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Welcome
Warm Greetings
 5G Introduction techteworld
Fundamental

➢5G RAN has been termed as New Radio (NR).

➢5G has been categorized based on the use cases .
 4G and 5G Comparison
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Latency 10ms Latency <1ms

Peak data rate 1Gb/s Peak data rate 20Gb/s

Available spectrum 3GHz Available spectrum 30 GHz

Users Density
1000K/square Km Users Density ~ 2K/square Km
 5G Architecture-Network Slicing techteworld

➢ Dedicated Slices Operating in Parallel

➢ Generic Slice for Default Cases

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2DG3pMcNNlw
 5G Introduction techteworld

➢There are two different architecture of 5G

1. NSA (Non-Stand Alone)- 5G Access Network Connect to 5G as well as 4G Core Network. In this
5G access and its NR network built with existing LTE and EPC infra Core Network.
2. SA (Stand-Alone)- 5G Access Network Connect to 5G Core Network. In this NR is connected to
5G Core network

The new SDAP(Service Data Adaptation Protocol) sublayer offers to 5GC QoS flows

✓ Mapping between a QoS flow and a data radio bearer.

✓ Marking QoS flow ID (QFI) in both DL and UL packets.
 NSA (Non-Stand Alone) & SA (Stand-Alone)
NSA SA

AMF-Access and Mobility Management Function. UPF-User Plane Function

➢NSA has dual connectivity, via both 4G AN and 5G AN (NR). It is called EN-DC (E-UTRAN and NR Dual
Connectivity).

➢In EN-DC, the 4G’s eNB is Master Node (MN) and 5G’s en-gNB is the Secondary Node (SN).
 5G NR Frequency Bands
➢The frequency bands in 5G-NR are defined as FR1 and FR2. techteworld

Frequency Range Defined Frequency Range

FR1 410 MHz – 7125 MHz (7.125GHz)
FR2 24250 MHz – 52600 MHz (24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz)

➢FR1 operating bands support FDD,TDD,SDL (Supplemental

Downlink),SUL (Supplemental Uplink).
➢FR2 Support only TDD.
 Architecture :Non-standalone techteworld
➢E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC).
➢UE is connected to NR and LTE simultaneously.
➢One eNB can be connected to many gNB and vice versa
RAN Architecture
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Option 3/3a/3x is considered most suitable for early adaptation of NR
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standalone
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➢ Standalone the core is 5G.

➢ Master node will be of gNB.
5G CORE NETWORK Architecture
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 5G Network Functions.
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➢ User Equipment (UE)Radio Access Network
➢ (UPF) User plane Function S-GW and P-GW have been divided into
session management function (SMF) and
➢ (DN) Data network user plane function (UPF)
➢ (AUSF) Authentication Server Function
➢(AMF) Core Access and Mobility Management Function
➢(SMF) Session Management Function
➢(NSSF) Network Slice Selection Function
➢(NEF) Network Exposure Function NEW 5G Functions
➢(NRF) NF Repository Function
➢(PCF) Policy Control function PCRF
➢(UDM) Unified Data Management HSS
➢(AF) Application Function
 Functions :
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(AUSF) : Subscriber authentication, during registration or re-registration with 5G, is
managed by the Authentication Server Function.

(AMF) : NAS signaling termination and security, Access Authentication, Support of

Network Slicing. Support of intra-system and inter-system mobility, Mobility management
control (subscription and policies);

(SMF) : UE IP address allocation and management; Session Management, Selection and

control of UP function, Control part of policy enforcement and QoS.

(UPF) : Anchor point for Intra-/Inter-RAT mobility, Packet routing & forwarding, External
PDU session point of interconnect to Data Network, DL packet buffering and DL data
notification triggering.
5G-NR Frame structure
 Numerology - Subcarrier Spacing
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✓As we know in LTE we have only one type of subcarrier spacing i.e 15Khz.
✓NR support multiple type of subcarrier spacing .
✓NR supports a flexible OFDM numerology with subcarrier spacings ranges
from 15 kHz to 240 kHz with a proportional change in cyclic prefix duration.

The numerology The subcarrier spacing (kHz) Cyclic Prefix

0 15 Normal
1 30 Normal
2 60 Normal,Extended
3 120 Normal
4 240 Normal
Numerology - Subcarrier Spacing
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 Supported Channel mapping with numerology
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✓ Its Not like that every numerology can be used for every physical channel.
✓ Numerologies has been specified as per certain type of physical channel.

Numerology, Radio Frame Structure and Slot Length

✓Slot Length changes depending on numerology.
✓Increase in subcarrier spacing will decrease slot length.
✓ Symbol per slot will same based on slot configuration like for configuration 0
number of symbols for a slot is 14 and for configuration 1 it will be 7.
Numerology, Radio Frame Structure and Slot Length techteworld
Radio Frame Structure
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 SRB (Signaling Radio Bearer)
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✓For carrying signaling message the type of bearer that required is know
as SRB (Signaling Radio Bearer).
✓The SRBs are radio bearers that are used for the transmission of RRC and
NAS messages.
✓There are four different type of SRB in NR as per TS38.331.
SRB0
SRB1
SRB2
SRB3
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✓SRB0: This SRB is for RRC messages using the Common Control Channel (CCCH) logical
channel.

✓SRB1: This SRB is for RRC messages (which may include a piggybacked NAS message)
as well as for NAS messages prior to the establishment of SRB2, all using DCCH logical
channel.

✓SRB2: This SRB is for NAS messages, all using DCCH logical channel. SRB2 has a lower-
priority than SRB1 and is always configured by the network after security activation.

✓SRB3: This SRB is for specific RRC messages when UE is in EN-DC, all using DCCH
logical channel.
 SRB 3 techteworld

✓SRB3 can be setup at the request of the SG Secondary Node.

✓SRB3 is used for signaling procedures which are time sensitive with respect
to the gNode B, e.g. mobility procedures.
✓SRB3 supports a limited number of signaling messages, i.e. RRC
Reconfiguration,RRC Reconfiguration Complete and Measurement Report
messages.

SRB 0 is only applicable to the Master Node

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SS-Block
 • SS Blocks is Synchronization signal. techteworld
• So now SS Blocks= PSS+SSS+PBCH in general.
• SS Block used for initial cell search in idle/inactive
state mobility.
• SS Block can also be used on connected state
mobility.
• Cell search ,it is done in both the cases either device
is connected to a network or it is in idle/inactive
SS Blocks mode .
• SS Blocks consist of 4 Symbols .
PSS- 1 Symbol
SSS- 1 Symbol
PBCH- 2 Symbols
• With all downlink transmission in NR,SS Block
transmission is based on OFDM.
• The SS block spans four OFDM symbols in the time domain and 240 subcarriers in the
frequency domain. techteworld

• PSS transmission is in the first OFDM symbol of SS Block and occupied 127 subcarriers in
frequency domain.
• SSS transmitted in 3rd OFDM symbol and occupied same as PSS.
• The PBCH is transmitted within the second and fourth OFDM symbols of the SS block. In
addition, PBCH transmission also uses 48 subcarriers on each side of the SSS.

Time/frequency structure of a SS Block

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• In LTE PSS and SSS is always located at

Centre frequency.
• There is big drawback of PSS and SSS
locating at carrier frequency is that suppose
a device which has no any prior knowledge
SS Block in of frequency domain carrier position will
search PSS and SSS at all possible position of
Frequency carrier (carrier Raster)
Domain • Carrier/Channel Raster –distance between
neighboring channel in frequency band.
• So based on carrier raster SS Block location
within each frequency band, a more limited
set of possible locations of SS block that is
referred to as the “synchronization raster”.
 • In NR Instead of searching for an SS block
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at each position of the carrier raster, a

device thus only needs to search for an
SS block on the sparser synchronization
raster.
SS Block in • SS Block periodicity may vary from 5 ms
Frequency up to 160 ms.
Domain • However, devices doing initial cell search
or in inactive/idle state doing cell search
CAN consider that the SS block is
repeated at least once every 20 ms i.e 4
times longer than LTE.
 SS Burst Set
➢ The set of SS blocks within a beam-sweep is referred to as an SS burst set.
➢ By applying beam-forming for the SS block, the coverage of a single SS block transmission is
increased.
➢ The periodicity of the SS burst set is flexible with (5 ms and160 ms),each SS burst set is
always confined to a 5 ms time interval.
➢ SS Blocks in group is SS Bursts.
➢ SS Bursts then grouped into a SS Burst set.
 PSS
➢ PSS is the first signal to be searched by any device.
➢ PSS Ranges from 0,1,2.

SSS

➢ Once a device has detected a PSS it knows the transmission timing of the SSS.
➢ By detecting the SSS, the device can determine the PCI of the cell.
➢ SSS ranges from (0, 1….335)
➢ There are 1008 different PCIs in 5G-NR as in LTE it is 504.
PBCH
✓ The PBCH carries the master information block (MIB).
Below are the information carried by PBCH.
Depending upon FR1 and FR2 the information may differ.
✓ The SS-block time index identifies the SS-block location within an SS burst set.

The SS-block time index

➢ This is sufficient for operation below 6 GHz (FR1) where there can be at most eight SS blocks within an
SS burst set.
➢ For operation in the higher NR frequency range (FR2) there can be up to 64 SS blocks within an SS burst.
➢ CellBarred flag consist of two bits
➢ 1st PDSCH DMRS position indicates the time-domain position of the first DMRS symbol.
➢ SIB1 numerology provides information about the subcarrier spacing used for the transmission SIB1 .
➢ SIB1 configuration provides information for scheduling of SIB.
➢ The CRB grid offset provides information about the frequency offset between the SS block and the
common resource block grid.
➢ Half-frame bit indicates if the SS block is located in the first or second 5 ms part of a 10 ms frame.
➢ The half-frame bit and the SS-block time index, determine the cell frame boundary.

PBCH DMRS(DeModulation Reference Signal)

❑PBCH DMRS is a special type of physical layer signal which is used as a reference signal for
decoding PBCH.
❑In LTE we can use CRS(Cell Specific Reference Signal) for PBCH decoding.
❑In 5G/NR there is no CRS. That's why we need the DMRS dedicated for PBCH decoding.
Overview of QoS in 5G System
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5G QoS Flow Table
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Cell Search Procedure – Non Standalone Architecture (NSA)
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Cell Search Procedure –Standalone Architecture (SA)
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 5G Call Flow
(eNB - gNB dual connectivity)
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 eNB - gNB dual connectivity techteworld

➢ENDC -Dual Connectivity (EN-DC) which enables 5G services and 4G

network.
➢UEs supporting EN-DC can connect simultaneously to LTE Master Node
eNB and 5G-NR Secondary Node gNB.
➢UE first register with 4G EPC through ENDC.
➢Based on UE supportability it starts reporting measurement on 5G
Frequencies and LTE nodeB communicate with g-NB For 5G resource
assignment.
➢The 5G-NR resource assignment is then signaled to the UE via an LTE RRC
Connection Reconfiguration message.
➢After RRC Connection Reconfiguration procedure completion, the UE
simultaneously connects to the 4G and 5G networks.
➢ RRC Connection setup complete carries the NAS Attach Request.
➢ The DCNR bit in the "UE Network Capability" IE is set.
➢ This signals is confirmation to the 4G Core Network that the UE supports dual connectivity with LTE and 5G-NR.
➢ The NAS messages from the UE are signaled to the Core Network via the Initial UE message.
➢ MME initiates the authentication procedure.
➢ Authentication is successfully completed.
➢ MME initiates NAS level security procedure.
➢ NAS level security procedure is completed.
MME responds eNB with
1. S1AP Initial Context Setup Request.
2. NAS Attach Accept.
3. Activate Default Bearer Request.

➢ UE capabilities are requested for 4G-LTE (utra), EN-DC (eutra-nr) and 5G (nr).
➢ EUTRA-NR specific capabilities are specified in the UE-MRDC-Capability container. The message also contains information about the supported 5G
frequency bands.
➢ UE capabilities are transferred to the MME.
➢ security set between the eNB and the UE.
➢ Ciphering is enabled in both directions.
➢ RRC Connection reconfiguration is sent for activation of default radio bearer.
➢ It also contains attach accept message.
➢ It contains measurement objects for 5G-NR frequency.
➢ Initial Context Setup message contains the GTP TEID that used for sending downlink data to the eNB
➢ Attach Complete is sent by UE to MME
➢ MME modifies the bearer and sends the TEID to use for downlink data.
➢ Respond back to MME.
➢ UE acquires the 5G-NR PSS and SSS.
➢ 5G signal is then reported to LTE.
➢ The LTE eNB decides to add the 5G-NR as a secondary node.
➢ The gNB provide with information about the radio resources and bearers admitted with the 5G network.
➢ The NR RRC configuration message is included in the message.
➢ UE acquires the 5G-NR PSS & SSS.
➢ UE acquires the 5G-NR Broadcast Channel.
➢ The UE initiates the RACH procedure with the 5G gNB.
➢ NR PDCCH signals downlink resource allocation for the RA Response.
➢ The 5G secondary node gNB responds with an RAR.
➢ UE reports the Power Headroom (PHR) to eNB periodically.
➢ The PHR MAC CE contains the power headroom for the cells on the eNB and gNB cells.
➢ UE reports measurements to e-NB include results from 5G NR cells.
➢ gNB reports the usage data for 5G NR bearers to the eNB.
➢ gNB also reports any overload information to the eNB.
 Contact Details techteworld

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