i

THE IMPACT OF LOCKDOWN ON THE SOURCE OF INCOME OF STREET VENDORS

____________________________________

A Research Paper

Presented to

Mrs. Maria Soledad Tubay

San Sebastian College Recoletos - de Cavite

___________________________________

In Partial Fulfilment

Of the Requirements

Of Research Project

___________________________________

By

Samantha Nicole Aying

Andrea Bagorio

Francheska Charmaigne Cueto

Clarissa Lazarte

Cg Ainsley Raagas

Arianne K. Robles

AY 2020-2021
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Approval Sheet

This research project entitled THE IMPACT OF LOCKDOWN ON THE SOURCE OF

INCOME OF STREET VENDORS prepared and submitted by Samantha Nicole Aying, Andrea

Bagorio, Francheska Charmaigne Cueto, Clarissa Lazarte, Cg Ainsley Raagas, Arianne K. Robles

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Senior High school has been examined, and is

recommended for PROJECT.

MARIA SOLEDAD T. TUBAY

Adviser
_____________________________________________________________________________________

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the Committee on oral Examination with the grade of ____________.

_MARIA SOLEDAD TUBAY_

Chairman

_RUVIJEAN CARAIG_ _ROSE EMMANUEL GARCIA_

Members Members

_JUVY B. DELA ROSA_

Principal

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Senior High School.

_JOAN PANGILINAN_
Program Head
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Abstract

This research is all about the impact of lockdown on the source of income of street vendors in

Cavite. It aims to investigate the negative effects on the source of income of the street vendors during

the lockdown. The participants of the study were the street vendors in Cavite. In this study, there is no

significant difference on the extent of effect of the lockdown on the street vendors of Cavite grouped

according to Location; Gender; Age; Number of years in the business; Merchandize; and Capital. The

researchers used the non-experimental survey design.

The researchers prepared a questionnaire that was used for the survey as an instrument to

identify if there's a significant difference in the extent of the effect of the lockdown on the street vendors

in Cavite grouped according to gender, age, number of years in the business, and capital.

The findings of this research will show how the pandemic affects street vendors. The result of the

study showed that the lockdown has an extreme effect on the source of income of the street vendors,

making it descend and causing their livelihood to change. The street vendors' daily operation was

damaged due to the pandemic as well as on their daily sales. It had given them minimized profit and was

forced to make an alternative way just to reach their designated quota.

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Acknowledgement

The researchers would like to give thanks and appreciation to the following people who helped

them for the completion of this study. Sincere gratitude is extended to the following individuals who show

genuine support for the completion of this research work

To their Practical Research 2 adviser, Mrs. Maria Soledad Tubay, for being such a patient and

considerate. Also, for reviewing all the research papers, for the efforts she has made to help the

researchers on how to create a good research study, for the advices she had given for the betterment of

the study and the consistent guidance that helped the researchers bring this study into success.

To the Respondents, for being cooperative and participative when the researchers were

gathering the important data needed in the study.

To their Families, who continuously support the researchers to continue their hard work, for the

love that they gave for them to be strong and have patience in conducting this study.

Lastly, to our Almighty God, the Giver of life, full of blessings and grace, and the source of all

wisdom, for all the benevolent illumination and guidance He provided in making everything possible in

the completion of this work.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

PRELIMINARIES

TITLE PAGE 1

APPROVAL SHEET 1

ABSTRACT 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM

AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM

HYPOTHESIS

SCOPE AND
DELIMITATION

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
STUDY

DEFINITION OF TERMS

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF

RELATED LITERATURE AND
STUDY

RELATED LITERATURE
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RELATED STUDIES

CHAPTER III:
METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN

POPULATION SAMPLE

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

QUESTIONNAIRE

DATA GATHERING
PROCEDURE

DATA ANALYSIS

CHAPTER IV: RESULTS

DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

CHAPTER V: SUMMARY,
CONCLUSIONS, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS

INTRODUCTION

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

CONCLUSIONS

RECOMMENDATION

REFERENCE LIST

APPENDICES

QUESTIONNAIRE

TABULATION OF
RESPONDET’S PROFILE

TABULATION ON
QUESTION 1

TABULATION ON
QUESTION 2
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TABULATION ON
QUESTION 3
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TABLE TITLE Page

NO. No.

Table 1. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents According to Place

Table 2. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents According to Gender
Table 3. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents According to Age
Table 4. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents According to Merchandize
Table 5. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents According to Years
Table 6. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents According to Capital 
Table 7. Interpretation of Mean Extent Effect Rating Grouped by Place
Table 8. Mean Extent Effect Rating Grouped by Place
Table 9. Interpretation of Mean Extent Effect Rating Grouped by Gender
Table 10. Mean Extent Effect Rating Grouped by Gender
Table 11. Interpretation of Mean Extent Effect Rating Grouped by Age
Table 12. Mean Extent Effect Rating Grouped by Age
Table 13. Interpretation of Mean Extent Effect Rating Grouped by Merchandize
Table 14. Mean Extent Effect Rating Grouped by Merchandize
Table 15. Interpretation of Mean Extent Effect Rating Grouped by Years in Business
Table 16. Mean Extent Effect Rating Grouped by Years in Business
Table 17. Interpretation of Mean Extent Effect Rating Grouped by Capital
Table 18. Mean Extent Effect Rating Grouped by Capital
Table 19. ANOVA Table grouped by Location
Table 20. Post-hoc Analysis grouped by Location
Table 21. ANOVA Table grouped by Gender
Table 22. ANOVA Table grouped by Age
 Table 23. ANOVA Table grouped by Merchandize
Table 24. Post-hoc Analysis grouped by Merchandize
Table 25. ANOVA Table grouped by Years in the Business
Table 26. ANOVA Table grouped by Capital
Table 27. Post-hoc Analysis grouped by Capital

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES
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Figure No. Title Page

No.

Figure 1: Independent Variables, Dependent Variables and

Moderating Variables
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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background and Rationale of the Study

Pandemic affects small business, like street foods because some people only buy healthy foods.

Some vendors stop selling street foods because those foods are not healthy, especially in the midst of a

pandemic. Street food is the most popular food in the Philippines because of its affordability. But there

are several effects that we can get by trying it. Not all street food that we see on the sidewalk is clean

and safe to eat. Major sources contributing to microbial contamination are the place of preparation,

utensils for cooking and serving, raw materials, time and temperature abuse of cooked foods, and the

personal hygiene of the vendors (Rane, S. 2011).

In the Philippines, road distributing is viewed as an answer by most populace going through

monetary trouble not just by numerous Filipinos having a place with the minimized area however also by

others everywhere in the world. Road distributing is essential for the chaotic or casual area of the

economy. The specialists saw that it is a shelter occupation to numerous who are not equipped for

contributing to colossal organizations. Like the significant urban communities in the Philippines and close

by Southeast Asian nations, road distributing is a typical sight in Cavite. Road distributing ends up being a

shelter for some jobless people just as the individuals who are looking for additional pay in view of its

temperament; low boundaries to section and adaptable working hours. In any case, the road sellers are

confronted with issues in regards to capitalization and how to deal with the vendors' accounts and pay.

Street vending is pervasive across the globe, especially in developing countries. It provides an

important source of earnings for the unemployed in urban areas, as well as a source of relatively

inexpensive goods and services for city residents with variations within regions and cultures street food

vending is found across the world (Navi org.). Sold by vendors and peddlers street food is the ready to

eat food or drink sold on street and public spaces. Vendors usually use portable booth, food cart or truck

to sale the food items. The chief characteristics of street food is that street foods are reasonably priced

and flavored and easily available. Street vending is pervasive across the globe, especially in developing
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countries. It provides an important source of earnings for the unemployed in urban areas, as well as a

source of relatively inexpensive goods and services for city residents (Nittaya, W. 2014).

Due to the fact that the Philippines is experiencing lockdown, small businesses like street vendors

are affected. Since no one is allowed to go out, the source of income of street vendors are highly

affected. In this study, the researchers will determine the impact of lockdown to the source of income of

street vendors.

Street vendors struggle with their source of income due to the pandemic, this study conducted to

investigate the effect of the lockdown on the income of street vendors during the lockdown.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 below shows the Conceptual Framework of the study regarding to the relationship of the

independent variable which are quarantine (ECQ, MECQ, GCQ, MGCQ, etc.) and social distancing along

with the dependent variable which is the daily operations and the moderator variable which are location,

gender of vendor, age of the vendor, number of years in business, capital and merchandise sold.

For the independent variables, the COVID-19 pandemic and prolonged lockdown had devastated

the life of street vendors. Street vendors have lost their sources of earnings and are left in the lurch for

the survival (Duarah, 2020). The quarantine and social distancing are associated with the daily operations

of the street vendors; the more chances of quarantine and social distancing exists within its continuance,

there is also a high possibility of further negative effect all throughout the street vendors’ accustomed

daily operations. In the moderating variables which are location, gender of the vendor, age of the

vendor, number of years in business, capital and merchandise sold, these variables will have an influence

on other variables such as quarantine, social distancing and daily operations. A street vendor’s location

during the system occurring about the current quarantine that restricts people from being exposed

through COVID-19 as well as curtail people from going outside can reflect several outcomes of changes.

When the period of quarantine and social distancing demands its implication and increases the growth of

cases surrounding the location, it will have the probability of descent between the aim and opportunity to
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directly sell through the usual number of customers since there would also be its tendency to lessen

referring from going outside. By this, the profit entering could also certainly affect street vendors' way of

living. With regards to the age of the vendor, it alters the main effect that the quarantine has on the daily

operations: below 18 and 65 above are not allowed or likely prohibited around going out. Considering the

age of the vendor amidst new normal, age-based restrictions is the most acquired strictly around areas

for the reason that the approach of the COVID-19 disease possesses its progression. Now, street vendors

imply high risk from going outside to sell regularly the available resources exhibit the actuality of

dependent cases in terms of age. Working outdoors and also earning are usually just only within reach or

convenient such for both customers and street vendors but is presently ceased because of the

circumstances given at this time of pandemic. Moreover, the capital concerning the street vendors

applied changes and cannot suffice enough the life back during daily operations due to the struggle of

having quarantine and specially the implementation of curfew hours which could constantly conditions

sluggish sales even if there are full effort exerted going outside just to continue surviving with the street

vendors’ kind of work. Moreover, this study will investigate the association of the demographic variable

namely location, gender, age, number of years in the business, capital and merchandise sold of the

vendors.

Figure 1: Independent Variables, Dependent Variables and Moderating Variables

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INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES

QUARANTINE (ECQ, MCQ, GCQ, DAILY OPERATIONS

& etc.)

SOCIAL DISTANCING

MODERATING VARIABLES

Location

Gender of Vendor

Age of Vendor

No. of years in business

Capital

Merchandise Sold

Statement of the Problem and Hypothesis

The main problem of the study is to determine the extent of effect of the lockdown on the street

vendors of Cavite. Specifically, the study will seek answers to the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondent street vendors in terms of:

A. Location

B. Gender;
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C. Age;

D. Number of years in the business;

E. Merchandize Sold; and

F. Capital?

2. What is the extent of effect of the lock down on the respondent vendors on the basis of:

A. Quality of Life;

B. Opportunity Cost; and

C. Daily sales?

3. Is there a significant difference on the extent of effect of the lockdown on the street vendors of

Cavite grouped according to:

A. Location

B. Gender;

C. Age;

D. Number of years in the business;

E. Merchandize Sold; and

F. Capital?

Hypothesis

The study will test the following null hypothesis:

H o : There is no significant difference on the extent of effect of the lockdown on the street

vendors of Cavite grouped according to Location; Gender; Age; Number of years in the business;

Merchandize; and Capital.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

Using a quantitative approach, in particular, the non-experimental, the survey design. The study

will be conducted to investigate the negative effect of the lockdown on the income of street vendors
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during the lockdown. The respondents will be the street vendors in Cavite. The study was conducted

during the 1st semester of the school year 2020-2021. The researchers prepared a questionnaire that will

be used for the survey to gather the needed information. The study looked into the impacts of lockdown

and the effect of lockdown on the income of street vendors.

Significance of the Study

This research will be undertaken to find out the impact of lockdown on the income of the street

vendors in selected cities in Cavite and to investigate the effect of lockdown to the income of street

vendors before and during the lockdown.

The following sectors will receive the benefit of this study:

The Street Vendors

The main beneficial of this study because they will gain information about the effect of lockdown

on businesses. The information can help vendors to be more creative or ready if strict lockdown will

happen again.

The Government

The research benefits the government in terms of awareness and information about the extent of

the lockdown to vendor’s income. With that it will help them to determine how to give and help the street

vendors with physical, emotional and financial support they need.

Future Researcher

The information presented can be used as a reference for conducting related research. The study

will also give them background information or an overview of the effect of lockdown on the source of

income of street vendors.

Definition of Terms
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Throughout the study terms such as “COVID 19”, “Pandemic”, “Lockdown” and “Street Vendors”

will be used. In order to assure that all the readers are interpreting these terms in the same manner as

the researchers intended the following definitions are offered.

“COVID 19”

Refers to an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. According to World

Health Organization, the COVID-19 is the new found virus that spreads primarily through droplets of

saliva or discharge from the nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes and also called

“CoronaVirus” that impinged on Philippines. It affects different people in different ways. Most infected

people will develop mild to moderate illness and recover without hospitalization, so it’s important that you

also practice respiratory etiquette.

“Pandemic”

There have been a number of pandemics since the beginning of the 20th century. Based on the

article of World Health Organization, pandemic is the worldwide spread of a new disease. it refers to a

disease outbreak that spreads across countries or continents and it affects more people and takes more

lives than an epidemic. In this present time, the COVID-19 was declared as one of the pandemics in the

world.

“Street Vendors”

As stated in (NASVI, 2014), a street vendor is a person who offers goods or services for sale to

the public without having a permanently built structure but with a temporary static structure or mobile

stall (or head-load). It refers to a person who sells something like fish ball, balut, pares, etc. in the street,

either from a stall or van or with their goods laid out on the sidewalk.

“Lockdown”
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A period of time in which people are not allowed to leave their homes or travel freely, because of

a dangerous disease. It refers to a state of isolation or restricted access instituted as a security measure.

The lockdown means a return to stay-at-home orders except for going out to buy essential goods or

exercising outdoors. Public transport has also been suspended and domestic flights are grounded, while

restaurants are restricted to takeaway (BBC, 2020).

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY

This chapter presents the different related literature and studies; both foreign and local, which

supports the researchers on this study. A related literature and studies are being presented to give

several ideas on how the researchers formulate the purpose of the study and to gain extensive

knowledge about the street vendors and lockdown.

Related Literature

Street vendors provide essential services in cities across the globe, particularly in the Philippines,

where residents rely on it for basic needs. Street vendors are part of a vast informal food system that

keeps much of the world from going hungry. But the pandemic has devastated the livelihoods of street

vendors, disrupting the vendors' ability to do the vendors' jobs and leaving many in a fight for survival

(Balbuena & Skinner 2020).

Street foods are enjoying increasing patronage due to industrialization which is forcing many city

dwellers to eat their major daily meals out of home. Street food vending is a common feature of most

cities and towns in developing countries. Aside from the provision of ready-made instant meals at

relatively inexpensive prices, teeming urban dwellers are attached to street foods because of its gustatory

attributes. These attributes are linked to the culinary prowess of the vendors. (Alimini, B. 2016) reported

the significant contribution of street foods to nutrition and food security for millions of practitioners along

the chain. (Draper, 2016)  also identified them as potential vehicles for micronutrient fortification.

Street food vending activities in most developing countries are mostly outside the regulation and

protection of the governments. The economic importance of the activities is not well appreciated due to

the informal nature of the enterprise and lack of official data on volume of trade involved. Street food

vending makes up the significant proportion of informal sector of the economy of most developing

countries. About 28.5% of the labor force in Mexico were reportedly employed in the informal sector,
 10

30.8% of the activities in this sector were in the street food which employed over 120,000 vendors in

Mexico City alone in 1998. They reported that street food vending in Malaysia is a multi-million US dollar

trade providing direct employment for over 100,000 vendors with gross annual sales volume of about 2

billion US dollars. (Hiemstra et. al., 2016) also mentioned the significant contribution of microbusinesses

made up largely of the street food sector to the economy of Vietnam.

However, the sector is fraught with unwholesome activities which have been reported to pose

serious concerns over the safety of the practitioners, especially the health of the consumers. Just like the

Covid-19 outbreak disease, the sector wants the safety of the consumer and also the seller. When the

lockdown began we obeyed some health protocols. With that street vendors experienced difficulty when

it comes to business and daily income. These unwholesome activities traversed the whole chain of street

food business from agricultural raw materials to the final retail street foods and have been fingered in the

outbreak of diseases and illnesses. The prevention, maintenance and treatment of diseases from

street food borne illnesses were reported to result in heavy drain on the purse of individuals and

governments in the developing countries due to huge spending involved. The meager resources that

could have been used for infrastructural development are being channeled to treatment of preventable

diseases outbreak due to the unwholesome activities mentioned above. This review aims to provide

exposition on the sources of risks of significant health importance to the consumers and safety of the

practitioners along the chain of street foods reported in the literature and the safety intervention

proposed. This could assist to provide holistic intervention baseline to safeguard the health and safety of

all along the entire chain (BA Alimi, 2016).

The place of preparation, utensils for cooking and serving, raw materials, time and temperature

abuse of cooked foods and the personal hygiene of vendors are major sources contributing to

contamination (Rane, 2011). The need to reduce food contamination through education and provision of

sanitary facilities the vending is required, as vendors do not put their awareness in practice, according to

a street food study in Uganda (Ackah et. al., 2011). As we experienced lockdown, it is safe to clean and
 11

sanitize everything for the sake of the consumer and also the street vendors because they are expose to

people.

The 2017 Labor Force Survey showed that the country had at least 15.6 million informal sector

workers (or 38 percent) in the Philippines, contributing to 5 trillion, or a third of the country’s GDP. Our

informal sector is part of what the International Labour Organization reports to be a 2 billion worldwide

informal economy, and what journalist Robert Neuwirth calls a “powerful force.”

Debates about street vendors and the informal sector have revolved around the use of public

spaces for years now. Many throw arguments on legality, the encroachment of public space, and in the

case of Manila, the problems of sanitation, petty crime, and myriad other developmental issues that have

hounded the city for decades.

There are also generalizations that some street vendors are also drug dealers or part of

syndicates — with Manila, this thinking is understandable. But equating the entire sector to crime is

misguided; many street vendors are simply trying to make ends meet. Their lack of protection, which is

provided in formal industries, is worsened by our general perception, making them all the more

vulnerable. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a dramatic loss of human life worldwide and presents an

unprecedented challenge to public health, food systems and the world of work. The economic and social

disruption caused by the pandemic is devastating: tens of millions of people are at risk of falling into

extreme poverty, while the number of undernourished people, currently estimated at nearly 690 million,

could increase by up to 132 million by the end of the year (WHO, 2020). Millions of enterprises face an

existential threat. Nearly half of the world’s 3.3 billion global workforce are at risk of losing their

livelihoods. Informal economy workers are particularly vulnerable because the majority lack social

protection and access to quality health care and have lost access to productive assets. Without the

means to earn an income during lockdowns, many are unable to feed themselves and their families. For

most, no income means no food, or, at best, less food and less nutritious food.
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According to Milgram (2019), A hallmark of many Global South city streets is ambulant vendors'

daily trade in prepared and fresh foods. Yet governments often restrict such informal and sometimes

illegal enterprises, privileging instead privatized and sanitized streetscapes—policies that disrupt

urbanites' livelihoods and their consumption options. Engaging these issues, this article analyzes how

street food vendors in Baguio, northern Philippines, mitigate the constraints of government street

vending bans to establish viable and alternative food provisioning enterprises.

Preparing and selling food on the streets provide a constant income for millions of uneducated

people. However, during the selling of food on the streets, some risks arise. Some of these risks are

causing accidents on busy traffic, being fined because of occupying the pavements, doing sales illegally,

or employing children as workers (FAO, 2011).

In the Philippines, the liberalization of the country's economy has meant increasing rural to urban

migration and dramatic growth in informal sector trade. Women, in particular, building on their historical

roles as the country's primary public and regional market traders, have made Philippine city streets their

new business venue for itinerant, but viable work selling different goods: fresh produce, manufactured

goods, cooked food – gendered occupations common throughout Southeast Asia. That their livelihood

enterprises occur within public spaces not customarily used for commercial activities, means that such

trades raise questions about who has access to and rights over such street spaces. Voting for people into

city councils and other positions has also been revealed as a common strategy by street traders in the

northern city of Baguio in the Philippines (Milgram, 2011).

There were about 10.5 million informal sector operators identified in the 2008 Informal Sector

Survey (2008 ISS) of the Philippines. However, the study, which relied on United Nations funding and

used broad sectoral classifications of PSA, was no longer repeated. The Bureau of Workers with Special

Concerns (BWSC) lamented the country is currently among the last two member-countries of the

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (Asean), together with Malaysia, without any formal statistical

indicator for informal sector workers (Madenilla, S. 2019).

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The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected household food consumption and nutrition as

a result of loss of jobs and income, and limited access to food. Informal sector workers are at most risk.

Swift and comprehensive policy interventions should focus on protecting consumers and public health;

securing supply chains for producers; ensuring fair labor, trade, and macroeconomic policies; and

enhancing regional cooperation.

The informal sector is the only source of income for the majority of the poor and the impact due

to COVID-19 has been felt by most households. Its effects are deeper and long-lasting among the

vulnerable and marginalized sections. This will result in an adverse long-term impact of social and

economic empowerment of women and lead to an increase in their vulnerability.

The pandemic left many unprepared worldwide, but for those who live day-to-day as informal

food traders and those who rely on the informal sector's people, the lockdowns have come as a shock as

governments attempt to impose WHO social isolation measures.

Street vendors have always faced onerous regulations and punitive measures by authorities,

including confiscation of goods and arrests — but now, the imposition of local and national lockdowns to

contain the spread of COVID-19 is threatening not just the livelihoods but the very survival of informal

vendors and their families in some places. Local and national governments must find ways to meet the

urgent financial and health needs of these workers (Roever, S. 2020).

Street vendors provide necessary goods and services, especially to those who must buy life’s

necessities in very small quantities at affordable prices. Those who sell food—both fresh food and

prepared food—are an essential part of urban supply chains. Street vendors embody food security for a

wide swath of people who cannot afford modern supermarkets.

The street vendors are facing poor working and social security conditions which expose them to

various safety and health problems. Such vendors are vulnerable to harsh weather conditions in addition

to poor access to sanitation and water.

 14

A large number of people are likely to suffer from starvation and malnutrition as the pandemic

continues worldwide. The main reason is due to the less availability of food, closure of markets and price

hikes and this has severely impacted street vendors as the street vendors don’t have enough to eat to

fulfil daily basic nutritional level (FYI, 2020).

Related Studies

The research study entitled “Poverty, the Middle Class, and Income Distribution amid COVID-19”

is PIDS estimated the impact of COVID-19 on poverty in the Philippines by simulating low, medium, and

high contractions of 5%, 10%, and 20% respectively of the entire income distribution. This allows us to

see scenarios wherein everyone's incomes are decreased by those percentages. The study uses the food

poverty and total poverty lines in 2018 data as the baselines – 5.3% and 16.8% respectively. A poverty

line is the standard of the government in naming who are poor based on their household income.

Street vendors have desired goals. These goals surprisingly are not situated in the realm of

entering the formal sector. Rather they want to expand their business and carry on within the same

framework they are acting in. This research study entitled “Informal entrepreneurs: Street vendors, their

livelihoods and the influence of social capital”. The findings of this research study are Street vendors are

for 80% of the population dependent on the income of street vendor from the street vendors activities

regarding their livelihood. For 20% it still is not enough to provide for daily needs. This indicates that

street vendors are part of a survival economy. Education and health care are expensive and more difficult

to access for street vendors, which in the overall picture still categorizes the street vendors as being

marginal city dwellers. In the broader view of livelihood, it appears that vendors are satisfied with their

profession, which suggests that in many cases street vending has a positive contribution to the status of

street vendors.
 15

In developing states of Southeast Asia, street vendors play a significant but frequently

unappreciated role in both the vibrancy of public spaces as well as the informal economy. This research,

“Street Vendors, their Contested Spaces, and the Policy Environment: A View from Caloócan, Metro

Manila” studied street vendors of one of the active commuter interchanges of Metro Manila, the

Monumento Station area in Caloocan City, framing their needs, issues and aspirations against existing

laws. Simultaneously examined were typical uses of shifting, often contested stretches of roads, corners,

and easements where hawkers, among other users, daily negotiate a claim to the city’s space. This

research entitled “Street Vendors, their Contested Spaces, and the Policy Environment: A View from

Caloocan, Metro Manila”, uses survey methods to gather data. The findings of this study t may be

gathered that there are several forces at work that affect the dynamics of informality in the study site,

most predominant of which appears to be the powerful magnetism of location and urban infrastructures

(for example, the light rail line and bus stations). The primacy of location for entrepreneurial activities

revolves not only around the fact that the Monumento area is an old transport nexus, but also has much

to do with the 24-hour quality of incessant pedestrian and vehicular activity that add to the per-square-

meter vibrancy of place. To put it more crudely, there is always someone passing by to sell to, to service,

or to rob—this latter referring of course to the more unscrupulous denizens of the streets. It is important

to note that such intense activity dwindles relatively quickly within a kilometre of the site, as retail

commercial and services give way to more prosaic land uses, and even semi-industrial buildings, so that

one can actually plan for very localized interventions and traffic and pedestrian management, rather than

sweeping and costly controls of a wider area.

The related study entitled “Sanitary Conditions of Food Vending Sites and Food Handling

Practices of Street Food Vendors: Implication for Food Hygiene and Safety” from Department of Hotel

and Restaurant Management College of Business and Accountancy, Tarlac State University Tarlac City,

Philippines, which is used to be related study of the research. This study uses a convenience sampling

method and It revealed that they really have to seriously manage a combat-pest strategy to create a tidy

and healthy vending environment. The presence of wash basin in the sites is also commendable as it is
 16

rated effective. A clean food stand or premise can attract more consumers based on aesthetic appeal.

Though food aesthetics is desirable, it doesn’t rule out the significance of other aspects such as food

hygiene. Vended foods are protected through covered food containers ensuring food safety. It was found

from the results of the study that street foods were vended under relatively good sanitary conditions.

Majority of the vendors were females, finished secondary education and have never been on any food

safety training neither aware of food safety law. With these factors though, it doesn’t necessarily mean

that they operate on a very unsafe or very risky food environment. They just needed to be fully aware of

the health risks a dirty environment and food handling may pose to consumers. Not only are sanitary

conditions suggestive of health consciousness but they are also likely to boost consumer confidence and

increase vendor patronage.

The overall result in the research study entitled “Street vendors in Asia: A review” is that

regulations are purely symbolic and ineffective, nevertheless maintaining a climate of harassment and

extortion.

This is the findings of a research study entitled “The street food consumption in terms of the

food safety and health”. Preparing and selling food on the streets provides a constant income for millions

of uneducated people. However, during the selling of food on the streets, some risks arise. Some of these

risks are causing accidents on busy traffic, being fined because of occupying the pavements, doing sales

illegally, or employing children as workers (FAO, 2011). Social and structural specialities arising in some

cities of West Africa due to changes in life conditions, have increased demand for street food (Canet and

N'Diaye, 1996). Since the money spent on street food is not too much, it helps especially poor families to

meet their daily nutritional requirements (Chakravarty and Canet, 1996; Van't Riet et al., 2003;

Ohiokpehai, 2003). Regarding employment, street food provides a good job opportunity and income for

sellers with small capitals and especially for women. It is seen that in Bangkok, 82% of street food

processing is carried out by women and that employment opportunities are good. While this situation

creates a constant income for women, it also creates a constant nutrition source for working women

(WHO, 1996; Chung et al., 2010).

17
 18

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Street vendors are one of the highly affected by the lockdown. The purpose of this study is to

investigate the effects of the lockdown on the source of income of street vendors before and during the

lockdown. This chapter contains the research design, research instrument, population and sampling

design, data collection, and data analysis plan.

Research Design

The researchers use a non-experimental survey design. Non-Experimental survey design lacks

the manipulation of an independent variable, control of extraneous variables through random

assignment, or both. This research aims to investigate the effect of the lockdown on the income of street

vendors before and during the lockdown. This design will be used in determining the possible solutions

for the statement of the problem or the main purpose of this study. First, it includes the profile of street

vendors who have, in terms of their gender, age, number of years in the business, capital and

merchandize. The second is to determine the extent of the effect of the lockdown on the street vendors

based on opportunity cost, and livelihood. The third is to know if there's a significant difference in the

extent of the effect of the lockdown on the street vendors of Cavite grouped according to gender, age,

number of years in the business, and capital. Lastly is to know the recommendation may be given as a

result.

Population and Sample

The respondents of the study comprise 50 street vendors in selected cities or municipalities in

Cavite which are Cavite City, Kawit, Noveleta, General Trias and Tanza. The researchers chose Cavite to

get the respondents because there are a lot of street vendors selling in Cavite over the years. The

sampling design used by the researchers in this study was cluster random sampling. Random sampling is

reliable to eliminate any sampling bias. This study used Cluster random sampling because it is impossible

to conduct a research study that involves street vendors in every barangay in Cavite. Instead, the
 19

selected clusters can be chosen on whom to conduct the research study. The researchers find some well-

known street vendors who take the survey as the respondents of the research.

Research Instrument

The instrument that will be used in the study is the questionnaire. To determine the effect of

lockdown on the source of income of street vendors, the researcher conducted a survey method using a

Likert-scale questionnaire. The questionnaires used in the study were created by the researchers

themselves, it was composed of fifteen (15) questions or items that are related to income of street

vendors. The survey was categorized into two sections. The first section asked basic multiple-choice

questions aimed at identifying the respondent’s location, gender, age, number of years in the business,

merchandize and their capital. The second section of the survey questionnaire is designed to rate their

extent effect of lockdown on the income of street vendors. The researchers used the random sampling.

The sample consist a population of fifty (50) street vendors from selected cities or municipalities in

Cavite.

Questionnaire

Dear respondent,

The researchers from San Sebastian College Recoletos - de Cavite are conducting research

entitled “The Impact of Lockdown on the Source of Income of Street Vendors.” Because you’re known as

a street vendor, I am inviting you to participate in this research study by completing the attached

questions.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of lockdown to the income of street vendors

before and during the lockdown.

There are no risks known for responding. In order to ensure that the information will remain

confidential, do not include your full name. You don’t have to worry because your identity will remain
 20

completely anonymous.

This study is intended for educational purposes only and as part of our project on subject of Mrs.

Maria Soledad Tubay (Research Project).

Name: _________ (optional)

Location: _______

Instruction: Please shade the box that illustrates you.

I. Respondent’s profile.

1. What is Gender:

❏ Female

❏ Male

2. What is Age:

❏ 15-24 years old

❏ 25-34 years old

❏ 35-44 years old

❏ 45-54 years old

❏ 55 years old and above

3. Number of Years in the business

 21

❏ Less than 1 year

❏ 1-5 years

❏ 6-10 years

❏ 11- 15 years

❏ 20 years and above

4. How much is your Capital?

❏ Below ₱1,000

❏ ₱1,000- ₱5,000

❏ Higher than ₱5,000

5. What is your Merchandize sold?

❏ Fish ball

❏ Ihaw-Ihaw

❏ Dirty Ice cream

❏ Paresan

❏ Others: (specific business)

II. Effects of Lockdown on the source of income of street vendors. Please indicate the extent of

effect of the lockdown on your business and livelihood as you perceive. Check the box corresponding to

your answer using the following scale of values:

5- great extent; 4- above moderate extent; 3- moderate extent; 2-below moderate extent; 1-no

effect at all
 22

Quality of Life

1. After the lockdown we find it difficult to make both ends meet.

2.We have to give up some of the things we used to enjoy like Interconnectivity.

3.We have to be happy to have 3 meals a day.

4.We find difficulty paying for utilities like electricity and water.

5. Livelihood changes when lockdown strikes.

Opportunity Cost

1.We don’t carry as much merchandize as we did before.

2.We lost some of our customers.

3.We were business as usual.

4.We were still able to pay for the utilities or other expenses related to our business.

5. We just had normal operations while the health protocols are still implemented.

Daily sales

1.We lost so much of our daily sales

2. We are still able to get a return on our daily investment during the lockdown.
 23

3.We continue to make the same percentage of profit from our investment.

4. We need to add an alternative way to achieve our quota.

5. The profit of the business decreases.

Data Gathering Procedure

The research will ask permission to the Barangay Captain in the selected barangay of Cavite. The

questionnaires will be given to the respondents and will be self-administered. To ensure that the street

vendors will understand the procedures, the questionnaire instructions will be read aloud and

demonstrations on how to respond to the items will be shown on the chalkboard. Ample time is given to

all the participants to finish the questionnaires. The researchers will give extensive close supervision in

administering and receiving questionnaires. A total of fifty street vendors in the cities or municipality of

Cavite were the respondents of the study. They are described according to their profile as sex (male and

female) and age. The key procedure in completing this study is to the respondents to respond to each

statement honestly and realistically as possible, in other words in answering the entire questionnaire, one

should be true to himself at all times in order to obtain the most accurate assessment. After finishing the

survey, the respondents’ chosen answers in the surveys will be carefully and truthfully enumerated and

analyzed by the researcher. The data gained from the surveys will be analyzed to determine if there were

negative impact of lockdown to the street vendors.

Data Analysis

To determine the extent effect of lockdown to the income of street vendors, the researchers used

the following formula to analyze the necessary data needed for the research:

● Frequency and Percentage Distribution

ƒ
- %= ×100
N

Where:
 24

f = frequency

N = Sample size

- The researchers used this formula in order to determine the percentage of profile of the

respondent street vendors in terms of:

A. Location;

B. Gender;

C. Age;

D. Number of years in the business;

E. Merchandize Sold; and

F. Capital?

● ANOVA

- Alpha value of .05 was set as the researchers decided a 95% level of confidence as the

basis of whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis.

 25

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter shows the presentation, analysis and interpretation of the data gathered by the

researchers to answer the problems and hypothesis of the study. The data gathered regarding the profile

of the participants are described, analyzed and interpreted narratively. The analytical procedures are

arranged according to the sequence of the questions categorized by the researchers and are presented in

tabulation.

SUB QUESTION 1: What is the profile of the respondent street vendors in terms of Location;

Gender; Age; Number of years in the Business; Merchandize; and Capital?

The table 1 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of respondents according to place.

Among 50 respondents, the Kawit area has the highest frequency with twelve (12) respondents followed

by Noveleta, General Trias and Tanza the second with the highest frequency with a total of ten (10)

respondents and the place that has the lowest frequency is Cavite City with eight (8) respondents.

Correspondingly, this has a percentage of twenty-four (24%), Noveleta, General Trias and Tanza got the

same percentage which was twenty (20%) and lastly the lowest percentage is Cavite City with sixteen

(16%).

Table 1. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents According to Place

PLACE f Percent

CAVITE CITY 8 16.0

KAWIT 12 24.0
 26

NOVELETA 10 20.0

GENERAL TRIAS 10 20.0

TANZA 10 20.0

Total 50 100.0

Table 2 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of respondents according to gender.

Among fifty (50) respondents, the majority of respondent vendors are female with a total of twenty-eight

(28) frequency with a fifty-six (56%) percentage and the least frequency is male which has forty-four

(44%) percentage and a total of twenty-two (22) frequency.

Table 2. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents According to Gender

GENDER f Percent

MALE 22 44.0

FEMALE 28 56.0

Total 50 100.0
 27

Table 3 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of respondents according to age. Out of

fifty (50) respondents, the table also indicates that the age of twenty-five (25) to thirty-four (34) got

the highest frequency with a total of fourteen (14) respondents with a 28%, followed by the age of

thirty-five (35) to forty-four (44) and above 54 has the same result of frequency with thirteen (13) and

percentage of twenty-six (26), then age of 15 to 24 which has 6 frequency and 12%, and lastly the age

of forty-five (45) to fifty-four (54) with a least frequency of 4 and 8 percentage.

Table 3. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents According to Age

AGE f Percent

15 TO 24 6 12.0

25 TO 34 14 28.0

35 TO 44 13 26.0

45 TO 54 4 8.0

ABOVE 54 13 26.0

Total 50 100.0

Table 4 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of respondents according to

merchandize. Among fifty (50) respondents, Ihaw-ihaw has the highest frequency and has sixteen (16)

respondents and followed by Others with results of second highest frequency with a total of thirteen (13).
 28

Fish ball and Pares have the same frequency with thirteen (13) respondents and the one with the lowest

frequency is the Dirty ice cream with three (3) respondents. Accordingly, this has a percentage of 32%,

followed by 26%, both Fish ball and pares got the same percentage which is 18% and lastly the least

percentage is Dirty Ice Cream with a percentage of six (6).

Table 4. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents According to Merchandize

MERCHANDIZE f Percent

FISHBALL 9 18.0

IHAW-IHAW 16 32.0

DIRTY ICE CREAM 3 6.0

PARES 9 18.0

OTHERS 13 26.0

Total 50 100.0

Table 5 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of respondents according to years. Among fifty

(50) respondents, 1 to 5 years have the highest frequency and twenty-two (22) respondents followed by

6 to 10 years with twelve (12) respondents the third with highest frequency is eleven (11) to fifteen

(15) years with six (6) respondents and less than a year and more than fifteen (15) years have the same
 29

frequency with five (5) respondents. Correspondingly, this has a percentage of forty-four (44%), then

twenty-four (24%), followed by twelve (12%) and lastly both less than a year and more than fifteen (15)

years got the least percentage which is ten (10%).

Table 5. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents According to Years

YEARS f Percent

LESS THAN A YEAR 5 10.0

1 TO 5 YEARS 22 44.0

6 TO 10 YEARS 12 24.0

11 TO 15 YEARS 6 12.0

MORE THAN 15 YEARS 5 10.0

Total 50 100.0

Table 6 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of respondents according to capital. Among fifty

(50) respondents, the capital of 1k to 5k was the majority of the results which was chosen by thirty (30)

respondents, and the least frequency was both capital below 1k and above 5k with ten (10) respondents.

Accordingly, this has a percentage of sixty (60%) percent and both have twenty (20%) percent.

Table 6. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents According to Capital

 30

CAPITAL f Percent

below 1k 10 20.0

1k to 5k 30 60.0

above 5k 10 20.0

Total 50 100.0

SUB QUESTION 2: What is the extent of effect of the lock down on the respondent vendors

on the basis of Quality of Life; Opportunity Cost; and Daily Sales?

In general, the respondents from the different cities and municipalities claimed that the lockdown

has affected them to an above moderate extent with a mean rating of 3.84 shown on Table 7. The table

also shows respondent vendors from Kawit gave the highest mean rating of 4.49, interpreted as the

lockdown affecting them to a Great Extent, just like the vendors from Cavite City, with a mean rating of

4.33. The lowest mean rating came from respondents from General Trias, 3.22, to a Moderate Extent.

Table 7. Interpretation of Mean Extent Effect Rating Grouped by Place

CITY AVERAGE INTERPRETATION

CAVITE CITY 4.33 GREAT EXTENT

KAWIT 4.49 GREAT EXTENT

 31

NOVELETA 3.37 MODERATE EXTENT

GENERAL TRIAS 3.22 MODERATE EXTENT

TANZA 3.77 ABOVE MODERATE EXTENT

Total 3.84 ABOVE MODERATE EXTENT

Table 8 shows the mean ratings given by the respondents grouped by city or municipality to the extent of

effect of the lockdown on their quality of life, opportunity cost and daily sales. The hardest hit by the

lockdown overall according to the respondent was the quality of life, with a mean rating of 4.22, great

extent. The lowest mean rating was 3.55, above moderate extent, on daily sales.

Table 8. Mean Extent Effect Rating Grouped by Place

Report

Mean

CITY Quality of Life Opportunity Cost Daily Sales AVERAGE

CAVITE CITY 4.73 4.28 3.98 4.33

KAWIT 4.82 4.42 4.23 4.49

 32

NOVELETA 4.06 3.10 2.96 3.37

GENERAL TRIAS 3.80 3.02 2.84 3.22

TANZA 3.70 3.94 3.68 3.77

Total 4.22 3.76 3.55 3.84

In general, the respondents grouped by gender claimed that the lockdown has affected them to

an above moderate extent with a mean rating of 3.84 shown on Table 9. The table also shows Female

respondents gave the highest mean rating of 3.90, interpreted as the lockdown affecting them to a

Above Moderate. The lowest mean rating came from Male respondents, 3.77, affected to an Above

Moderate Extent.

Table 9. Interpretation of Mean Extent Effect Rating Grouped by Gender

GENDER AVERAGE INTERPRETATION

MALE 3.77 ABOVE MODERATE

FEMALE 3.90 ABOVE MODERATE

Total 3.84 ABOVE MODERATE

 33

The table 10 shows the mean ratings given by the respondents by their gender to the extent

of effect of the lockdown on their quality life, opportunity cost and daily sales. The lowest mean rating

was 3.55 above moderate extent, on daily sales and the highest is 4.22 hit by the lockdown overall

according to the respondents was the quality of life.

Table 10. Mean Extent Effect Rating Grouped by Gender

Report

Mean

GENDER Quality of Life Opportunity Cost Daily Sales AVERAGE

MALE 4.30 3.60 3.42 3.77

FEMALE 4.16 3.88 3.65 3.90

Total 4.22 3.76 3.55 3.84

In general, the respondents grouped by Age claimed that the lockdown has affected them to an

Above Moderate extent with a mean rating of 3.84 shown on Table 11. The table also shows respondents

aged from 25 to 34 gave the highest mean rating of 3.97, interpreted as the lockdown affecting them to

an Above Moderate, same to the rest of the age groups. The lowest mean rating came from respondents

aged from 15 to 24, 3.49, affected to an Above Moderate Extent.

Table 11. Interpretation of Mean Extent Effect Rating Grouped by Age

 34

AGE AVERAGE INTERPRETATION

15 TO 24 3.49 ABOVE MODERATE EXTENT

25 TO 34 3.97 ABOVE MODERATE EXTENT

35 TO 44 3.88 ABOVE MODERATE EXTENT

45 TO 54 3.65 ABOVE MODERATE EXTENT

ABOVE 54 3.89 ABOVE MODERATE EXTENT

Total 3.84 ABOVE MODERATE EXTENT

The table 12 shows the mean ratings given by the respondents by their age to the extent of

effect of the lockdown on their quality life, opportunity cost and daily sales. The lowest mean rating was

3.60 above moderate extent, on daily sales and the highest hit by the lockdown overall according to the

respondents was the quality of life.

Table 12. Mean Extent Effect Rating Grouped by Age

Report

Mean

AGE Quality of Life Opportunity Cost Daily Sales AVERAGE

 35

15 TO 24 4.13 3.33 3.00 3.49

25 TO 34 4.31 3.87 3.73 3.97

35 TO 44 4.05 3.88 3.72 3.88

45 TO 54 4.30 3.65 3.00 3.65

ABOVE 54 4.32 3.74 3.60 3.89

Total 4.22 3.76 3.55 3.84

In general, the respondents grouped by Merchandize claimed that the lockdown has affected

them to an Above Moderate extent with a mean rating of 3.84 shown on Table 13. The table also shows

respondents that sell Pares gave the highest mean rating of 4.24, interpreted as the lockdown affecting

them to Great Extent. Respondents that sell Fish ball with 3.78, Ihaw-Ihaw with 4.03, Dirty Ice Cream

with 3.91, are affected to an Above Moderate Extent. The lowest mean rating came from respondents

that sell Other Merchandize, 3.37, affected to a Moderate Extent.

Table 13. Interpretation of Mean Extent Effect Rating Grouped by Merchandize

MERCHANDIZE AVERAGE INTERPRETATION

FISH BALL 3.78 ABOVE MODERATE EXTENT

 36

IHAW-IHAW 4.03 ABOVE MODERATE EXTENT

DIRTY ICE CREAM 3.91 ABOVE MODERATE EXTENT

PARES 4.24 GREAT EXTENT

OTHERS 3.37 MODERATE EXTENT

Total 3.84 ABOVE MODERATE EXTENT

Table 14 shows the mean ratings given by the respondents grouped by merchandize to the

extent of effect of the lockdown on their quality of life, opportunity cost and daily sales. The hardest hit

by the lockdown overall according to the respondent was the quality of life, with a mean rating of 4.22,

great extent. The lowest mean rating was 3.55, above moderate extent, on daily sales.

Table 14. Mean Extent Effect Rating Grouped by Merchandize

Report

Mean

MERCHANDIZE Quality of Life Opportunity Cost Daily Sales AVERAGE

FISHBALL 4.29 3.44 3.60 3.78

 37

IHAW-IHAW 4.33 4.03 3.73 4.03

DIRTY ICE CREAM 4.07 3.73 3.93 3.91

PARES 4.42 4.49 3.82 4.24

OTHERS 3.95 3.14 3.02 3.37

Total 4.22 3.76 3.55 3.84

In general, the respondents grouped by Years in Business claimed that the lockdown has affected

them to an Above Moderate extent with a mean rating of 3.84 shown on Table 6.0. The table also shows

respondents that sales for 1 to 5 years gave the highest mean rating of 3.98, interpreted as the lockdown

affecting them to an Above Moderate Extent. The lowest mean rating came from respondents that sell for

More than 15 years, 3.37, affected to an Above Moderate Extent.

Table 15. Interpretation of Mean Extent Effect Rating Grouped by Years in Business

YEARS AVERAGE INTERPRETATION

LESS THAN A YEAR 3.49 ABOVE MODERATE EXTENT

1 TO 5 YEARS 3.98 ABOVE MODERATE EXTENT

 38

6 TO 10 YEARS 3.79 ABOVE MODERATE EXTENT

11 TO 15 YEARS 3.88 ABOVE MODERATE EXTENT

MORE THAN 15 YEARS 3.65 ABOVE MODERATE EXTENT

Total 3.84 ABOVE MODERATE EXTENT

Table 16 shows the mean ratings given by the respondents grouped by Years in the Business to

the extent of effect of the lockdown on their quality of life, opportunity cost and daily sales. The hardest

hit by the lockdown overall according to the respondent was the quality of life, with a mean rating of

4.22, great extent. The lowest mean rating was 3.55, above moderate extent, on daily sales.

Table 15. Mean Extent Effect Rating Grouped by Years in Business

Report

Mean

Daily

YEARS Quality of Life Opportunity Cost Sales AVERAGE

LESS THAN A YEAR 4.68 2.80 3.00 3.49

1 TO 5 YEARS 4.32 3.93 3.71 3.98

 39

6 TO 10 YEARS 4.00 3.82 3.55 3.79

11 TO 15 YEARS 3.87 4.07 3.70 3.88

MORE THAN 15 YEARS 4.32 3.44 3.20 3.65

Total 4.22 3.76 3.55 3.84

In general, the respondents grouped by Capital claimed that the lockdown has affected them to

an Above Moderate extent with a mean rating of 3.84 shown on Table 7.0. The table also shows

respondents with Capital of above fifteen thousand (15,000) gave the highest mean rating of 4.25,

interpreted as the lockdown affecting them to a Great Extent. The lowest mean rating came from

respondents with Capital of one thousand (1,000) to five thousand (5,000), 3.70, affected to an Above

Moderate Extent, same with respondents with Capital of below one thousand (1,000) with 3.87 mean

rating.

Table 17. Interpretation of Mean Extent Effect Rating Grouped by Capital

CAPITAL AVERAGE INTERPRETATION

below 1k 3.87 ABOVE MODERATE EXTENT

1k to 5k 3.70 ABOVE MODERATE EXTENT

above 5k 4.25 GREAT EXTENT

 40

Total 3.84 ABOVE MODERATE EXTENT

Table 18 shows the mean ratings given by the respondents grouped by place to the extent of

effect of the lockdown on their quality of life, opportunity cost and daily sales. The hardest hit by the

lockdown overall according to the respondent was the quality of life, with a mean rating of 4.60, great

extent. The lowest mean rating was 3.94, above moderate extent, on daily sales.

Table 18. Mean Extent Effect Rating Grouped by Capital

Report

Mean

CAPITAL Quality of Life Opportunity Cost Daily Sales AVERAGE

below 1k 4.28 3.64 3.70 3.87

1k to 5k 4.08 3.65 3.37 3.70

above 5k 4.60 4.20 3.94 4.25

Total 4.22 3.76 3.55 3.84

SUB QUESTION 3: Is there a significant difference on the extent of effect of the lockdown

on the street vendors of Cavite grouped according to Location; Gender; Age; Number of

years in the Business; Merchandize; and Capital?

 41

Hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the extent of effect of effect of the lockdown on the

street vendors grouped according to location

Table 19 shows the significance value of .000 < to 0.05, therefore, we cannot accept the null

hypothesis. The ANOVA table shows that there is a significant difference in the extent of effect of the

lockdown on the street vendors grouped according to location with 00.0% level of confidence. The

difference in the extent effect of the lockdown on the street vendors grouped according to location are

just due to chance of sampling error and not only the influences of one variable upon the other.

Table 19. ANOVA Table grouped by Location

ANOVA

AVERAGE

Sum of df Mean F Sig.

Location Squares Square

Between Groups 13.000 4 3.250 22.502 .000

Within Groups 6.500 45 .144

Total 19.500 49

Since a significant difference was found to exist in the mean extent of effect ratings given by the

respondents, a post hoc analysis was run to examine further the results. This table 20 shows that the

differences in the effect ratings given by respondents in Noveleta and General Trias and those in Tanza.
 42

The critical value of .000 and .045 is very much lower than the alpha value of .05. This means that any

difference in ratings is only 0% and 4.5 % due to chance. Location must have something to do with the

ratings given.

Table 20. Post-hoc Analysis grouped by Location

Multiple Comparisons

Dependent Variable:

Scheffe

95% Confidence

Interval

Mean

Difference Std. Lower Upper

(I) CITY (I-J) Error Sig. Bound Bound

CAVITE CITY KAWIT -.16389 .17347 .924 -.7210 .3932

NOVELETA .95167* .18027 .000 .3727 1.5307

GENERAL 1.10500* .18027 .000 .5260 1.6840

TRIAS

TANZA .55167 .18027 .069 -.0273 1.1307

KAWIT CAVITE .16389 .17347 .924 -.3932 .7210

 43

CITY

NOVELETA 1.11556* .16273 .000 .5929 1.6382

GENERAL 1.26889* .16273 .000 .7463 1.7915

TRIAS

TANZA .71556* .16273 .002 .1929 1.2382

NOVELETA CAVITE -.95167* .18027 .000 -1.5307 -.3727

CITY

KAWIT -1.11556* .16273 .000 -1.6382 -.5929

GENERAL .15333 .16996 .935 -.3925 .6992

TRIAS

TANZA -.40000 .16996 .254 -.9459 .1459

GENERAL TRIAS CAVITE -1.10500* .18027 .000 -1.6840 -.5260

CITY

KAWIT -1.26889* .16273 .000 -1.7915 -.7463

NOVELETA -.15333 .16996 .935 -.6992 .3925

TANZA -.55333* .16996 .045 -1.0992 -.0075

 44

TANZA CAVITE -.55167 .18027 .069 -1.1307 .0273

CITY

KAWIT -.71556* .16273 .002 -1.2382 -.1929

NOVELETA .40000 .16996 .254 -.1459 .9459

GENERAL .55333* .16996 .045 .0075 1.0992

TRIAS

Table 21 shows the significant value .493 is less than to 0.05, therefore, we accept the null

hypothesis. The ANOVA table shows that there is no significant difference in the extent of effect of the

lockdown on the street vendors grouped according to gender with 49.3% level of confidence.

Table 21. ANOVA Table grouped by Gender

ANOVA

AVERAGE

Sum of df Mean F Sig.

Gender
Squares Square

Between Groups .192 1 .192 .478 .493

 45

Within Groups 19.308 48 .402

Total 19.500 49

Table 22 shows the significant value of .581 less than 0.05, therefore, we accept the null

hypothesis. The ANOVA table shows that there is no significant difference in the extent of effect of the

lockdown on the street vendors grouped according to age with 58.1% level of confidence.

Table 22. ANOVA Table grouped by Age

ANOVA

AVERAGE

Sum of df Mean F Sig.

AGE
Squares Square

Between Groups 1.177 4 .294 .723 .581

Within Groups 18.323 45 .407

Total 19.500 49

Table 23 shows the significance value .009 < to 0.05, therefore, we cannot accept the null

hypothesis. The ANOVA table shows that there is a significant difference in the extent of effect of the

lockdown on the street vendors grouped according to merchandize with 00.9% level of confidence. The
 46

difference in the extent of the lockdown on the street vendors grouped according to merchandize are just

due to chance of sampling error and not only kind of influences of one variable upon the other.

Table 23. ANOVA Table grouped by Merchandize

ANOVA

AVERAGE

Sum of df Mean F Sig.

Merchandize
Squares Square

Between Groups 4.951 4 1.238 3.828 .009

Within Groups 14.550 45 .323

Total 19.500 49

Since a significant difference was found to exist in the mean extent of effect ratings by the

respondents, a post hoc analysis was run to examine further the results. This table 24 shows n that the

differences in the extent of effect ratings given by respondents with other merchandize. The critical

value of .023 is very much lower than the alpha value of 0.05. This means that any difference in the

ratings is only 2.3% due to chance. Merchandize must have something to do with the ratings given.

Table 24. Post-hoc Analysis grouped by Merchandize

Multiple Comparisons
 47

Dependent Variable:

Scheffe

95% Confidence

Interval

Mean

Difference Lower Upper

(I) MERCHANDIZE (I-J) Std. Error Sig. Bound Bound

FISHBALL IHAW-IHAW -.24722 .23692 .894 -1.0081 .5137

DIRTY ICE -.13333 .37908 .998 -1.3508 1.0841

CREAM

PARES -.46667 .26805 .558 -1.3276 .3942

OTHERS .40855 .24657 .605 -.3834 1.2004

IHAW-IHAW FISHBALL .24722 .23692 .894 -.5137 1.0081

 48

DIRTY ICE .11389 .35775 .999 -1.0351 1.2629

CREAM

PARES -.21944 .23692 .929 -.9804 .5415

OTHERS .65577 .21232 .065 -.0261 1.3377

DIRTY ICE CREAM FISHBALL .13333 .37908 .998 -1.0841 1.3508

IHAW-IHAW -.11389 .35775 .999 -1.2629 1.0351

PARES -.33333 .37908 .941 -1.5508 .8841

OTHERS .54188 .36421 .698 -.6278 1.7116

PARES FISHBALL .46667 .26805 .558 -.3942 1.3276

IHAW-IHAW .21944 .23692 .929 -.5415 .9804

DIRTY ICE .33333 .37908 .941 -.8841 1.5508

CREAM

OTHERS .87521* .24657 .023 .0833 1.6671

 49

OTHERS FISHBALL -.40855 .24657 .605 -1.2004 .3834

IHAW-IHAW -.65577 .21232 .065 -1.3377 .0261

DIRTY ICE -.54188 .36421 .698 -1.7116 .6278

CREAM

PARES -.87521* .24657 .023 -1.6671 -.0833

Table 25 shows the significant value of .539 less than 0.05%, therefore, we accept the null

hypothesis. The ANOVA table shows that there is no significant difference in the extent of effect of the

lockdown on the street vendors grouped according to years in business with 53.9% level of confidence.

Table 25. ANOVA Table grouped by Years in the Business

ANOVA

AVERAGE

Sum of df Mean F Sig.

Years in the Business
Squares Square

Between Groups 1.276 4 .319 .788 .539

 50

Within Groups 18.224 45 .405

Total 19.500 49

Table 26 shows the significance value .054 < to 0.05, therefore, we cannot accept the null

hypothesis. The ANOVA table shows that there is a significant difference in the extent of effect of

the lockdown on the street vendors grouped according to capital with 05.4% level of confidence.

The difference in the extent of the lockdown on the street vendors grouped according to capital is

just due to chance of sampling error and not only the influences of one variable upon the other.

Table 26. ANOVA Table grouped by Capital

ANOVA

AVERAGE

Sum of df Mean F Sig.

Capital
Squares Square

Between Groups 2.271 2 1.136 3.098 .054

Within Groups 17.229 47 .367

Total 19.500 49

Since a significant difference was found to exist in the mean extent of effect ratings by the

respondents, a post hoc analysis run to examine further the results. This table 27 shows that the
 51

difference lies in the effect ratings given by respondents with Php 1,000 to Php 5,000. The critical value

of .055 is less than the alpha vale of .05. This means that any difference in the ratings is only 5.5% due

to chance. Capitalization must have something to do with the ratings given.

Table 27. Post-hoc Analysis grouped by Capital

Multiple Comparisons

Dependent Variable:

Scheffe

95% Confidence

Interval

Mean

Difference Lower Upper

(I) CAPITAL (I-J) Std. Error Sig. Bound Bound

below 1k 1k to 5k .17556 .22108 .731 -.3833 .7344

above 5k -.37333 .27077 .394 -1.0578 .3111

1k to 5k below 1k -.17556 .22108 .731 -.7344 .3833

above 5k -.54889 .22108 .055 -1.1077 .0100

above 5k below 1k .37333 .27077 .394 -.3111 1.0578

1k to 5k .54889 .22108 .055 -.0100 1.1077

 52

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the study, findings, conclusions, and recommendations.

Summary

Street vendors provide essential services in cities across the globe, particularly in the Philippines,

where residents rely on it for basic needs. Street vendors are part of a vast informal food system that

keeps much of the world from going hungry. But the pandemic has devastated the livelihoods of street

vendors, disrupting the vendors' ability to do the vendors' jobs and leaving many in a fight for survival

(Balbuena & Skinner, 2020). According to World Health Organization, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to

a dramatic loss of human life worldwide and presents an unprecedented challenge to public health, food

systems and the world of work.

This pandemic affects us in many different ways, the street vendors struggle in food, work and

necessities. This research sought to determine the extent of effect of the lockdown on the income of

street vendors in some cities or municipalities in Cavite. Using a quantitative approach, in particular, the

non-experimental, the survey design. The study involved randomly selected 50 respondents in cities or

municipalities of Cavite using a researcher-made, Likert scale type survey questionnaire. ANOVA was

used to test the research hypothesis. The research was conducted during the first semester of AY 2020-

2021.

Summary of Findings

The research had the following findings:

1. Some of the vendors who have less than a year experience has the lowest capital because

they started a few months before the lockdown started. However, the street vendors who
 53

have more than 15 years’ experience have the greatest capital and it decreased when

lockdown started because they did not achieve their designated quota. Most of the street

vendors were female. They were the most afflicted by the lockdown. Most of the street

vendors are in the ages of 25 to 34. They are exceedingly overwhelmed by the pandemic.

2. Majority of the street vendors were highly affected by the lockdown causing their quality of

life changes due to the descent of their daily sales in their daily operation. Majority of their

daily sales decreased considering we are in the midst of the lockdown and there are

customers who barely go outside. Several agreed that the extent of the lockdown was

devastating and had a great impact on their source of their income. It also influenced the

loss of the potential gain from their source of income.

3. There is no significant difference on the extent of effect of the lockdown on the street vendors

of Cavite grouped according to Gender; Age; and Number of years in the business. But there

is a significant difference grouped in Location; Merchandize; and Capital.

Conclusion

Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. The impact of lockdown on the source of income of street vendors were

highly distressed nowadays than before. Their profit was minimized and some

of the street vendors did an alternative way to meet their designated quota.

Street vendors are extremely damaged by the pandemic.

2. They are one of the public sectors where there is an unprecedented loss of

livelihood, with informal workers and daily wage earners suffering greatly.

3. Their struggle to make a living and earn a profit was magnified a lot during

this pandemic and the lockdown

 54

Recommendation

1. Using different online platforms can help with selling products in more possible ways and

places. During pandemic, this has been an option for sellers and buyers; It will also lessen

the interaction and it makes the transaction smoother and easier. Using this on your business

can ensure safety for both the sellers and the buyers.

2. Most of the street vendors must maintain punctuality to gain more customers. Unlike before

curfew hours are shorter, street vendors can sell as late as eleven (11) p.m., it is suggested

to sell early to gain enough revenue for a day. For the elder street vendors, it is

recommended to pass the responsibility to another family member who is more capable or

ask for help due to the high chance of being affected by the virus and other health

complications; it is advisable to stay at home as much as possible, especially to minors,

children and elders.

3. It is advisable to seek a safe and preferable place to pull off business; during the survey the

researchers learned that there are Street Vendors that managed to gain enough revenue

because of the place they chose to sell at. Choose a place with maximum customers without

neglecting the health protocols that have been implemented. Community Quarantine has

been lifted and it is now easier to continue the business at various locations.
 55

Reference List

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Class, and Income Distribution amid COVID-19. Retrieved from: think-asia.org

Alimi, B.A. (2016). Risk factors in street food practices in developing countries: Retrieved from:

review.sciencedirect.com

Balbuena, P. & Skinner, C. (2020). For World’s Street Vendors, Life May Never be the same after

COVID-19. Retrieved from https://www.wiego.org/blog/worlds-street-vendors-life-may-never-be-

same-after-covid-19

CDC. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Retrieved from:

https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/if-you-are-sick/quarantine.html#:~:text=Quarantine

%20is%20used%20to%20keep,the%20virus%20without%20feeling%20symptoms

Destombes, T. (2010). Informal Entrepreneurs: Street Vendors, their Livelihoods and the

influence of Social Capital. The case of cut-flower and fruit vendors in Old Downtown Cebu City,

2007.dspace.library.uu.nl

Duarah, R. (2020). Lockdown affects street vendors. Retrieved from:

https://www.sentinelassam.com/editorial/letters-to-the-editor-513551?infinitescroll=1

Estuita, A. (2020). The Influence of Social Capital to Street Vendors in Tacloban City. Retrieved

from:

https://www.academia.edu/36955233/THE_INFLUENCE_OF_SOCIAL_CAPITAL_TO_STREET_VEN

DORS_IN_TACLOBAN_CITY
 56

FYI, (2020). What does COVID-19 mean for the livelihood of women street vendors? Retrieved

from https://inbreakthrough.org/impact-covid-women-vendors/

Kusakabe, K. (n.d.). Policy Issues on Street Vending: An Overview of Studies in Thailand,

Cambodia and Mongolia. Retrieved from: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---

ro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_bk_pb_119_en.pdf

Madenilla, S. (2019). Government ‘blind’ to informal workers’ true numbers. Retrieved from

https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/03/28/government-blind-to-informal-workers-true-numbers/

NASVI. (2014). National Association of Street Vendors of India – NASVI. Retrieved from
https://nasvinet.org/

Purunggan, J. (2020). Philippines: Informal workers face brunt of COVID-19 Lockdown. Retrieved

from https://focusweb.org/philippines-informal-workers-face-brunt-of-covid-19-lockdown/

Rane S. (2011). Street vended food in developing world: hazard analyses. Retrieved from:

nih.gov

Roever, S. (2019). Street Vendors: Essential goods and urgent needs. Retrieved from

https://www.wiego.org/street-vendors-essential-goods-and-urgent-needs

Sezgin A.C. & Şanlıer N. (2016). Street food consumption in terms of the food safety and 

health. Journal of Human Sciences. Retrieved from: j-humansciences.com

Suresh, A. (2019) What is a Chi-Square Test and Why Do We use it? | Codementor.

https://www.codementor.io/@abhirajsuresh/what-is-a-chi-square-test-and-why-do-we-use-it-

1365snyolr

WHO. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on people’s livelihoods, their health and our food systems.

Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news/item/13-10-2020-impact-of-covid-19-on-people’s-

livelihoods-their-health-and-our-food-systems/
 57

Vinceti, M. (2020). Lockdown timing and efficacy in controlling COVID-19 using mobile phone

tracking. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(20)30201-7/fulltext
 58

APPENDIX A

QUESTIONNAIRE & TABLE

Questionnaire

Dear respondent,

The researchers from San Sebastian College Recoletos - de Cavite are conducting research

entitled “The Impact of Lockdown on the Source of Income of Street Vendors.” Because you’re known as

a street vendor, I am inviting you to participate in this research study by completing the attached

questions.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of lockdown to the income of street vendors

before and during the lockdown.

There are no risks known for responding. In order to ensure that the information will remain

confidential, do not include your full name. You don’t have to worry because your identity will remain

completely anonymous.

This study is intended for educational purposes only and as part of our project on subject of Mrs.

Maria Soledad Tubay (Research Project).

Name: _________ (optional)

Location: _______

Instruction: Kindly put a check (✓) mark in the boxes that correspond to your answer:

I. Respondent’s profile.

1. What is Gender:
 59

❏ Female

❏ Male

2. What is Age:

❏ 15-24 years old

❏ 25-34 years old

❏ 35-44 years old

❏ 45-54 years old

❏ 55 years old and above

3. Number of Years in the business

❏ Less than 1 year

❏ 1-5 years

❏ 6-10 years

❏ 11- 15 years

❏ 20 years and above

4. How much is your Capital?

❏ Below ₱1,000

❏ ₱1,000- ₱5,000

❏ Higher than ₱5,000

 60

5. What is your Merchandize sold?

❏ Fish ball

❏ Ihaw-Ihaw

❏ Dirty Ice cream

❏ Paresan

❏ Others: (specific business)

II. Effects of Lockdown on the source of income of street vendors. Please indicate the extent of

effect of the lockdown on your business and livelihood as you perceive. Check the box corresponding to

your answer using the following scale of values:

Level of Extent:

5- great extent;

4- above moderate extent;

3- moderate extent;

2- below moderate extent;

1-no effect at all

Quality of Life 5 4 3 2 1

1. After the lockdown we find it difficult to make

both ends meet.

2.We have to give up some of the things we used

to enjoy like Interconnectivity.
 61

3.We have to be happy to have 3 meals a day.

4.We find difficulty paying for utilities like electricity

and water.

5. Livelihood changes when lockdown strikes.

Opportunity Cost 5 4 3 2 1

1.We don’t carry as much merchandize as we did

before.

2.We lost some of our customers.

3.We were business as usual.

4.We were still able to pay for the utilities or other

expenses related to our business.

5. We just had normal operations while the health

protocols are still implemented.

Daily sales 5 4 3 2 1

1.We lost so much of our daily sales

2. We are still able to get a return on our daily

investment during the lockdown.

3.We continue to make the same percentage of

profit from our investment.

4. We need to add an alternative way to achieve

our quota.

5. The profit of the business decreases.

 62

APPENDIX B

TABULATION OF RESPONDENTS’ PROFILE

MERCHANDI
RESPONDENTS CITY GENDER AGE ZE YEARS CAPITAL
1 1 1 2 1 1 1
2 1 2 3 4 2 2
3 1 1 4 2 3 3
4 1 2 3 2 1 1
5 1 2 5 2 3 3
6 1 1 3 1 2 1
7 1 2 5 2 3 3
8 1 1 3 1 2 1
9 2 2 5 2 3 3
10 2 2 5 4 4 2
11 2 1 2 4 2 2
12 2 2 3 2 4 2
13 2 2 5 2 5 3
14 2 1 4 4 3 3
15 2 2 3 3 2 2
16 2 2 3 2 4 3
17 2 2 2 2 2 3
18 2 2 2 2 2 2
19 2 2 2 2 2 2
20 2 1 2 4 2 2
21 3 2 5 5 3 2
22 3 1 3 4 2 2
23 3 2 5 5 5 2
24 3 1 1 1 2 2
25 3 1 2 1 1 1
26 3 1 2 5 3 3
27 3 2 5 5 3 3
28 3 2 1 4 2 2
29 3 2 4 5 2 2
 63

30 3 1 5 1 5 2
31 4 2 2 5 2 2
32 4 1 1 2 1 2
33 4 1 1 1 1 2
34 4 2 3 2 4 2
35 4 2 3 5 4 2
36 4 2 5 5 5 1
37 4 1 4 5 2 2
38 4 1 2 5 2 2
39 4 2 2 5 3 2
40 4 2 5 2 4 2
41 5 1 3 5 5 2
42 5 1 2 2 2 2
43 5 1 3 3 3 2
44 5 2 1 4 2 1
45 5 1 2 1 2 1
46 5 1 3 3 2 2
47 5 2 1 4 2 2
48 5 2 5 5 3 1
49 5 2 5 1 3 2
50 5 1 2 2 2 1
 64

APPENDIX C

TABULATION OF QUESTION 1

RESPONDENTS Q1A Q1B Q1C Q1D Q1E

1 5 5 5 5 5

2 5 5 5 5 5

3 5 5 5 5 5

4 5 5 4 4 5

5 5 5 5 5 5

6 4 4 4 4 4

7 5 4 5 5 4

8 5 4 5 4 5

9 5 4 4 5 4

10 5 5 5 5 5

11 5 5 5 5 5

12 5 5 5 5 5

13 5 4 5 5 4

14 5 4 4 4 4

15 4 4 5 5 5

16 5 5 5 5 5

17 5 5 5 5 5

18 5 5 5 5 5

19 5 5 5 5 5
 65

20 5 5 5 5 5

21 5 3 3 3 5

22 5 4 4 5 3

23 5 4 4 5 5

24 4 4 4 4 4

25 5 4 4 4 5

26 5 4 4 4 5

27 5 4 4 4 2

28 5 4 4 4 3

29 5 3 3 3 3

30 4 4 4 4 4

31 5 4 5 5 5

32 4 4 4 5 5

33 5 5 5 5 5

34 1 1 1 1 1

35 4 4 3 4 3

36 5 5 5 5 5

37 5 5 5 5 3

38 5 5 5 5 5

39 1 1 1 1 1

40 4 4 3 4 3

41 5 3 2 2 5

42 5 3 3 2 2
 66

43 4 4 4 5 3

44 3 3 3 4 4

45 5 3 3 3 5

46 5 3 3 3 4

47 5 4 4 4 3

48 4 4 4 4 4

49 5 3 3 3 5

50 4 4 4 4 4
 67

APPENDIX D

TABULATION OF QUESTION 2

RESPONDENTS Q2A Q2B Q2C Q2D Q2E

1 4 5 3 4 4

2 5 5 5 3 4

3 5 5 5 4 5

4 3 3 4 1 3

5 5 5 5 5 5

6 5 5 5 4 4

7 5 5 3 5 5

8 4 4 4 4 4

9 4 4 4 3 3

10 5 5 5 5 5

11 5 5 5 5 5

12 4 4 3 5 4

13 5 5 4 5 5

14 5 5 4 5 5

15 5 4 5 4 3

16 5 4 5 5 3

17 5 5 4 5 4

18 5 5 4 3 2

19 4 4 5 4 5
 68

20 5 5 5 3 4

21 4 4 2 3 3

22 3 4 4 3 5

23 3 4 1 2 3

24 3 3 2 3 3

25 3 4 2 3 3

26 3 5 1 2 4

27 3 3 1 2 3

28 3 5 4 4 5

29 3 3 2 3 3

30 4 4 2 3 3

31 4 4 5 5 3

32 5 4 1 1 1

33 5 1 1 1 1

34 1 1 5 5 5

35 4 3 3 4 5

36 5 5 1 1 1

37 5 3 1 1 1

38 5 5 1 1 1

39 1 1 5 5 5

40 4 3 3 4 5

41 4 4 3 4 5

42 3 5 4 5 5
 69

43 3 2 4 4 3

44 3 3 4 5 5

45 3 4 4 5 3

46 3 4 4 3 5

47 4 5 5 5 5

48 4 4 5 4 3

49 3 3 3 5 5

50 3 3 3 4 5
 70

APPENDIX D

TABULATION OF QUESTION 3

RESPONDENTS Q3A Q3B Q3C Q3D Q3E

1 4 3 2 5 5

2 5 2 2 5 5

3 5 1 2 5 5

4 3 3 2 4 5

5 5 4 5 5 5

6 5 4 3 5 5

7 5 2 3 4 5

8 5 3 4 5 4

9 4 3 4 3 5

10 5 4 4 5 4

11 5 5 5 5 5

12 5 3 4 4 4

13 5 3 5 4 5

14 5 4 3 3 4

15 4 5 5 3 5

16 5 2 5 5 5

17 5 3 5 5 5

18 5 2 4 3 5

19 4 3 5 3 5
 71

20 5 4 5 3 4

21 4 2 1 2 5

22 4 3 3 2 3

23 4 1 1 1 5

24 4 2 2 2 5

25 4 2 2 2 5

26 5 2 1 2 5

27 4 3 2 2 5

28 5 3 3 2 3

29 3 2 1 3 5

30 4 3 2 2 5

31 3 5 5 5 5

32 4 1 1 1 4

33 5 1 1 1 5

34 1 5 5 1 1

35 3 3 3 5 3

36 5 1 1 1 5

37 3 1 1 1 3

38 5 1 1 1 5

39 1 5 5 1 1

40 3 3 3 5 3

41 3 2 3 4 5

42 4 4 3 2 5
 72

43 4 4 3 2 3

44 4 5 5 3 4

45 4 5 4 4 4

46 5 4 4 4 4

47 4 3 2 2 3

48 5 4 3 3 5

49 5 5 3 2 5

50 4 3 2 3 4