A PROJECT REPORT ON

SOIL TESTING AND CLASSIFICATION FOR THE

PURPOSE OF CULTIVATION USING M.L

SUBMITTED TO

MIT SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, LONI, PUNE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(Computer Science & Engineering)

BY

VAIDEHI GADE MITU19BTCS0094

SUCHI KUMARI MITU19BTCS0032
HARSH AHUJA MITU19BTCS0037
SAGAR MITU19BTCS0028

Under the guidance of

Prof.SWAPNIL PATIL

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

MIT School of Engineering

MIT Art, Design and Technology University
Rajbaug Campus, Loni-Kalbhor, Pune 412201

2022- 23
 MIT SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
MIT ART, DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY,
RAJBAUG CAMPUS, LONI-KALBHOR, PUNE 412201

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled

“SOIL TESTING AND CLASSIFICATION FOR THE PURPOSE OF

CULTIVATION USING M.L”

Submitted by

VAIDEHI GADE MITU19BTCS0094

SUCHI KUMARI MITU19BTCS0032
HARSH AHUJA MITU19BTCS0037
SAGAR MITU19BTCS0028

is a bonafide work carried out by them under the supervision of Prof. Swapnil
Patil and it is submitted towards the partial fulfilment of the requirement of MIT
ADT University, Pune for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology
(Computer Science and Engineering)

Prof. Swapnil Patil Dr.Sharaddha Phansalkar

Guide Head of Department

Prof. Ganesh Pathak Dr. Rajneesh Kaur Sachdeo

Head of Department Director

Place: PUNE
Date: 1/12/2022

MITSOE, Department of Computer Engineering, 2022-23 1

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project report entitled

“SOIL TESTING AND CLASSIFICATION FOR THE PURPOSE OF

CULTIVATION USING M.L”

Submitted by

VAIDEHI GADE MITU19BTCS0094

is a bonafide work carried out by her under the supervision of Mr. Swapnil Patil
and has been completed successfully.

(Designation)
External Guide
Seal/Stamp of the Company/College

Place : PUNE
Date : 1/12/2022

MITSOE, Department of Computer Engineering, 2022-23 2

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project report entitled

“SOIL TESTING AND CLASSIFICATION FOR THE PURPOSE OF

CULTIVATION USING M.L”

Submitted by

SUCHI KUMARI MITU19BTCS0032

is a bonafide work carried out by her under the supervision of Mr. Swapnil Patil
and has been completed successfully.

(Designation)
External Guide
Seal/Stamp of the Company/College

Place : PUNE
Date : 1/12/2022

MITSOE, Department of Computer Engineering, 2022-23 3

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project report entitled

“SOIL TESTING AND CLASSIFICATION FOR THE PURPOSE OF

CULTIVATION USING M.L”

Submitted by

HARSH AHUJA MITU19BTCS0037

is a bonafide work carried out by him under the supervision of Mr. Swapnil Patil
and has been completed successfully.

(Designation)
External Guide
Seal/Stamp of the Company/College

Place : PUNE
Date :1/12/2022

MITSOE, Department of Computer Engineering, 2022-23 4

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project report entitled

“SOIL TESTING AND CLASSIFICATION FOR THE PURPOSE OF

CULTIVATION USING M.L”

Submitted by

SAGAR MITU19BTCS0028

is a bonafide work carried out by him under the supervision of Mr Swapnil Patil
and has been completed successfully.

(Designation)
External Guide
Seal/Stamp of the Company/College

Place : PUNE
Date : 1/12/2022

MITSOE, Department of Computer Engineering, 2022-23 5

 DECLARATION

We, the team members

Name Enrollment No
Vaidehi Gade (MITU19BTCS0094)
Suchi Kumari (MITU19BTCS0032)
Harsh Ahuja (MITU19BTCS0037)
Sagar (MITU19BTCS0028)

Hereby declare that the project work incorporated in the present project entitled
“SOIL TESTING AND CLASSIFICATION FOR THE PURPOSE OF
CULTIVATION USING M.L” is original work. This work (in part or in full) has not been
submitted to any University for the award or a Degree or a Diploma. We have properly
acknowledged the material collected from secondary sources wherever required. We
solely own the responsibility for the originality of the entire content.

Date:
Name & Signature of the Team Members
Member 1: __________________
Member 2: __________________
Member 3: __________________
Member 4: __________________

Name and Signature of Guide

Seal/Stamp of the College

Place: Pune
Date: 1/12/2022

MITSOE, Department of Computer Engineering, 2022-23 6

 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
MIT SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING,
RAJBAUG, LONI KALBHOR,
PUNE – 412201

(Three blank spaces)

EXAMINER’S APPROVAL CERTIFICATE

The project report entitled “SOIL TESTING AND CLASSIFICATION FOR THE
PURPOSE OF CULTIVATION USING M.L” submitted by Vaidehi Gade
(MITU19BTCS0094), Suchi Kumari (MITU19BTCS0032), Harsh Ahuja
(MITU17BTCS0037), Sagar (MITU19BTCS0028) in partial fulfillment for the award of
the degree of Bachelor of Technology (Computer Science & Engineering) during the
academic year 2022-23, of MIT-ADT University, MIT School of Engineering, Pune, is
hereby approved.

Examiners:

1.

2.

MITSOE, Department of Computer Engineering, 2022-23 7

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We owe a debt of sincere gratitude, and respect to our guide and mentor Prof. Swapnil
Patil, MIT ADT UNIVERSITY, PUNE for his sagacious guidance, vigilant supervision
and valuable critical appreciation throughout this project work. We would also like to
thank our principal Dr. Kishore Ravande, honorable HOD ma’am and our project
coordinator for giving us such an auspicious opportunity to convert our idea into a
working project. We came to know about a lot of different new things both theoretical and
practical by working on this major-project. It not only imparted knowledge but also made
us understand the value of working together in a group. Finally, we would like to thank
each and every faculty member, co-students who helped us directly or indirectly to make
our idea into a working project.

Vaidehi Gade, MITU19BTCS0094

Suchi Kumari, MITU19BTCS0032
Harsh Ahuja, MITU19BTCS0037
Sagar, MITU19BTCS0028

MITSOE, Department of Computer Engineering, 2022-23 8

 ABSTRACT

In a country like India where agriculture is the backbone of our economy, it is very important
to identify the soil types and decide which type of crops to grow. The objective of our model
is to provide a solution for intelligent agriculture by classifying soil type which can assist the
farmers in increasing productivity to a great extent. The proposed system applies machine
learning to identify the pattern among data and then process it as per input conditions. We
will use physical properties like texture, density etc. by doing ribbon tests, squeeze tests and
jar tests to train the model. We will be developing a user-friendly GUI using the selected
machine-learning technique. It will be very cost-efficient for the farmers.

MITSOE, Department of Computer Engineering, 2022-23 9

 CONTENTS

Certificate ………………....………………………….…………. i
Certificate (From Company If Any) …………………...………. ii
Declaration ……………….…………….………………....………. iii
Examiner’s Approval Certificate …………………………………. iv
Acknowledgement ……………….…………………..……………. v
Abstract …………………………………………..…...……………. vi
List of Figures ………………………..………….…………………. viii
List of Tables ……………………….…………….…………………. ix

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1. Introduction 13
1.1 Problem Statement

1.2 Purpose

1.3 Goal and Vision 13

2. Existing Work 13

3. Motivation 14

4. Objectives 15

5. Scope 15

Chapter 2 CONCEPTS AND METHODS 16

2.1 definitions 16

Chapter 3 LITERATURE SURVEY 20

Chapter 4 PROJECT PLAN 22

Chapter 5 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION 23

MITSOE, Department of Computer Engineering, 2022-23 10

 5.1 Project scope 23

5.2 User Classes & Characteristics Coder 23

Chapter 6 RESULTS 24

Chapter 7 SOFTWARE TESTING 25

Chapter 8 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 26

BIBLIOGRAPHY 26

ANNEXURE A: List of Publications and Research Paper (In its Original formats) 27

ANNEXURE B: Plagiarism Report 28

MITSOE, Department of Computer Engineering, 2022-23 11

 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Number: Figure of the table Page Number

FIGURE 2.1: USER FLOW 6

FIGURE 4.1: SOFTWARE MODELING 10

LIST OF TABLES

Table Number: Title of the table Page Number

TABLE 1:1: EXISTING WORK 3

TABLE 3:1: LITERATURE SURVEY 9

MITSOE, Department of Computer Engineering, 2022-23 12

 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

1. Introduction

1.1 Problem statement:

To develop a system that will classify the soil and propose the best feasible crops
according to given soil parameters.

1.2 Purpose:

Food is a necessity for everyone and to grow any crop or plant choosing the
correct soil for it is an important factor. There are various varieties of soil and each
variety of soil is not suited for all types of crop. Soil has various properties which should
be taken care of before planting any crop, to maximize the production and to improve the
qualities of it. Hence, Soil testing becomes important to optimize crop production, to
improve the nutritional balance of soil.So, we have proposed a system which would help
users predict soil type by performing some easy tests and suggest crops best suited for
this particular soil type.

1.3 Goal and Vision:

The application aims to minimize soil testing cost by performing some physical
tests. There is no need for IOT devices and performing chemical tests by professionals.
This application is very useful for home gardeners and small scale farmers who cannot
afford costly soil testing methods.

2. Existing Work

There are a few existing systems related to our project field. After some research
and analysis, we came across the methodology of the system and a few of its drawbacks.
The below table gives us the gist about these existing systems:-

MITSOE, Department of Computer Engineering, 2022-23 13

 Table 1.1: Existing Work

3. Motivation

1. Soil is the backbone of our food security. Without healthy soils, farmers wouldn’t
be able to provide us with feed, fiber, food and fuel.
2. Soils are complex mixtures of minerals, water, air, organic matter, and countless
organisms that are the decaying remains of once-living things.
3. It forms at the surface of land – it is the “skin of the earth.” Soil is capable of
supporting plant life and is vital to life on earth.
4. Soil classification helps predict crop yields for different soils and tell what crops,
grasses, and trees are best suited to each soil.
5. Performing various chemical tests in the laboratory to predict soil type is very
costly. So, our proposed system is time and cost efficient.

MITSOE, Department of Computer Engineering, 2022-23 14

4. Objectives

1. The objective of our model is to provide a solution for smart agriculture by

classifying soil type which can assist the farmers in increasing productivity to a
great extent.
2. The proposed system applies machine learning to identify the pattern among data
and then process it as per input conditions .
3. The goal our model is to provide an accurate assessment of the soil's fertility to
make fertilizer recommendations
4. soil tests also can be used to determine where fertilizers or manure should not be
applied.
5. Development of a user friendly GUI using the selected machine learning
technique.

5. Scope
Some of the possible improvements which can be done in this project are:
Improving ML Model:
Currently the model is under trained due to lack of data. In future, we will add the soil
datasets of different Indian regions. the model will get modified automatically as per the
users inputs.

MITSOE, Department of Computer Engineering, 2022-23 15

 Chapter 2 CONCEPTS AND METHODS

2.1 Definitions

Programming Languages -

1. Python- Python is an interpreted high-level general-purpose programming

language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability with its use of
significant indentation. Its language constructs as well as its object-oriented
approach aim to help programmers write clear, logical code for small and
large-scale projects.

Data interchange format -

1. JSON- JSON is an open standard file format and data interchange format that uses
human-readable text to store and transmit data objects consisting of
attribute–value pairs and arrays. It is a common data format with diverse uses in
electronic data interchange, including that of web applications with servers.

Software and Other Technologies-

For Machine Learning-

1. Sklearn- Scikit-learn (Sklearn) is the most useful and robust library for machine
learning in Python. It provides a selection of efficient tools for machine learning
and statistical modeling including classification, regression, clustering and
dimensionality reduction via a consistence interface in Python. This library, which
is largely written in Python, is built upon NumPy, SciPy and Matplotlib.
2. Matplotlib- Matplotlib is a low level graph plotting library in python that serves
as a visualization utility. Matplotlib was created by John D. Hunter. Matplotlib is
open source and we can use it freely. Matplotlib is mostly written in python, a few
segments are written in C, Objective-C and Javascript for Platform compatibility.

MITSOE, Department of Computer Engineering, 2022-23 16

 3. Pandas - Pandas is a Python library used for working with data sets.It has
functions for analyzing, cleaning, exploring, and manipulating data. The name
"Pandas" has a reference to both "Panel Data", and "Python Data Analysis" and
was created by Wes McKinney in 2008.
4. Numpy- NumPy is a Python library used for working with arrays. It also has
functions for working in the domain of linear algebra, fourier transform, and
matrices. NumPy was created in 2005 by Travis Oliphant. It is an open source
project and you can use it freely. NumPy stands for Numerical Python.
5. Seaborn- Seaborn is a Python data visualization library based on matplotlib. It
provides a high-level interface for drawing attractive and informative statistical
graphics. For a brief introduction to the ideas behind the library, you can read the
introductory notes or the paper.

For Backend-

1. Django- Django is a high-level Python web framework that encourages rapid

development and clean, pragmatic design. Built by experienced developers, it
takes care of much of the hassle of web development, so you can focus on writing
your app without needing to reinvent the wheel. It’s free and open source.
2. Django Rest Framework- The Django REST Framework (DRF) is a package built
on top of Django to create web APIs. One of the most remarkable features of
Django is its Object Relational Mapper (ORM) which facilitates interaction with
the database in a Pythonic way. However, we can not send Python objects over a
network, and hence need a mechanism to translate Django models in other formats
like JSON, XML, and vice-versa. This sometimes challenging process, also called
serialization, is made super easy with the Django REST Framework.
3. SQLite- SQLite is a C-language library that implements a small, fast,
self-contained, high-reliability, full-featured, SQL database engine. SQLite is the
most used database engine in the world. SQLite is built into all mobile phones and
most computers and comes bundled inside countless other applications that people
use every day. The SQLite file format is stable, cross-platform, and backwards
compatible and the developers pledge to keep it that way through the year 2050.
SQLite database files are commonly used as containers to transfer rich content
between systems and as a long-term archival format for data. There are over 1

MITSOE, Department of Computer Engineering, 2022-23 17

 trillion (1e12) SQLite databases in active use. SQLite source code is in the
public-domain and is free to everyone to use for any purpose.
4. Heroku- Heroku is a cloud platform as a service (PaaS) supporting several
programming languages. One of the first cloud platforms, Heroku has been in
development since June 2007, when it supported only the Ruby programming
language, but now supports Java, Node.js, Scala, Clojure, Python, PHP, and
Go.For this reason, Heroku is said to be a polyglot platform as it has features for a
developer to build, run and scale applications in a similar manner across most
languages. Heroku was acquired by Salesforce.com in 2010 for $212 million
5. Git- Git is software for tracking changes in any set of files, usually used for
coordinating work among programmers collaboratively developing source code
during software development. Its goals include speed, data integrity and support
for distributed, non-linear workflows.
6. Github- GitHub, Inc. is a provider of Internet hosting for software development
and version control using Git. It offers the distributed version control and source
code management functionality of Git, plus its own feature.

Methodology-

We created an online application which can be easily accessed by anyone at any time and
any place. The proposed solution targeted consumers are farmers, home gardeners, and
agriculturalists. It provides a platform which guides the users to test their soil and get crop
recommendation, just by performing simple physical properties experiment mentioned on
the portal, After completion of the experiments user can enter the details form on the
portal which will process the experiment results entered by the user using our machine
learning model and show the result of soil type and also suggest the crop based on the soil
type. The above mentioned steps can be easily understood by the diagram mentioned
below.

MITSOE, Department of Computer Engineering, 2022-23 18

MITSOE, Department of Computer Engineering, 2022-23 19
 Chapter 3 LITERATURE SURVEY

Classification of Soil and Crop Suggestion using Machine Learning Techniques-

This model predicts soil type and suggests a suitable crop that can be cultivated in that
soil. but it has some limitations: it does not contain real time data.

Soil Classification and Crop Suggestion using Machine Learning Algorithm-

This ML model contains data of different parameters affecting soil like temp, humidity,
pH . These parameters are used to find best suited crops from all crops, but the model is
time consuming and more costly for home gardeners and farmers.

Soil Classification and Crop Suggestion using Machine Learning-

This model takes the datasets on the basis of chemical, geographical and climatic
properties. and predicts the crop based on these parameters.but a large amount of dataset
is required.

Soil analysis and crop fertility prediction using machine learning-

This model is proposed for predicting the soil fertility and crop yield with types of the
crop that can grow on fertile soil.The research is done on soil datasets and crop datasets
of a specific region.

MITSOE, Department of Computer Engineering, 2022-23 20

 Table 3:1:

Literature Survey

MITSOE, Department of Computer Engineering, 2022-23 21

 Chapter 4 PROJECT PLAN

Figure 4.1: Software modeling

We approached the system development using the waterfall model depicted in the above
flowchart. Based on this model, the required estimates have been stated in Annexure. In
order to map our estimates with the steps in a waterfall model, we considered each phase
separately and then stated the required estimates.

MITSOE, Department of Computer Engineering, 2022-23 22

 Chapter 5 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT
SPECIFICATION

5.1 Project scope

The proposed work aims to answer these questions

Based on the questionnaire answered by the user, these answers will be provided as input
to our soil predicting ML model, which would predict the soil type and based on this
predicted soil type, crops would be recommended.

This website is useful for small scale farmers and home-gardeners, who needs cost
efficient approaches for soil classification.

5.2 User Classes & Characteristics Coder

Visit Online Application

Perform Experiments Given on Website.

Input the output of each experiment on the website.

Website will process input data.

Give results based on data entered, information about soil type, predicted crop.

MITSOE, Department of Computer Engineering, 2022-23 23

 Chapter 6 RESULTS

We have collected datasets for soil type and crops. Using various supervised machine
learning algorithms(SVM, Decision Tree, Naive Bayes, Linear Regression), the algorithm
providing maximum accuracy was chosen and the model was trained on the chosen
algorithm. The trained model is being used to predict the soil type and also recommend
crops to be grown that are suitable for the predicted soil type as per the responses
received from the user.

MITSOE, Department of Computer Engineering, 2022-23 24

 Chapter 7 SOFTWARE TESTING

We have divided the datasets into two types- testing dataset and training dataset. When
the model will be prepared we will use the testing dataset to check the accuracy of the
model. When we will get the maximum accuracy of the model, we have thought of
getting a test of the model by home gardeners and small farmers as a beta tester.

MITSOE, Department of Computer Engineering, 2022-23 25

 Chapter 8 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

A model is proposed for predicting the soil type and the crops that can be grown in this
soil. The research has been done on soil datasets and crop datasets of the Indian region.
The model has been tested by using a different machine learning algorithm.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://www.ijert.org/classification-of-soil-and-crop-suggestion-using-machine-learning-t
echniques

https://www.irjet.net/archives/V7/i6/IRJET-V7I6691.pdf

https://www.academia.edu/46014132/Soil_Analysis_and_Crop_Fertility_Prediction_usin
g_Machine_Learning

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348913407_A_comprehensive_review_on_soil_
classification_using_deep_learning_and_computer_vision_techniques

https://www.w3schools.com/

MITSOE, Department of Computer Engineering, 2022-23 26

ANNEXURE A: List of Publications and Research Paper

https://www.ijert.org/classification-of-soil-and-crop-suggestion-using-machine-learning-t
echniques

https://www.irjet.net/archives/V7/i6/IRJET-V7I6691.pdf

https://www.academia.edu/46014132/Soil_Analysis_and_Crop_Fertility_Prediction_usin
g_Machine_Learning

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348913407_A_comprehensive_review_on_soil_
classification_using_deep_learning_and_computer_vision_techniques

MITSOE, Department of Computer Engineering, 2022-23 27

 ANNEXURE B: Plagiarism Report

https://www.check-plagiarism.com/#

MITSOE, Department of Computer Engineering, 2022-23 28