Elements of a Short Story

Story Elements Definition

Setting includes both time and place!

Setting
1. Time – day, month, year, time of day, season

& 2. Place – state, country, area, building, surroundings

Main Character – the person in the story that the story

Character revolves around
Main Character
Secondary Character
Protagonist Secondary Character – the less important character(s)
Antagonist
Protagonist – the main character; the character everything
revolves around (“the good guy”)

Antagonist – the character or force that struggles against

the protagonist or causes him or her
conflict/problems (“the bad guy”)
 Exposition – introductory information that provides setting,
Plot introduces characters, sets tone, and other facts necessary to
understanding the story.

Rising Action – events that occur before the climax

Climax – the highest point of suspense/action; the point of

the story where all of the actions changes (towards the end of
the story); AKA – turning point
The sequence of
events that happen in
Falling Action – events that occur after the climax; leads to
a story; all the action
the conclusion of the story
that takes place…
beginning, Resolution – point at which main conflict is resolved
middle, end

Struggle, problem, or opposition in the story

Conflict 6 Types…

a. Character vs. Character

b. Character vs. Self – internal conflict; sometimes people are their

own worst enemies

c. Character vs. Nature – a run in with a force(s) of nature

d. Character vs. Society – the values and customs by which everyone

else lives are being challenged

e. Character vs. Technology

f. Character vs. Unknown (Supernatural)

the reason for a character’s action; conflict

Motive is usually caused by a motive
 Action!!

the way a story is told...

Point of View
1st person – the narrator is a character in the story and is
telling it from his/her point of view -
uses the pronouns I, we, me, or us

3rd person – the narrator is not a character in the story

- he/she tells only what he sees or hears; like a
movie camera
- some are able to see into the minds of
characters and reveal the thoughts of a
character
- AKA - outside observer/narrator
- uses the pronouns he, she, they, them

Tone - the author’s attitude toward a subject

- revealed through choice of words and details

Mood - the feeling that the author creates in the reader

- revealed through descriptions of characters,

scenes, or action in a story
 - the message or lesson that the writer is trying
Theme to relate to his/her readers

- a general statement or opinion about people or

life that a story illustrates

- not always stated or expressed directly

Reader Author
- one of the most important ideas in a story

- not every story has a theme; sometimes a story

may have more than one theme

The Gift of the Magi

O NE DOLLAR AND EIGHTY-SEVEN CENTS.

That was all. She had put it aside, one cent and then another and then another, in her
careful buying of meat and other food. Della counted it three times. One dollar and
eighty-seven cents. And the next day would be Christmas.
 There was nothing to do but fall on the bed and cry. So Della did it.

While the lady of the home is slowly growing quieter, we can look at the home.
Furnished rooms at a cost of $8 a week. There is little more to say about it.

In the hall below was a letter-box too small to hold a letter. There was an electric
bell, but it could not make a sound. Also there was a name beside the door: “Mr. James
Dillingham Young.”
When the name was placed there, Mr. James Dillingham Young was being paid $30
a week. Now, when he was being paid only $20 a week, the name seemed too long and
important. It should perhaps have been “Mr. James D. Young.” But when Mr. James
Dillingham Young entered the furnished rooms, his name became very short indeed. Mrs.
James Dillingham Young put her arms warmly about him and called him “Jim.” You have
already met her. She is Della.
Della finished her crying and cleaned the marks of it from her face. She stood by the
window and looked out with no interest. Tomorrow would be Christmas Day, and she had
only $1.87 with which to buy Jim a gift. She had put aside as much as she could for
months, with this result. Twenty dollars a week is not much. Everything had cost more
than she had expected. It always happened like that.
Only $ 1.87 to buy a gift for Jim. Her Jim. She had had many happy hours planning
something nice for him. Something nearly good enough.
Something almost worth the honor of belonging to Jim.
There was a looking-glass between the windows of the room. Perhaps you have seen
the kind of looking-glass that is placed in $8 furnished rooms. It was very narrow. A
person could see only a little of himself at a time. However, if he was very thin and
moved very quickly, he might be able to get a good view of himself. Della, being quite
thin, had mastered this art.
Suddenly she turned from the window and stood before the glass. Her eyes were
shining brightly, but her face had lost its color. Quickly she pulled down her hair and let it
fall to its complete length.
The James Dillingham Youngs were very proud of two things which they owned.
One thing was Jim’s gold watch. It had once belonged to his father. And, long ago, it had
belonged to his father’s father. The other thing was Della’s hair.
If a queen had lived in the rooms near theirs, Della would have washed and dried her
hair where the queen could see it. Della knew her hair was more beautiful than any
queen’s jewels and gifts.
If a king had lived in the same house, with all his riches, Jim would have looked at his
watch every time they met. Jim knew that no king had anything so valuable.
So now Della’s beautiful hair fell about her, shining like a falling stream of brown
water. It reached below her knee. It almost made itself into a dress for her.
And then she put it up on her head again, nervously and quickly. Once she stopped
for a moment and stood still while a tear or two ran down her face.
She put on her old brown coat. She put on her old brown hat. With the bright light
still in her eyes, she moved quickly out the door and down to the street.
Where she stopped, the sign said: “Mrs. Sofronie. Hair Articles of all Kinds.”
 Up to the second floor Della ran, and stopped to get her breath.
Mrs. Sofronie, large, too white, cold-eyed, looked at her.
“Will you buy my hair?” asked Della.
“I buy hair,” said Mrs. Sofronie. “Take your hat off and let me look at it.”
Down fell the brown waterfall.
“Twenty dollars,” said Mrs. Sofronie, lifting the hair to feel its weight.
“Give it to me quick,” said Della.
Oh, and the next two hours seemed to fly. She was going from one shop to another, to
find a gift for Jim.
She found it at last. It surely had been made for Jim and no one else. There was no
other like it in any of the shops, and she had looked in every shop in the city.
It was a gold watch chain, very simply made. Its value was in its rich and pure
material. Because it was so plain and simple, you knew that it was very valuable. All
good things are like this.
It was good enough for The Watch.
As soon as she saw it, she knew that Jim must have it. It was like him. Quietness and
value—Jim and the chain both had quietness and value. She paid twenty-one dollars for
it. And she hurried home with the chain and eighty-seven cents.
With that chain on his watch, Jim could look at his watch and learn the time anywhere
he might be. Though the watch was so fine, it had never had a fine chain. He sometimes took
it out and looked at it only when no one could see him do it.
When Della arrived home, her mind quieted a little. She began to think more
reasonably. She started to try to cover the sad marks of what she had done. Love and large-
hearted giving, when added together, can leave deep marks. It is never easy to cover these
marks, dear friends— never easy.
Within forty minutes her head looked a little better. With her short hair, she looked
wonderfully like a schoolboy. She stood at the looking-glass for a long time.
“If Jim doesn’t kill me,” she said to herself, “before he looks at me a second time, he’ll
say I look like a girl who sings and dances for money. But what could I do—oh! What could
I do with a dollar and eightyseven cents?”
At seven, Jim’s dinner was ready for him.
Jim was never late. Della held the watch chain in her hand and sat near the door where
he always entered. Then she heard his step in the hall and her face lost color for a moment.
She often said little prayers quietly, about simple everyday things. And now she said:
“Please God, make him think I’m still pretty.”
The door opened and Jim stepped in. He looked very thin and he was not smiling. Poor
fellow, he was only twenty-two—and with a family to take care of! He needed a new coat
and he had nothing to cover his cold hands.
Jim stopped inside the door. He was as quiet as a hunting dog when it is near a bird. His
eyes looked strangely at Della, and there was an expression in them that she could not
understand. It filled her with fear. It was not anger, nor surprise, nor anything she had been
ready for. He simply looked at her with that strange expression on his face.
Della went to him.
“Jim, dear,” she cried, “don’t look at me like that. I had my hair cut off and sold it. I
couldn’t live through Christmas without giving you a gift. My hair will grow again. You
won’t care, will you? My hair grows very fast. It’s Christmas, Jim. Let’s be happy. You
don’t know what a nice—what a beautiful nice gift I got for you.”
“You’ve cut off your hair?” asked Jim slowly. He seemed to labor to understand what
had happened. He seemed not to feel sure he knew.
“Cut it off and sold it,” said Della. “Don’t you like me now? I’m me, Jim. I’m the same
without my hair.” Jim looked around the room.
“You say your hair is gone?” he said.
“You don’t have to look for it,” said Della. “It’s sold, I tell you— sold and gone, too.
It’s the night before Christmas, boy. Be good to me, because I sold it for you. Maybe the
hairs of my head could be counted,” she said, “but no one could ever count my love for you.
Shall we eat dinner, Jim?”
Jim put his arms around his Della. For ten seconds let us look in another direction.
Eight dollars a week or a million dollars a year— how different are they? Someone may give
you an answer, but it will be wrong. The magi brought valuable gifts, but that was not
among them. My meaning will be explained soon.
From inside the coat, Jim took something tied in paper. He threw it upon the table.
“I want you to understand me, Dell,” he said. “Nothing like a haircut could make me
love you any less. But if you’ll open that, you may know what I felt when I came in.”
White fingers pulled off the paper. And then a cry of joy; and then a change to tears.
For there lay The Combs—the combs that Della had seen in a shop window and loved
for a long time. Beautiful combs, with jewels, perfect for her beautiful hair. She had known
they cost too much for her to buy them. She had looked at them without the least hope of
owning them. And now they were hers, but her hair was gone.
But she held them to her heart, and at last was able to look up and say: “My hair grows
so fast, Jim!”
And then she jumped up and cried, “Oh, oh!”
Jim had not yet seen his beautiful gift. She held it out to him in her open hand. The
gold seemed to shine softly as if with her own warm and loving spirit.
“Isn’t it perfect, Jim? I hunted all over town to find it. You’ll have to look at your
watch a hundred times a day now. Give me your watch.
I want to see how they look together.” Jim sat down and
smiled.
“Della,” said he, “let’s put our Christmas gifts away and keep them a while. They’re
too nice to use now. I sold the watch to get the money to buy the combs. And now I think
we should have our dinner.”
The magi, as you know, were wise men—wonderfully wise men— who brought
gifts to the newborn Christ-child. They were the first to give Christmas gifts. Being wise,
their gifts were doubtless wise ones. And here I have told you the story of two children
who were not wise. Each sold the most valuable thing he owned in order to buy a gift for
the other. But let me speak a last word to the wise of these days: Of all who give gifts,
these two were the most wise. Of all who give and receive gifts, such as they are the most
wise. Everywhere they are the wise ones.
They are the magi.
Name _________________________ EDP Code__________

Short Story Elements Outline

Directions: After having read “The Gift of the Magi” by O Henry, complete the chart below
on the elements of a story.
https://americanenglish.state.gov/files/ae/resource_files/1-the_gift_of_the_magi_0.pdf

Title/Author:

Setting:
Protagonist:

Antagonist:
Point of
View:

Character vs. _________________________

Conflict:
This conflict was seen when _____________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

Motive: What was the motive for ______________________________________

___________________________________________________________?

Answer: ____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

Mood:

Tone:

Theme: