏⃗|
Q.8 A vector 𝑟 has magnitude 14 and direction ratios 2, 3, -6. Find the direction cosines
and components of 𝑟, given that 𝑟 makes an acute angle with x-axis. {Hint: Find 𝑙 =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 ̂)
14(2𝑖̂+3𝑗̂ −6𝑘
,𝑚=
√𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
,𝑛 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑟 =
√𝑎2 +𝑏 2 +𝑐 2 √𝑎2 +𝑏 2 +𝑐 2
= 4𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ − 8𝑘̂
√22 +32 +62
ANSWERS
VERY SHORT
𝟏 𝟏 ̂
1. 𝒊̂ + ̂ 3. √𝟓 4. 𝟏𝟔√𝟐, 𝟐√𝟐 5. |𝑎| = 𝟏, |𝑏⃗ | = 1 7. −𝟏 𝒊̂ +
𝒌
𝟐
𝒋̂ −
𝟏
̂
𝒌 9.
2𝑖̂+𝑗̂ +2𝑘
10.
√𝟐 √𝟐 𝟑√𝟕 𝟑√𝟕 √𝟔 √𝟔 √𝟔 √19
𝟑√𝟏𝟎 √𝟏𝟎
𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂
𝟐 𝟐
SHORT
̂
1. -29/2 ̂1 = 4𝑖̂−2𝑗̂ −2𝑘̂, 𝑑
4. 𝑑 ̂1 = 3𝑗̂ +4𝑘̂ , area= 2√101 5. 2 : 3 6.
−𝒋̂+𝒌
√24 5 𝟐
8. 𝑙 =2/7, m=3/7, n=-6/7, Components 4𝑖̂, 6𝑗̂, 8𝑘̂

(R).
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
Q1 Assertion : A⃗×B⃗ is perpendicular to both A⃗+B⃗ as well as A⃗−B⃗ .
Reason : A⃗ +B⃗ as well as A⃗ −B⃗ lie in the plane containing A⃗ and B⃗
, but A⃗×B⃗ lies perpendicular to the plane containing A⃗and B⃗ .
Q2. Assertion : Angle between 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ and 𝑖̂ is 45°

Reason : 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ is equally inclined to both 𝑖̂ and 𝑗̂ and the angle between 𝑖̂ and 𝑗̂ is 90°
108
Q3. Assertion : If q be the angle between A⃗ and B⃗ , then tan θ 𝑛̂ =A⃗ ×B⃗/ A⃗ .B⃗
Reason : A⃗ ×B⃗ is perpendicular to A⃗ .B⃗
Q4. Assertion : If |A⃗+B⃗ | = |A⃗−B⃗|, then angle between A⃗and B⃗ is 90°

Reason : A⃗ +B⃗ = B⃗ +A⃗
Answer
Q1 A Q3 d
Q2 a cosθ=(i^+j^).(i^)/|i^+j^| |i^|=1/√2. Q4 b
Hence θ=45∘. A2+B2+2ABcosθ= A2+B2 -2ABcosθ
Hence cosθ=0 which gives θ=90∘
Also vector addition
commutative. Hence A⃗ +B⃗ =B⃗ +A⃗ .
MCQs
Q1 ̂ and ⃗𝑏→ = 𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 5𝑘

If 𝑎→ = 5𝑖̂ + 𝑚𝑗̂ − 3𝑘 ̂ such that 𝑎→ + ⃗𝑏→ and 𝑎→ − ⃗𝑏→
are perpendicular to each other then ‘m ‘ is
(a)1 (b)±1 (c) ±2 (d) 2
Q2 ̂ -𝑗̂ and
Find the values of x,y and z so that the vectors 𝑎→ = x𝑗̂+2𝑖+3𝑗̂-z𝑘
⃗𝑏→= x𝑖̂+y𝑗̂+𝑘
̂ are equal ?
(a) 2,4,-1 (b) 2,3,-1 (c) 3,2,1 (d) 4,2,1
Q3 If 𝜃 is the angle between 2𝑖̂-2𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ and 3𝑖̂+𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ then sin 𝜃 is
(a) 2/3 (b) 2/√7 (c) √2/7 (d) √(2/7)
Q4 The position vectors of points A,B,C,D are 𝑎 , 𝑏⃗, 2𝑎 + 3𝑏⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 − 2𝑏⃗
𝐷𝐵 ⃗
respectively . Find the ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(a) 𝑎 − 3 𝑏⃗ (b)- 𝑎 + 3 𝑏⃗ (c) −𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ 2𝑎 − 3 𝑏⃗
(d) ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Q5 If the positions vector 𝑎 of a points (12, n) is such that |𝑎|= 13, Findthe value
of n.
(a) ±5 (b) 13 (c) 5 (d) ±13
Q6 If 𝑎 and ⃗𝑏→ are the position vectors of the points (1,-1),(-2,m) find the value
of m for which 𝑎 and ⃗𝑏→ are collinear.
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) -1 (d) -2
Q7 ⃗→) , if 𝑎 = i^+j^+2k^ and⃗⃗𝑏→= 3i^+2j^-k^ .
⃗→) . (2 𝑎-𝑏
Find (𝑎𝑎+3𝑏
(a) -15 (b) -13 (c) -17 (d) -12
Q8 ⃗ ×𝑏→| = 4, | 𝑎
If |𝑎 ⃗ . ⃗𝑏→| = 2,|⃗𝑎|2 |𝑏⃗→|2 =
(a) 20 (b) √20 (c) 8 (d) 2√2
109
Q9 Angle between 𝑎×𝑏→ and ⃗𝑏 × ⃗𝑎 is:
(a) 2𝜋 (b) 𝜋 (c) 0 (d) None of these
Q10
For what value of ‘a’ , the vectors 2𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 4𝑘 and 𝑎𝑖 + 6𝑗 − 8𝑘 are Collinear.
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) -4 (d) -3
Answer
1. B 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. A
6. A 7. A 8. A 9. B 10. C
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

BASIC CONCEPTS:-
1. DISTANCE FORMULA:- Distance between two given points P(x1, y1,z1) and
Q(x2,y2,z2) is
PQ= √(x2 − x1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )2
Q:- Find the distance between the points P ( -2,4,1) and Q ( 1,2,-5)
Soln:- PQ = √(1 + 2)2 + (2 − 4)2 + (−5 − 1)2 = 7 unit
2. SECTION FORMULAE:-
IF P(x1, y1,z1) and Q(x2,y2,z2) be two points and R (x, y, z) be a point on the line
segment joining P and Q.
i)The point R divide PQ in m1:m2 Internally Then co-ordinates of point R are
𝑚1 𝑥2 +𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 +𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑧2 +𝑚2 𝑧1
( , , ) .
𝑚1 +𝑚2 𝑚1 +𝑚2 𝑚1 +𝑚2
ii) The point R divide PQ in m:n Externally Then co-ordinates of point R are
𝑚 𝑥 −𝑚 𝑥 𝑚1 𝑦2 −𝑦𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑧2 −𝑚2 𝑧1
( 1𝑚2−𝑚2 1 , 𝑚 , )
1 2 1 −𝑚2 𝑚1 −𝑚2
Q:- Find the coordinates of the point which divides the join of P( 2,-1,4) and Q
(4,3,2) in the ratio 2:3 internally.
P R Q
Soln:- Let R(x, y, z) be the required point then
𝑚1 𝑥2 +𝑚2 𝑥1 2 x 4+3 x2 14
x= = = ( 2,-1,4) (x, y, z)
𝑚1 +𝑚2 2+3 5
(4,3,2)
𝑚1 𝑦2 +𝑚2 𝑦1 2 x3+3 x (−1) 3
y= = =5
𝑚1 +𝑚2 2+3
110
𝑚1 𝑧2 +𝑚2 𝑧1 2x 2+3 x4 16
z= = =
𝑚1 +𝑚2 2+3 5
14 3 16
Required point is ( 5 , 5 , )
5
3. Direction Cosines and Direction ratios of a line :-

A) If a line makes angle 𝛼 , 𝛽, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾 with x, y, z axis respectively then its direction
cosines are given by l = Cos𝛼, m = Cos 𝛽 and n= Cos 𝛾 such that l2 + m2 +n2 = 1 .
B) The real numbers which are proportional to direction cosines of the line, are
l m n
known as direction ratios of that line, If a, b, c are three real no, then = =
a b c
C) If a, b, c are direction ratio of any line then
a b c
l = ± √a2 , m= ± √a2 , n = ± √a2
+b2 +c2 +b2 +c2 +b2 +c2
4. Angle between two lines
if 𝑙1 , 𝑚1 , 𝑛1 and 𝑙2 , 𝑚2 , 𝑛2 are direction cosines of two lines then Cos𝜃 = 𝑙1 𝑙2 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 +
𝑛1 𝑛2
If 𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑐1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 , 𝑎2 , 𝑏2 , 𝑐2 are direction ratios of two lines then angle between them
a1 a2 +b1 b2 +c1 c2
Cos𝜃 = .
√a21 +b21 +c21 √a22 +b22 +c22
• If two lines are perpendicular then a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2 = 0 .

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
• If two lines are parallel then 𝑎1 = 𝑏1 = 𝑐1
2 2 2
• The direction ratios of a line passing through two points P(x1, y1,z1) and
Q(x2,y2,z2) is
(x2- x1, y2 - y1, z2- z1 ).
Q:- Find the direction ratios of a line passing through the points (2,3,4) and (-5,2,7) .
Soln:- Direction ratios of the line are = [ ( -5-2), (2-3) , (7-4) ] = ( -7,-1,3) .
5. Equation of line Passing through one point and parallel to given vector
Vector form :- Equation of a line passing through l
passing through a point A with position vector 𝑎 and
parallel to a given vector 𝑏⃗ is 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝜆 𝑏⃗ .
𝑄: − Find the equation of the line which passes through

the point (3, 4, 5) and is parallel to the vector 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3 𝑘̂ .
Soln:- Equation of line is 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝜆 𝑏⃗
𝑎 =3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 5 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂.
𝑟 = 3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 5 𝑘̂+ 𝜆 (2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂. )
Cartesian Form :- The cartesian equation of a line passing through a point A (x1, y1,z1)
𝑥−𝑥 𝑦−𝑦 𝑧−𝑧
and having direction ratios (a,b,c) is 𝑎 1 = 𝑏 1 = 𝑐 1 .
111
Note :- Check every time that the equation should be in standard form before getting
passing point
and direction ratios.
i.e the coefficient of x,y,z must be +1, otherwise we have to make it .
3 5
2𝑥−3 𝑦+2 3𝑧−5 𝑥− 𝑦−(−2) 𝑧−
2 3
= = = = 1
4 2 1 2 2
3
3 5 1
Passing point of line is (2,-2, ) and dr’s ( 2,2, 3 )
3
Q:- Find the equation of a line passing through a point ( 3,-2,5) and having direction ratios
(4,2,1) .
𝑥−3 𝑦+2 𝑧−5
Soln :- The equation of required line is 4 = 2 = 1 .
Conversion of vector form to cartesian
Let equation of line be 𝑟 = 𝑥1 𝑖̂ + 𝑥2 𝑗̂ + 𝑥3 𝑘̂ + 𝜆 (𝑏1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 + 𝑏3 𝑘̂ )
Then 𝑥1 𝑖̂ + 𝑥2 𝑗̂ + 𝑥3 𝑘̂ ( 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) Passing point
(𝑏1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 + 𝑏3 𝑘̂ ) < 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 > direction ratios
𝑥−𝑥 𝑦−𝑥 𝑧−𝑥
Equation of line in cartesian form is 𝑏 1 = 𝑏 2 = 𝑏 3 .
1 2 3
Conversion of cartesian to vector form
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1
Let the equation of the line be = = then
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Passing point ( 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) 𝑎 = 𝑥1 𝑖̂ + 𝑦1 𝑗̂ + 𝑧1 𝑘̂ co-ordinates
direction ratios <a,b,c> 𝑏⃗ = a𝑖̂ + 𝑏𝑗̂ + 𝑐𝑘̂.
Equation of line is 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝜆 𝑏⃗
𝑟 = 𝑥1 𝑖̂ + 𝑦1 𝑗̂ + 𝑧1 𝑘̂ + 𝜆 ( a𝑖̂ + 𝑏𝑗̂ + 𝑐𝑘̂ )
The co-ordinates of any point on the line = =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Let = = =𝜆
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
x= 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝜆 , y = 𝑦1 + 𝑏𝜆 z = 𝑧1 + 𝑐𝜆 (Parametric form of line )
𝑥+2 𝑦+1 𝑧−3
Q:- Find the point on the line 3 = 2 = 2 at a distance of 3√2 from the point (1,2,3) .
𝑥+2 𝑦+1 𝑧−3
Soln:- The co-ordinates of any point on the line = = =𝜆
3 2 2
X = 3 𝜆 − 2 y = 2 𝜆 − 1 , z = 2 𝜆 + 3 ………………….(1)
Let the co-ordinates of the desired points are ( 3 𝜆 − 2 , 2 𝜆 − 1 , 2 𝜆 + 3 )
The distance between this point and (1,2,3) is 3√2 .
√(3 𝜆 − 2 − 1)2 + (2 𝜆 − 1 − 2)2 + (2 𝜆 + 3 − 3)2 = 3√2
⟹ 9( 𝜆 − 1)2 + (2 𝜆 − 3)2 + 4𝜆2 = 18
30
⟹ 17𝜆2 – 30 𝜆 = 0 ⟹ 𝜆 = 0, 17
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝜆 in (1)
56 43 111
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 will be (−2, , −1,3) and (17 , 17 , )
17
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥−4 𝑦−1 𝑧
𝐐: − Show that the line = = and = = intersect. Find their point of
2 3 4 5 2 1
intersection.
112
P
𝑥−2 𝑦−2 𝑧−3

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒏 ∶− The co-ordinates of any point on the line = = = 𝜆 (let)
2 3 4
x= 2 𝜆 + 1 , y= 3 𝜆 + 2 z= 4 𝜆 + 3
Co-ordinates of the general point on the line be ( 2 𝜆 + 1 , 3 𝜆 + 2 , 4 𝜆 + 3)
𝑥−4 𝑦−1 𝑧
The co-ordinates of any point on the line 5 = 2 = 1 = 𝜇 (let)
x = 5 𝜇 + 4 , 𝑦 = 2𝜇 + 1, 𝑧 = 𝜇
Co-ordinates of the general point on the line are ( 5 𝜇 + 4 , 2𝜇 + 1, 𝜇 )
If both the lines intersect they must have a common point for some value of 𝜆 and 𝜇
(2 𝜆 + 1 , 3 𝜆 + 2 , 4 𝜆 + 3) = (5 𝜇 + 4 , 2𝜇 + 1, 𝜇 )
2 𝜆 + 1 = 5 𝜇 + 4 ; 3 𝜆 + 2 = 2𝜇 + 1 ; 4 𝜆 + 3 = 𝜇
2 𝜆 - 5 𝜇 = 3 ; 3𝜆-2 𝜇 = -1 ; 4 𝜆 - 𝜇 =-3
Getting 𝜆 = -1 and 𝜇 = -1 (solving first two equations) and it satisfy the third one .
Hence both the line will intersect and Point of Intersection is (-1,-1,-1).
Equation of line passing through two points
Vector equation of line passing through two points

with position vector 𝑎 & 𝑏⃗ is 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝜆( 𝑏⃗ - 𝑎 )
Cartesian equation of a straight line passing through two given points A(x1, y1, z1) and
B(x2, y2, z2)
𝑥−𝑥 𝑦−𝑦 𝑧−𝑧
is given by 𝑥 − 𝑥1 = 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑧 −𝑧1 .
2 1 2 1 2 1
𝑸:- Find the equation of a line through the points A ( 2,0,3) and B ( 1,5,6).
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐧:- Cartesian form of the line
𝑥−2 𝑦 𝑧−3 𝑥−2 𝑦 𝑧−3
= = ⟹ = = .
1−2 5−0 6−3 −1 5 3
Vector equation of the line 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝜆( 𝑏⃗ - 𝑎 )
𝑎 =2𝑖̂ + 0𝑗̂ + 3 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂.
𝑏⃗ - 𝑎 =- 𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂.
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑟 = 2𝑖̂ + 0𝑗̂ + 3 𝑘̂ + 𝜆(− 𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ )
SHORTEST DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO LINES :-

SKEW (neither parallel nor intersecting)
LINE
S
PARALLEL
Shortest Distance:- The shortest distance between the lines which is perpendicular to
both the line .
113
1. Shortest distance between skew lines :- Let 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 be
two skew lines given by
𝑟 = 𝑎1 + 𝜆 ⃗b1 and 𝑟 = 𝑎2 + 𝜇b ⃗ 2 respectively then
⃗ 1 Xb
(𝑎⃗2 −𝑎⃗1 ).(b ⃗ 2)
𝑆. 𝐷 = | ⃗ 1 Xb
⃗ 2|
|
|b
𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒑𝒔 for calculation
A) Identify 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , ⃗b1 and ⃗b2
B) Evaluate 𝑎2 - 𝑎1
C) Evaluate ⃗b1 X⃗⃗b2
D) Evaluate |b ⃗ 1 Xb
⃗ 2|
E) Replace appropriate values and get the solution.
Q:- Find the shortest distance between the lines 𝑟 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ + 𝜆( 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ )
⃗⃗𝑟 = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ + 𝜇 ( 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ).
𝑺𝒐𝒍:- A) 𝑎1 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ 𝑎2 = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
⃗b1 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ⃗b2 = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
B) 𝑎2 - 𝑎1 = 𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 2 𝑘̂
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
C) ⃗
b1 X b2 = |1 −1 1| = -3𝑖̂ +3 𝑘̂
⃗⃗
2 1 2
D) ⃗ ⃗
|b1 Xb2 | = √(−3)2 + (3)2 = 3√2
⃗ 1 Xb
(𝑎⃗2 −𝑎⃗1 ).(b ⃗ 2)
E) 𝑆. 𝐷 = | ⃗ ⃗
|
|b1 Xb2 |
̂ ).(−3𝑖̂ +3 𝑘
(𝑖̂−3𝑗̂ −2 𝑘 ̂) −3−6 9 3√2
= | | = | 3√2 | = 3√2 = unit
3√2 2
𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧 𝑥+1 𝑦−2 𝑧−2

Q:- Find the shortest distance between the lines = = and = =
2 3 1 5 1 0
𝑥−1 𝑦−(−1) 𝑧 𝑥−(−1) 𝑦−2 𝑧−2
Sol:- Equation of lines = = and = =
2 3 1 5 1 0
A) 𝑎1 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ 𝑎2 = −𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
⃗ 1 = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
b ⃗ 2 = 5𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂
b
B) 𝑎2 - 𝑎1 = -2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 2 𝑘̂
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
C) ⃗ 1 X⃗⃗b2 = |2 3 1| = -𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ − 13𝑘̂
b
5 1 0
D) ⃗ 1 Xb
|b ⃗ 2 | = √(−1)2 + (5)2 + (−13)2 = √195
⃗ 1 Xb
(𝑎⃗2 −𝑎⃗1 ).(b ⃗ 2)
E) 𝑆. 𝐷 = | ⃗ 1 Xb
⃗ 2|
|
|b
̂ ).( −𝑖̂+5𝑗̂ −13𝑘̂ )
(−2𝑖̂+3𝑗̂ +2 𝑘 2+15−26 9
=| | =| | = unit
√195 √195 √195
114
2. Shortest distance between Parallel lines:-
Let 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 be two Parallel lines given by
𝑟 = 𝑎1 + 𝜆𝑏⃗ and 𝑟 = 𝑎2 + 𝜇𝑏⃗
respectively then
⃗)
(𝑎⃗2 −𝑎⃗1 )𝑋 𝑏
𝑆. 𝐷 = | ⃗|
|
|𝑏
𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒑𝒔 for calculation
A) Identify 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , and 𝑏⃗
B) Evaluate 𝑎2 - 𝑎1
C) Evaluate (𝑎2 − 𝑎1 )𝑋 𝑏⃗)
D) Evaluate |𝑏⃗|
E) Replace appropriate values and get the solution.
Q:-Find the shortest distance between the 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑟 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ + (2 𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ )
⃗⃗𝑟 = 2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ + 𝜇 ( 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ ).
𝐒𝐨𝐥: − :- A) 𝑎1 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ , 𝑎2 = 2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ & 𝑏⃗ = 2 𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂
B) 𝑎2 - 𝑎1 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2 𝑘̂
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
C) (𝑎2 - 𝑎1 ) X 𝑏 = |1 2 2| = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑘̂
⃗
2 3 4
D) ⃗
| 𝑏| = √(2) + (3)2 + (4)2 = √29
2
⃗)
(𝑎⃗2 −𝑎⃗1 )𝑋 𝑏
E) 𝑆. 𝐷 = | ⃗ |
|𝑏
|
̂
2𝑖̂−𝑘 √(2)2 +(−1)2 √5
= | | =| | = unit .
√29 √29 √29
VERY SHORT QUESTIONS

1. Write the direction cosines of the line equally inclined to the three co-ordinate
axes.
2x −1 4 − y z + 1
2. Cartesian equation of line AB is = = . Write the direction ratio’s of
2 7 2
a line
parallel to AB.
3. Find the direction cosines of a line passing through the points (– 1, 0, 2) and (3, 4,
6).
4. If a line makes angle 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 with positive directions of x- axis, y-axis and z-axis
respectively,
then find the value of sin 2  + sin 2  + sin 2  .
5. If the equation of a line is x = ay + b, z = cy + d , then find the passing point and
direction
ratios of the line .
115
6. A line makes an angle π/4 with each of x-axis and y-axis. Find the angle between
this line
and the z-axis.
Answers
1 4 2
cos−1 ( )
1 √3
2 1, -7, 2 5 Direction ratio= < a,1,c>
passing point =( b,0,d)
3 DIRECTION COSINE = (
1
,
1
,
1
) 6 900
√3 √3 √3

1. Find the shortest distance between the lines l1 and l2 given by the following :
x −3 y −5 z −7 x +1 y +1 z +1
l1 : = = , l2 = = =
1 −2 1 7 −6 1
x − 4 y + 3 z +1 x − 1 y + 1 z + 10
2. Prove that the lines = = and = = intersect each
1 −4 7 2 −3 8
other and
find the point of intersection.
3. Find the equation of a line passing through the point (2,1,3) and perpendicular to
the
x −1 y − 2 z − 3 x y z
line = = and = = .
1 2 3 −3 2 5
x y −1 z − 2
4. Find the image of the point (1, 6, 3) on the line = = .
1 2 3
Answers
1 √116 3 𝑥−2 𝑦−1 𝑧−3
= =
2 −7 4
2. Point of intersection (5,-7,6) 4 Image point (1,0,7)
MCQs
Q1 If a line makes an angle x, y, z with the axes respectively, then thevalue of cos
2x + cos 2y + cos 2z is
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 4 (d) 3
Q2 Distance of the point (a, b, c) from y-axis is
(a) b (b) |b| (c) |b|+|c| (d) √(a2+c2)
Q3 If the direction cosines of a line are k, k, k, then
(a) k > 0 (b) 0 < k < 1 (c) k = 1 (d) k = 1/√3 or -1/√3
Q4 The reflection of the point (a, b, c) in the xy-plane is
(a) (a, b, 0) (b) (0, 0, c) (c) (-a,-b c) (d) (a, b, -c)
116
Q5 The area of the quadrilateral ABCD, where A(0, 4, 1),B(2, 3, –1), C(4, 5,0)
and D(2, 6, 2), is equal to
(a) 9 sq. units (b) 18 sq. units (c) 27 sq. units (d) 81 sq. units
Q6 The direction cosines of the line passing through two points (2, 1, 0) and(1,
–2, 3) are
(a)(1/√19, 3/√19, 3/√19) (b) (-1/√19, 3/√19, -3/√19)
(c) (-1/√19, -3/√19, 3/√19) (d) (1/√19, 3/√19, -3/√19
Q7 Find the direction cosines of the line that makes equal angles with thethree
axes in space.
(a) ± 1/ √2 (b) ±1 (c) ± 1/√ 3 (d) √3
Q8 Find the direction cosines of the line joining A(0,7,10) and B(–1,6, 6).
(a) (1 /3√ 2, 1 /3√ 2, 4 /3√ 2) ( b) (1 /3√ 2, 4 /3√ 2, 1/3√ 2)
(c) (1 /3√ 2, 1 /3√ 2, 1 /3√ 2) (d) (4 /3√ 2, 1 /3√ 2, 4 /3√ 2)
Q9 If (1/ 2,1 /3, n ) are the direction cosines of a line, then the value of n is
(a) √ 23 /6 (b) 23 /6 (c) 2 /3 (d) 3 /2
Q10 The equation of y-axis in space is
(a) x = y = 0 (b) x = z = 0 (c) y = z = 0 (d) y = 0
Q11 The shortest distance between the two lines are zero if the lines are
(a) Intersecting (b) parallel (c). Skew (d). none of these
Q12 The d.r’s of the line which is perpendicular to the lines
𝑥−7 𝑦+17 𝑧−6 𝑥+5 𝑦 𝑧−4
= −3 = 1 and 1 = 2 = −2
2
(a) (4, 5, 7) (b) (4, -5, 7) (c) (4, -5, -7) (d) (-4, 5, 7)
Q13 If d.r’s of a line be 1, -2, 2, then its d.c’s are
(a) 1/3 ,-1/3, 2/3 (b)1/3 ,-1/3, -2/3
(c) 1/3 ,-2/3, 2/3 (d) -1/3 ,-2/3, 2/3

Q14 The length of perpendicular from origin to the line 𝑟 = (4𝑖̂+ 2𝑗̂+ 4𝑘̂) +
𝜆(3𝑖̂+ 4𝑗̂− 5𝑘̂) is
(a) 2 (b) 2√3 (c) 6 (d) 7
Q15 The shortest distance between the lines 𝑟 = (5𝑖̂+ 7𝑗̂+ 3𝑘̂) + 𝜆(3𝑖̂−
16𝑗̂+ 7𝑘̂) and 𝑟 = (9𝑖̂+ 13𝑗̂+ 15𝑘̂) + 𝜆(3𝑖̂+ 8𝑗̂− 5𝑘̂) is
(a) 10 units (b) 12 units (c) 14 units (d) 15 units
Q16 3−𝑥
The d.c’s of a line parallel to the line 3 = −2 = 6
𝑦+2 𝑧+2
(a) -3/7, -2/7, 6/7 (b) 3/7, -2/7, 6/7

(c )3/7, 2/7, 6/7 (d ) 3/7, -2/7, -6/7
Q17 If d.r’s of a line be 1, -2, 2, then its d.c’s are
(a) 1/3 ,-1/3, 2/3 (b) 1/3 ,-1/3, -2/3
(c) 1/3 ,-2/3, 2/3 (d) -1/3 ,-2/3, 2/3
Q18 If l, m, n be the d.c’s of a line then 𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛 2 is equal to
(a)1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 2
Q19 The shortest distance between the lines 𝑟 = (5𝑖̂+ 7𝑗̂+ 3𝑘̂) + 𝜆(3𝑖̂−
16𝑗̂+ 7𝑘̂) and 𝑟 = (9𝑖̂+ 13𝑗̂+ 15𝑘̂) + 𝜆(3𝑖̂+ 8𝑗̂− 5𝑘̂) is
(a)10 units (b) 12 units (c) 14 units (d) 15 units
Q20 𝑥−1 𝑦−2
If lines −3 = 2𝑘 = 2 and
𝑧−3 𝑥−1 𝑦−5
= 1 = −5
𝑧−6
are mutually
3𝑘
117
perpendicular then k is equal to
(a) −10 /7 (b) – 7/ 10 (c) –10 (d) –7
ANSWERS
1. (b) –1 11 (b) parallel
2. (d) √(a2+b2) 12 (a). (4, 5, 7)
3. (d) k = 1/√3 or -1/√3 13 (c) 1/3 ,-2/3, 2/3
4. (d) (a, b, -c) 14 √6
5. (a) 9 sq. units 15 14 units
6. (c) (-1/√19, -3/√19, 3/√19) 16 (a) -3/7, -2/7, 6/7
7. (c) ± 1/√ 3 17 (c) 1/3 ,-2/3, 2/3
8. (a) (1 /3√ 2, 1 /3√ 2, 4 /3√ 2) 18 (a)1
9. (a) √ 23 /6 19 14 units
10 x=z=0 20 (a) −10 /7
LINEAR PROGRAMMING
Basic Concepts :
1. Linear programming problem : A linear programming problem consists of maximizing

or minimizing an objective function subject to certain constraints.
* Objective function : A linear function of the variables involved which we want to maximize
or minimize subject to the given constraints.
2. Optimal value : The maximum (or minimum) value of an objective function is called its
optimal value.
3. Feasible Region : The common region determined by all constraints and non negative
restrictions of the problem is called feasible region.
4. Optimal Solution : A feasible solution which leads to the optimal value (maximum or
minimum) of an objective function is called its optimal solution.
5. Constraints: The linear inequalities which are restrictions on variables are known as
constraints.
6. Non – negative constraints: The variables involved in LPP are always non-negative (x
≥ 0, y ≥ 0)
7. How to solve: 1. Draw the graphs of all the linear inequalities given as constraints and
find the feasible region for each of them.
2. Find the common feasible region of all the constraints and then the corner points of
this common feasible region.
3. The optimum solutions of the given LPP lie only on these corner points.
118
4. Calculate the value of the objective function Z at all corner points. Find the
maximum/minimum Z as required.
5. The coordinates of the corresponding corner point is your answer
Solved Examples
Example 1 : Maximize
Z = 11x + 9y ----------- (1)
Subject to the constraints :
180x + 120y ≤ 1500 i.e.
3x + 2y ≤ 25 ------------- (2)
x + y ≤ 10 ------------- (3)
x≥0 ------------- (4)
y≥0 ------------- (5)
The shaded bounded region OCEB is the feasible region. Corner points of the feasible region are
:
0(0,0), C (25/3,0), E (5, 5) and B (0,10)
Corner Point Z=11x+9y
0(0,0) 0
C(25/3,0) 275/3
E(5, 5) 100  Max.
B(0,10) 90
Maximum Profit = Rs.100/-
Example 2 : Min. Z = 4x + 3y --------------------------- (1)
Subject to the constraints
200x + 100y ≥ 4000

x + 2y ≥ 50
40x + 40y ≥ 1400
x ≥ 0, y ≥0
119
200x + 100y ≥ 4000 i.e.
2x + y ≥ 40 ----------- (2)
x + 2y ≥ 50 ----------- (3)
40x + 40y ≥ 1400 i.e.
x + y ≥ 35 ----------- (4)
x ≥0 ----------- (5)
y ≥0 ----------- (6)
The shaded unbounded region is the feasible

region. The corner points of the feasible
region are :
A(50,0), B(20,15), C(5,30) and
D(0,40)
Corner Point Z = 4x + 3y
A(50,0) Z = 200
B(20,15) Z = 125
C(5,30) Z = 110 Min.
D(0,40) Z = 120
Minimum cost = Rs.110/-
VERY SHORT QUESTIONS

Q1 Corner points of the feasible region for an LPP are (0, 2), (3, 0),(6, 0), (6, 8) and
(0, 5). Let F = 4x+ 6y be the objective function. The Minimum value of F occurs
at ..........
(a) only (0, 2)
(b) only (3, 0)
(c) the mid-point of the line segment joining the points (0, 2)and (3, 0) only
(d) any point on the line segment joining the points (0, 2) and(3, 0)
Q2 Solution set of the inequality 2x+ y > 5 is .......
(a) The half plane containing origin
(b) The open half plane not containing origin
(c) xy- plane excepts the points on the line 2x+ y= 5
(d) None of these
Q3 The optimal value of the objective function is attained at thepoints........
(a) given by intersection of inequations with the axes only
(b) given by intersection of inequations with X- axis only
(c) given by corner points of the feasible region
(d) None of these
120
Q4 Objective function of a LPP is ...........
(a) constant graph
(b) a function to be optimized
(c) inequality
(d) quadratic equation
Q5 The maximum value of Z = x+ 4y subject to the constraints 3x+6y≤6, 4x+ 8y≥16,
x ≥0, y≥0 is ..........
(a) 4
(b) 8
(c) unbounded feasible region
(d) Does not exist feasible region
Q6 L.P.P. has constraints of
(a) one variables
(b) two variables
(c) one or two variables
(d)two or more variables
Q7 The point at which the maximum value of Z = 3x+ 2y subject tothe constraints
x+ 2y≤2, x ≥0, y≥0 is ..........
(a) (0, 0) (b) (1.5, – 1.5)
(c) (2, 0) (d) (0, 2)
Q8 The feasible region of the inequality x+ y≤1 and x– y≤1 lies in
......... quadrants.
(a) Only I and II
(b) Only I and III
(c) Only II and III
(d) All the four
Q9 The position of the points O (0, 0) and P (2, –1) is ........, in theregion of the
inequality 2y– 3x< 5.
(a) O is inside the region and P is outside the region
(b) O and P both are inside the region
(c) O and P both are outside the region
O is outside the region and P is inside the region
Q10 The constraints x+ y≤4, 3x+ 3y≥18, x≥0, y≥0 defines on .........
(a) bounded feasible region
(b) unbounded feasible region
(c) feasible region in first and second quadrants
does not exist
Q11 The production of item A is x and the production of item B is y. If the corner
points of the bounded feasible region are (1, 0), (2, 0), (0, 2) and (0, 1) then the
maximum profit z= 2000x+5000y is ........
(a) 20,000
(b) 5,000
(c) 4,000
(d) 10,000
121
Q 12 The vertices of the feasible region determined by some linear constraints are
(0, 2), (1, 1),(3, 3), (1, 5). Let Z = px+ qy wherep, q> 0. The condition on p and q
so that the maximum of Z occurs at both the points (3, 3) and (1, 5) is .......
(a) p= q
(b) p= 2q
(c) q= 2p
(d) p= 3q
Q13 The maximum value of Z = 3x+ 4y subject to constraints x+ y
≤4, x≥0, y≥0 is .......... .
(a) 16
(b) 12
(c) 0
(d) not possible
Q 14 The solution set of the following system of inequations:x + 2y ≤ 3,
3x + 4y ≤ 12, x ≥ 0, y ≥1, is
(a) bounded region
(b) unbounded region
(c) only one point
(d) empty set
Q 15 The maximum value of z = 4x + 2y subject to constraints2x + 3y ≤ 18,
x + y ≥10 and x, y ≥0, is
(a) 36
(b) 40
(c) 20
(d) None
Q 16 Which of the following statement is correct?
(a) Every L.P.P. admits an optimal solution

(b) A L.P.P. admits a unique optimal solution
(c) If a L.P.P. admits two optimal solutions, it has an infinitenumber of
optimal solutions
(d)The set of all feasible solutions of a L.P.P. is not a convexset.
Q 17 The region represented by the inequation x – y≤ –1, x – y ≥ 0,x≥0, y≥0 is ..........

(a) bounded
(b) unbounded
(c) does not exist
(d) triangular region
Q 18 The maximum value of Z = x + 3y subject to the constraints2x + y ≤ 20, x +
2y≤20, x≥0, y≥0 is ..........
(a) 10
(b) 60
(c) 40
(d) 30
122
Q19 The solution set of the constraints x + 2y ≥ 11, 3x + 4y ≤30,
2x + 5y ≤ 30, x ≥ 0, y ≥0 includes the point.
(a) (2, 3) (b) (3, 2)
(c) (3, 4) (d) (4, 3)
Q20 Inequation y – x ≤ 0 represents

(a) The half plane that contains the positive X-axis
(b) Closed half plane above the line y = x, which containspositive Y-
axis
(c) Half plane that contains the negative X-axis
(d)None of these
Q21 The region represented by the inequalities x ≥ 6,
y ≥ 2, 2x + y ≤ 10, x≥0, y ≥ 0 is
(a) unbounded
(b) a polygon
(c) exterior of a triangle
(d)None of these
Q 22 The feasible solution of LPP ..........
(a) satisfy all the constraints
(b) satisfy some of the constraints
(c) always corner points of feasible solution
(d) always optimal value of objective function
ANSWER KEY
MCQ
1.d 2.b 3.c 4.b 5.d 6.d
7.c 8.d 9.b 10.d 11.d 12.a
13.a 14.d 15.d 16.c 17.c 18.d
19.c 20.a 21.d 22.a

Q1 Find the maximum value of 4x + 3y subject to constraints x ≤ 6, y ≤ 5,
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, -x - y ≤ -1 and 7x + 9y ≤ 63.
Q2 Solve graphically: Minimise Z = – 3x + 4 y
subject to 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 8, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 12, 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0.
Q3 Solve graphically: Maximise 𝑍 = 5𝑥 + 3𝑦
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 ≤ 15, 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 10, 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0.
Q4 Find the maximum and minimum values of 5x + 2y subject to constraints 2x + 3y
≥ 6, x - 3y ≤ 3, 3x + 4y ≤ 24, - 3x + 2y ≤ 3, x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0.
Q5 Solve graphically: Minimise and Maximise Z = 5x + 10 y subject to

constraints:
123
𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 120, 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 60, 𝑥 – 2𝑦 ≥ 0, 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0.
Q. 6 Solve graphically: Minimise and Maximise Z = x + 2y subject to
constraints:
𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≥ 100, 2𝑥 – 𝑦 ≤ 0, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 200; 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0.
Q. 7 Solve graphically: Maximise Z = – x + 2y, subject to the constraints:
𝑥 ≥ 3, 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 5, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≥ 6, 𝑦 ≥ 0.
Q8 Solve graphically: Maximise Z = x + y, subject to constraints:
𝑥 – 𝑦 ≤ – 1, – 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 0, 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0.
Q9 Solve graphically: Maximise Z = 4x + y subject to the constraints:
𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 50 , 3𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 90 , 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0
Q 10 Solve graphically: Minimise Z = 200 x + 500 y subject to theconstraints:
𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≥ 10 , 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 ≤ 24 , 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0
Q 11 Solve graphically: Minimise and Maximise Z = 3x + 9y subject to the
constraints: 𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≤ 60 , 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 10 , 𝑥 ≤ 𝑦 , 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0
Q 12 Solve graphically: Z = – 50x + 20y subject to the constraints:
2𝑥 – 𝑦 ≥ – 5 , 3𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 3 , 2𝑥 – 3𝑦 ≤ 12 , 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0
ANSWERS
Q. 1 Maximum value = 31 at x = 6, y = 7/3
Q. 2 Minimum Z = – 12 at (4, 0)
Q. 3 Maximum Z = 235 at (20 , 45)
Q. 4 Maximum value = 450/13 at x = 84/13, y = 15/13 Minimum value = 63/13

at x = 3/13, y = 24/13
Q. 5 Minimum Z = 300 at (60, 0);

Maximum Z = 600 at all the points on the line segment joiningthe points (120,
0)
and (60, 30).
Q. 6 Minimum Z = 100 at all the points on the line segment joiningthe points (0,
50) and (20, 40);
Q. 7 Z has no maximum value

Q. 8 No feasible region, hence no maximum value of Z.
Q. 9 Maximum value of Z is 120 at the point (30, 0).
Q. 10 Minimum value of Z is 2300 attained at the point (4, 3)
124
Q. 11 Maximum Z = 60 at all the points on the line segment joiningthe points (15,
15) and (0, 20).
Q. 12 No minimum value
PROBABILITY
Basic Concepts
1. Set of all possible outcomes in a random experiments is its Sample Space.
2. Every subset of sample space is an event.
3. Two events A and B are said to be mutually exclusive if A∩B=Ф
A1 , A2 , A3 , ….. An are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events if Ai∩Aj= Ф and A1∩A2∩ …………..
∩An=S, where S is the sample space.
4. If A is an event of an experiment and S is the sample space, then the probability of A i.e
P(A)=n(A)/n(S), where 0≤P(A) ≤1.
5. Two events A and B are independent if P(A∩B)=P(A).P(B)
6. P(A B)=P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩B)
7. If A and B are mutually exclusive events then P(A  B)=P(A)+P(B).
8. P(A B C) = P(A)+P(B)+P(C) - P(A∩B) - P(B∩C) - P(C∩A) + P(A∩B∩C).
9. P(A) + P(not A) = 1
10. Conditional probability P(A/B) = Probability that event A will occur if the event B has already
occurred is
P(A/B) = P(A∩B) / P(B) provided P(B) ≠ 0
P(E'/F) = 1– P(E/F)
11. Multiplication theorem on Probability :
P(A∩B) = P(A) P(B/A) = P(B) P(A/B) provided P(A) ≠ 0, P(B) ≠ 0
P(A∩B∩C) = P(A).P(B/A) P(C/A∩B)
12. Two events A and B are said to be independent,
if P(A/B) = P(A), P(B) ≠ 0
and P(B/A) = P(B), P(A) ≠ 0
13. Multiplication rule when events A and B are independent
P(A∩B) = P(A).P(B)
14. Two experiments are said to be independent if for every pair of events A and B, where A is
associated with first experiment and B with the second experiment, the probability of the
simultaneous occurrence of the events A and B when the two experiments are performed is
the product of P(A) and P(B) calculated separately on the basis of two experiments i.e.
P(A∩B) = P(A).P(B).
15. Law of total probability :
P(A) = P(E1).P(A/E1)+P(E2).P(A/E2) + …... + P(En)P(A/En)
125
16. Baye’s theorem :
P(E1/A) = P(E1).P(A/E1)
P(E1).P(A/E1)+P(E2).P(A/E2)+ …. + P(En).P(A/En)
17. Random Variable : A random variable is a real valued function whose domain is the sample
space of a random experiment.
18. Probability Distribution: If a random variable X take values x1, x2, x3 ….. xn with respective
probabilities p1, p2, p3, …. pn then
X x1 x2 x3 …. xn
P(X) p1 p2 p3 …. pn
is known as the probability distribution of X.

Sum of probability of a probability distribution is always 1.
19. Mean (also called expected value) of a probability distribution is given by

n n
mean = 
i=1
(pixi) i.e. E(X) = 
i=1
(pixi)
QUESTIONS
1. If P(A) = 7/17, P(B) = 9/17 and P (AB) = 4/17 evaluate P (A/B)
Solution : We have P (A/B) = P (AB) = 4/17 = 4

P (B) 9/17 9
2. IF P (B) = 5/11, P (A) = 6/11 and P (AB) =7/11
find P (B/A)
Sol.
P(A B) = P(A)+ P(B)- P(AB)
= 6/11 + 5/11 - 7/11 = 4/11
𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵) 4/11
P(B/A) = = 2/3
𝑃(𝐴) 6/11
3. If P (A) = 4/5 and P (B) = 2/3, find P (AB) if A and B are independent events.
Solution : A and B are independent events
:. P ((AB) = P (A). P (B)

= 4/5. 2/3 = 8/15
4. Find K if the following probability distribution is possible.
126
X 0 1 2 3
P (X) K K2 K 0.04
Solution :
We have  P (Xi) = 1
k +k2+k +.04=1 or k2+2k +.96=0
or k = 0.4, -2.4  k≠ - 2.4  k= 0.4
5. Find mean of Binomial distribution if n =4 and p = 2/5

Solution :
Mean = np = 8/5
1 1 1
6. Given P( A) = , P( B) = and P( A  B) = . Are the event A and B independent.
2 3 6
1 1
Soln. P( A).P( B) =  = P(A  B)
2 3
 Events are in independent
7. A die is thrown twice. Find the probability of getting a number 6 on the first throw and
a number greater than 4 on the second.
Soln. Favourable cases are { 65, 66}
2 1
 Probability = =
36 18
8. If P ( A) = 0.4 P ( B ) = p, P (A  B ) = 0.7 . Find the value of p, if A and B are
independent.
Soln. P (A  B ) = P ( A) + P ( B ) − P (A  B )
 P(A  B) = 0.4 + p − 0.7 = p − 0.3
A and B are independent
 P (A  B ) = P ( A).P ( B )
is ( p − 0.3) = 0.4 p
127
0.6 p = 0.3
p= 1
2
9 Given P (A) = 0.3, P (B) = 0.2, find P (B/A), if A and B are mutually exclusive events.
Soln. P B ( A) = P(PA(A)B) = 0 [as ( A  B) = 0 for mutually exclusive events.]

10. A random variable X has a probability distribution P (X) of the following form where k is
some number P(X)
k if X =0
2k if X =1

P( X ) = 
3k if X =2
0 0 otherwise.
Determine P ( X  2)
Soln.  P( X ) = 1  k + 2k + 3k + 0 = 1  k = 1
6
P ( X  2) = k + 2k + 3k = 6k = 1
Short Answer Questions
Q.1 In a school, there are 1000 students, out of which 430 are girls. It is known that out of 430,
10% of the girls study in class XII, what is the probability that a student chosen randomly
studies in class XII, given that the chosen student is girl ?
(Comptt. 2009)
430 43
Ans. P(Girl) = P(G ) = =
1000 100
P (A) = Prob. of Cl XII std.
43 1
P(Girl and student of Cl XII) = P ( A  G ) = =
430 10
128
1
P( A  G ) 10 100 10
P( A / G ) = = = = Ans.
P(G) 43 10  43 43
100
Q.2. 12 cards, numbered 1 to 12 are placed in a box, mixed up thoroughly and then a card is
drawn at random from the box. If it is known that the number on the drawn card is more
than 3, find the probability that it is even number.
Soln. : S = {1, 2, 3, 4, ......................12}
A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}
B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
and A  B = {4, 6, 8, 10, 12}
6 1 9 3 5
 P( A) = = ; P( B) = = ; P( A  B) =
12 2 12 4 12
P( A  B) 5/12 5
P( A / B) = = =
P( B) 9 /12 9
Q.3. A die to thrown again and again until three sixes are obtained. Find the probability of
obtaining the third six in the sixth throw of the die.
1
Soln. P(a six) = p = q=5
6 6
as third six is obtained in sixth throw, we must have got two six in previous 5 throws.
( 6) ( 6)
2 4
P (getting 2 sixes in 5 throws) = 5C2 1 5
and P (a six in the sixth throw) = 1

6
( ) ( 56)
1 5 2 4
 Combined probability =  C2 1
6 6
10 125 625
= 6
=
6 23328
Q.4 A coin is biased so that the head is 3 time as likely to occur as tail . If the coin is tossed
twice, find the probability distribution of number of tails.
129
Sol.
Let p be the probability of obtaining a head when a coin is tossed once and q, that of
obtaining a tail so that p = 3q and p+q=1
or 3q+q=1 or 4q=1 or q=1/4 And hence p= 3q = ¾
Let X denote the number of tails in two tosses of the coin then X can take value 0,1, 2
P (X=0) = P (HH) = p.p = p2 = (3/4)2 = 9/16
P(X=1) = P(HT,TH) =P(HT) + P(TH) = qp + qp = 2pq =2 × ¾ × ¼ = 6/16
P(X=2) = P(two tails ) = P(TT) = q2 = (1/4)2 = 1/16
Probability distribution of X is
X 0 1 2
P(X) 9/16 6/16 1/16
Q.5. A letter is known to have come from either TATANAGAR or CALCUTTA. On the envelope just
two consecutive letters TA are visible. What is the probability that the letter has come from
(i) Tata Nagar (ii) Calcutta
Soln. : A : TATANAGAR (2 T'S ; 4A'S)

B : CALCUTTA (2 T'S ; 2A'S)
E : TA is visible
1
P(A) = P (B) =
2
2 1 1
P( E / A) = = ; P( E / B) =
8 4 7
1 1

2 4 1
(i) P( A / E ) = =
1 1 1 1 7
 + 
2 4 2 7
7 4
(ii) P( B / E ) = 1 − =
11 11
130
Q.6. Two cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards.
Find the probability distribution of number of aces.
Soln. X = Number Aces ; X can take values 0, 1, 2
S = getting an ace.
4 1 12
P( S ) = = ; P( S ) =
52 13 13
12 12 144
P( X = 0) = 2C0  =
13 13 169
12 1 24
P( X = 1) = 2C1  =
13 13 169
1 1 1
P( X = 2) = 2C2  =
13 13 169
 Probability Distributions
X 0 1 2
144 24 1
P(X)
169 169 169
7. A bag X contain 2 white and 3 red alls and a bag Y contain 4 white and 5 red balls. One
ball is drawn at random from one of the bag and is found to be red . Find the probability
that it was drawn from bag Y.?
Sol.
Let E1 : the bag X is chosen. E2: the bag Y is chosen.
A : the ball is red.
P(E2) P(A/E2)
By bayes Theorem p(E2/A) = ----------------------------------
P(E1)P(A/E1) + P(E2) P(A/E2)
Since the two bags are equally likely to be selected.

P(E1) = P(E2) = ½
Also P(A/E1) = 3/5
131
P(E2) = 5/9
1 5
× 25
2 9
𝑃(𝐸2 /𝐴) = 1 3 1 5 = 52
× + ×
2 5 2 9
8. Show that If A and B are two independent events then the probability of occurrence of at
least one of A and B is given by 1- P(A')P(B')
Sol. We have
P ( at least one of A and B ) = P(A B ) =P(A)+P(B)-P(A∩B) =P(A)+P(B)-P(A)P(B)
=P(A)+P(B) [1-P(A)]= P(A)+P(B).P(A') =1-P(A')+ P(B)P(A')
= 1-P (A') [1-P(B)] =1-P (A') P(B')
Q.1. Two cards are drawn simultaneously (or successively without replacement) from a well
shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the mean of the number of aces. (Comp-2009)
Soln. If X is the number of aces drawn
C0 48 C2 248  47 564 188

4
P ( X = 0) = = = =
52
C2 52  51 663 221
C1 48 C1 4  48  2 96
4
32
P( X = 1) = 52 = = =
C2 52  51 663 221
C1 48 C0
4
4  3 2 3 1
P ( X = 2) = = = =
52
C2 2  51  51 663 221
 The Probability Distribution of X is given by
X 0 1 2
188 32 1
P(X)
221 221 221
188 32 1 34
  Pi xi = 0  + 1 + 2 =
221 221 221 221
Q.2. Coloured balls are distributed in three bags as shown in the following table
132
Colour of the ball
Bag
Red White Black
I 1 2 3
II 2 4 1
III 4 5 3
A bag is selected at random and two balls are randomly drawn from the selected bag. They
happen to be black and red. What is the probability that they came from bag I.
(Main-2009)
Soln. Let E1 : Bag I is selected ; E2 : Bag II is selected
Let E3 : Bag III is selected and A = A black ball and a red ball is drawn
1
𝑃(𝐸1 ) = 𝑃(𝐸2 ) = 𝑃(𝐸3 ) = 3
1×3 3 1
𝑃(𝐴/𝐸1 ) = = 15 = 5
6𝐶2
2×1 2
𝑃(𝐴/𝐸2 ) = = 21
7𝐶2
4×3 4×3 2
𝑃(𝐴/𝐸3 ) = 12𝐶 = = 11
2 66
Using Baye’s Theorem

1 1 1
×
3 5 5
𝑃(𝐸1 /𝐴 ) = 1 1 1 2 1 2 = 1 2 2
× + × + × + +
3 5 3 21 3 11 5 21 11
𝟐𝟑𝟏
= 𝟓𝟓𝟏
3. A factory has three machine X,Y,Z producing 1000,2000,3000 bolts per day respectively .
The machine X produced 1% defective bolts, Y produce 1.5% and Z produce 2% defective
bolts . At the end of a day , a bolt is drawn at random and is found defective. What is the
probability that the defective bolt is produced by the machine X ?
Sol Let E1: Bolt is manufactured by machine ‘X’, E2: Bolt is manufactured by machine Y and E3
: Bolt is manufactured by machine Z,
Total number of bolts manufactured by machine X,Y,Z in one day
= 1,000 +2,000 +3,000 = 6,000
133
Therefore P(E/E1) =1/6 P(E/E2) =1/3 P(E/E3) =1/2
Let E : Bolt manufactured is defective
P(E/E1) = 1/100, P(E/E2) = 1.5/100 = 3/200 and P(E/E3) = 2/100
Required probability = P (E3/E) = P(E3) P (E/E3)

P (E1) P (E/E1) + P (E2) P (E/E2) + P(E3) P (E/E3)
1/6× 1/100 1/6

= _________________________________ = _________________ = 1/ 10
1/6× 1/100+ 1/3× 3/200+ ½ × 2/100 1/6 + ½ + 1
4. Two cards are drawn in succession from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards, the first card
being replaced , before the second is drawn . Let X denote the number of spades drawn .
Find the probability distribution of X ?
Sol The probability of getting a spade when a single card is drawn = 13/52 = ¼
or P (not getting a spade ) = 1- ¼= ¾
P (X =0) = P ( no spade is drawn ) = P ( not a spade ) P (not a spade)
= ¾ × ¾= 9/16
P(X=1) = P ( drawing a spade only at one draw)
= P ( a spade and not a spade) + P ( not a spade and a spade)
= ¼ ×¾+¾ × ¼= ⅜
P(X=2) = P ( drawing spades at both the draws)
= ¼ × ¼ = 1/16 Hence , the probability distribution of x is
X 0 1 2
P(X) 9/16 3/8 1/16
MCQs
Q1 Two dice are thrown. It is known that the sum of numbers on the dice is
less than 6, the probability of getting a sum 3 is
(a) 1/18 (b) 1/10 (c) 2/5 (d) 1/5
134
Q2 Events A and B are independent if
(a) P(A∩B) =P(A/B) P(B)
(b) P(A∩B) =P(B/A) P(A)
(c) P(A∩B) =P(A)+P(B)
(d) P(A∩B) =P(A)P(B)
Q3 If two events are independent, then

(a)they must be mutually exclusive
(b) the sum of their probabilities must be equal to 1
(c) both(a) and (b) are correct
(d) none of the above is correct
Q4 If P(A∩B) = 0.15, P(B’) = 0.10, then P(A/B)

=
(a) 1/3 (b) ¼ (c) 1/6 (d) 1/5
Q5 A bag contains 5 red and 3 blue balls. If 3 balls are drawn at random
without replacement, the probability of getting exactly one red ball is
(a) 45/196 (b) 135/392 (c) 15/56 (d) 15/29
Q6 If P(A) = 1/2, P(B) = 0, then P(A|B) is

(a) 0
(b) 1/2
(c) not defined
(d) 1
Q7 If A and B are any two events such that P(A) + P(B) – P (A and B) =P(A),then
(a) P(B|A) = 1
(b) P(A|B) = 1
(c) P(B|A) = 0
(d) P(A|B) = 0
Q8 If A and B are two events such that P(A) ≠ 0 and P (B | A) = 1, then
(a) A ⊂ B
(b) B ⊂ A
(c) B = φ
(d) A = φ
Q9 The probability of obtaining an even prime number on each die, when a pair
of dice is rolled is
(a) 0 (b) 1/3 (c) 1/12 (d) 1/36
Q10 Two events A and B will be independent, if
(a) A and B are mutually exclusive
(b) P(A′∩B′) = [1 – P(A)] [1 – P(B)]
(c) P(A) = P(B)
(d) P(A) + P(B) = 1
135
Q11 If P(A|B) > P(A), then which of the following is correct:
(a) P(B|A) < P(B)
(b) P(A ∩ B) < P(A) . P(B)
(c) P(B|A) > P(B)
(d) P(B|A) = P(B)
Q 12 Events A and B are said to be mutually exclusive iff
(a) P (A ∩ B) =P(A) +P(B)
(b) P (A ∩ B) =P(A)P(B)
(c) A ∩ B = φ
(d)None of these
Q 13 If A and B are independent events, then which of the following is not true
(a) P(A|B) = P(A)
(b) P(B|A) = P(B)
(c) P(B|A) = P(A|B)
(d) None of these
Answers
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D d d C C C B a d b
11 12 13
C c c
1. If A and B are independent events, and P(A)= ½, P(B) =1/3, than find P (Ac  Bc)
2. Four cards are draws without replacement from a pack of 52 cards find the probability
that all will be aces.
3. Given P (A) = ½, P (B) = p and P (AB) = 3/5. find p given that A and B are mutually
exclusive.
4. A pair of dice in rolled. Find the probability that the sum of numbers obtained is a multiple
of 5.
5. If the probability for A to fail in an examination is 0.2 and that for B is 0.3 find the
probability that neither fails.
6. What is the probability that a couple's second child will be a boy, given that first child is
a girl.
7. A random variable X is specified by the following distribution.
X 2 3 4
P (X = r) 0.3 0.4 0.3
find the mean of this distribution.
136
8. If a leap year is selected at random, what is the chance that it will contain 53 Tuesdays?
Answers :
1
1. 1/3 2. 52
3. 1/10 4. 7/36
C4
5. 0.56 6. 1/2 7. 3
2
8.
7
1. The probability of solving a problem by A is 3/7 and that of solving by B is 1/3 / What
is the probability that
(i) At least one of them will solve the problem?
(ii) Only one of them will solve the problem?
2. Given that the two numbers appearing on throwing two dice are different . Find the
probability of the event ‘ the sum of number on the dice is 4’
3. The probability that a student entering a college will graduate is 0.6. Find the
probability that out a group of 6 students.
(i) none (ii) at least one will graduate
4. A bag contains 3 white and 2 black balls. One ball is drawn and then replaced in a bag.
Success is considered if the ball drawn is white. If x denotes the number of successes in
2 draws, find the probability distribution of x.
5. A can hit a target 4 times out of 5 times. B can hit the target 3 times out of 4 times and C
can hit 2 times out of 3 times. They fire simultaneously. Find the probability that any
two out of A, B and C will hit the target.
ANSWERS
Ans 1 (i) 13/21 (ii) 10/21 Ans 2 1/15
6 6
2 2
3. (i)   (ii) 1-  
5 5
4 5. 13/30
X 0 1 2
f(x) 25/36 5/18 1/36
EXTRA QUESTIONS
137
1. There are three bags which contain 2 white, 3 black; 4 white, 1 black; 3 white, 7 black balls
respectively. A ball is drawn of random from one of the bags and is found to be black. Find
the probability that it was drawn from the bag containing maximum number of black balls.
2. In an examination, an examinee either guesses or copies or knows the answer of multiple-
choice questions with four choices. The probability that he makes a guess is 1/3 and
probability that he makes a guess is 1/3 and probability that he copies the answer is 1/6.
The probability that his answer is correct, given that he copies it, is 1/8. Find the
probability that he knew the answer to the question, given that he correctly answered it.
3. There are two identical boxes containing respectively 4 white and 3 red balls, 3 white and
7 red balls. A box is chosen at random and a ball is drawn from it. If the ball drawn is white,
what is the probability that it is from the first box ?
4. A factory has three machines I, II and III which produce 30%, 50% and 20% respectively of
the total items of the same variety. Out of these 2%, 5% and 3% respectively are found to
be defective. An item is picked up at random and found to be defective. Find the probability
that it is produced by the III machine.
5. A bag contain 1 white and 6 red balls and a second bag contains 4 white and 3 red balls.
One of the bag is picked up at random and a ball is randomly drawn from it, and is found
to be white in colour. Find the probability that the drawn ball was from the first bag.
CASE STUDY BASED
Q1 An insurance company believes that people can be divided into two classes: those
who are accident prone and those who are not. The company’s statistics show that
an accident-prone person will have an accident at sometime within a fixed one-
year period with probability 0.6,whereas this probability is 0.2 for a person who is
not accident prone.
The company knows that 20 percent of the population is accident prone.Based on
the given information, answer the following questions:
(i) what is the probability that a new policyholder will have an accidentwithin
a year of purchasing a policy?
(ii) Suppose that a new policyholder has an accident within a year of

purchasing a policy. What is the probability that he or she is accidentprone?
Q2 A shopkeeper sells three types of flower seeds A1, A2 and A3. They are soldas a
mixture where the proportions are 4:4:2 respectively. The germination rates of
three types of seeds are 45%,60%,35%.
Based on the given information, answer the following questions:
(i) find the probability of a randomly chosen seed to germinate
(ii) find the probability that seed will not germinate given that it is of the type A3
138
Q3 An item is manufactured by three machines A, B and C. Out of the total numbers of
items manufactured during a specified period,50% are manufactured on A, 30%
are manufactured on B, 20% are manufacturedon C. 2% of items produced on A,
2% of items produced on B and 3% produced on C are defective. All the items are
stored at one storeroom.
(i) One item is drawn at random and is found to be defective. What is the
probability that it is manufactured on machine A?
(ii) One item is drawn at random and is found to be defective. What is the
probability that it is manufactured on machine B?
Q4 The reliability of a COVID PCR test is specified as follows: Of people having
COVID, 90% of the test detects the disease but 10% goes undetected. Of people
free of COVID, 99% of the test is judged COVID
negative but 1% are diagnosed as showing COVID positive. From a large
population of which only 0.1% have COVID, one person is selected at random,
given the COVID PCR test, and the pathologist reports him/heras COVID positive.
(i) A person is selected at random and tested. What is the probability thathe is
tested positive?
(ii) What is the probability that the ‘person is actually having COVIDgiven
that ‘he is tested as COVID positive’?
Q5 An electronic assembly consists of two sub-systems A and B. From previous testing
procedures, the following probabilities are assumed to beknown:
P (A fails) = 0.2
P (B fails alone) = 0.15
P (A and B fail) = 0.15
Based on the given information, answer the following questions:
(i) P (A fails/ B has failed)
(ii) P (A fails alone)
ANSWERS
1. 7/15 2. 24/29 3. 40/61 4. 6/37 5. 1/5
CASE STUDY BASED
1 (i) 7/25
(ii) 3/25
2 (i) 0.49 (ii) 0.65
3 (i) 5/11 (ii) 3/11
4 (i)0.01089 (ii)10/121
5 (i) 1 (ii) 0.05
139
Sample Question Papers
(Blue Print)
CLASS: XII
Session: 2022-23
Mathematics (Code-041)
Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 80
MCQs Case
& AR LA(5 Study Unit
Name of the VSA (2 SA (3
S. Qs mark based Total Wise
Chapter marks) marks)
No (1 s) Questi Total
mark) ons
1 Relations &
--- --- --- 1*(5) --- 1(5)
Functions
2 Inverse 3(8)
1(ASR)
Trigonometric 1*(2) --- --- --- 2(3)
(1)
Functions
3 Matrices 1(1) --- --- --- --- 1(1)
6(10)
4 Determinants 4(4) --- --- 1(5) --- 5(9)
5 Continuity and
2(2) 1(2) --- --- --- 3(4)
Differentiability
6 Applications of
--- 1(2) --- --- 2(8) 3(10)
Derivatives
7 Integrals 2(2) --- 2+1*(9) --- --- 5(11) 15(35)
8 Applications of
--- --- --- 1(5) --- 1(5)
Integrals
9 Differential
2(2) --- 1*(3) --- --- 3(5)
Equations
10 Vector Algebra 3(3) 1+1*(4) --- --- --- 5(7)
11 Three 1(1)+1 8(14)
Dimensional (ASR) --- --- 1*(5) --- 3(7)
Geometry (1)
12 Linear
2(2) --- 1(3) --- --- 3(5)
Programming 6(13)
13 Probability 1(1) --- 1*(3) --- 1(4) 3(8)
Total No of Questions 20(20) 5(10) 6(18) 4(20) 3(12) 38(80) 38(80)
# No. of questions (Marks) * Internal Choice Questions, ASR=Assertion Reason Based
140
Sample Question Paper: 01
CLASS: XII
Session: 2022-23
General Instructions:
1. This Question paper contains - five sections A, B, C, D and E. Each section is
compulsory. However, there are internal choices in some questions.
2. Section A has 18 MCQ’s and 02 Assertion-Reason based questions of 1 mark
each.
3. Section B has 5 Very Short Answer (VSA)-type questions of 2 marks each.
4. Section C has 6 Short Answer (SA)-type questions of 3 marks each.
5. Section D has 4 Long Answer (LA)-type questions of 5 marks each.
6. Section E has 3 sources based / case based / passage based / integrated
units of assessment (4 marks each) with sub parts.
Section A
Multiple Choice Questions
(Each question carries 1 mark)
Q.1. If A and B are symmetric matrices, then ABA is
(a) symmetric matrix (b) skew-symmetric matrix
(b) diagonal matrix (d) scalar matrix
Q.2. If A is a matrix of order 3 and |𝐴| = 8, then |𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| =
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 23 (d) 26
Q.3. The value of the area of the parallelogram determined by the vectors 2 𝑖̂ and 3𝑗̂ is
(a) 5 sq units (b) 1 sq unit (c) 6 sq units (d) -6sq units
𝑘𝑥 2 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 2
Q.4. The value of ‘k’ for which the function 𝑓(𝑥) = { is continuous at x=2
3, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 2
(a) 3/4 (b) 4/3 (c) 7 (d) 4
2
Q.5. If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 , then 𝑓(𝑥) is
1 1
(a) −𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 (b) −𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
1 1
(c) 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 (d) 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q.6. The sum of the order and the degree of the differential equation = 1 + √𝑑𝑥 is
𝑑𝑥 2
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 4

Q.7. The solution set of the inequality 2𝑥 + 𝑦 > 5 is
(a) half plane that contains the origin
141
(b) open half plane not containing the origin
(c) whole xy-plane except the points lying on the line 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5
(d) none of these
Q.8. The projection of vector 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ along 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
(a) 3/2 (b) 2 (c) 2/3 (d) 3
1 2𝑥
Q.9. The value of ∫0 𝑑𝑥 is
5𝑥 2 +1
1 1 1
(a) 𝑙𝑜𝑔6 (b) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 5 (c) 6𝑙𝑜𝑔 5 (d) 5 𝑙𝑜𝑔6
Q10. If A and B are two matrices of the order 3 × 𝑚 and 3 × 𝑛, respectively, and
m=n, then the order of matrix (5A-2B) is
(a) 𝑚 × 3 (b) 3 × 3 (c) 𝑛 × 𝑚 (d) 3 × 𝑛
Q.11. The corner points of the shaded bounded region of an LPP are (3,2),(4,2), (4,6),
(4/5,18/5)and (3/4 ,7/2). The minimum value of the objective function Z=3x+5y occurs
at
(a) (3,2) (b) (3/4 ,7/2) (c) (4/5,18/5) (d) (4,2)
2𝑥 5 6 5
Q.12. If | |=| | , then the possible value(s) if x is/are
8 𝑥 8 3
(a) 3 (b) 0 (c) ±6 (d)±3
200 50 50 40
Q.13. Let 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ] , then |𝐴𝐵| is equal to:
10 2 2 3
(a) 460 (b) 2000 (c) 3000 (d) -7000
Q.14. If A and B are two events with P(A)=0.2 , P(B) = 0.4 , P(AUB)=0.6 , then P(A/B) is equal
to :
(a) 0 (b) 0.3 (c) 0.8 (d) 0.5
Q.15. The general solution of a differential equation contains 3 arbitrary constants. Then what
is the order of the differential equation?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d) 1
Q.16 If 𝑦 = 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, then y2 is equal to
(a) -y (b) y (c) 25y (d)9y
Q.17. The angle between the vectors 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ and 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ is:
𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
(a) 3 (b) (a) − 3 (d) 6
3
Q.18. The length of the perpendicular drawn from the point (4,-7,3) on y-axis is:
(a) 3 units (b) 4 units (c) 5 units (d) 7 units
In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
Reason (R).Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
142
1 𝜋
Q.19. Assertion (A): If x <0, tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1(𝑥) = 2
𝜋
Reason (R): tan−1 𝑥 +cot −1 𝑥 = , x∈ 𝑅
2
1 1
Q.20. Assertion (A): The numbers , , 0 may represent the direction –cosines of line in
√2 √2
space.
Reason (R): Numbers l, m, n represent direction –cosines of a line if 𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 = 1 .
SECTION B
This section comprises of very short answer type-questions (VSA) of 2 marks each.
Q.21. What is the principal value of:
2𝜋 2𝜋
cos−1 (cos ) + sin−1(sin )?
3 3
OR
Show that the function: 𝑓: 𝑁 → 𝑁 , given that 𝑓(1) = 𝑓(2) = 1 and 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1, for
every x>2 is onto but not one-one.
Q.22. A particle moves along the curve 𝑥 2 = 2𝑦. At what point, ordinate increases at the same
rate as abscissa increases?
Q.23. If 𝑎 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂, then find the unit vector in the direction of 2𝑎 − 𝑏⃗.
OR
Find the direction-cosine of the line :
3−𝑥 2𝑦−1 𝑧
= =4
−1 2
Q.24 Differentiate sin2 (𝑥 2 ) w.r.t. 𝑥 2 .

Q.25. Find |𝑎| and|𝑏⃗|, if |𝑎| = 2|𝑏⃗| and (𝑎 + 𝑏⃗). (𝑎 − 𝑏⃗) = 12
SECTION C
(This section comprises of short answer type-questions (SA) of 3 marks each.)
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
Q.26. Find: ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 (1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 2
Q.27. The probability that A hits the targets is and the probability that B hits it, is 5 . If both
3
try to hit the target independently, find the probability that the target is hit.
OR
A fair dice is thrown two times. Find the probability distribution of the number of sixes.
𝜋 𝑥
Q.28. Evaluate ∫0 𝑑𝑥
1+sin 𝑥
143
OR
2
Evaluate ∫−1|𝑥 3 − 𝑥|𝑑𝑥
Q.29. Find the particular solution of the differential equation
(1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 1 when 𝑥 = 0.
OR
𝑑𝑦 𝑦2
Show the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦−𝑥 2 is homogeneous and also solve it.
Q.30. Solve the following linear programming problem graphically:

Maximize z=3x+9y
Subject to constraints, x+3y ≤ 60, x+y ≥ 10, x ≤ y, x,y ≥0
𝑥2
Q.31. Find ∫ 𝑥 4 +𝑥 2−2 𝑑𝑥
SECTION D
(This section comprises of long answer type-questions (LA) of 5 marks each.)
Q.32. Find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the x-axis , the line y=x, and
the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 32.
Q33. If R1 and R2are equivalence relations in a set A, show that R1∩R2 is also an equivalence
relation.
OR
Prove that the relation R in N X N such that (a, b) R (c, d) if ad (b + c) = bc(a + d) is an
𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
Q.34. Find the image of the point (1,6, 3) in the line 1 = = .
2 3
OR
Find the shortest distance between the following two points
𝑟 = (1 + 𝜆)𝑖̂ + (2 − 𝜆)𝑗̂ + (𝜆 + 1)𝑘̂
𝑟 = (2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ) + µ(2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂)
1 −1 0 2 2 −4
Q.35. Given that A= [2 3 4] and B= [−4 2 −4] verify that BA=6I , use the result to
0 1 2 2 −1 5
solve the system of linear equations
𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3, 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 17, 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 7
SECTION E
(This section comprises of 3 case study/passage based questions of 4 marks each with 2
sub-parts. First two case study questions have three sub-parts (i), (ii), (iii) of marks 1, 1, 2
respectively. The third case study question has two sub-parts of 2 marks each.)
Q.36. Case-Study 1: Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
144
In a residential society comprising of 100 houses, there are 60 children between the ages
of 10-15 years. They are inspired by their teachers to start compositing to ensure that
biodegradable waste is recycled. For this purpose, instead of each child doing it for only
his/her house, children convinced the Residents Welfare Association to do it as a society
initiative. For this they identified a square area in the local park. Local authorities charged
amount of Rs.50 per square meter for space so that there is no misuse of the space and
Residents Welfare Association takes it seriously. Association hired a laborer for digging
out 250 m3 and he charged Rs.400×(depth)2. Association will like to have minimum cost.
(i) Let side of square plot be x m and its depth be h m , then find he cost c for
the pit ?
𝑑𝑐
(ii) What is the value of h for which 𝑑ℎ = 0?
(iii) What is the value of x in meter for which the cost is minimum?
OR
(iii) Find the total minimum cost of digging the pit (in Rs).
The relation between the height of the plant (y in cm) with respect to exposure to sunlight
1
is governed by the equation y= 4𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2 , where x is the number of days exposed to
sunlight.
(i) What is the rate of growth of the plant with respect to sunlight?
(ii) What is the number of days it will take for the plant to grow to the
145
maximum height?
(iii) What is the maximum height of the plant?
OR
What will be the height of the plant after 2 days?
Q.38 Case-Study 3: Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
There is a top class plastic factory in a city. In this factory, if a machine is correctly set up, it
produces only 90% acceptable items. If it is incorrectly setup, it produces only 40% acceptable
items. Past experience shows that 80% of the set ups are correctly done. One day, an inspection
team visited the factory and gave his report to the owner of the factory.
(i) What is the probability of the event that the machine produces 2
acceptable items given that the machine is correctly setup?
(ii) If after a certain setup, the machine produces 2 acceptable items, find
the probability that the machine is correctly setup?
-----------------------
146
SOLUTION
Sample Question Paper -1
Q. No. Answer Hint/Solution
1 (a) A=A’ , B=B’ and (ABA)’=A’B’A’
2 (d) |𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = |𝐴|𝑛−1
3 (c) 2𝑖̂ × 3𝑗̂ = 6𝑘̂
4 (a) LHL at x=2 is 4k ; RHL at x=2 is 3
5 (d) Integrate the RHS of given. Apply ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥 𝑛+1
+𝑐
𝑛+1
6 (d) Order =2 , Degree=2

7 (b) 2(0)+0>5 is not true
8 (c) 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ 2
=
|𝑏⃗| 3
9 (d) Let 5x2+1=t , 10xdx=dt; x=0 then t=1 and x=1 then t=6
10 (d) The order of A, B and (5A-2B) are same.
11 (a) Put the values in Z
12 (d) 2x2-40=18-40
13 (d) |𝐴𝐵| = |10100 8150| = −7000
504 406
14 (a) P(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0.2 + 0.4 − 0.6 = 0
15 (b) Number of arbitrary constants = order of differential equation
16 (a) Y1=-5sinx-3cosx, y2=-5cosx+3sinx=-y
17 (b) Use Scalar Product and get cos𝜃 = − 2, 𝜃 =
1 2𝜋
3
18 (c) Required length= √42 + 32

19 (c) 1
Use , tan−1( ) = cot −1 𝑥
𝑥
20 (a) 1 1
( )2 + ( )2 + 0 = 1
√2 √2
SECTION B
Q.21 cos−1 (cos

2𝜋
) + sin−1(sin
2𝜋 1 √3
) = cos −1(− 2) + sin−1( 2 ) =
2𝜋 𝜋
+3 =π
3 3 3
OR
1≠2 , but f(1)=f(2)=1 , f is not one-one.
y = x – 1 , x = y+1 ∈ 𝑁 for all y∈ 𝑁
Therefore , f is onto.
147
Q.22. 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 2𝑑𝑦
= 𝑑𝑡 ,Given 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Therefore 2x=2, x=1 and y=1/2

Q.23. Finding 2𝑎 − 𝑏⃗ = 𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂
⃗
2𝑎⃗−𝑏 ̂
𝑗̂ +6𝑘
Then required unit vector = |2𝑎⃗−𝑏⃗|=
√37
OR
3−𝑥 2𝑦−1 𝑧 𝑥−3 𝑦−1/2 𝑧
= = 4, = = 4 , Its direction-ratios are <1,1,4>
−1 2 1 1
1 1 4
Direction-cosines < 3√2, 3√2 , 3√2 >
Q.24. y = sin2(𝑥 2 ) , z=x2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Therefore, 𝑑𝑥 =2 sin(𝑥 2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 2 ) 2𝑥 , 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2 sin(𝑥 2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑧
Q.25. After calculation, find |𝑏⃗| = 2 and Find |𝑎| = 4
Q.26. 1−2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1
I=∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 ( 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)𝑑𝑥
By using integration by parts
1
=2 [−𝑒 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + ∫ 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝑥] − ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
==− 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝑐 Ans
Q.27. P(A’)= 1-P(A) = 2/3 , P(B’)= 1 – P(B) 3/5
P( target is hit)= 1 – P(A’)P(B’)=3/5 Ans
OR
Here, X takes values 0, 1, 2
5 5 1 5 5 1 1 1
P(0)= 6 × 6 , P(1)= 6 × 6 + 6 × 6 , and P(2)= 6 × 6
𝜋 𝑥
Q.28. I=∫0 𝑑𝑥 ….(1)
1+sin 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋−𝑥 𝜋 𝜋−𝑥
I=∫0 1+sin(𝜋−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 ……(2)
1+sin 𝑥
𝜋 1
Adding equations (i) and (ii), we get 2I=π∫0 1+sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Calculation and applying limits Final answer = π
OR
0 1 2
𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 3 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 − 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 3 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
−1 0 1
Integration and calculations
= 11/4 Ans
Q.29. 𝑑𝑦
Given diff equation is a linear diff equation of the form 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄
2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
Where P=1+𝑥 2 and Q= 1+𝑥 2
Find IF=1+x2
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑐
Getting General solution 𝑦 = 1+𝑥 2 + 1+𝑥 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 1
Getting Particular solution 𝑦 = 1+𝑥 2 + 1+𝑥 2
OR
Show this equation as homogeneous diff equation.
148
𝑑𝑣 𝑣2
Put y=vx and getting the equation 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣−1
After calculation getting final solution 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 + 𝑥𝑐
Q.30. For the Line x+3y=60 , two points are (0,20), (60,0)
For the line x+y=10 , two points are (0,10), (10,0)
For the line x=y , two points (0,0), (2,2)
Get the bounded feasible region with corner points A(0,20), B(15,15), C(5,5),
D(0,10)
There are two Points A and B , where we get maximum z . Maximum value is
180.
Q.31 𝑥2 𝑥2
∫ 4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 𝑥2 − 2 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 − 1)
Partial fraction
1 1 𝑥−1 𝑥
Final Integration = 3 [2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥+1| + √2 tan−1 ] +c
√2
Q.32.
For finding the point of intersection of the given
line and circle
(4,4) and (4,-4)
4 4√2
Required area=∫0 𝑦(𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒)𝑑𝑥 + ∫4 𝑦(𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒)𝑑𝑥
4 4√2
=∫0 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫4 √32 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Calculation
Final answer=4π sq units
Q.33. Since R1 and R2 are equivalence relations (given).

∴ (a,a) ∈ R1 and (a, a) ∈ R2 ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴
⇒ (𝑎, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅1 ∩ R 2 ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 , Thus 𝑅1 ∩ R 2 is reflexive.
Now (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅1 ∩ R 2
⇒ (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅1 and (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅2
⇒ (𝑏, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅1 and (𝑏, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅2 (Since , Both R1 and R2 are symmetric)
⇒ (𝑏, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅1 ∩ R 2 , Thus 𝑅1 ∩ R 2 is symmetric.
(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅1 ∩ R 2 and (𝑏, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅1 ∩ R 2
⇒ (𝑎, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅1 and (𝑎, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅2 (Since , Both R1 and R2 are transitive )
⇒ (𝑎, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅1 ∩ R 2 , Thus 𝑅1 ∩ R 2 is transitive.
R1∩R2 is also an equivalence relation.
OR
Reflexive: (a,b) R (a, b) =>ab(b + a) = ba(a + b) which is true for all (a,b) ϵ N X N,
Hence R is reflexive.
Symmetric: (c, d) R (a, b)=>cb(d + a)=da(c +b)=>bc(a + d)=ad(b + c)=>
ad(b + c)=bc(a + d) => (a, b)R(c, d),hence symmetric.
Transitive: (a, b) R (c, d) =>ad(b + c) = bc(a + d)and(c, d) R (e, f) =>cf(d + e)
= de(c + f)
 ab(c – d) = cd(a – b)...........(i) and ef(c – d) = cd(e – f)...........(ii)
 Now dividing equation(i) by equation (ii), we get -
 ab/ef = (a - b)/(e - f) =>ab (e – f) = ef(a – b) =>abe – abf = aef –
bef =>abf + aef = abe + bef
 af(b + e) = be(a +f) => (a, b) R (e, f) is true, hence R is
transitive.
149
R is Reflexive, Symmetric and Transitive relation, hence R is an Equivalence
relation
Q.34 Given point is P (1,6,3). Let the foot of perpendicular drawn from the point P on
the line be Q and the image of point P in the given line be 𝐼(𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾).
𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
Equation of line is 1 = 2 = 3 = 𝜆 ⇒ General point (say Q) =
(𝜆, 2𝜆 + 1,3𝜆 + 2)
⇒ 𝑑. 𝑟.′ 𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑄 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝜆 − 1, 2𝜆 + 1 − 6, 3𝜆 + 2 − 3
= 𝜆 − 1, 2𝜆 − 5, 3𝜆 − 1
∵ PQ is perpendicular to the given line whose d. r.′ s are 1,2, 3
∴ using condition of perpendicularity a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2 = 0
⇒ (1)(λ − 1) + (2)(2λ − 5) + (3)(3λ − 1) = 0
⇒ λ − 1 + 4λ − 10 + 9λ − 3 = 0 ⇒ 14λ = 14 ⇒ λ
=1 put this value in Q
Q = (1, 3, 5), now using the mid point formula, we can find the im = (1,0,7)
OR
̂ , ⃗⃗⃗
𝑎1 =𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂
𝑏1 =𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘
̂ − 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ , ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 = 2𝑖
𝑎 ̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
𝑏2 =2𝑖
𝑎2 − ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎1 = 𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 2𝑘 ̂ , ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2 = −3𝑖̂ + 3𝑘̂
3√2
Apply formula for shortest distance and get the final answer= 2
Q.35. First verify that BA=6I
Get the given equations in Matrix form
1 −1 0 𝑥 3
[2 3 4] [𝑦] = [17]
0 1 2 𝑧 7
1
𝐴−1 = 𝐵
6
Finally get x=2, y=-1, z=4
Q36. (i) Here 𝑙 × 𝑏 × ℎ = 250
Therefore, x2=250/h, c= 50x2+400h2=(12500/h) +400h2
(ii) –(12500/h2)+800h = 0 , h=2.5
(iii) Apply second derivative test and get the minimum value at x=10
OR
(iii) Minimum cost at h=5/2 is c(5/2)=(12500/2.5)+400×(25/4)=Rs
7500
Q. 37. I.
𝑑𝑦
= 4-x= rate of growth of the plant w.r.t. sunlight .
𝑑𝑥
dy
II. For maximum height , dx = 0 , 4-x=0, x=4 , hence the number of days=4
III. Put x=4, y=4(4) – ½(4)2=8=maximum height.
OR
III. When x=2, then y=4(2)-1/2(2)2=6
Hence the maximum height after 2 days is 6cm.
Q.38. (i)A= Machine produces 2 acceptable items
B1=Event of correct setup B2=Event of incorrect setup
P(A/B1)=0.9×0.9=0.81
(ii) P(B1/A)=81/85=0.95( by using Bayes’ Theorem and calculation)
150
CLASS: XII
Session: 2022-23
Time Allowed: 3 hours Maximum

Marks: 80
2. Section A has 18 MCQ’s and 02 Assertion-Reason based questions of 1 mark each.
6. Section E has 3 source based/case based/passage based/integrated units of
assessment
(4 marks each) with sub parts.
SECTION A
(Multiple Choice Questions)
Each question carries 1 mark
1 If A and B are symmetric matrices of same order, then 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑎
(a) 𝑠𝑘𝑒𝑤 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 (b) Symmetric matrix
(b) Zero matrix (d) Identity matrix
2
If 𝐴 is a square matrix of order 3, |𝐴′| = 5, then |𝐴−1 | =
1
(a) 5 (b) 0 (c) -5 (d)
5
3 If the vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ are such that |𝑎| = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝑏⃗| =
1
then 𝑎 𝑋 𝑏⃗ Is a unit vector if the
√2
angle between them is
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2
4 3𝑎𝑥 + 2, 𝑖𝑓𝑥 > 1

If the function f(x) given by: 𝑓(𝑥) = { 11 𝑥 = 1 , is continuous at x = 1,
5𝑎𝑥 − 4 𝑖𝑓𝑥 < 1
find the value of a.
(a) 𝑎 = −3 (b) 𝑎 = 3
(c) 𝑎 = 4 (d) 𝑎 = 3
5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√4− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
(a) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )+ 𝐶 (b) sin−1( )+ 𝐶
2 2
2
−1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 −1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
(c) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( + 𝐶) (d) sin ( 2 )
+ 𝐶
2
6 Determine the sum of order and degree of the differential equation
𝑑𝑦 2 1 𝑑𝑦
{1 + ( ) }3 = 3 −
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 4
7 The solution set of the inequation 3𝑥 + 𝑦 < 5 is
151
(a) Half plane that contains the origin
(b) Open half plane not containing the origin
(c) Whole 𝑥𝑦-plane except the points lying on the line 2𝑥 + 𝑦 > 5
(d)None of these
8 A line makes angle 𝛼, 𝛽 & 𝛾 with x-axis, y-axis and z-axis respectively then
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛾 is equal to
(a) -1 (b) 1 (c)3 (d) 2
9 4
𝑥
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 +1
1 17 1 5
(a) 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 5 ) (b) 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (17)
1 27 1 7
(c) 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 5 ) (d) 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (5)
10 3 1
If A = [ ], then find |𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴|
2 −3
(a) 12 (b) 11
(c) -12 (d) -11
11 If objective function 𝑍 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 is maximum at (4, −2) and maximum value is
10such that 𝑝 = 3𝑞 then find 𝑝 & 𝑞
(a) 𝑝 = 3, 𝑞 = 1 (𝑏) 𝑝 = −3, 𝑞 = −1
(𝑐) 𝑝 = 3, 𝑞 = −1 (𝑑) 𝑝 = −3, 𝑞 = 1
12 If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that |𝐴| = 3 then the value of |𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)|
(a)9 (b) 81 (c) 6 (d) 27
13 k 1 
Find the value of k if the matrix   is singular
 2 −4 
1 1
(a) 𝑘 = 2 (b) 𝑘 = − 2
1 3
(c ) 𝑘 = 3 (d) 𝑘 = 2
14 A die is thrown twice. Find the probability of getting a number 6 on the first throw
and a number greater than 4 on the second.
1 5 7 11
(a)18 (b)18 (c)18 (d)18
15 The general solution of the differential equation
𝑑𝑦
= (1+x²) (1+y²) is
𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 𝑥3
(a)tan−1 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3
+c (b)𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +
3
+c
𝑥3 𝑥3
(c) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3
+c (d) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +
3
+c
16 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
If 𝑦 = (tan−1 𝑥)2 , then find the value of (1 + 𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥 2 + 2𝑥(1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
(a) 2 (b) −2
(c )−3 (d) 3
17 Find the area of the parallelogram whose diagonals are determined by the vectors
     
are 2 i − j + k , 3 i + 4 j − k
√155 √155 √105 √155
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 5 2 4
18 Find the coordinate of the point, where the line 1 = 3 =
𝑥+2 𝑦−5 𝑧+1
cuts the yz-plane
5
(a) (4, 11, 3) (b) (2, 11, 9) (c) (0, 11, 9) (d) (0, 11, 7)
152
In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a
statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
𝜋 𝜋
19 Assertion (A) Range of tan−1 𝑥 is (− 2 , 2 )
Reason (R) Domain of tan−1 𝑥 is 𝑅

20 Assertion (A) The position vector of a particle in a rectangular coordinate system
is (3, 2, 5) then its position vector is 3𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 3 𝑘̂
Reason(R) The displacement vector of the particle that moves from (2, 3, 5) to the
point (3, 4, 5) is 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂
SECTION B
This section comprises of very short answer type-questions (VSA) of 2 marks
each
21 Find the value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠
3𝜋
)
5
OR
Prove that the 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑓 ( 𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 4 is one-one and onto.
22 Find the intervals in which the function f given by f (x) = 4𝑥 3 – 6𝑥 2 – 72x + 30 is
(a) increasing (b) decreasing
23 If 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂, 𝑏⃗ = −𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝑐 = 3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ are such that 𝑎 + 𝜆𝑏⃗ is
perpendicular to 𝑐. Find the value of 𝜆
OR
𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
Find the foot of perpendicular of the point (1, 6, 3) in the line 1 = 2 = 3 .
24 𝑑𝑦
If𝑥√1 + 𝑦 + 𝑦√1 + 𝑥 = 0, for, −1 < 𝑥 < 1, prove that 𝑑𝑥 = − (1+𝑥)2
1
25 If 𝑎, 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐 are unit vectors such that 𝑎+ 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 = ⃗0, then write the value of
𝑎. 𝑏⃗ + 𝑏⃗. 𝑐 + 𝑐. 𝑎
SECTION C
(This section comprises of short answer type questions (SA) of 3 marks each)
26 𝑑𝑥
Evaluate:∫ √6−4𝑥−𝑥 2.
27 Two cards are drawn from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability
distribution of the number of aces if the cards are drawn with replacement.
OR
In a school there are 1000 students, out of which 430 are girls. It is known that out
of 430, 10% of the girls study in class XII. What is the probability that a student
chosen randomly studies in class XII given that the chosen student is a girl.
28  /4
Evaluate: 
0
log (1+tanx) dx
OR
𝜋
2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
0 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
153
29 𝑑𝑦
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒: 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
OR
Solve the following differential equation: (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0
30 Solve graphically: Maximise Z = 80x + 120y
subject to the constraints,
3x + 4y ≤ 60
x + 3y ≤ 30
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.
31 (𝑥 2 +1)𝑑𝑥
Find ∫ (𝑥 2
+1)(𝑥2 +4)
SECTION D
(This section comprises of long answer-type questions (LA) of 5 marks each)
32 Using integration find the area of the triangle bounded by the lines 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2,
𝑦 − 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7.
33 Let 𝐴 = (𝑥 ∈ 𝑍 ∶ 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12}. Show that 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏) ∶ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴; |𝑎 – 𝑏| is
divisible by 4} is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements related to 1.
Also write the equivalence class [2].
OR
Check whether the relation R in the set R of real numbers, defined by R = {(a, b): 1
+ ab > 0}, is reflexive, symmetric or transitive.
34 Find the shortest distance between the lines l1 and l2 given by the following:
𝒙−𝟑 𝒚−𝟓 𝒛−𝟕 𝒙+𝟏 𝒚+𝟏 𝒛+𝟏
𝒍𝟏 : = = , 𝒍𝟐 =
= −𝟔 = 𝟏
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟏 𝟕
OR
𝑥+2 𝑦+1 𝑧−3
Find the point on the line 3 = 2 = 2 at a distance 3√2 from the point
(1, 2, 3).
35 2 −1 1 3 1 −1
Use the product [−1 2 −1] [ 1 3 1 ]to solve the following system of
1 −1 2 −1 1 3
equations.
2𝑥 – 𝑦 + 𝑧 = – 1, – 𝑥 + 2𝑦 – 𝑧 = 4, 𝑥 – 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = – 3.
SECTION E
This section comprises of 3 case-study/passage-based questions of 4

marks each with sub part. First two case study questions have three sub
parts (i), (ii), (iii) of marks 1, 1, 2 respectively. The third case study
question has two sub parts of 2 marks each.)
154
36
Case-Study 1: Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
A particle is moving on the path given by 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)4 (𝑥 + 1)3

(i) Find the critical points of the function 𝑓(𝑥)
(ii) For what values of 𝑥, the function 𝑓(𝑥) increasing, if any.
(iii) For what values of 𝑥, the function 𝑓(𝑥) is decreasing.
OR
(iii) Find the points of local maxima and local minima of 𝑓(𝑥).
37 Case-Study 2: Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
An Apache helicopter of enemy is flying along the curve given by

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 7. A soldier placed at (3, 7) wants to shoot down the helicopter when it i s
nearest to him, then
(i) If (𝑎 , 𝑏) be the position of the helicopter on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 7

then find the distance function from soldier to helicopter in terms
of ‘a’
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 7, then find the distance function from soldier to

helicopter in terms of ‘a’
(ii) Find the critical point of the function
(iii) Using derivative find the position (𝑎, 𝑏) that minimize the
distance.
OR
(iv) Using derivative find the minimize distance.
155
38 Case-Study 3: Read the following passage and answer the questions givenbelow.
The reliability of a HIV test is specified as follows:

Of people having HIV, 90% of the test detect the disease but 10% go undetected.
Of people free of HIV, 99% of the tests are judged HIV-ve but 1% are diagnosed as
showing HIV +ve. From a large population of which only 0.1% have HIV, one
person is selected at random, given the HIV test, and the pathologist reports
him/her as HIV +ve.
(i) What is the probability that the person’s HIV test is diagnosed as +ve.
(ii) What is the probability that the person actually has HIV.
156
SOLUTION
1 (a)skew symmetric matrix
So, (𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴)′
⇒ (𝐴𝐵)′ − (𝐵𝐴)′
⇒ 𝐵 ′ 𝐴′ − 𝐴′ 𝐵 ′ ⇒ 𝐵𝐴 − 𝐴𝐵 ⇒ −(𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐴)
2 (a) 5
3 𝜋
(b)4 We know that |𝑎 𝑋 𝑏⃗| = ||𝑎||𝑏⃗|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑛|
̂ so 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 1
so 𝜃 =
𝜋
√2 4
4 (b)
𝐿𝐻𝐿 = 𝑅𝐻𝐿 = 𝑓(1)
3𝑎 + 2 = 11 & 5𝑎 − 4 = 11 solving these equations, we get 𝑎 = 3
5 I (b)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
I= ∫ √4− 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 √22 −(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2
Let cos 𝑥 = t ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑡 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Now I = ∫ = sin−1 2 + 𝐶=sin−1 ( )+ 𝐶
√22 − (𝑡)2 2
6 (d)3+1=4 by taking cube on both sides
7 (b)Open half plane containing the origin
8 (a)−1 using 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛾 = 1
9 (a)
4 𝑥 1 4 2𝑥 1
Let I=∫2 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫2 2 𝑑𝑥 = [log(𝑥 2 + 1)]42
𝑥 +1 2 𝑥 +1 2
1 1 17 𝑎
= 2 (𝑙𝑜𝑔17 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔5) = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 5 ) Using 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 = log (𝑏)
10 −3 −1 |𝑎𝑑𝑗
(d) 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = ( ) 𝐴| = -11
−1 3
11 (a)p= 3, 𝑞 = 1
Here 10 = 4𝑝 − 2𝑞 & 𝑝 = 3𝑞 solving these we get10 = 12𝑞 − 2𝑞 𝑖. 𝑒 𝑞 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝 =
3
12 (b)81 We know that |𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴)| = |𝐴|𝑛−1
So |𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)| = |𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴|𝑛−1 = (|𝐴|𝑛−1 )𝑛−1
(33−1 )3−1 = 81
13 𝑘 1 1
(b) | | = 0 ⇒ 𝑘 = −2
2 −4
14 (a) Favourable cases are { (6,5), (6,6)}
Probability =36
2 1
= 18
15 (a)
𝑑𝑦
= (1 + 𝑥 2 )(1 + 𝑦 2 ) ⇒
𝑑𝑦
= (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥3
∫ (1+𝑦 2) = ∫(1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 ⇒ tan−1 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3
+c
16 (a) Let 𝑦 = (tan−1 𝑥)2 Differentiate w.r.t. 𝑥 we get
𝑑𝑦 2 tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= ⇒ (1 + 𝑥 2 ) = 2 tan−1 𝑥 Again Differentiate w.r.t. 𝑥 we get
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
2 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
(1 + 𝑥 ) + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1+𝑥 2 ⇒ i.e (1 + 𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥 2 + 2𝑥(1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 =2
𝑑𝑥 2
17 → ∧ ∧ ∧ → ∧ ∧ ∧
(a) 𝑑2 = 2𝑖 − 𝑗 + 𝑘 and 𝑑2 = 3𝑖 + 4𝑗 − 𝑘
157
∧ ∧ ∧
1 → → 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 1 ∧ ∧ ∧
Area of parallelogram = |𝑑 × 𝑑2 | = |2 −1 1 | = 2 | − 3𝑖 + 5𝑗 + 11𝑘|
2 1
3 4 −1
1 √155
= √9 + 25 + 121 =
2 2
18 (c)(0, 11, 9)
𝑥+2 𝑦−5 𝑧+1
Let 1 = 3 = 5 = 𝜆, General point on line (𝜆 − 2, 3𝜆 + 5, 5𝜆 − 1)
at YZ plane 𝜆 − 2 = 0, 𝜆 = 2 therefore point is ( 0,11,9)
19 (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
20 (d) A is false but R is true.
21 3𝜋
sin−1(cos ( 5 ))
𝜋
=sin−1(cos ( 2 + 10)
𝜋 𝜋
As [cos (2 + 𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
=sin−1 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛 10) =− sin−1(𝑠𝑖𝑛 10) As sin−1 (−𝑥) = − sin−1 𝑥 =− 10
OR
One-one test for 𝑓:
Let 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 be two elements of domain (𝑅), such that
⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑦) ⇒ 𝑥3 + 4 = 𝑦3 + 4 ⇒ 𝑥 3 = 𝑦 3 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑦 ∴ 𝑓 is one-one.
Onto test for 𝑓:
Lety be in the co-domain (R), such that,
⇒ f(x)=y ⇒ x3+4=y
⇒ x= (y−4)1/3 ∈ R (Domain) ∴ f is onto.
22 We have 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 + 30𝑥 2 + 72𝑥 + 30
𝑓 ‘(𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 + 60𝑥 + 72 = 12(𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6) = 12(𝑥 + 3) (𝑥 +
2)
Put 𝑓 ‘(𝑥) = 0, we get 𝑥 = −2, −3 Now using number line
The points 𝑥 = – 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = −3 divides the real line into three disjoint
intervals,namely, (– ∞, – 3), (– 3, −2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−2, ∞).
+- +
In the intervals, (– ∞, – 3), 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−2, ∞) 𝑓 ‘(𝑥) is positive while in the

𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 (– 3, −2) f ‘(x) is negative, Consequently, the function f is strictly
increasing in the intervals(– ∞, – 3), and (−2, ∞) while the function is strictly
decreasing in the interval (– 3, −2). However, f is neither increasing nor decreasing
in 𝑹.
23 𝑎 + 𝜆𝑏⃗ = (2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂) + 𝜆(−𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂)
= (2 − 𝜆)𝑖̂ + (2 + 2𝜆)𝑗̂ + (3 + 𝜆)𝑘̂
Now (𝑎 + 𝜆𝑏⃗) is perpendicular to c. (𝑎 + 𝜆𝑏⃗). c = 0

 [(2 − 𝜆)𝑖̂ + (2 + 2𝜆)𝑗̂ + (3 + 𝜆)𝑘̂]. (3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂) = 0
158
or (2 − 𝜆).3 + (2 + 2𝜆).1 + (3 + 𝜆).0 = 0 or 8 − 𝜆 = 0𝑜𝑟𝜆 = 8
OR
Given point is 𝑃 (1, 6, 3). Let the foot of perpendicular drawn from the point 𝑃 on
the line be 𝑄.
𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
Equation of line is 1 = 2 = 3 = 𝜆 ⇒ 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝑄) = (𝜆, 2𝜆 + 1,3𝜆 +
2)
⇒ 𝑑. 𝑟.′ 𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑄 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝜆 − 1, 2𝜆 + 1 − 6, 3𝜆 + 2 − 3
= 𝜆 − 1, 2𝜆 − 5, 3𝜆 − 1
∵ 𝑃𝑄 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑑. 𝑟.′ 𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 1, 2, 3
∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 =
⇒ (1)(𝜆 − 1) + (2)(2𝜆 − 5) + (3)(3𝜆 − 1) = 0
⇒ 𝜆 − 1 + 4𝜆 − 10 + 9𝜆 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 14𝜆 = 14 ⇒ 𝜆
= 1 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑄
𝑄 = (1, 3, 5)
24 It is given that,
𝑥√1 + 𝑦 + 𝑦√1 + 𝑥 = 0  𝑥√1 + 𝑦+= −𝑦√1 + 𝑥
Squaring both side we get
𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑦) = 𝑦 2 (1 + 𝑥) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦
𝑥
(x + y)(x − y) = xy(y − x) So (x + y) = −𝑥𝑦  y = − 1+𝑥
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain
𝑑𝑦 (1 + 𝑥)(𝑥)′ − 𝑥(1 + 𝑥)′ (1 + 𝑥) − 𝑥 1
=− 2
=− 2
=−
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥) (1 + 𝑥) (1 + 𝑥)2
25 Given 𝑎+ 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 = ⃗0
|𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐|2 = 0 ⇒ (𝑎+ 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 ). (𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 ) = 0
⇒ |𝑎|2 + |𝑏⃗|2 + |𝑐|2 + 2𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ + 2𝑏⃗ . 𝑐 + 2𝑎 . 𝑐 = 0
1 + 1 + 1 +2 (𝑎. 𝑏⃗ + 𝑏⃗ . 𝑐 + 𝑐. 𝑎 ) = 0 ⇒ 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ + 𝑏⃗. 𝑐 + 𝑐 . 𝑎 = −3/2
26 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼=∫ =∫ =∫
√6 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 √6 − (4𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) √10 − (𝑥 2 + 2.2. 𝑥 + 4)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+4
=∫ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 +𝐶
2
√(√10) −(𝑥+4)2 √10
27 We have total ace cards = 4 and total non-ace cards = 48

Two cards are drawn, so number of aces may be 0, 1 or 2. Therefore, X = 0, 1, 2
With replacement P(X=0) = means prob. of getting no ace card = P(both cards are
48 48 12 12 144
non-ace) = 52 × 52 = 13 × 13 = 169
P(X=1) = means prob. of getting exactly one ace card = P(ace and non-ace OR non-
ace and ace)
4 48 48 4 1 12 12 1 24
=52 × 52 + 52 × 52 = 13 × 13 + 13 × 13 = 169
4 4 1 1 1
P(X=2) = P(both cards are ace) = × 52 = 13 × 13 = 169 .Therefore,
52
probability distribution is
X 0 1 2
P(X) 144/169 24/169 1/169
159
OR
Let E: student chosen randomly studies in class XII,
F: randomly chosen student is girl.
430 43
𝑃(𝐹) = 1000 = 0.43 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) = 1000 = 0.043
𝑃(𝐸∩𝐹) 0.043
P(E/F)= = = 0.1
𝑃(𝐹) 0.43
28  /4
𝑎 𝑎
Let I= 
0
log (1+tanx) dx, By using property∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝐼 = ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔 {1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 4 − 𝑥)} 𝑑𝑥
4 =∫04 𝑙𝑜𝑔 {1 + 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥}
𝜋 𝜋
2
= ∫04 ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 {1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥} 𝑑𝑥 =∫04 ∫{𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥)} 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫04 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝐼 ⇒ 2𝐼 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2[𝑥]04 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2. 4 ⇒ 𝐼 = 8 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
OR
𝜋 𝜋 𝑥+2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫02 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥  I= ∫02 2
𝑥
2
𝑑𝑥
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2
2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
=∫02 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫02 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑑𝑥
Using by parts for 1st integral, we get
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 𝜋⁄2 𝑥 𝑥
=[𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2] − ∫02 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑑𝑥 +∫02 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑥 𝜋⁄2 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= [𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2] = 2 (tan (4 )) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛0 =
0 2
29 𝑑𝑦
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝐷. 𝐸. : 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 (𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 (𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚: + 𝑝𝑦 = 𝑞)
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ⇒ 𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Now General Sol. Is given by
𝑦. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = ∫ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐𝑃𝑢𝑡𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
𝑣3 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥
= 2 ∫ 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑐 =2 + 𝑐 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = +𝑐
3 3
OR
𝑑𝑦 𝑥2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 Let y=vx ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑣
⇒𝑣+𝑥 = ⇒ 𝑥 = −𝑣
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑣 3 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑣 3
3 3
𝑑𝑣 𝑣 1+𝑣 1 1
⇒𝑥 =− 3
⇒∫ 3
𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ ∫ 3 𝑑𝑣 + ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑣 𝑣 𝑥 𝑣
𝑣 −2 1 −𝑥 2 𝑦
⇒ + 𝑣 = − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑐 ⇒ − 2 + 𝑣 = − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑐 ⇒ + = − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑐
−2 2𝑣 2𝑦 2 𝑥
160
30 Plotting the graphs of
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 ≤ 60
𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≤ 30 we get
we notice shaded portion is
feasible solution.
Possible points for maximum
𝑍 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝐴(20, 0), 𝐵(12, 6), 𝐶(0, 10)
Z is maximum at 𝐵(12, 6), i.e. 𝑥 = 12, 𝑦 = 6.

Hence, maximum 𝑧 = 1680
31 Here we have all even powers of x, so let 𝑥 2 = 𝑦
𝑥 2 +1 𝑦+1
Let (𝑥 2+4)(𝑥 2 +25) = (𝑦+4)(𝑦+25)
𝑦+1 𝐴 𝐵 1 8
= + A=− ,B=7
(𝑦+4)(𝑦+25) 𝑦+4 𝑦+25 7
𝑥2 + 1
𝐼= ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 2 + 25)
1 𝑑𝑥 8 𝑑𝑥
= − ∫ 2 + ∫ 2
7 𝑥 + 4 7 𝑥 + 25
1 1 −1 𝑥 8 𝑥 1 𝑥 8 𝑥
= − 7 ⨯ 2 tan 2 + 7⨯5 tan−1 5 + 𝑐 = − tan−1 2 + tan−1 5 + 𝑐
14 35
32 By the lines 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2, 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7.
Let 𝐴𝐵: 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 1, 𝐵𝐶: 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7 𝐶𝐴: 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2

On solving every two equations, we get
The vertices 𝐴 (0,1), 𝐵(2,3) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶(4, −1)
𝑑
Here we use 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑦
161
3 1 3
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓𝛥𝐴𝐵𝐶 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑦
−1 −1 1
𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐵
3
3 7−𝑦 1 𝑦2 7 1
𝐼1 = ∫−1 ( ) 𝑑𝑦 = 2 [7𝑦 − ] = 2 [3 + 1] − 4 [9 − 1] = 14 − 2 = 12
2 2 −1
𝐵𝐶
1
1 𝑦2
𝐼2 = ∫−1(2 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 − = 2[𝑦]1−1 − 2 [ 2 ] = 2[1 + 1] − [1 − 1] = 4
𝐴𝐶 −1
3
3 𝑦2 1
𝐼3 = ∫ 1 (𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = [ 2 ] − [𝑦]13 = 2 (9 − 1) − (3 − 1) =4 − 2 = 2
𝐴𝐵 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝛥𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 12 − 4 − 2 = 6𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
33 We have: 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴; |𝑎 – 𝑏| is divisible by 4}.
(1) Reflexive: For any 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴, ∴ (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅. |𝑎 – 𝑎| = 0, which isdivisible by 4.
Thus, R is reflexive.
Symmetric: Let (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ |𝑎 – 𝑏| is divisible by 4 ⇒ |𝑏 – 𝑎| isdivisible by 4
Thus, R is symmetric.
Transitive: Let (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑏, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ |𝑎 – 𝑏| is divisible by 4 and
|𝑏 – 𝑐|𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 4 ⇒ |𝑎 – 𝑏| = 4𝜆 ⇒ 𝑎 – 𝑏 = ±4𝜆 … … ..(1)
and |𝑏 – 𝑐| = 4µ ⇒ 𝑏 – 𝑐 = ± 4µ........................ (2)
Adding (1) and (2),
(𝑎 − 𝑏) + (𝑏 − 𝑐) = ±4(𝜆 + µ) ⇒ 𝑎 – 𝑐 = ± 4 (𝜆 + µ) ⇒ (𝑎, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅
Thus, R is transitive.
Now, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Hence, R is anequivalence
relation.
(ii) Let ‘x’ be an element of A such that (𝑥, 1) ∈ 𝑅
⇒ |𝑥 – 1| 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 4 ⇒ 𝑥 – 1 = 0, 4, 8, 12 … ⇒ 𝑥 = 1, 5, 9, 13, …
Hence, the set of all elements of A which are related to 1 𝑖𝑠 {1, 5, 9}.
(iii) Let (𝑥, 2) ∈ 𝑅. 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 |𝑥 – 2| = 4𝑘, where 𝑘 ≤ 3. ∴ 𝑥 = 2, 6, 10.
Hence, equivalence class [2] = {2, 6, 10}.
OR
𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 1 + 𝑎𝑏 > 0}.
Reflexive: Now, 1 + 𝑎. 𝑎 = 1 + 𝑎2 > 0
⇒ (𝑎, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅 ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅.Thus, R is reflexive.
Symmetric: Let (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 1 + 𝑎𝑏 > 0
⇒ 1 + 𝑏𝑎 > 0 ⇒ (𝑏, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅. Thus, R is symmetric.
1
Transitive: Take 𝑎 = −1, 𝑏 = − 2 , 𝑐 = 1
1 3
Now, 1 + 𝑎𝑏 = 1 + (−1) (− 2) = 2 > 0 ⇒ (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑,
1 1
1 + 𝑏𝑐 = 1 + (− 2)1 = 2 ⇒ (𝑏, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅.
𝐵𝑢𝑡 1 + 𝑎𝑐 = 1 + (−1)(1) = 0 ⇒ (𝑎, 𝑐) ∉ 𝑅.
Thus, R is not transitive. Hence, R is reflexive, symmetric but nottransitive.
34 Writing the given equations in vector form
𝑟 = (3𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂) + 𝜆(𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) 𝑟 = (−𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂) + 𝜇(7𝑖̂ − 6𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂)
here 𝑎1 = 3𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂, ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎2 = −𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = −4𝑖̂ − 6𝑗̂ − 8𝑘̂ 𝑏⃗1 = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂, 𝑏2 = 7𝑖̂ − 6𝑗̂6 + 𝑘̂
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘 ̂
𝑏⃗1 × 𝑏⃗2 = |1 −2 1|
7 −6 1
162
= iˆ(−2 + 6) − ˆj (1 − 7) + kˆ(−6 + 14) = 4iˆ + 6 ˆj + 8kˆ
|𝑏⃗1 × 𝑏⃗2 | = √(4)2 + (6)2 + (8)2 = √116 = 2√29
(𝑎⃗2 −𝑎⃗1 ).(𝑏⃗ 1 ×𝑏
⃗ 2) ̂ ).(4𝑖̂+6𝑗̂ +8𝑘
(−4𝑖̂−6𝑗̂ −8𝑘 ̂)
𝑆. 𝐷. = ⃗ 1 ×𝑏⃗ 2)
=
|𝑏 2√29
−16−36−64 116
= = 2√29 = | − 2√29| = 2√29 Units
2√29
OR
𝑥+2 𝑦+1 𝑧−3
Any point P on the line = = =  (say) is (3𝜆 − 2, 2𝜆 − 1, 2𝜆 + 3)
3 2 2
Let Q be the point (1, 2, 3) It is given PQ =3√2 or PQ2 = 18.
or (3𝜆 − 2 − 1)2 + (2𝜆 − 1 − 2)2 + (2𝑦 + 3 − 3)2 = 18
or (3𝜆 − 3)2 + (2𝜆 − 3)2 + (2𝜆)2 = 18
30
or17𝜆2 − 30𝜆 = 0 ⟹ 𝜆(17𝜆 − 30) = 0 𝜆 = 0 or 𝜆 = 17
90 60 60
 Coordinates of 𝑃 are (−2, −1,3) or (17 − 2, 17 − 1, 17 + 3)
56 43 111
i.e. (−2, −1,3) or (17 , 17 , )
17
35 2 −1 1 3 1 −1
𝐿𝑒𝑡𝐴 = [−1 2 −1] , 𝐵 = [ 1 3 1 ]
1 −1 2 −1 1 3
4 0 0 1 1
𝐴𝐵 = [0 4 0] = 4𝐼3 ⇒ 𝐴 ( 𝐵) = 𝐼3 ∴ 𝐴−1 = 𝐵
4 4
0 0 4
Given system of equations may be written as
2 −1 1 𝑥 −1
AX = C , where A = [−1 2 −1] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] , 𝐶 = [ 4 ]
1 −1 2 𝑧 −3
1
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶
4
3 1 −1 −1 4 1
1 1
= 4 [ 1 3 1 ] [ 4 ] = 4 [ 8 ] = [ 2 ] ∴ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = −1
−1 1 3 −3 −4 −1
36 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)4 (𝑥 + 1)3

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4(𝑥 − 2)3 (𝑥 + 1)3 + 3(𝑥 − 2)4 (𝑥 + 1)2
= (𝑥 − 2)3 (𝑥 + 1)2 [4(𝑥 + 1) + 3(𝑥 − 2)
= (𝑥 − 2)3 (𝑥 + 1)2 (7𝑥 − 2)
7
Now 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 (𝑥 − 2)3 (𝑥 + 1)2 (7𝑥 − 2) = 0 𝑥 = 2, −1,
2
7
(i) Critical Points are 𝑥 = 2, −1, 2
2
(ii) f(x) increases on (−∞, ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2, ∞)
7
2
(iii) f(x) decreases on (7 , 2)
OR
(iii) At 𝑥 = 2, When 𝑥 < 2, then, 𝑓’(𝑥) < 0 and when 𝑥 > 2, then 𝑓’(𝑥) > 0.
Since the sign changes from negative to positive, so the function has local maxima at
𝑥 = 2.
163
7
At 𝑥 = 2
7
When 𝑥 < 2, then, 𝑓’(𝑥) > 0 and when x>72, then 𝑓’(𝑥) < 0 .
7
Since the sign changes from positive to negative, so the function has local minima at 𝑥 < 2.
At 𝑥 = −1,
When 𝑥 < −1, then, 𝑓’(𝑥) > 0 and when 𝑥 > −1, then 𝑓’(𝑥) > 0.
Since the sign does not changes, so the function has point of inflexion at 𝑥 = −1.
37
(i) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 7 so (𝑎, 𝑏) lies on the curve so 𝑏 = 𝑎2 + 7
So distance is = √(𝑎 − 3)2 + (𝑏 − 7)2
𝑑 = √(𝑎 − 3)2 + 𝑎4 (as 𝑏 = 𝑎2 + 7)

(ii) 𝑑2 = (𝑎 − 3)2 + 𝑎4 = 𝑍(𝑠𝑎𝑦)
𝑑𝑍 𝑑𝑍
= 2(𝑎 − 3) + 4𝑎 3
= 0  2(𝑎 − 3) + 4𝑎3 = 0
𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑎
𝑎 − 3 + 2𝑎3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 = 1 is the critical point of the function also
𝑏 = 12 + 7 = 8
𝑑2 𝑍
(iii) = 6𝑎2 + 1
𝑑𝑎
𝑑2 𝑍
𝑎𝑡 𝑎 = 1 𝑖𝑠 6 + 1 = 7 > 0 𝑠𝑜 so Z i.e distance is minimum when 𝑎 = 1
𝑑𝑎
And minimum distance is 𝑑 = √(1 − 3)2 + +1 = √5
Position of Nearest point is (1, 8)
So the helicopter is at (1, 8) & the neatest distance is √5 unit from the soldier
38 let E denote the event that the person selected is actually having HIV and A the
event that the person’s HIV test is diagnosed as +ve.
Then
0.1
P(E)= 0.1% = 100= .001 P(𝐸 , )= 1- P(E)= 0.999
90
P(A/E)= 90% = =0 .90 P(A/𝐸 , )=1% = 0.01
100
𝐴 𝐴
(i)𝑃(𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐸)𝑃 (𝐸) + 𝑃(𝐸 , )𝑃 (𝐸, ) = 0.001𝑋0.9 + 0.999𝑋0.01 = 0.01089
𝐴
𝑃(𝐸)𝑃( )
(ii) 𝑆𝑜 P(E/A)= 𝐴
𝐸
𝐴
𝑃(𝐸)𝑃( )+𝑃(𝐸 , )𝑃( ,)
𝐸 𝐸
0.001×0.90 90 90 10
= = = = = 0.083
0.001×0.90+0.999×0.01 90+999 1089 121
164
CLASS: XII
Session: 2022-23
Time Allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 80

8. Section A has 18 MCQ’s and 02 Assertion-Reason based questions of 1 markeach.
assessment
SECTION A
1 If A is a square matrix such that 𝐴2 = 𝐴 , then the value of
(𝐼 + 𝐴)3 − 7𝐴 , where 𝐼 is an Identity matrix.
(c) 𝐼 (b) 3A (c) A (d) None of these
2 If A and B are two matrices of order 3 and |𝐴| = 5 , |𝐵| = 3. 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 |3𝐴𝐵|
(a) 4 5 (b) 405 (c) 1 0 5 (d) 305
3 For any vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗
(a) |𝑎 + 𝑏⃗| ≤ |𝑎| + |𝑏⃗| (b) |𝑎 + 𝑏⃗| = |𝑎| + |𝑏⃗|
(c) |𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ | ≥ |𝑎| + |𝑏⃗| (d) |𝑎 + 𝑏⃗| ≤ |𝑎| − |𝑏⃗|

4 For what value of K , the function
sin 𝑥+𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥 ,
𝐾 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0
is continuous at 𝑥 = 0
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) -1
5 Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑥
(a) log(𝑒𝑎) +C (b) log(𝑒) +C (c) 𝑒 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 +C (d) none of these
6 Write the sum of the order and degree of the differential equation
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 3
[(𝑑𝑥 ) ]=0
𝑑𝑥
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) none of these
7 The solution set of the inequation 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ −1 is
(a)Half plane that not contains the origin
(b)Close half plane containing the origin
(c)Whole 𝑥𝑦-plane except the points lying on the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ −15
(d)None of these
𝜋 𝜋
8 If a unit vector makes angle 3 with x-axis , 4 with y-axis and an acute angle 𝜃 with
z-axis, then 𝜃 is
165
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 2 4 6
9 Evaluate
1
∫−1 𝑥 3 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(a) 1 (b) π/2 (c) π (d) 0

10 0 4 −5
If A = [𝑥 0 2 ] is skew symmetric matrix than value of 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑦 −2 0
(b) 4,5 (b) -4,5
(c) - 4,-5 (d) 4,-5
11 The point which does not lie in the half plane 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 12 ≤ 0
(a) (2,3) (b) (2,1) (c) (3 , -1) (d) (-3,1)
12 If 𝐴 = [
3 −2
] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼 = [
1 0
] 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑘 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐴2 = 𝑘𝐴 − 2𝐼
4 −2 0 1
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) - 1 (d) None of these
13 0 0
The value of |cos 150 sin 15 0 | is
sin 75 cos 75
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) -1 (d) 0
14 A family has two children. What is the probability that both the children are boys
given that at least one of them is a boy.
(a )1 /4 (b) 0 (c) 1/3 (d) 1/ 2
15 𝑑𝑦
The integration factor of the differential equation 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4𝑥 is
(b) 𝑥 (b) 1/𝑥 (c) 𝑥2 (d) 1/𝑥 2
16 If 𝑥 = 𝑎(cos 𝑡 + 𝑡 sin 𝑡) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑎(sin 𝑡 − 𝑡 cos 𝑡) , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
(a) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (b) −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (c) cot 𝑡 (d) none of these
17 The value of 𝑖.̂ (𝑗̂ × 𝑘̂) + 𝑗̂. (𝑖̂ × 𝑘̂ ) + 𝑘̂. (𝑖̂ × 𝑗̂) is
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 1
18 𝑥+4 2𝑦−5
Direction ratio of the line 1 = 4 = 5 are
−𝑧+1
(a) 1 ,4,-5 (b) 1,2,5 (c) 1,2,-5 (d) 1,-4,-5

In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a
statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct answer out of the following
choices.
(e) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(f) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(g) A is true but R is false.
(h) A is false but R is true.
19 Assertion (A) : 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛3) = 3
𝜋 𝜋
Reason (R) : Principal value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 𝑥 , , − 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
20 Assertion (A) : |𝑎| = |𝑏⃗| does not imply 𝑎 = 𝑏⃗

2
Reason(R) : If |𝑎| = |𝑏⃗| then 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ = |𝑎|2 = |𝑏⃗|
SECTION B
This section comprises of very short answer type-questions (VSA) of 2
marks each
166
21 cos 𝑥 𝜋 𝜋
Express tan−1 (1−sin 𝑥) , − 2 < 𝑥 < 2 in the simplest form.
OR
Let A = R – {3} , B = R – {1}. Consider the function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦
x−2
𝑓(𝑥) = x−3 Show that 𝑓 is bijective function
22 2𝑥
Show that 𝑦 = log(1 + 𝑥) − 2+𝑥 , 𝑥 > −1 is an increasing function of x
throughout its domain.
23 If 𝑎, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐 are three vectors such that |𝑎| = 3, |𝑏⃗| = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝑐 | = 5 and each one of
them being perpendicular to the sum of other two, find|𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐|
OR
Let 𝑎 = 𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂, 𝑏⃗ = 3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂. Find a vector 𝑑 which
is perpendicular to both 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 . 𝑑=15
24 If 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑎, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
25 Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the vector (𝑎 + 𝑏⃗) and (𝑎 − 𝑏⃗) where
𝑎 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂
SECTION C
(This section comprises of short answer type questions (SA) of 3 marks
each)
26 𝑥 2 +1
Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6 𝑑𝑥
27 A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die and reports that
it is a six. Find the probability that it is actually a six.
OR
Two cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well-shuffled deck of
52 cards. Find the probability distribution of the number of aces.
28 Evaluate
𝜋/3 𝑑𝑥
∫𝜋/6 1+√tan 𝑥
OR
Evaluate
1 𝜋𝑥
∫0 (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + sin 4 )𝑑𝑥
29 Find the general solution of the differential equation
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑥 cos ( ) = 𝑦 cos ( ) + 𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
OR
Solve the differential equation (tan−1 𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦
30 Find graphically, the maximum value of Z = 2x + 5y,
subject to constraints :
2x + 4y ≤ 8; 3x + y ≤ 6; x + y ≤ 4; x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
𝜋
31
Evaluate: 𝐼 = ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
SECTION D
167
(This section comprises of long answer-type questions (LA) of 5 marks
each)
32 Find the area of the smaller part of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 cut off by the line 𝑥 =
𝑎
√2
33 Prove that the relation R on N defined by 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏) ∶ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴; 𝑎 – 𝑏 is

divisible by 5} is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements related to 3.
34 Find the shortest distance between the lines
𝑟 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑠(2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) and 𝑟 = 2𝑖
̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ + 𝑡(3𝑖̂ − 5𝑗̂ + 2𝑘
̂)
OR
Find the coordinate of the point , on the line through (3,-4,-5) and (2,-3,1) whose
x coordinate is 4.
35 Solve system of equations by using matrix method

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 = 6, 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 11 , 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0
SECTION E
This section comprises of 3 case-study/passage-based questions of 4
mark each with sub part. First two case study questions have three
sub parts (i), (ii), (iii) of marks 1, 1, 2 respectively. The third case study
question has two sub parts of 2 marks each.)
36 Cas study 1: Following is the pictorial description for a page
Printing Area x
y
The total area of the page is 150 cm2. The combined width of the margin at the
top and bottom is 3cm and of the sides is 2cm.
Based on the above information answer the following :
(i) The relation between x and y is given by
(ii) The area of printable region of the page, in terms of x, is
(iii) For what value of x the printable area of the page is maximum ?
OR
(iii) What should be dimension of the page so that it has maximum area to
be printed ?
37 Case-Study 2: A tank with rectangular base and rectangular sides, open at the
top is to be constructed so that its depth is 2m and volume is 8m3. If the building
of tank cost Rs.70 per sq. metre for the base and Rs.45 per sq. metre for the
sides.
168
Based on the above information answer
the following
(i) Find the area of tank to be

constructed
(II) Find the cost function.
(iii) Find the cost of least expansive tank.
OR
(iii) Find the length and width of tank.

38 Case-Study 3: Read the following passage and answer the questions givenbelow.
Let X denote the number of college where you will apply after yours result and
P(X=x) denotes your probability of getting admission in x number of college , It is
given that
𝑘𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 1
2𝑘𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = { ,
𝑘(5 − 𝑥), 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 3 𝑜𝑟 4
0 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0
where k is a positive constant
Based on the above information answer the following
(i) Find the value of k.
(ii) Find the probability you will get admission in at least two college.
169
SOLUTION
1 (a) (𝐼 + 𝐴) − 7𝐴 = 𝐼 3 + 𝐴3 + 3𝐼 2 𝐴 + 3𝐴2 𝐼 − 7𝐴
3 1
=𝐼 + 𝐴 + 3𝐴 + 3𝐴 − 7𝐴 = 𝐼
2 (b) 405 1
3 1
(a) ) |𝑎 + 𝑏⃗| ≤ |𝑎| + |𝑏⃗|
4 (b) f(x) is continuous at x=0 therefore 1
sin 𝑥+𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑓(0) = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
sin 𝑥 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑘 = lim +
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥
𝑘 =1+1= 2
5 𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑥 1
(a) +C
log(𝑒𝑎)
6 (b) Order 2 , degree 1 1

Required sum=2+1=3
7 (b)Open half plane not containing the origin 1
8 (a)π/3 1
9 (d) 𝑓(𝑥) is odd function 1
1
∫−1 𝑥 3 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =0
10 (b) -4,5 1
11 (a)(2,3) 1
12 (b) 𝐴 = [
2 1 −2
] 1
4 −4
𝐴2 = 𝑘𝐴 − 2𝐼
1 −2 𝑘 −2𝑘 2 0
[ ]=[ ]−[ ]
4 −4 4𝑘 −4𝑘 0 2
𝑘=1
13 0 0
(d) |cos 150 sin 15 0 | = 𝑐𝑜𝑠900 = 0 1
sin 75 cos 75
14 (c)1/3 1
15 (b) 𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒
−1
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 − log 𝑥 = 1/𝑥 1
16 𝑑𝑥
(a) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑎(− sin 𝑡 + sin 𝑡 + 𝑡 cos 𝑡) = 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 1
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎(cos 𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡) = 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
= 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 = 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = tan 𝑡
𝑑𝑥
17 (a)-1 1
18 (c) Direction ratio are 1,2,-5 1
19 (d)A is false but R is true 1
20 (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. 1
21 −1 cos 𝑥 −1
𝜋
sin( −𝑥)
2
½
tan (1−sin 𝑥) = tan ( 𝜋 )
1−cos( −𝑥)
2
2 sin(
𝜋−2𝑥
) cos(
𝜋−2𝑥
) ½
𝜋−2𝑥
=tan −1
( 4
𝜋−2𝑥
4
) = tan −1
(cot ) ½
2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( ) 4
4
170
𝜋
= tan−1 (tan ( 4 + 2)) = ( 4 + 2)
𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 ½
OR
½
Let 𝑥1, 𝑥2 be element of A and 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 )
𝑥 −2 𝑥 −2 ½
or 𝑥1−3 = 𝑥2−3
1 2
or 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 f is one-one
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = x−3 = 𝑦
x−2 ½
2−3y
𝑥= be an element of A ½
1−y
Every element of B has pre image in A
𝑓(𝑥)is onto .
22 2𝑥
𝑦 = log(1 + 𝑥) − 2+𝑥 , 𝑥 > −1
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 (𝟐+𝒙)𝟐−𝟐𝒙.𝟏 𝟏 𝟒
= 𝟏+𝒙 − = 𝟏+𝒙 − (𝟐+𝒙)𝟐 1
𝒅𝒙 (𝟐+𝒙)𝟐
𝒙𝟐
= (𝟏+𝒙)(𝟐+𝒙)𝟐 ½
𝒅𝒚
For increasing >0 ½
𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟐 1
⇒ (𝟏+𝒙)(𝟐+𝒙)𝟐
> 0 ⇒𝑥 > −1
23 Using condition ½
Correct |𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐|
2
1
½
|𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐| = √5/2
OR 1
𝑑 = 𝜆(𝑎𝑋𝑏⃗)
𝑐 . 𝑑 = 15 ½
1
𝑑 = (160𝑖 − 5𝑗 + 70𝑘) ½
3
24 Let u= sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 , 𝑣 = sin 𝑎 ½
So that y=u+v ⇒𝑪 ---------(1)
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 log 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 1
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = sin 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0 ½
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 log 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) ½
𝑑𝑥
25 (𝑎 + 𝑏⃗) = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ and (𝑎 − 𝑏⃗) = −𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ ½
A vector perpendicular to each of the vector (𝑎 + 𝑏⃗) and (𝑎 − 𝑏⃗)given by
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂ 1
⃗ ⃗
(𝑎 + 𝑏) × (𝑎 − 𝑏) = |2 3 4 | = −2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂
0 −1 −2 ½
−2𝑖̂+4𝑗̂ −2𝑘̂ ̂
−𝑖̂+2𝑗̂ −𝑘
Required unit vector = |−2𝑖̂+4𝑗̂−2𝑘̂ | =
√6
26 Let
𝑥 2 +1
=1+
5𝑥−5 𝐴
= 1 + 𝑥−2 + 𝑥−3
𝐵 1
𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6 (𝑥−2)(𝑥−3) 1/2
A= -5 ,B = 10
𝑥 2 +1 5 10
∫ 𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(1 − 𝑥−2 + 𝑥−3)𝑑𝑥 1
= 𝑥 − 5 log|𝑥 − 2| + 10 log|𝑥 − 3| + 𝑐 1/2
27 Let E be the event man reports six occurs
171
A be the event that six occurs , B be the event that six does not occurs. ½
1 5 𝐸 3 𝐸 1 1
𝑃(𝐴) = , 𝑃(𝐵) = , 𝑃 ( ) = , 𝑃 ( ) =
6 6 𝐴 4 𝐵 4 ½
P(A)P(E/A)
Required probability 𝑃(𝐴/𝐸) = P(A)P(E/A)+P(B)P(E/B) 1
=3/8
OR
Let the number of aces is a random variable X.
Then X= 0,1,2 ½
48 48 144
P(X=0) = 52 × 52 = 169 1
P(X=1) = 52 ×
4 48 48
+ 52 ×
4
= 169
24 1
4
52
4 1
52
½
P(X=2) = 52 × = 169
52
28 Let I =∫𝜋/6
𝜋/3 𝑑𝑥
= ∫𝜋/6
𝜋/3 √cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
----------(1) ½
1+√ tan 𝑥 √cos 𝑥+√sin 𝑥
Using property
𝜋/3 √sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=∫𝜋/6 -------------(2) 1
√sin 𝑥+√cos 𝑥
𝜋/3
(1)+(2) ⇒ 2I =∫𝜋/6 𝑑𝑥 1
𝜋
I=12 ½
OR
1 𝜋𝑥
∫0 (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + sin 4
)𝑑𝑥
4 𝜋𝑥 1
= (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 )10 − (𝜋 cos ) 1+1
4 0 1
4 2√2
=1+𝜋− 𝜋
29 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 cos (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 cos (𝑥 ) + 𝑥
𝑦
𝑦 ½
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 cos( )+𝑥
𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑦/𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 ½
Put y=vx , = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ½
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑣 cos 𝑣+1
𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 ½
cos 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥 Integrating ½
sin(𝑣) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥| + 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑐|
𝑦
sin (𝑥 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝐶𝑥| ½
OR
1
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 tan−1 𝑥
+ =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥2 1
tan−1 𝑥
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 1
−1
Sol 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑐𝑒 − tan 𝑥
172
30 Given inequations are 2x + 4y ≤ 8 or x + 2y
≤ 4 3x + y ≤ 6, x + y ≤4, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0,
Maximise Z = 2x + 5y on plotting the graph
of the inequations
we notice shaded portion as feasible

solution
Possible points for maximum Z are A(2,
0),B(8/5 ,6/5) ,C(0, 2)
Z is maximum at C(0, 2), i.e. x = 0, y = 2, maximum value = 10

31 We have
𝜋
𝐼 = ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 …………………………..(1)
𝜋 ½
𝜋 𝑎 𝑎
= ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠( 2 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2 [𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 −
𝑥)𝑑𝑥]
𝜋
= ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ……………………………(2) Adding (1) & (2), we get
𝜋 𝜋
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2I= ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 == ∫02 log ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
2 ½
= ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 ∫0 1 𝑑𝑥
2 2 ½
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
= ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 = I 1 − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 ……………….(3) ½
𝜋
Put 2𝑥 = 𝑡 in I 1 we get, 2𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡, when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑡 = 0 and when 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑡 = 𝜋
1 𝜋 ½
I 1 =2 ∫0 log 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 Now as sin(𝜋 − 𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
½
𝜋/2
1
𝐼 1 = 𝑋 2 ∫ log 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ 𝐼1 = 𝐼
2 0
𝜋 𝜋
So, (3)  2𝐼 = 𝐼 − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔2  I=− 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
32 Circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2
𝑎
Line 𝑥 =
√2
Draw correct figure
𝑎 𝑎 1
Required area = 2 ∫𝑎/√2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫𝑎/√2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1
𝑎
𝑥√𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑎
= 2[ + sin−1 𝑎] 𝑎 𝑥=
2 2 √2 1
√2
𝑎√𝑎2 −𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎/√2√𝑎2 −𝑎2 /2 𝑎2 𝑎/√2 1
= 2 [( + sin−1 𝑎) − ( + sin−1 )]
2 2 2 2 𝑎
1
173
𝑎2 𝜋
= ( 2 − 1)
2
33 We have: 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴; 𝑎 – 𝑏 is divisible by 5}.
(1) Reflexive: For any 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴, ∴ (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅. 𝑎 – 𝑎 = 0, which is divisible
by 5. Thus, R is reflexive. 1
Symmetric: Let (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎 – 𝑏 is divisible by 5 ⇒ 𝑏 – 𝑎 isdivisible by
5 Thus, R is symmetric. 1
Transitive: Let (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑏, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑎 – 𝑏 is divisible by 5
and 𝑏 − 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 5 ⇒ 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 5𝜆 … … ..(1) 1
and 𝑏 – 𝑐 = 5µ ……………..(2)
Adding (1) and (2),
(𝑎 − 𝑏) + (𝑏 − 𝑐) = 5(𝜆 + µ)
⇒ 𝑎 – 𝑐 = 5 (𝜆 + µ) 1
⇒ (𝑎, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅
Thus, R is transitive.
Now, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Hence, R is an
(ii) Let ‘x’ be an element of A such that (𝑥, 3) ∈ 𝑅
⇒ x – 3 is divisible by 5
⇒ 𝑥 – 3 = 0, 5, 10, 15 …
⇒ 𝑥 = 3, 8, 13, 18, …
Hence, the set of all elements of A which are related to 3 𝑖𝑠 {3, 8, 13 … … } 1
34 Let ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑎1 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ , ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏1 = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎2 = 2𝑖 ̂
, 𝑏2 = 3𝑖̂ − 5𝑗̂ + 2𝑘
𝑎2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂
𝑎1 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑘 1/2
⃗⃗⃗ 3/2
𝑏1 𝑥𝑏2 = 3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 7𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 1
I𝑏 𝑏2I=√59
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝑏1 ×𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗2 ).(𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 −𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 )
SD = | ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
| 1
I𝑏1 ×𝑏2 I
3−0+7 10 1
=| |=
√59 √59
OR
Equation of line through (3,-4,-5) and (2,-3,1)
𝑥−3 𝑦+4 𝑧+5 𝟏
= = = 𝜇(𝑙𝑒𝑡) 𝟏
−1 1 6 𝟐
Coordinate of any point P on line (– 𝜇 + 3, 𝜇 − 4,6𝜇 − 5) 1
Given that x coordinate of P is 4 𝟏
𝟏
Therefore – 𝜇 + 3 = 4 𝟐
𝜇 = −1 ½
Coordinate of required point P (4,-5,-11) ½
35
1 1 1 𝑥 6 1/2
𝑦
[0 1 3] [ ] = [11]
1 −2 1 𝑧 0
AX = B 1/2
IAI = 9 1
7 −3 2
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ 3 0 −3] 1
−1 3 1
1/2
174
7 −3 2
1 1
𝐴−1 = |𝐴| 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ 3 0 −3]
9
−1 3 1 1/2
½
7 −3 2 6 9 ½
1 1
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝑩 = 9 [ 3 0 −3 11 ] [ ] 𝑋 = 9
[18] X=1 ,y=2 , z=3
−1 3 1 0 27
36 (i) 𝑥𝑦 = 150 1
(ii) f(𝑥) = 156 − 2𝑥 + 450/𝑥 1
(iii) 𝑥 = 15
OR (iii) Length=15 , 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 10 2
37 1
(iv) 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑥𝑦 + 4(𝑥 + 𝑦) 1
2
4
(v) Cost function 𝐶(𝑥) = 70𝑥𝑦 + 45 𝑋 4(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 280 + 180(𝑥 + ) 2
𝑥
(vi) Least cost=1000

(vii) length =2 , width = 2
38 𝑘𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 1
2𝑘𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = {
𝑘(5 − 𝑥), 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 3 𝑜𝑟 4
0 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 4
(i) 𝑃(0) + 𝑃(1) + 𝑃(2) + 𝑃(3) + 𝑃(4) + 𝑃(5) = 1 1
0 + 𝑘 + 4𝑘 + 2𝑘 + 𝑘 + 0 = 1 or 𝑘 = 1/8 1
1
(ii) P(get admission in at least two college)= 𝑃(2) + 𝑃(3) + 𝑃(4) ½
=4𝑘 + 2𝑘 + 𝑘 ½
=7𝑘=7/8
175
Sample Question Paper: 04
CLASS: XII
Session: 2022-23
8. Section A has 18 MCQ’s and 02 Assertion-Reason based questions of 1 mark
each.
12. Section E has 3 sources based / case based / passage based / integrated
units of assessment (4 marks each) with sub parts.
Section A
Multiple Choice Questions
(Each question carries 1 mark)
Q.1. If A is a non-singular matrix of order 3 such that A2=3A, then value of |𝐴|is
(a) -3 (b) 3 (c) 9 (d) 27
∝ −2 |𝐴3 |
Q.2. If for the matrix A=[ ] , = 125, then the value of α is
−2 ∝
(a) ±3 (b) -3 (c) ±1 (d) 1
Q.3. The projection of the vector 𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂ on the vector 2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ .
(a) 1 unit (b) 6 unit (c) 5 units (d) -5 units
𝑒 3𝑥 −𝑒 −5𝑥
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0
Q.4. The value of ‘k’ for which the function 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥 is continuous at x=0
𝑘, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 2 (d) 8
1
Q.5. The anti-derivative of (√𝑥 + ) is
√𝑥
1 1 2
1 2
(a) 3 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑐 (b) 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑐
3
3 1 3 1
2 3 1
(c) 3 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑐 (d) 𝑥3 + 2 𝑥2 + 𝑐
2
Q.6. The order and the degree of the differential equation

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑2 𝑦
+ 3 (𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑑𝑥 2 ) is
𝑑𝑥 2
(b) 2,2 (b) 2,1 (c) both not defined (d) 2, not defined
176
Q.7. The solution set of the inequality 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 > 5 is
(a) half plane that contains the origin
(b) open half plane not containing the origin
(c) whole xy-plane except the points lying on the line 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5
(d) none of these
Q.8. Vector of magnitude 5 units and in the direction opposite to 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂ is
̂
2𝑖̂+3𝑗̂ −6𝑘 ̂
2𝑖̂+3𝑗̂ −6𝑘 ̂
2𝑖̂+3𝑗̂ −6𝑘 ̂
2𝑖̂+3𝑗̂ −6𝑘
(a) 5( ) (b)−5( ) (c) ( ) (d) −( )
7 7 7 7
1 𝑥3
Q.9. The value of ∫−1 𝑑𝑥 is
𝑥 2 +1
1 1
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 5 (d) 5 𝑙𝑜𝑔6
(−𝑖+2𝑗)2
Q10. If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖 𝑗 ] is a 2 × 3 matrix, such that 𝑎𝑖 𝑗 = then 𝑎23 is
5
1 2 9 16
(a) (b) 5 (c) 5 (d) 5
5
Q.11. The corner points of the shaded feasible region for a Linear Programming Problem are
P(0,5),Q(1,5), R(4,2),and (12,0). The minimum value of the objective function Z=2x+5y
occurs at
(a) P (b) Q (c) R (d) S
Q.12. If area of triangle with vertices (3,2), (-1,4) and (6,k) is 7 sq units, then possible value
is/are
(a) 3 (b) -4 (c)-3,4 (d)3,-4
Q.13. If A is a 3 × 3 invertible matrix, then what will be the value of k if
det(A-1)=(det)k
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) -1 (d) 16
Q.14. If A and B are two events with P(A)=0.6 , P(B) = 0.2 , P(A/B)=0.5 , then P(A’/B’) is equal
to :
(a) 1/10 (b) 3/10 (c) 3/8 (d) 6/7
Q.15. Integrating factor for the solution of differential equation (x-y3) dy + y dx=0
(a) 1/y (b) logy (c) y (d) y2
Q.16 If 𝑦 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, then y2 is equal to
(a) -y (b) y (c) 25y (d)9y
Q.17. The value of (𝑖̂ × 𝑗̂). 𝑘̂ + (𝑗̂ × 𝑘̂). 𝑖̂ is:
(a)2 (b)3 (a) -2 (d)-3
1 1 1
Q.18. The direction cosines of a given line are , , , then the value of k is
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
1 1
(a) (b) ± (c) 1 (d) ±√3
√2 √3
177
In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
Reason (R).Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(e) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(f) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(g) A is true but R is false.
(h) A is false but R is true.
Q.19. Assertion (A): sin−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛3) = 3
Reason (R): Principal value of sin−1(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 𝑥
Q.20. Assertion (A): Direction cosines of x-axis are 1,0,0
Reason (R): Numbers l, m, n represent direction –cosines of a line if 𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 = 1 .
SECTION B
This section comprises of very short answer type-questions (VSA) of 2 marks each.
Q.21. Evaluate :
1
tan−1[2cos {2 sin−1 (2)}]
OR
𝑥
Show that the function: 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 , defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +1 for all x in R is not a one-one
function.
𝑥 3
Q.22. Show that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 + 𝑥 decreases in the interval (-3,0)U(0,3).
Q.23. Find a unit vector perpendicular to both the vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗, where 𝑎 = 𝑖̂ − 7𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂ and
𝑏⃗ = 3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂.
OR
Find the direction cosines of the line passing through two points (2,-4,5) and (0,1,-1).
Also find the equation of line.
Q.24 Differentiate:[ log (log(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 5 )]
Q.25. The two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are represented by 2𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ and 2𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ +
5𝑘̂.Find the unit vector parallel to one of its diagonal.
SECTION C
(This section comprises of short answer type-questions (SA) of 3 marks each.)
2𝑥+1
Q.26. Find: ∫ √3+2𝑥−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Q.27. A coin is biased so that the head is 3 times as likely to occur as tail. If the coin is tossed
twice, then find the probability distribution of number of tails.
OR
178
12 cards numbered 1 to 12 (one number on one card) are placed in a box and mixed up
thoroughly. Then a card is drawn at random from the box. If it is known that the number
on the drawn card is greater than 5, find the probability that the card bears an odd
number.
𝜋 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
Q.28. Evaluate ∫0 𝑑𝑥
sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥
OR
3/2
Evaluate ∫0 |𝑥 sin 𝜋𝑥|𝑑𝑥
Q.29. Find the particular solution of the differential equation
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
− + cosec( ) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1
OR
Solve the differential equation
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦
− = 𝑥2 + 2
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2
Q.30. Solve the following linear programming problem graphically:
Maximize Z = 25x+15y
Subject to constraints
2x + y ≤ 12; 3x + 2y ≤ 20; x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
Q.31. Find ∫(√𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + √𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
SECTION D
(This section comprises of long answer type-questions (LA) of 5 marks each.)
Q.32. Draw a rough sketch of the curve 𝑦 = |𝑥 − 3|. Find the area under the curve and lines
𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 4
Q33. Show that the relation in the set 𝐴 = {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝑊, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12} given by 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): (𝑎 −
𝑏)𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 4} is an equivalence relation. Also find the set of all elements related
to 2.
OR
Let T be the set of all triangles in a plane with R , a relation in T given by :
R={(T1,T2) : T1 is congruent to T2}. Show that R is an equivalence relation.
Q.34. Find the shortest distance between the lines:
𝑟 = 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ + 𝜆(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂)
and 𝑟 = 5𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + µ(3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂)
If the lines intersect, find their point of intersection.
179
OR
Find the co-ordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point A(1,8,4) to
the line joining B(0,-1,3) and C(2,-3,-1).
5 −1 4
Q.35. If = [2 3 5] , find A-1 and use it to solve the following system of equations :
5 −2 6
5x-y+4z=5 , 2x+3y+5z=2, 5x-2y+6z=-1
SECTION E
(This section comprises of 3 case study/passage based questions of 4 marks each with 2
sub-parts. First two case study questions have three sub-parts (i), (ii), (iii) of marks 1, 1, 2
respectively. The third case study question has two sub-parts of 2 marks each.)
With the increasing demand for sanitizers, demand for their packing bottles also
increased. A manufacturer wants to make cylindrical bottles of capacity of 220 ml.
(i) What will be the height of the cylindrical bottle whose radius of the base
is 2√7 units?
(ii) What should be the radius of the base of cylindrical bottle so that the
surface area of bottle is minimum?
(iii) What should be the height of cylindrical bottle so that the surface area of
bottle is minimum?
Or
What is the minimum surface area of the bottle?
An architect designs a building for a multi-national company. The floor consists of a
rectangle region with semi-circular ends having a perimeter of 200 m.
180
(i) If x and y represent the length and breadth of rectangular region , then How
can be the area of the rectangular region A be expressed as function of x ?
(ii) What is the maximum value of area A?
(iii) The CEO of the company is interested in maximizing the area of the whole
floor including the semi-circular ends. For this, what should be the value of
x?
Or
What is the extra area generated if the area of the whole floor is maximized?
Q.38 Case-Study 3: Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
A shopkeeper sells three types of flower seeds A1,A2,A3. They are sold in the form of
mixture, where the proportions of the seeds are 4:4:2, respectively. The germination rates of the
three types of seeds are 45%, 60 % and 35% respectively.
(i) Calculate the probability that a randomly chosen seed will germinate.
(ii) Calculate the probability that the seed is of type A2, given that a
randomly chosen seed germinates.
--------------------
181
SOLUTION
Q. No. Answer Hint/Solution
1 (b) |𝐴2 | = 3|𝐴| , |𝐴| |𝐴| = 3|𝐴|, |𝐴| = 3
2 (a) |𝐴𝑛 | = |𝐴|𝑛 , 125=(α2-4)3
3 (c) 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ = 35
⃗
𝑎⃗.𝑏 35
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑜𝑛 𝑏⃗ = |𝑏⃗| = 7 = 5
Projection of 𝑎
4 (d) LHL at x=0 is 8 ; RHL at x=0 is k.

5 (c) Apply ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥 𝑛+1
+𝑐
𝑛+1
6 (d) Order=2 and degree is not defined.

7 (b) 4(0)+2(0)>5 is not true
8 (b) Required vector= −5(
̂
2𝑖̂+3𝑗̂ −6𝑘
)
7
9 (a) Odd function property, I=0

10 (d) (−2 + 6)2
𝑎23 =
5
11 (c) Put the values in Z
12 (d) 1 3 2 1
|−1 4 1| = ±7
2
6 𝑘 1
13 (c) 1
= (|𝐴|)𝑘 gives k+1=0
|𝐴|
14 (c) P(A’/B’)=
𝑃(𝐴′ ∩𝐵′ )
=
1−𝑃(𝐴∪𝐵)
𝑃(𝐵′ ) 1−𝑃(𝐵)
15 (c) 1
∫𝑦𝑑𝑦
IF=𝑒 =y
16 (a) y1=5cosx-3sinx, y2=-5sinx-3cosx=-y
17 (a) (𝑖̂ × 𝑗̂). 𝑘̂ + (𝑗̂ × 𝑘̂). 𝑖̂ = 𝑘.
̂ 𝑘̂ + 𝑖̂. 𝑖 = 1 + 1 = 2
18 (d) 1 1 1
+ + =1
𝑘2 𝑘2 𝑘2
19 (d) Since 3=1710 , therefore sin−1(𝑠𝑖𝑛3) ≠ 3
20 (a) 12 + 02 + 02 = 1
SECTION B
Q.21 1
Put sin−1 ( 2) = 𝜋/6 and use cos(π/3)=1/2 and get the final answer : π/4
OR
182
2≠1/2 , but f(2)=f(1/2)=2/5 , f is not one-one.
Q.22. 1 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3 − 𝑥 2 and use 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0
Q.23. 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = 0𝑖̂ + 19𝑗̂ + 19𝑘̂

|𝑎 × 𝑏⃗| = 19√2
1 1
Required unit vector = 𝑗̂ +
√2 √2
OR
Direction ratios =0-2 , 1+4 , -1-5 i.e. -2,5,-6
−2 5 −6
Direction cosines= , ,
√65 √65 √65
𝑥−2 𝑦+4 𝑧−5
Equation of line : = =
−2 5 −6
Q.24. Apply chain rule and get final Answer = 𝑥(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 5 )log (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 5)
5
Q.25. Sum of both given vectors =3𝑖̂ − 6𝑗̂ + 8𝑘̂ and its magnitude=√109
̂
3𝑖̂−6𝑗̂ +8𝑘
Required Vector=( )
√109
Q.26. 𝑑
Let 2𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴 𝑑𝑥 (3 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) + 𝐵 Finding A=-1 and B=3
(2−2𝑥) 1
Getting I=− ∫ √3+2𝑥−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ √3+2𝑥−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 and calculation
𝑥−1
Final answer=−2√3 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 +3sin−1 ( )+𝑐
2
Q.27. Let X be the random variable which denotes the number of tails when a
biased coin is tossed twice. So x may have values 0,1 or 2.
P(H)=3/4 and P(T)= 1/4
P(X=0)=9/16 ; P(X=1)=3/8 ; P(X=2)=1/16
OR
A: card bears an odd number
B: Number on the card greater than 5
3/12
A∩B={7,9,11} Hence P(A/B)=7/12 = 3/7 Ans
Q.28. 𝜋
I=∫0
𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥 ……..(i)
sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥
𝜋 (𝜋−𝑥) tan (𝜋−𝑥) 𝜋 (𝜋−𝑥) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
I= ∫0 sec(𝜋−𝑥)+tan(𝜋−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥=∫0 sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥………(ii)(using property)
𝜋 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
Adding (i) and (ii), 2I=π∫0 sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
For calculation and applying the limits
𝜋
Final answer = 2 (𝜋 − 2)
OR
1 3/2 1 3/2
𝐼 = ∫0 |𝑥 sin 𝜋𝑥|𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 |𝑥 sin 𝜋𝑥|𝑑𝑥=∫0 𝑥 sin 𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫1 𝑥 sin 𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Integration and calculations
2 1
= + 2 Ans
𝜋 𝜋
Q.29. Given differential equation is a homogeneous differential equation.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
On putting 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ,we get the equation
𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑣𝑑𝑣 = −
𝑥
𝑦
On solving this equation , we finally get cos (𝑥 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥| − 𝑐
By putting y=0 and x=0 , we get the particular solution
183
𝑦
cos ( ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥| + 1
𝑥
OR
𝑑𝑦
This is the linear differential equation of the form 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄
−2𝑥
Where P=1+𝑥 2 and Q=𝑥 2 + 2
1
For finding IF=𝑥 2 +1
Solution of given diff equation
1 1
𝑦. (𝑥 2 +1) = ∫(𝑥 2 + 2) (𝑥 2 +1) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 and calculation
Final answer , 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1) + tan−1 𝑥. (𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝑐(𝑥 2 + 1)
Q.30.
We notice that shaded portion is feasible
solution.
Possible points for maximum Z are A(6, 0), B(4,
4), C(0, 10)
Z is maximum at
B(4, 4), i.e. x = 4, y = 4.
Q.31 I= ∫(√𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + √𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥
√𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
Put √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥=t and solve by substitution method
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥−1
Final Ans √2 tan−1( )+𝑐
√2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
Q.32. For the correct rough sketch.
It is an absolute function. Therefore it
makes two straight lines, which is defines
𝑥 − 3, 𝑥 ≥ 3
as 𝑦 = {
3−𝑥, 𝑥 <3
3
The area of bounded region =∫0 (3 −
4
𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫3 (𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥
Solving the above integration.
Required area = 5sq units
Q.33. For reflexive, a-a=0 is multiple of 4, true for all a in A.
For symmetric ,if a-b is multiple of 4 then b-a is also multiple of 4
For transitive, if (a-b) and (b-c) is multiple of 4 then their sum (a-b)+(b-
c) = a-c is also multiple of 4.
[2]={2,6,10}
OR
Reflexive: Every triangle is congruent to itself.
Symmetric:T1 is congruent to T2 then T2 is also congruent to T1
Transitive: T1 is congruent to T2 then T2 is congruent to T3 , then T1 is
congruent to T3
R is Reflexive, Symmetric and Transitive relation, hence R is an
Equivalence relation
Q.34 ̂ − 2𝑗̂ , ⃗⃗⃗
𝑎2 − 𝑎⃗⃗⃗1 = 5𝑖
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2 = 0
184
Therefore lines are intersecting. Shortest distance is 0.
Point of intersection =(-1,-6,-12)
OR
Direction ratios of BC are =1,-1,-2
Any point on BC , which divides BC in the ratio k:1 is
2𝑘 − 1 −3𝑘 − 1 −𝑘 + 3
( , , )
𝑘+1 𝑘+1 𝑘+1
If M is foot of perpendicular , then direction ratios of AM

2𝑘 − 1 −3𝑘 − 1 −𝑘 + 3
− 1, − 8, −4
𝑘+1 𝑘+1 𝑘+1
Use the perpendicular condition and get k=-5/11
Required point =(-5/3, 2/3, 19/3)
Q.35. 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 1
28 −2 −17
A-1= = [
|𝐴| 51
13 10 −17]
−19 5 17
Get the given equations in Matrix form
5 −1 4 𝑥 5
𝑦
[2 3 5 ] [ ] = [ 2 ] Finally get x=3, y=2, z=-2
5 −2 6 𝑧 −1
Q36. (a) Here πr2h=220 gives h=2.5 units when r=2√7 units.
𝑑𝑆 3
(b) For minimum surface area , 𝑑𝑟 = 0 , gives 𝑟 = √35 units
220 3 3
(𝑐) ℎ = at 𝑟 = √35 units gives ℎ = √35 units
𝜋𝑟 2
OR
3
Get the minimum surface area of the bottle by using 𝑟 = √35
3
units and ℎ = √35 units
Q. 37. (i) Area A =xy=𝑥 (
200−2𝑥 2
) = 𝜋 (100𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )
𝜋
𝑑𝐴 2
(ii) For Max A , 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 (100 − 2𝑥) = 0, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 50
Maximum area at x=50 is 5000/π m2
200−2𝑥
(iii)Here A=xy+π(y/2)2 , y=( 𝜋 )
1
A=𝜋 (−2𝑥)
For Max A , dA/dx =0 gives x=0m
OR
𝜋𝑦 2
From Part (ii) and (iii) , if x=0 , then area = 4
𝜋𝑦 2
Also whole area = 4
Here, no changes as both areas are equal.
Q.38. (i) P(A1)=4/10, P(A2)=4/10 , P(A3)=2/10
P(G/ A1)=45, P(G/ A2)=60/100, P(G/ A3)=35/100
P(G)= P(A1) P(G/ A1)+ P(A2) P(G/ A2)+ P(A3) P(G/ A3)=0.49
(ii) By Bayes’ Theorem
𝐺
𝑃(𝐴2 )𝑃( ) 24
𝐴2
P(A2/G)= G G G = 49
P(A1)P( A1)+ P(A2)P( A2)+ P(A3)P( A3)
185
CLASS: XII
Session: 2022-23
Time Allowed: 3 hours Maximum

Marks: 80
2. Section A has 18 MCQ’s and 02 Assertion-Reason based questions of 1 mark each.
assessment
SECTION A
1 What is the value of a12 in a matrix of order 2X2 whose elements are given by
aij = 2i − j .
(a) 0 (b) -1 (c) 2 (d) 1

2 3 2
If A=   , then A(adj A)=
1 4 
10 0 1 0 3 0  3 2
(A )   (B)   (C)   (D)  
0 10  0 1 0 4  1 4 
3 If  is the angle between a and b then 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ =
(A) ax b = (a • b) tan  (B) ax b = (a • b) cos 
(C) ax b = (a • b) (D) ax b = (a • b) sin 

4 4−𝑥 2
The function f(x) = 4𝑥−𝑥 3 is :
(a) Discontinuous at exactly two points (b) Discontinuous at only one
(c) Discontinuous at exactly three points (d) None of these
5 𝑑
If 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 6 such that f(0) = 3 then f(x) is :
(a) x4 -6x – 3 (b) x4 -6x + 3 (c) x4 +6x – 3 (d) x4 + 6x + 3
6 The order and degree of the differential equation 𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 +

𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 are
𝑑𝑥
(a) 1,1 (b) 2,1 (c) 1,2 (d) 1,not defined
7 Inequation y – x ≤ 0 represents
186
(a) The half plane that contains the positive X-axis
(b)Closed half plane above the line y = x, which contains positive Y-axis
(c)Half plane that contains the negative X-axis
(d)None of these
8 If 𝑎 is a non zero vector of magnitude a and 𝜇 is a non zero scalar, then 𝜇𝑎 is a
unit vector if
1
(a) 𝜇 =1 (b) 𝜇 = -1 (c) a = |𝜇| (d) a = |𝜇|
9 If ∫ sec²(7 – 4x)dx = a tan (7 – 4x) + C, then value of a is
(a) 7 (b) –4 (c) 3 (d) −1/4
10 If A is 3 × 3 square matrix such that A (adj A) = 2I, where I is the identity
matrix, Then the value of |𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴| is
(a) 4 (b) -4 (C) 0 (d)none of these
11 The optimal value of the objective function is attained at the points........
(a) given by intersection of inequations with the axes only
(b) given by intersection of inequations with X- axis only
(c) given by corner points of the feasible region
(d)None of these
12 Given that A is a non-singular matrix of order 3 such that A2 = 2A,then value of
|2A| is:
4 (b)8 (c)64 (d)16
13 If A is a square matrix of order 3 × 3 such that |𝐴| = 2, then the valueof |𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗
𝐴)| is
(a)-16 (b)16 (c)0 (d)2
14 If a die is thrown and a card is selected at random from a deck of 52 playing
cards. The probability of getting an even number on the die and a spade card i
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/8 (c) 1/4 (d) 1/16
15 The integrating factor of the differential equation
𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥) + 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥, is given by
𝑑𝑥
(a) log(log x) (b) 𝑒 𝑥 (c)log x (d)x
16 If f(x) = loge(logex), then derivative of f(x) at x = e is:
(a) 1 (b) e (c) 0 (d) 1/e
17 If | a + b | = | a − b | , then find angle between a and b (a  0, b  0) ,
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(a) 2 (b) 6 (c) − 2 (d) 0
18 Find the equation ofthe line which passes through the point (1,2,3)and is
parallel to the vector 3i + 2j − 2k
x −1 y − 2 z − 3 x −1 y − 2 z − 3
a) = = b) = =
3 2 −2 1 2 3
x −3 y −2 z +3 x −3 y −2 z + 2
c) = = d) = =
3 2 −2 1 2 3
187
In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement
of Reason (R). Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(III) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(IV) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(V) A is true but R is false.
(VI) A is false but R is true.
𝜋 𝜋
19 Assertion (A) Range of sin−1 𝑥 is [− 2 , 2 ]
Reason (R) Domain of sin−1 𝑥 is 𝑅

20 (i) Assertion (A) If ABCD is a parallelogram and AC and BD are its diagonals,
then ⃗𝐴⃗⃗⃗⃗𝐶 + 𝐵𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗
(ii) Reason(R) If ABCD is a parallelogram and AC and BD are its diagonals,

⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐵𝐶
then 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐴𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐵𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗
SECTION B
This section comprises of very short answer type-questions (VSA) of 2 marks
each
21 Find the value of 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐(𝐬𝐞𝐜−𝟏 𝟐) + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐(𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜−𝟏 𝟑)
OR
Show that the function f : N → N given by f(x) = 2x is one-one but notonto
22 Find the values of x for which y=[x(x-2)]2is an increasing function.
23    
Write the projection of vector i + j + k along with the vector j .

OR
Three vectors a⃗, b ⃗ and c satisfy the condition a⃗ + b
⃗ + c = ⃗0, evaluate the quantity μ =
a⃗ . ⃗b + ⃗b. c + c. a⃗ , if |a⃗| = 1, |b
⃗ | = 4, |c| = 2
24 If 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎 + 𝑦) with 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 ≠ ±1 prove that
𝑑𝑦
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (𝑎+𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎
25 If │ a │ = 3, │ b │ = 4 and a . b = 9, find │ a X b │.
SECTION C
(This section comprises of short answer type questions (SA) of 3 marks each)
26 3x + 2
Evaluate  dx .
( x − 1)(2 x + 3)
27 Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls and Bag II contains 4 red and 5 black balls.One
ball is transferred from Bag I to Bag II and then a ball is drawn from Bag II . The ball
is so drawn is found to be red in colour. Find the probability that the transferred ball
is black.
OR
Find the probability distribution of the number of heads when three coins are
tossed.
28 Evaluate: ∫0
𝜋 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥+𝑏 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
OR
5
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ |𝑥 + 2| 𝑑𝑥
−5
29 𝑑𝑦
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
188
OR
Find the particular solution of the differential equation
𝑑𝑦
= 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦, given that y=0 when x=1.
𝑑𝑥
30 Solve the following problem graphically:
Minimise and Maximise Z = 3x + 9y
Subject to the constraints: x + 3y ≤ 60;
x + y ≥ 10;
x ≤ y; x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
31 Find ∫
𝑥+3
𝑑𝑥
√5−4𝑥−𝑥 2
SECTION D
(This section comprises of long answer-type questions (LA) of 5 marks each)
32 Using integration find the area of region bounded by the triangle Whose vertices are
A (1,0) ,B(2,2) and C(3,1).
33 Let A= { 1,2,3,4……,9} and R be a relation in 𝐴 × 𝐴 defined by (a,b)R(c,d) if a+d=b+c

and (a,b) , (c,d) in 𝐴 × 𝐴. Prove that R is an equivalence relation. Also obtain the
equivalence class [(2,5)].
OR
Check whether the relation R on the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} as R = {(a, b) : b = a + 1} is
Reflexive, Symmetric or Transitive
34 Find the shortest distance between the lines:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
r = i + j − k +  3 i − j and r = 4 i − k +  2 i + 3k . OR
𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
Find the image of the point (1,6, 3) in the line 1 = 2 = 3 .
35 Using matrix method, solve the following system of linear equations:
2𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑧 = 4, 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2.
SECTION E
This section comprises of 3 case-study/passage-based questions of 4 marks

each with sub part. First two case study questions have three sub parts (i),
(ii), (iii) of marks 1, 1, 2 respectively. The third case study question has two
sub parts of 2 marks each.)
36 An open box is to be made out of a piece of cardboard measuring 24 cmX 24 cm by

cutting of equal squares from the corners and turning up the sides
189
(i) Find the volume of the open box
(ii) Find the value of x when volume is maximum.
(iii) Find maximum volume of box.
OR
(iii) Find the area of cut parts when volume is maximum
37
A company which is located in Surat, Gujarat is manufacturing toys for the kids. If
P(x) = -5x2 +125x + 37500 is the total profit function of a company, where x is the
production of the company.
Based on above information, answer the following questions:
(i)What will be the production when the profit is maximum ?

(ii)When the production is 2 units what will be the profit of the company?
(iii) Check in which interval the profit is increasing
OR
(iii)What will be the maximum profit?
38
A company has two plants which manufacture scooters. Plant I manufacture 80% of
the scooters while Plant II manufactures 20% of the scooters. At Plant I, 85 out of 100
scooters are rated as being of standard quality, while at Plant II only 65 out of 100
scooters are rated as being of standard quality. If a scooter is of standard quality,
(i) What is the probability that it come from Plant I
(ii) What is the probability that it come from Plant II
190
QN SOLUTION
1 A
2 A
3 A
4 C
5 B
6 C
7 A
8 D
9 D
10 A
11 C
12 C
13 B
14 B
15 C
16 D
17 A
18 A
19 C
20 A
21 LHS= sec2 (tan–1 2) + cosec2 (cot–1 3) = 1 + tan2 (tan–1 2) + 1 + cot2 (cot–1 3)
= 1 + {tan (tan–1 2)}2 + 1 + {cot (cot–1 3)}2 = 1 + (2)2 + 1 + (3)2 = 15
OR
Let 𝑥1, x2 ∈ N. Now, f( 𝑥1) = f (𝑥2) ⇒ 2 𝑥1 = 2 𝑥2 ⇒ 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 ⇒ f is one-
one. Now, f is not onto. ∵ for 1 ∈ N, there does not exist any x ∈ Nsuch that f(x) = 2x = 1.
Hence, f is one-one but not onto
22 We have,
23 Use formula of projection

Answer 1
OR
2
Given 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 = ⃗0, 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 ) = ⃗02 ⇒ 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 +
2(𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ + 𝑏⃗. 𝑐 + 𝑐. 𝑎) = 0
21
⇒ 1 + 16 + 4 + 2(𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ + 𝑏⃗ . 𝑐 + 𝑐 . 𝑎 ) = 0 ⇒ (𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ + 𝑏⃗. 𝑐 + 𝑐 . 𝑎) = − 2
191
24
Then, equation (1) reduces to
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑑𝑦
{ . sin(𝑎 + 𝑦) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦] = cos(𝑎 + 𝑦)
cos(𝑎 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
{cosy. sin(a + y) − siny. cos(a + y} . = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑎 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (𝑎+𝑦)
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑦 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑎 + 𝑦)  𝑑𝑥 = Hence proved
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎
25 3 √7
𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ = 𝑎𝑏 cos 𝜃 ⇒ 9 = 3 × 4 cos 𝜃 ⇒ cos 𝜃 = ⇒ sin 𝜃 = , |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗| = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃
4 4
√7
=3×4× = 3√7
4
26 3x + 2 A B
= + 3x+2=A(2x+3)+B(x-1)  A=1 B=1
( x − 1)(2 x + 3) x − 1 2 x + 3
dx dx 1
I=  x −1 +  2x + 3  log x − 1 + log 2 x + 3 + c
2
27 E1 - Red ball is drawn from Bag I and E2 - Black ball is drawn from Bag II
E=drawn ball is red
P(E1)=3/7 P(E2)=4/7 P(E/E1 )= 1/2 P(E/E2 )= 2/5
𝐸2 𝑃(𝐸/𝐸2 ) 𝑃(𝐸2)
𝑃( ) =
𝐸 𝑃(𝐸/𝐸1 ) 𝑃(𝐸1) + 𝑃(𝐸/𝐸2 ) 𝑃(𝐸2)
=16/31
OR
S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT} → Total outcomes are 8.
Because number of heads may be 0, 1, 2 or 3 , therefore X = 0, 1, 2, 3
192
P(X=0) = means probability of not getting any head = P(TTT) = 1/8
P(X=1) = means probability of getting exactly one head = P(HTT, THT, TTH) = 3/8
P(X=2) = means probability of getting exactly two heads = P(HHT, HTH, THH) = 3/8
P(X=3) = means probability of getting three heads = P(HHH) = 1/8
Therefore, probability distribution is
X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8
28 I=: ∫0
𝜋 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = ∫0
𝜋 (𝜋−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥+𝑏 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (𝜋−𝑥)+𝑏 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜋−𝑥)
𝜋 𝑑𝑥 𝜋2
2I=: 𝜋 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 Calculation Answer : 2𝑎𝑏
𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥+𝑏 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
OR
−2 5
−2 5 𝑥2 𝑥2
∫−5 −(𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥 + ∫−2(𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥 = - [ 2 + 2𝑥] + [ 2 + 2𝑥] = 29
−5 −2
29 dy
GivenD. E. x + y = x log x ; Divide by x, weget,
dx
dy 1 dy 1
+ y = log x (It is oftheform + p(x)y = q(x)wherehp(x) = and q(x) = log x)
dx x dx x
1
∫ pdx = ∫ dx = log x ⇒ I. F = e∫ pdx = elog x = x
x
Gen. Sol: y. (I. F) = ∫ Q(x). (I. F)dx + c
x2 x2 1
y. x = ∫ x log x dx + c = log x . −∫ dx + c
2 2 x
x 2 log x 1
= − ∫ xdx + c
2 2
x 2 log x x 2
xy = − + c ⇒ Gen. Sol: 4xy = 2x 2 log x − x 2 + C
2 4
OR
dy/dx= 1+x+y+xy =1(1+x)+y(1+x) =(1+x)(1+y)
dy/1+y= ( 1 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
integrating both sides , we get log|1+y|= x+x2/2+c

given that y=0, when x=1 log|1+0|=1+1/2+c c=-3/2
substituting value of c ,we get log|1+x|= x+x2/2-3/2 is the required solution.

30 The equations of the lines corresponding to the given linear constraints are (x + 3y = 60), (x
+ y = 10) and (x = y).
Following graph contains the lines and the feasible region for each of the above equations:
193
31 𝑑
here x+3=A𝑑𝑥 (5 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) + 𝐵 = 𝐴(−4 − 2𝑥) + 𝐵 ⇒ −4𝐴 + 𝐵 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 2𝐴 = 1 ⇒ 𝐴 =
1 𝑥+3 −1 (−4−2𝑥) 1 𝐼
− 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 1 so∫ √5−4𝑥−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 =∫ 𝑑𝑥+∫ 𝑑𝑥=- 21 + 𝐼2 Therefore 𝐼1 =
2 √5−4𝑥−𝑥 2 √5−4𝑥−𝑥 2
−1 (−4−2𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥=
2 √5−4𝑥−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑡 1 1
∫ −1 √𝑡 = −2√𝑡+c = -2√5 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐1 and 𝐼2 = ∫ √5−4𝑥−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 = +∫
√9−(𝑥+2)2
𝑑𝑥 put x+2=t
then
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 𝑥+2
dx=dt ⇒ 𝐼2 = ∫ √32 = sin−1 (3) + 𝑐2 = sin−1 + 𝑐2 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
−𝑡 2 3
𝑥+3 𝑥+2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = −√5 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐1 + sin−1 + 𝑐2
√5 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 3
32 Ans Equation of AB is given as y=2x-2 eq of BC is y=4-x and eq of CA is y=

𝑥−1
2
3
2 3 3 (𝑥−1) 𝑥2
Area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = ∫1 (2𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫2 (4 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫1 𝑑𝑥= ][𝑥 2 − 2𝑥]12 +[4𝑥 − ] -
2 2 2
3
1 𝑥2
[ − 𝑥] =3/2
2 2 1
194
33 Write definition of Equivalence relation.
For proving reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
Equivalence class [ (1,4),(2,5),(3,6),(4,7),(5,8),(6,9)]
OR
Reflexive – Since a ≠ a + 1 => (a, a) ∉ R => R is not reflexive.
Symmetric – For a = 1 and b = 2, 2 = 1 + 1 => (1, 2) ϵ R but 1 ≠ 2 + 1 => (2, 1) ∉ R => R
is not symmetric.
Transitive – For a = 1, b= 2 and c = 3, we have 2 = 1 + 1 and 3 = 2 + 1 but 3 ≠ 1 + 1
=> R is not transitive
34 → → → → → → →
a1 = i + j − k b1 = 3 i − j
→ → → → → →
a2 = 4 i − k b2 = 2 i + 3 k
→ → → →
(a − a1) • (b  b2) → → → →
S.D = 2
→ →
1
a2− a1 = 3 i − j
(b  b )1 2
→ → →
i j k
→ → → → → → →
b1 b2 = 3 − 1 0 = −3 i − 9 j + 2 k b1 b2 = 94 .
2 0 3
→ → → → →
S.D = (3 i − j ) • ( − 3 i − 9 j + 2 k ) / 94
OR
Given point is P (1,6,3). Let the foot of perpendicular drawn from the point P on the line be Q
and the image of point P in the given line be I(α, β, γ).
x y−1 z−2
Equation of line is 1 = 2 = 3 = λ ⇒ General point (say Q) = (λ, 2λ + 1,3λ + 2)
⇒ d. r.′ s of PQ are λ − 1, 2λ + 1 − 6, 3λ + 2 − 3 = λ − 1, 2λ − 5, 3λ − 1
∵ PQ is perpendicular to the given line whose d. r.′ s are 1, 2, 3
∴ using condition of perpendicularity a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2 = 0
⇒ (1)(λ − 1) + (2)(2λ − 5) + (3)(3λ − 1) = 0
⇒ λ − 1 + 4λ − 10 + 9λ − 3 = 0 ⇒ 14λ = 14 ⇒ λ = 1 put this value in Q
Q = (1, 3, 5), now using the mid point formula, we can find the image I = (1,0,7)
195
35 1 2 1

Let A = 1 − 1 − 1 A = -10
1 − 3 1 
− 4 1 − 1  − 4 1 − 1
−1 
adjA = − 2 0 − 2 −1
A =  − 2 0 2  X = A −1 B
10
− 2 − 5 − 3 − 2 5 − 3
9
− 4 1 − 1  4  − 18 5
−1  −1  2
=  − 2 0 2  0 
  X=  − 4  =  
10 10 5
− 2 5 − 3 2 − 14 7
 5 
36
(i)4x3-96x2+576x
(ii)4
(iii)1024 OR 64
37 (i)12.5
(ii) 37370
(iii) (0, 12.5) OR Rs 38281.25
38 Let A and B denotes the scooters manufactured in Plant I and Plant II respectively , then
Probability P(A) = 80/100 = 0.8 & P(B) = 20/100 = 0.2
Let X represent the event that scooter manufactured is of standard quality , then P(X/A) =
85/100 = 0.85 & P(X/B) = 65/100 = 0.65 .
(i) Applying Baye’s Theorem , the probability of selected scooter is of standard quality
produced by Plant I
P(A/X) = [P(A) P(X/A)] / [P(A)P(X/A) + P(B)P(X/B)]
= [0.8×0.85]/[(0.8 ×0.85) + (0.2×0.65)]
= 0.68/(0.68 + 0.13) = 0.68/0.81 = 68/81 = 0.84
(ii)1-0.84=0.16
196

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1

केन्द्रीय विद्यालय संगठन

Unit-I: Relations and Functions

Unit-IV: Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry

Unit-V: Linear Programming

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

*Equivalence Class of an element: Let R be an equivalence relation in set A then

Total number of functions from A to B = qp.

⇒𝑥=𝑦 ⇒ 𝑓 is one one

(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 0 ⟹ (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥𝑦 − 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1/𝑦.Hence the function is not one

𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 .Hence f is not onto

(A) R (B) [0, 1] (C) (0, 1] (D) [0, 1)

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS

In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason

Q3. Assertion: A relation R={(x, y):|x−y|=0}defined on the set A = {3, 5, 7} is symmetric.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

Q.6 Let A = (x∈Z:0≤x≤12}. Show that R ={(a, b):a, b ∈A ;|a–b| is divisible by 4} is an

Q.3 If(a, b)R (c, d)then a + d=b + c

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Some important properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

is the principal value branch of sin-1𝑥).

principal value branch of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥.

= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√3) = 𝜋⁄3.

3+√5 3−√5 −3+√5 −3−√5

(a) 3 (b) 8 (c) 6 (d) 9

Q8. The value of 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 3) 𝑖𝑠:

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS

In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason

ASSERTION AND REASON BASED QUESTIONS

𝑎𝑖𝑗 element of matrix A, is called the adjoint of matrix 𝐴.

*System of Linear Equations :

∴ A-1(A3 − 6A2 + 5A + 11I ) =A-1(O) ⇒A2-6A+5A-1A +11A-1 =O

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Solve the following system of equations by matrix method:

2. Using matrices, solve the system of equations:

CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY

lim f ( x ) = lim f (1 + h ) = lim 3a (1 + h ) + b = 3a + b

lim f ( x ) = lim f (3 − h ) = lim a (3 − h ) + 1 = 3a + 1

lim f ( x ) = lim f (3 + h ) = lim b(3 + h ) + 3 = 3b + 3

Q.5 If y = (log e x )x + x log e x find

= e x log (log e x ) + elog e x. log e x

Sol. We have, 𝑥 = 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃, 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃

(a) 25y (b) 5y

sin 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑎+𝑦)

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

16. If y = (log e x )x + x log e x find

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1 log sin y + y tan x

(or f ′(x0)) represents the rate of change of y with respect to x at x = x0.

(i) Increasing Function: A function 𝑓(𝑥) is an increasing function in an interval

(1, 2) 𝑥 = 1.5 ( + )( – )( – ) = ( – ) < 0 decreasing

Therefore, f(x) is increasing in (– ∞, 1)U(2, ∞) and decreasing in (1, 2)

Sol. Given l2 = r 2 + h 2 ...(i)

Sol. Let P(x) be the profit function.

1 The function f(x) = sin x is decreasing in

a) -9/4 b) 2/9 c) -3/4 d) ¾

ASSERSION REASON BASED QUESTIONS