 ITU-R has defined three types of 5G application scenarios in June 2015: eMBB

(Enhanced Mobile Broadband), mMTC (Massive Machine Type Communication),

and uRLLC (Ultra Reliable & Low Latency Communication). In addition, the
capability requirements for 5G networks are defined from eight dimensions, such
as throughput, delay, connection density, and spectral efficiency improvement.

 Huawei predicts that there will be 100 billion connections around the world in
2025.
 Huawei Wireless X Labs research shows that Cloud VR, which is rendered by cloud,
will be the development trend of VR in the future. In local VR mode, the VR
terminal needs to be connected to the local server through cables. The user
experience is poor and the cost is high. The Cloud VR implements the wireless
function of the terminal and implements image rendering through the cloud
server, this greatly reduces terminal costs and improves user experience. Cloud VR
poses higher requirements on mobile networks, including bandwidth and latency.
For example, entry-level experience requires 100 Mbit/s bandwidth and 10 ms
latency, while ultimate experience requires 9.4Gbps and 2 ms latency, only 5G
networks can meet VR experience requirements. Currently, the application
scenarios of VR are video and Gaming, which will be expanded to more application
scenarios in the future.
 Delay: The delay of the 4G network is less than 50 ms, which is equivalent to half of
the 3G network. However, applications such as automatic driving require a much
lower latency than 4G networks.

 Take automatic driving as an example. Under the existing 4G network delay

conditions, car with a speed of 100 km/h requires 1.6 meters to stop down
start from discovering obstacle until startup braking system. This is the
distance between life and death.

 Under the 5 G network condition, the distance between the vehicle with the
same speed can be reduced to 3.3 cm, which is expected to reach the ABS
level.

 5G can achieve a ultra-low latency of 1 ms, which will increase the response
speed of 5G networks by 50 times than the 4G networks.
 Currently, automatic driving mainly uses devices such as video cameras, radar
sensors, and laser rangefinder to operate.

 Level 0: Manual driving, no driving assistance system, only reminder

 Level 1: Assisted manual driving, a single speed or steering control

automation (such as fixed speed cruise, ACC).

 Level 2: In some automatic driving scenarios, the vehicle speed and steering
control can be implemented automatically. But the driver must always keep
monitoring (for example, maintain at the middle of the lane).

 Level 3: Conditional automatic driving, can be hands off, driver monitoring

system and intervene if necessary.

 Level 4: Advanced automatic driving, can be eyes off. In some predefined

scenarios, drivers do not need to be involved.

 Level 5: Full automatic driving, full automation, no need for driver (driverless)
 4G cannot meet future applications requirements, regardless of the delay,
throughput, and the number of connections.
 Based on the above example, the future services have different requirements on
the network. Therefore, the future network must be flexible.
 5G is including LTE evolution and 5G new technologies, which are defined in R15
and R16.

 This course focuses on 5G new technologies including NR and NextGen core

network.

 LTE is from R8, LTE-A is from R10, 4.5G (LTE-A Pro) is from R12, and 5G is from
R15.
 United States: Verizon is currently undergoing the 28GHz Fixed Wireless Access
key technology verification based on OTSA testing standardization (*); Verizon is
joining 3GPP afterwards, and the supplier stated they are no longer providing
OTSA-based product.

 (* OTSA: 5G Open Trial Specification Alliance was announced during Mobile World
Congress 2016 in Barcelona, with the collaboration of Verizon, KT, SKT and DMC,
will be focused on technical fundamentals of 5G radio interface trial activities, with
the goal of promoting a more inclusive, open, and collaborative approach to
developing 5G trial. OTSA formation introduces the risk of standard split. During
Mobile World Congress 2017, several of operator and vendor including DCM, KT,
SKT, Vodafone, AT&T, BT, DT, Qualcomm, Intel, Nokia, Ericsson, Huawei and etc,
declared their support on 3GPP 5G standardization. OTSA was then dissolved.
 New waveform: The F-OFDM technology is used.

 numerology: refers to the change of the timeslot length and frame structure
caused by different subcarrier spacing.

 mMIMO: Massive MIMO can support up to 64T64R.

 Flexible duplex: The uplink and downlink configurations are flexible. In addition,
the uplink and downlink can be included in the same timeslot.

 New multiple access: such as SCMA

 D2D: Device communicates with the device without a network. Devices can
communicate with each other.

 V2X：Vehicle to Everything
 NSA: NR has no independent control plane but only the user plane.

 MSA (Multiple Stream Aggregation): The terminal can use multiple base stations of
the same or different standards for data transmission.
 NSA is number 3 and 6

 Others are SA.

 Rel16 will further improve the Rel15 functions and provides a complete uRLLC low
latency and high reliable capabilities.

 uRLLc service explores the industry's network requirements and further improves
standards, technologies, and deployment specifications.
 Application: EE CEO thinks that users will explore and apply new technologies and
will not sit and wait for the industry plan.

 Standards: R15 NSA/SA standards are mature. Considering more openness and
more improvement, and more industry participation in 3GPP, R16 may be frozen in
the first quarter of 2020.
 One important feature of 5G is "simplified“, the ecosystem, network, and business
model are simplified. A simplified chip supports all 5G and earlier RATs. The
simplified network adopts the co-site, co-antenna, and single-core network modes.

 Because it is simplify, the development speed of 5G will be beyond imagination: It

takes 10 years for 3G to reach 500 million users, 5 years for 4G, while for 5G will be
3 years based on prediction.
 The second generation chipset of the mainstream chip vendors is expected to be
available in 2019Q4. Other than the C-band and N41 frequency bands, chip
vendors have planned for the Sub 3G FDD frequency band. It is estimated that
700M is the first FDD frequency and its terminals will be ready by 2019Q4.
 The Kirin 980 integrated with Huawei Balong 5000 will be installed on Huawei's
first 5G foldable mobile phone Mate X.
 Spectrum Fragmentation and Radar Satellite Interference

 Secondary harmonic: If C-Band is selected, secondary harmonic interference may

occur in the uplink and downlink decoupling /DC/CA.

 Uplink and downlink decoupling: The uplink 1.8GHz is the first choice by
considering the industry chain, distance between sites, user experience, and
evolution of installed base equipment.

 Roaming frequency: From the perspective of the first frequency of 5G in major

regions around the world, C-Band is likely to become a global roaming frequency.
 If the frequency band is not specified, it is referred to C band.

 Many of the C-band spectrums that are auctioned before 2018 are used for LTE
TDD, WiMAX, and other fixed services.
 Apart from smart driving, 5G applications in other vertical industries will be
introduced.

 Smart grid: The source is the cost of optical fibers. It also requires high reliability
and low latency for the network. It mainly focuses on the laying of the last mile.
Currently, it has great application opportunities in Europe and China.

 UAV: The value of commercial applications is in agriculture, forestry, and security.

To ensure the control of UAVs, the future network needs to ensure low latency and
mobility.

 IoT communication is divided into two scenarios which are broadband IoT, which is
used for video surveillance, security, and LPWA. Have different network
requirements.
 In June 2015, ITU-R defined 3 biggest application scenarios of 5G in the future,
which are eMBB (Enhanced Mobile Broadband), mMTC (Massive Machine Type
Communication) and uRLLC (Ultra Reliable & Low Latency Communication), and
define the requirements for 5G network from 8 perspectives, including throughput,
latency, connection density and spectrum efficiency improvement and etc.

 Huawei predicts that there will be 100 billion connections around the world by
2025.
 To reach the high performance of 5G, we need new spectrum, new architecture,
and new air interface.
 For SA/NSA option, can use the example of UE camps on the LTE network in idle
mode.

 When the LTE network is upgraded to NSA, is like upgrading the old TV which is
connected to a video player to a large-screen TV.

 When the LTE network is upgraded to SA, is like connecting a computer host to a
large screen.